YEAR 12 CHEMISTRY

ENERGY USE AND SOURCES ASSIGNMENT: ENTHALPY CHANGES

1. State which of the following reactions are exothermic and which are endothermic:
(i) H2O(l) à H2O(s) DH = -6 kJ
(ii) 2H2O(l) à 2H2(g) + O2(g) DH = +572 kJ
(iii) NH4NO3(s) + aq + Heat à NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
(iv) Mg(s) + Cl2(g) à MgCl2(s) + Heat

2. Given the following thermochemical equation:

2C(s) + O2(g) à 2CO(g) DH = -222 kJ
Calculate the energy released when:
(a) 4.00 moles of CO(g) is formed (b) 5.00 g of O2(g) reacts

3. Ammonia burns in oxygen according to the equation:

4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) à 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g) DH = -1260 kJ
(a) If 5040 kJ of heat is evolved, how many
(i) Moles of O2(g) would be consumed? (ii) Moles of H2O(g) would be formed?
(b) If 126 kJ of heat is evolved in a certain experiment, how many
(i) Moles of NH3(g) would be consumed? (ii) Grams of NH3(g) would react?
(c) If 420 kJ of heat is evolved,
(i) How many moles of N2(g) would result? (ii) What mass of N2(g) would be formed?

4. How much energy is obtained by the combustion of?

(i) 0.500 moles of butane (C4H10)?(ii) 10.0 g of hydrogen (H2)? (iii) 100.0 g of octane (C8H18)?
Use the following information for the calculations above;
One mole of butane produces 2874 kJ through combustion.
One mole of hydrogen produces 286 kJ through combustion.
One mole of octane produces 5464 kJ through combustion.

5. The amount of energy needed to make a cup of tea is 50.0 kJ. Using a butane stove as the energy
source, calculate the minimum mass of butane which would be consumed in making a cup of tea. The
enthalpy of combustion of butane,C4H10, is 2874 kJ mol-1.

6. The enthalpy of combustion of butane gas, C4H10(g), in oxygen is -2900 kJ mol-1.

Pressurized butane is sold in metal containers for cooking purposes during camping holidays. An estimated
11600 kJ are needed per person per day. Calculate the minimum mass (in g) of butane which must be
placed in the container for a long weekend holiday (three days) for a family of five.

7. The "belles" of St. Trinians have just encapsulated their Chemistry mistress in a rocket in preparation for
her guided space flight. Elspeth, the head girl has discovered a cache of two possible rocket fuels: 440.0 kg

1
of gaseous propane, C3H8 and 290.0 kg of gaseous butane, C4H10.On referring to a book on chemical
data, Elspeth finds the following information on the two fuels;
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) H = -2393 kJ mol-1.
C4H10(g) + 13/2 O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g) H = -3094 kJ mol-1.

On behalf of Elspeth, calculate which of the two samples of fuels will generate the greatest amount of heat
energy needed for the historic flight.

8. Propane is the fuel used in BBQ gas bottles. The complete combustion of 10.0 g of propane produces
503 kJ of heat.

(a) Write a balanced equation for the combustion of propane.

(b) From the figures above, calculate the enthalpy of combustion of propane in kJ mol -1.

9. Glucose is used as a source of energy in the human body. The thermochemical equation for the
combustion of glucose in the body is shown below:
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) H = -2803 kJ mol-1.
Calculate the amount of energy released in the body when 1.00 g of glucose undergoes combustion.

10. The sun burns about 2.00 g of solar material each second, to produce just the energy which arrives at
earth
(1.73 x 1017 J). Given that 32.0 J of energy is produced when 1.00 g of coal burns, what mass of coal, in
tonnes, would need to be burned each second to provide enough energy for the earth?

11. The enthalpy of combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) is -278 kJ mol-1. Write a thermochemical equation
for this statement.

12. The enthalpy of combustion values of hydrogen gas (H2) and methane gas (CH4) are -285 kJ mol-1 and
-890 kJ mol-1. Write the thermochemical equations that correspond to these values.

13. The enthalpy change for the complete combustion of solid white phosphorus (P4) in excess oxygen to
produce solid P4O10 is -2982 kJ mol-1. Write a thermochemical equation to represent this reaction.

