See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/336279625

Structural Robustness of a Single Span Extra Dosed Bridge over Cable Stayed
Bridge

Preprint · October 2019

DOI: 10.6180/jase.201909_22(3).0003

CITATIONS READS

0 2,323

3 authors, including:

Mohan Ganesh Santhi A.S.

VIT University VIT University
80 PUBLICATIONS 557 CITATIONS 68 PUBLICATIONS 490 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Mohan Ganesh on 01 May 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 413-420 (2019) DOI: 10.6180/jase.201909_22(3).0003

Structural Robustness of a Single Span Extra Dosed

Bridge over Cable Stayed Bridge
M. Vinayagamoorthy, G. Mohan Ganesh* and A. S. Santhi
School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, VIT, Vellore, India

Abstract
This paper presents the structural behavior and robustness of extra dosed bridge and compares
with cable stayed bridge using finite element analysis software-Midas civil. The various influencing
parameters of the deck such as displacement, axial force, shear force, bending moment, bending stress
and stay cable forces of cable stayed bridge and extra dosed bridge were compared.

Key Words: Extra Dosed Bridge, Cable Stayed Bridge, Finite Element Analysis, Bending Stiffness,
Pier Stiffness

1. Introduction minimise the wind dynamic effects such as the less wind
vibration in the cable and reduced exposed area in pylon.
Term ‘extra dosed’ was coined by Jacques Mathivat
(1988) to appropriately describe an innovative cabling 2. Investigation Implication
concept, developed for the Arret-Darre Viaduct in which
external tendons were placed above the deck instead of The objective of this study is to provide insight into
within the cross-section as would be the case in a girder how different geometric parameters like tower height and
bridge.
Early post-tensioned concrete bridges placed the pre-
(A)
stressing tendons within the concrete cross section, that
is, within the webs of the box girder or the top or bottom
flanges. The past fifty years has seen continued develop-
ment in pre-stressed concrete bridges [1]. One of the ma-
jor themes in recent years has been towards lightening of
the structure by the use of external pre-stress, where the
pre-stressing tendons are placed externally with the gir-
der. An extra dosed bridge (Figure 1A and 1B) is a bridge
type that combines a pre-stressed girder bridge with ca- (B)
ble-stayed bridge [2]. The major advantages of using ex-
tradosed bridge are the speed of construction, reduced
pylon height, flexible deck, lesser material usage and
sleek dimensions to look better; the cable anchorage sys-
tem is simpler and erecting the stay cable is easy because
of its less length compared with cable stayed bridge (Fig-
ure 2A and 2B). The reduced pylon height and cables

Figure 1. (A) Components of extra dosed bridge. (B) Deh

*Corresponding author. E-mail: gmohanganesh@vit.ac.in Cho extra dosed bridge.
414 M. Vinayagamoorthy et al.
(A)
(B)
Figure 2. (A) Extra dosed Bridge. (B) Cable stayed bridge.
pier dimensions influence the structural behavior, and
possibility of an extra dosed bridge. An extra dosed bri-
dge with stiff girder and cable stayed bridge with stiff
tower were designed for a single span bridge with the
central span of 150.5 m which is the cable-stayed bridge
over Tapi River which connects Pal and Athwalines in
Surat, Gujarat, India. The structural behavior of an extra
dosed bridge was compared with cable stayed bridge
providing stiffness either in the girder or in the piers of
an extra dosed bridge or both, found to be influencing in
the competitive designs for the following parameters:
(a) Lever arm increases: Tendon placed above deck. (Le-
ver arm was calculated between the deck and cable).
(b) Distribution of LL: Extra dosed bridge cables make
stiffer girder to distribute the LL to multiple cables.
Table 1. Material properties
Property Deck
2
Modulus of elasticity (Ton/m ) 3.5350e+6
Poisson’s ration 0.15
Thermal co-efficient (1/C) 1.13e-005
Weight density (Ton/m3) 2.5
(Force distribution is high due to high stiffness on the
girder.
(c) Location of cable: High capacity of deck slab in gir-
der can be utilised in negative bending moment re-
gions over the piers, leading to an efficient structure
than conventional box girder bridge.
The height of pylon for extradosed bridge is L/5
(Figure 2A) and the cable stayed bridge is L/9 (Figure
2B) in which the extradosed bridge provides the geomet-
rical benefits like maximum force distribution in the ca-
ble due to less pilon height that leads to the maximum
load carrying capacity of the deck. The investigation of
optimum height of pylon was considered from L/7 to L/
15; the locations of the node, reactions forces, out of all
the parameter compared with these ratios, the optimum
ratio is based on the force distribution with respect to the
cable type found as L/9. Fan type cable arrangement was
selected which gives the combination of radial and harp
type arrangements (Figure 2A) and compared their re-
sults. Furthermore, it can provide the reference for the ef-
fective height of the tower, economic and reasonable st-
ructure form design in the bridge of structural behavior
assessment. It also can evaluate the safety of girder and
tower through reliability theory [3]. Bridge with cable
stayed bridge (Figure 2B). It can help us to understand
structural properties of the structure to estimate behavior
evaluation when the structure parameters are changed.
3. Geometry and Material Properties
The material property for the Deck, Pylon and cable
properties considered are taken as follows: modulus of
elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, thermal coefficient; weight
density are tabulated below (Table 1). The geometry us-
ing one dimensional element (Line Elements) defining
the types of elements, element material properties, sec-
tion properties and element stiffness data were given as
the input parameter connecting node numbers were then
Pylon Cable
3.5350e+6 1.95e+7
0.15 0.15
1.13e-005 1.17e-005
2.5 7.85
 Structural Robustness of a Single Span Extra Dosed Bridge over Cable Stayed Bridge 415