14. Foods generally contain a variety of chemicals. Some of these chemicals can act as fuels for the body.
Inside the living cells of vertebrates, glucose absorbed from the bloodstream is oxidised according to the
equation:
C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2(g) à 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) DH = -2813 kJ mol-1
(i) Give the usual name for this chemical process.
(ii) Calculate the energy released when 9.00 g of glucose is oxidised as shown in the equation above.

15. Ethanol (C2H5OH) in a bottle was burned through a wick under an insulated aluminium can containing
500.0 g of water, which was stirred with a thermometer. When the temperature of the water had risen 20.0
o
C the mass of the contents of the bottle had decreased by 1.38 g. Calculate a value for the enthalpy of
2
combustion of ethanol assuming that the specific heat/heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g -1 0C-1. Show your
working and state any two assumptions and errors you could have made.

16. Propane (C3H8) is a gaseous fuel. Its enthalpy of combustion when burnt to form carbon dioxide and
water is
-2217 kJ mol-1.
(a) Write a thermochemical equation representing the above information.
(b) Calculate the maximum value of the heat energy that may be released when 1.00 g of propane
undergoes complete combustion.
(c) When a propane heater is used to boil water in a pan, at least half of the heat produced is lost to the
atmosphere. Calculate the minimum mass of propane needed to boil 250.0 mL of water at an initial
temperature
of 25.0 0C. The specific heat/heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g-1 0C-1.

-1
17. The enthalpies of combustion for methane, ethane and propane are -889, -1557 and -2217 kJ mol
respectively. Calculate which hydrocarbon is the most effective fuel on a mass basis.

18. A portable can of fuel for welding contains 65.00 g of a mixture of 35 % propane and 65 % butane. The
molar heats of combustion of propane and butane are 2217 kJ mol-1 and 2874 kJ mol-1 respectively.
(i) Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of propane.
(ii) Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of butane.
(iii) Calculate the maximum energy output for the 65.00 g of fuel in the can.
(iv) Given that the fuel in the can undergoes complete combustion, calculate the total number of moles of
carbon dioxide gas produced.

19. A range of fuels was considered for a new engine.

Fuel Formula Molar mass Enthalpy of

(g mol-1) combustion
(kJ mol-1)
Methane CH4 16.0 -889
Butane C4H10 58.1 -2874
Octane C8H18 114.2 -5464
Dodecane C12H26 170.3 -8072

(a) Which of the fuels listed above has the greatest “energy density” per unit mass of fuel?
(b) Give an equation for the complete combustion of:
(i) Butane (ii) Ethyne
(c) The lower temperature engine has the disadvantage that it tends to increase the chances of incomplete
combustion.
(i) Name two products of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, which are not normally produced,
with complete combustion.
(ii) State one reason why each of these products is undesirable and whether the engine can be considered
“environmentally friendly”.

20. The enthalpy of solution of anhydrous aluminium chloride, AlCl3, is -321 kJ mol-1.
(a) Write a thermochemical equation representing the above information.

3
(b) A technician prepared a solution by dissolving 2.67 g of anhydrous aluminium chloride in enough water
to make 200.0 mL of solution. Calculate the final temperature of the solution if the initial temperature of the
water was 20.0 0C. Show your working and state any two approximations, assumptions and errors you could
have made.
(4.20 J raises the temperature of 1.00 mL of water by 1.00 0C).

21. Consider the following thermochemical equation:

HCl(aq) + KOH(s) à KClaq) + H2O(l)
The enthalpy change above was checked in the laboratory by dropping 1.00 g of solid potassium hydroxide
(in the form of small pellets) into 50.0 mL (50.0 g) of aqueous hydrochloric acid (slightly in excess) contained
in a polystyrene foam beaker. A temperature change from 20.0 0C to 30.0 0C was recorded with a
thermometer in
the solution. (4.20 J raises the temperature of 1.00 mL of water by 1.00 0C).

(i) From the experimental data provided calculate DH neutralization for the reaction:
HCl(aq) + KOH(s) à KCl(aq) + H2O(l) DH = ? J mol-1
(ii) Give one important reason why it is preferable to use a polystyrene foam beaker as a calorimeter instead
of a glass beaker.
(iii) Why should the solution be stirred during the reaction?
(iv) State any two approximations, assumptions and errors you could have made.