specified to define the locations, shapes, and sizes of the
elements.
To compare the chosen girder cross-section (Figure
3), it is desirable to calculate the bending moment capac-
ity of that section. For this purpose, the bending moment
of the extra dosed cross-section was compared with that
of a girder bridge with a box girder cross-section of simi-
lar depth. Although most of the superimposed dead load
moment in the extra dosed girder will be balanced by in-
ternal pre-stressing, these bending moments could be ac-
commodated in the initial cross section [4]. Then it was
compared with stay cable with the assumption that the
stay cables are acting as an external pre-stressing [5].
The considered cross sections for the tower are given in
Figure 4.
cable stayed bridge due to pylon height and the vertical
reaction (FZ) is reduced accordingly and is compared
with cable stayed bridge. The results are furnished in Ta-
ble 2A, Table 2B. The prestressing (the stay cable acting
as an external pre-stressing due to its low angle position
with the deck.) generate the additional compression to
the deck.
5. Deck
5.1 Displacement
Since the short towers act as a cantilever which is ef-
fectively pre-stressed by the dead load of the girder act-
ing through the cables, it requires relatively little rein-

4. Reactions at Pylon (Force)

The results are compared for the Load combination

named as LCB (Load combination) was the combination
of self-weight of the bridge and superimposed load of
117.7 kN/m which was applied as uniformly distributed
load. With the expectations that the total reactions are
equal to the total weight of the structure, the reactions for
the extra dosed bridge are compared with cable stayed
bride for the same span 150.5 m mid span, from the free
body diagram of the entire beam, using balance equa-
tions SF = 0, MA = 0.
As per the results which are extracted from the anal-
ysis, it is observed that due to the weight of the structure
of the geometry of the extra dosed bridge is less than the Figure 4. Geometry and cross section of pylon.

Figure 3. Geometry and cross section of box girder.

416 M. Vinayagamoorthy et al.

Table 2A. Horizontal reaction at the supports Table 2B. Horizontal reaction at the support
Extra dosed bridge Fx Cable stayed bridge Fx Extra dosed bridge Fz Cable stayed bridge Fz
Node Node
(tonf) (tonf) (tonf) (tonf)
7 2294.161 2240.872 7 732.8768 11243.91
13 2294.161 2240.872 13 732.8768 11243.91
117 7.95637 4.03722 117 12984.42 125019.3
146 2290.18 2238.85 146 748.6628 11511.8
147 2290.18 2238.85 147 748.6628 11511.8

forcement to resist bending due to vehicle load. So the
displacements are controlled and reduced better than the
cable stayed bridge. The advantages of stiffer and lower
towers for the extra dosed bridges (i.e.) the full range of
effective depth of the cross-section is used for the analy-
sis. Neither a flexural stiff girder nor backstays are re-
quired to provide adequate system stiffness to control the
deformations due to externally applied load. With short
towers, larger stay cables are required, but the towers are
more economical than the tall towers which are normally
found in cable-stayed bridges [6].
It is observed from the behaviour analysis of both ca-
ble stayed bridge, and extra dosed bridge, the resultant
force from the cables are converted to horizontal force
which is converted as an axial force to the girder conse-
quently; the stiffness of the girder increases, so the defor-
mations are lesser compared to cable stayed bridge (Fig-
ure 5). In extra dosed bridges, the fan cable configuration
is used to load the tower in axial compression only, and
the backstay cables steady the tower and control girder
deflections due to live load. With this system, the girder
span to depth ratios of upto 500 is possible [7]. With stiff
towers, the girder can still be made very slender, with
span to depth ratios upto around 200, but backstay cables
are not required. A harp cable configuration favors stiff
towers since live load at the quarter points of the main
span will cause significant bending in towers, regardless
of tower stiffness. The vertical displacement was mar-
ginally high in the cable stayed bridge across the span with
maximum difference of 40% with extra dosed bridge due
to cable anchorage angle with pylon [8].
ble arrangement is used in both the bridges, the reduced
cable inclination in an extra dosed bridge leads to an in-
crease in the axial load on the deck and a decrease in the
vertical component of force at the cable anchorages (Ta-
ble 3).
The boundary between extra dosed bridges and ca-
ble stayed bridges is suggested to occur at b = 0.30. (b is
a constant which explain the force distribution ratio).
cable force
b=
vertical component of cable force
From the results of axial forces in the deck (Figure
6), it can be seen clearly that performance of low angle
cables produced more compressive force to the deck as
the action of external prestressing. Furthermore, the st-
ructural stability of the extra dosed bridge is ensured due
to the high compression force which is acting on both the
left and right side of the deck from the pylon position.
5.3 Shear Force
A cable arrangement is selected, and sized accord-
ing to maximum load for the allowable cable stress, and
the girder is designed to resist the bending moment be-
tween cables under dead load, and compatibility mo-
ments under live load, caused by the distribution of

5.2 Axial Force

The advantage of low angle cables in the extra dosed
bridge with the cable anchorages lead to lesser axis with
the deck, so the axial force is higher. As the fan type, ca- Figure 5. Vertical displacement (Fz) in m.
 Structural Robustness of a Single Span Extra Dosed Bridge over Cable Stayed Bridge 417

Table 3. Calculation of force distribution ratio

Extra dosed bridge Cable stayed bridge
Max axial force (SW) = 2166 ton(deck) Max axial force (SW) = 3203 ton (deck)
Deflection = 73 mm @ mid span Deflection = 83mm @ mid span
Reaction = 15589.29 ton Reaction = 14147 ton
Cable force = 4394 ton Cable force = 8131.6 ton
b = 0.282 b = 0.570
Force taken by the cable = 28% Force taken by the cable = 57%

Figure 6. Axial force (Fx) in Ton.

axial loads to several nearby cables. Finally, the cross
section was checked for buckling at the pier under com-
bined bending and axial compression in the deck. This
process resulted in a bridge that has a two lane bridge of
150 m main span with the cable mass required to sup-
port half of the span for both in negative and positive
bending for the behavior of box girder section of given
depth (Figure 7).
5.4 Bending Moment
A detailed study was conducted by varying the tower
height, depth of deck, and length of the side span on the
total extra dosed cable area, the force distribution in the
cables, and the bending moment in the deck. The mo-
ment of inertia of the girder of extra dosed bridges at
mid-span varies considerably, especially for bridges with
a span at 150 m. Its structural behavior appears to be

Figure 7. Shear force (Fz) in Ton.