22. 1.00 mol L-1 aqueous hydrochloric acid at a temperature of 24.0 0C was added in portions to 50.0 mL of
sodium hydroxide solution initially at the same temperature. After each addition the temperature of the
solution in the containing vessel was recorded to yield the results shown graphically below:

(a) In thermochemical experiments accurate results can be obtained only if a well-tried experimental
procedure is followed.
(i) Name the vessel that would have been suitable as a container for the sodium hydroxide solution during
the addition of the acid. Why was this vessel chosen?
(ii) Name the glassware from which the hydrochloric acid should have been added.
(iii) Mention an essential step to be carried out before recording the temperature after each addition and
explain your reasoning.
(b) Explain why:
(i) There is a steady rise in temperature during the time interval between points A and B.
(ii) The temperature reaches a maximum value represented by point B.
(iii) There is a steady decrease in temperature from B to C.
(c) Calculate:
4
(i) The original concentration of sodium hydroxide in mol L-1.
(ii) The molar enthalpy of neutralisation of sodium hydroxide solution by hydrochloric acid, assuming that
4.20 J raises the temperature of 1.00 mL of solution by 1.00 0C.

23. A pack has been developed so that a small amount of food can be heated without the need to light a fire
or burn fuel. The researchers who designed the pack found that by mixing powdered magnesium metal with
solid sodium chloride and iron particles the following reaction would occur rapidly when water was added:
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) à Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) DH = -355 kJ
When water is poured into a porous pad containing the powdered magnesium mixture the heat that is
released warms food contained in an adjacent sealed food pouch. Assume that the pack contains 1.00 g of
powdered magnesium.
(a) Calculate the maximum amount of heat that can be produced by adding water to the powdered
magnesium mixture.
(b) Calculate the minimum mass of water that must be added to release this amount of heat.
(c) The directions on the pack specify the addition of a certain volume of water. If 50.0 mL of water is added,
calculate its maximum rise in temperature.
(4.20 J raises the temperature of 1.00 mL of solution by 1.00 0C).

24. Complete relevant sections in “The Essentials” textbook. Check your answers in “The Essentials”
textbook.

5
 YEAR 12 CHEMISTRY
ENERGY USE AND SOURCES ASSIGNMENT: ENTHALPY CHANGES ANSWERS

1. (i) Exo (ii) Endo (iii) Endo (iv) Exo 2. (a) –444 kJ (b) –34.7 kJ
3. (a) (i) 12.0 moles (ii) 24.0 moles (b) (i) 0.400 moles (ii) 6.81 g (c) (i) 0.67 moles (ii) 19 g

4. (i) -1440 kJ (ii) –1420 kJ (iii) –4784 kJ 5. 1.01 g 6. 3500 g

7. 2.38 X 107 k J evolved for propane and 1.54 X 107 k J evolved for butane. Propane is better because it will generate the
greatest amount of heat.

8. (a) C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O H = -2393 kJ mol-1 (b) 2218 kJ mol-1.

9. 15.6 kJ 10. 5.41 X 109 tonnes

11. CO(g) + 1/2O2(g) à CO2(g) DH = -278 kJ mol-1

12. H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) à H2O(l) DH = -285 kJ mol-1

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) à CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) DH = -890 kJ mol-1

13. P4(s) + 5O2(g) à P4O10(s) DH = -2982 kJ mol-1

14. (a) (i) Respiration (ii) Enzymes (iii) 141 kJ of energy will be released.

15. DH = -1400 kJ mol-1

Assumptions
No energy is exchanged/lost (e.g. to the calorimeter, air or thermometer). Hence all the heat energy produced
by the reaction under investigation is transferred to the known mass of water in the calorimeter.
The reaction occurs quickly enough for the maximum or minimum temperature of the liquid in the calorimeter to
be reached before the liquid begins to return to room temperature.
Errors
1. Loss of heat to the gases surrounding the air (nitrogen in particular), the conical flask and the thermometer.
2. Combustion is carried out in air and not pure oxygen. Consequently incomplete combustion occurs.
3. The possible evaporation of fuel during the heating process may occur resulting in an inaccurate volume of fuel being
heated.
4. Uneven heat distribution within the water.

16. (a) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) à 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) DH = -2217 kJ mol-1

(b) 50.3 kJ released (c) 3.12 g

17. Methane = 55.4 kJ g-1 Ethane = 51.78 kJ g-1 Propane = 50.28 kJ g-1
Methane is the most effective fuel on a mass basis.