418 M. Vinayagamoorthy et al.
more like a cable-stayed bridge, despite having a cable
inclination of an extra dosed bridge [9]. It can also be ob-
served that there is a distinct difference between the mo-
ment of inertia of cable-stayed bridges and box-girders
in which box girder have slabs stiffened by edge beams.
In this cable-stayed bridges and extra dosed bridge all
box girders are centrally suspended, while all slab or
stiffened slab bridges are laterally supported [10]. The
flexible deck results in large deflections throughout each
stage of construction, and correspondingly large varia-
tions in bending moment (Figure 8) [11]. Under perma-
nent loads, the moment distribution across the deck re-
sembles that of a continuous beam on simple supports,
while under live load a point load is distributed into near-
by cables [12]. The vertical deflection of the girder at
mid span is 863 mm under a combination of self-weight
and uniformly distributed load of 117.7 kN/m2. The 40%
of the total deflection occurs due to the rotation of the
piers, while 60% results from the elastic extension of the
cables which resulted in an upward displacement of 60
mm in the adjacent spans [13]. From the forces, it is ob-
served that in the extra dosed bridge the horizontal force
component is higher and the vertical force component is
lesser at the anchorage point, and vice versa for cable
stayed bridge [14]. From the moments, it is seen that in
the extra dosed bridge, the load is carried through flex-
ural behavior of the deck and for cable stayed bridge by
the cables and the tower.
5.5 Bending Stresses
Thus, the function of the extra dosed cables is to pre-
Figure 8. Bending moment (My) in Ton-m.
stress the deck, not only to provide vertical support as in
a cable-stayed bridge. But also characterized by a low
live load stress range in the stay cables. Analysis results
such as element forces and stresses and the majority of
data entries associated with elements are expressed in
the local coordinate system (Figure 9). The following re-
presents a general equation applied to calculate the bend-
ing stress of a section [15].
M Y - M Z ( I yz / I zz ) M Z - M y (I yz / I yy )
fb = 2
×z+ 2
×y
I yy - (I yz / I zz ) I yy - ( I yz / I yy )
where, Iyy: area moment of inertia about the ECS y-axis,
Izz: area moment of inertia about the ECS z-axis, Iyz:
area product moment of inertia, Y: distance from the
neutral axis to the location of bending stress calculation
in the ECS y-axis direction, Z: distance from the neutral
axis to the location of bending stress calculation in the
ECS z-axis direction, My: bending moment about the
ECS y-axis, Mz: bending moment about the ECS z-axis.
6. Stay Cable Forces
The stay cables can be anchored near the webs, and
the vertical component of the stay cable force (which is
small in comparison to a cable-stayed bridge) is trans-
ferred directly to the girders without the need for a trans-
verse diaphragm at the anchorage location [16]. As with
external prestressing, extra dosed bridges can use the nor-
mal prestressing anchorages instead of the high-stress
range type used for cable-stayed bridges [17].
The effect of cable inclination on the force compo-
 Structural Robustness of a Single Span Extra Dosed Bridge over Cable Stayed Bridge 419

Figure 9. Bending stresses in Ton/m2 along span.