18. (i) C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

(ii) 2C4H10 + 13O2  8CO2 + 10H2O
(iii) Mass of propane = 22.75 g and Mass of butane = 42.25 g
Heat produced by propane = 1144 kJ and Heat produced by butane = 2089 kJ
Total energy released = 3233 kJ.
(iv) Moles of propane = 0.5159 moles
Moles of carbon dioxide produced = 3 x 0.5159 = 1.548 moles
Moles of butane = 0.7269 moles
Moles of carbon dioxide produced = 8 x 0.7269 = 5.815 moles
Total number of moles of carbon dioxide = 7.363 moles
19. (a) Methane has the greatest energy density.
Methane = 55.4 kJ g-1 Butane = 49.47 kJ g-1 Octane = 47.85 kJ g-1 Dodecane = 47.40 kJ g-1
(b) (i) 2C4H10 + 13O2  8CO2 + 10H2O
(ii) 2C2H2 + 5O2  4CO2 + 2H2O
(c) (i) Soot and carbon monoxide.
6
(ii) Soot is a solid pollutant that can associate with fog to form smog, while carbon monoxide is a toxic gas. Consequently
this engine could not be considered as “environmentally friendly” as it produces two undesirable products.

20. (a) AlCl3(s) + aq à Al3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq) DH = -321 kJ mol-1

0
(b) Final temperature = 27.7 C.
Assumptions
No energy is exchanged/lost (e.g. to the calorimeter, air or thermometer). Hence all the heat energy produced
by the reaction under investigation is transferred to the known mass of water in the calorimeter.
The reaction occurs quickly enough for the maximum or minimum temperature of the liquid in the calorimeter to
be reached before the liquid begins to return to room temperature.
Approximations
The density of water is 1.00 g mL-1 regardless of any solute.
The heat capacity of water is unchanged by any dissolved solute.
Errors
1. Heat is absorbed from the surroundings (other than water). That is, the calorimeter and the thermometer.
2. The time taken for the aluminium chloride to dissolve, that is, the slowness of the reaction.
3. Not all the solute dissolved.
4. Uneven heat distribution within the water.

21. (i) DH = –118 kJ. (ii) Polystyrene foam is a good heat insulator and has a low specific heat capacity.
(iii) It speeds up the dissolving process (when applied to solutes, such as salts) and the mixing process
(when applied to acids and bases).
It minimizes heat losses or gain to and from the surroundings (the air, nitrogen in particular, the beaker and the
thermometer.
Provides an even distribution of temperature.
(iv) Assumptions
No energy is exchanged/lost (e.g. to the calorimeter, air or thermometer). Hence all the heat energy produced by the
reaction under investigation is transferred to the
known mass of water in the calorimeter.
The reaction occurs quickly enough for the maximum or minimum temperature of the liquid in the calorimeter to be reached
before the liquid begins to return to room temperature.
Approximations
The density of water is 1.00 g mL-1 regardless of any solute.
The heat capacity of water is unchanged by any dissolved solute.
Errors
1. Loss of heat to the gases surrounding the air (nitrogen in particular), the calorimeter and the thermometer.
2. Uneven heat distribution within the water.

22. (a) (i) Polystyrene foam because it is a good heat insulator and has a low specific heat capacity.
(ii) Burette (iii) Stirring with the thermometer is essential for three important reasons:
It speeds up the dissolving/mixing process (when applied to acids and bases).
It minimizes heat losses or gain to and from the surroundings (the air, nitrogen in particular, the calorimeter and the
thermometer.
Provides an even distribution of temperature.

(b) (i) The reaction is exothermic and releases/produces/gives off which heats up the solution.
(ii) The reagents have reacted in stoichiometric proportions (in the correct ratio indicated by the balanced chemical
equation,) and the reaction is complete. At the maximum temperature change the moles of hydrochloric acid is equal to
the moles of sodium hydroxide.
(iii) The heat produced is being spread through a larger volume of solution but with no further chemical reaction taking
place.
(c) (i) 0.600 mol L-1 (ii) –56 kJ mol-1
23. (a) 14.6 kJ of heat is released (b) 1.48 g (c) 69.5 0C.