nents in a stay cable is examined. For a constant cable Table 4. Cable forces
force, the vertical component of force is increased al- Element Cable stayed bridge Extra dosed bridge
most linearly with an increase in inclination from 0° to No. (Ton) (Ton)
30° [18]. But the horizontal force is decreased only by 9 -490.5 -98.6
13% (Table 4). 11 4615 -22.7
The extradosed bridge has 17% of vertical compo- 13 10555 82.9
nent and 83% of horizontal component of the stay cable 15 15775 211.1
17 18995 360.4
forces. This leads to the high shear force so the deflec-
19 18955 550.6
tion has been controlled. Because of these reasons the 22 13590 972.4
bending capacity of the deck is high. Also the cable force 39 13570 974.7
is 35% less in extradosed bridge so the material used for 41 19040 554.0
the cables is less and tension force reduced which lead 43 19135 363.3
the less dimensions of pylon and the foundations accord- 45 15925 212.9
47 10655 83.0
ingly. 49 4592 -24.5
51 -730.9 -102.8
7. Conclusion
dge is achieved with the following conclusions:
The extra dosed bridge has been analyzed with low (1) In the extra dosed bridge, the deck is flexible resulted
towers which attained the flexible girders and stiff pylon in high bending moments and shear forces (330% of
and it depends on the axial force couple between stay ca- the bending moment and 500% of the shear force of
bles and girder to carry the live load. Further the behav- cable stayed bridge). But this additional deck forces
ior was compared with cable stayed bridge. The FEM are minimized on the pylon due to balanced cantile-
model was developed for this study. The cable bridges ver action of the deck.
with high piers (cable-stayed bridge) and short tower st- (2) The vertical displacement was 40% lesser in the ex-
ructure (extra dosed bridge) stress are comparable based tra dosed bridge due to cable anchorage angle with
on the present parametric study. So structural robustness pylon.
of a single span extra dosed bridge over cable stayed bri- (3) Vertical force taken by the cable is 28% for extra
 420 M. Vinayagamoorthy et al.
dosed bridge but this was high in the cable stayed
bridge (57%).
(4) Stay cable which is placed above the deck is acting as
the external prestress due to its lower angle, so the
horizontal force is considerably high in the extra
dosed bridge (537 Ton) than cable stayed bridge
(510.67 Ton) which is 20%.
References
[1] Song, J., J. Zhou, J. Yang, and Z. Chen (2013) Based
on the theory of reliability high piers short towers ca-
ble-stayed bridge characteristic parameter analysis,
Journal of Modern Applied Science 7, 41-46. doi: 10.
5539/mas.v7n4p41
[2] Steven, L. (2010) On the Development of the Extra
dosed Bridge Concept, PhD Dissertation, University
of South Florida, 25(3), 35-114.
[3] Matthias, S. (2012) Design and construction of the
Deh Cho Bridge challenges, innovation, opportunities,
Conference of the Transportation Association of Can-
ada.
[4] Jan, B., O. Jaroslav, and V. Josef (2013) Extradosed
bridge, theoretical and experimental verification, Pro-
cedia Engineering 65, 327-334. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.
2013.09.050
[5] José, B., C. Gustavo, and M. Esperanza (2010) Struc-
tural behavior and design criteria of extra dosed bri-
dges general insight and state of the art, Industrial Uni-
versity of Santander, COLOMBIA, Journal of Con-
struction Engineering 25(3), 383-398.
[6] Lin, P. Z., H. H. Sun, and F. K. Liu (2005) West Lake
of low-pylon cable-stayed bridge research and charac-
teristic parameters, Journal of Highway and Transpor-
tation 22(10), 56-59.
[7] Sardesai, M. V., and A. K. Desai (2013) Investigation
into cable-structure interaction for extra dosed bridge,
International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications 3, 1424-1429.
[8] Zheng, Y. F., Q. Huang, and L. Z. Zhang (2003) Par-
tial Cable-stayed Bridge Structural Parameter Analy-
sis, Technology of Highway and Transport, Published
by Canadian Center of Science and Education, 23(6),
60-64.
View publication stats
[9] Ouyang, Y. J. (2006) Low tower cable-stayed bridge
structure parameter analysis, Steel Structure, Engine-
ering Research and Applications 24(4), 38-42.
[10] Konstantinos, and K. Mermigas (2008) Behaviour and
Design of Extra Dosed Bridge, University of Toronto,
Theoretical and Experimental Verification 01, 102-
135.
[11] Cheng, C. C., K. T. Hsu, and C. P. Yu (2010) Evalua-
tion of the Dynamic Characteristics of an Extradosed
Bridge Using Microwave Interferometer, Chaoyang
University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, 04(22),
1012-1024.
[12] Straupea, V., and A. Paeglitisb (2013) Analysis of geo-
metrical and mechanical properties of cable-stayed bri-
dge, 11th International Conference on Modern Build-
ing Materials, Structures and Techniques, 57, 1086–
1093. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.137
[13] Chen, D W., L. C. Fan, and Q. Zhang (1996) Study on
parameters and general arrangement of single tower
cable-stayed bridges, China Civil Engineering Jour-
nal, 6, 34-40.
[14] Chen, H. J., K. Wang, and C. Y. Li (2002) Preliminary
analysis of partial cable-stayed bridge, Journal of Bri-
dge Construction 1, 44-47.
[15] Liu, F. K., P. Z. Lin, Q. Chen, and S. Z. Liu (2004) In-
vestigation of characteristic parameters of cable-stayed
bridge with low towers, Journal of Engineering Me-
chanics 21(2), 199-203.
[16] Takami, K., and S. Hamada (2005) Behavior of extra
dosed bridge with composite girder, ASCE Journal of
Bridge Engineering 11, 65-74.
[17] Otsuka, H., T. Wakasa, J. Ogata, W. Yabuki, and D.
Takemura (2002) Comparison of structural character-
istics for different types of cable-supported prestressed
concrete bridges, Structural Concrete 3(1), 3-21. doi:
10.1680/stco.2002.3.1.3
[18] Au, F. T. K., Y. S. Cheng, Y. K. Cheung, and D. Y.
Zheng (2002) On determination of natural frequency
and mode shapes of cable stayed bridges, Applied Ma-
thematical Modeling 25(12), 1099-1115. doi: 10.1016/
S0307-904X(01)00035-X
Manuscript Received: Aug. 14, 2018
Accepted: May 7, 2019