Polymers in ONE SHOT

These small molecular units

from which the Polymer is
Saral
Addition Polymerisation
Cross-linked or Three Dimensional Network
Polymers
In these Polymers the initially formed linear polymeric
formed are called Monomers. A Polymers which are formed by repeated addition of chains are joined together to form a three dimensional
The chemical reaction that monomer molecules possessing double or triple bonds are network structure.
joins the Monomers together known as Addition Polymers. These polymers are Hard, Rigid
Addition polymer formed by polymerisation of and Brittle.
is called Polymerisation.
single monomeric species are called homopolymers.
Addition polymer formed by polymerisation from twoD
Cross-linked polymers are always condensation polymers.
Classification Based Upon Source different monomeric speciesis are called as copolymers. Classification Based On Intermolecular
Natural Polymers Forces (Secondary Forces)
Polymers which are obtained from Animals and Plants Elastomers
are known as Natural Polymers. An Elastomer is a plastic that stretches and then reverts

Semisynthetic Polymers Polymer back to its original shape.

It is a randomly orlented Amorphous polymer.
Polymers which are prepared from It must have some cross-links so that the chains do not slip
Natural polymers are known asS over one another.
Semisynthetic Polymers. Classification Based Very weak Vander Waal forces are present in between
Man-made polymers, i.e. polymers prepared in Upon Shape polymerie chains.
laboratory are known as Synthetic Polymers. Linear Polymers
Oe
Classification Based Upon Synthesis Polymer whose structure is Linear is known as linear polymer.
Addition polymers obtained from Butadiene and its
The various linear polymeric chains are-
Condensation Polymerisation stacked over one another to give a well
derivatives are Elastomers.
They are formed due to Condensation reactions. Packed structure. Fibres
Condensation Polymerisation is also known as Step Fibres are linear polymers in which
Growth Polymerisation. Branched Chain Polymers the individual chains of a polymer
Branched chain Polymers are those are held together by Hydrogen
For Condensation polymerlsation, Monomers should nave in which the Monomeric units
at least two Functional groups. bonds and/ or dipole-dipole
constitute a Branched chain. attraction.
Both Functional groups may be same or different.
They have crystalline character and have high melting
Monomers having only two Functional group always give Due to the Presence of
points and low solubility.
Linear Polymer. Branches, these Polymers do
Monomers having three Functional groups always give not pack well.
Cross-linked Polymer.

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Thermoplastic Polymers
Thermoplastic polymers are polymers that have both
ordered crystalline regions (the reglons of the polymer
Saral Buna - S (SBR : Styrene-butadiene Rubber)
Buna - S rubber is a Copolymer of three moles of Butadiene
and one mole of Styrene.
in which the chains are highly ordered with respect to
one another) and Amorphous, non crystalline regions Synthetic Rubber or Polymerisation of Dienes CH=CH
Polymers of 1,3 - Butadienes are called Synthetic rubbers
(the regions of the polymer in which the chains are
because they have some of the properties of natural nCH,=CH-CH=CH, + n|
randomly oriented.
Rubbers including the fact that they are water proof and
The intermolecular forces of attraction are in between
elastic. 1,3-Butadiene Styrene
Elastomers and Fibres. Synthetic Rubbers have some improved properties.
There are no cross links between the Polymeric chains. They are more flexible, tougher and more durable than
Thermoplastic polymers are hard at room temperature, natural rubber. CH,-CH= CH-CH-CH-CHt
but when they are heated, the individual chains can slip
past one another and the polymer become soft and viscus.
Some common examples are
Buna-S
Polyethene Polypropylene, Polystyrene,
Polyvinyl Chloride, Teflon etc. |Polymer It is extremely resistant to wear and tear and therefore used in
the manufacture of tyres and other mechanical rubber goods.
Thermosetting Polymers Homopolymers
Polymers which become hard on heating are called Monomer of this class is 2 substituted- Buna - N
-

G
Thermosetting polymers. 1,3- Butadienes.
Thermosetting polymers are Cross- linked polymers.
CH,=C-CH =CH, It is obtained by copolymerisation of Butadiene and
Greater the degree of Cross - linking that exist, the
Where G=H, CH, or Cl Acrylonitrile (General Purpose Rubber acrylonitirle or GRA).
Polymerisation is always carried out in the presence of
nCH,= CH-CH = CH, + nCH,= CH
more rigid is the Polymer. Zieglar-Natta catalyst which gives Stereo regular polymers
Natural Rubber CN
Natural Rubber is obtained from nearly
+ + Zieglar-Natta
five hundred different plants but the catalyst In CH-CH =CH-CH,-CH-CH-CH
main source is a Braziliensis tree.
It is obtained in the form of milky sap known as Latex. Cispoly (1,3 Butadiene
It is insoluble in water, dilute acids and Alkalies but
soluble in non-polar solvents. 2HC=CH
NH,CI
cHC CH,=H-CzCH;
Cu,CH,=CH-CEC-
It has low elasticity and low tensile strength. Acetylene Vinyl acetylene Chloroprene
Natural rubber is a polymer of 2-methyl-1,3- CI
butadiene(isoprene). egler Natta
-
,CHt
On average, a molecule of rubber contains 5000 Isoprene
nCH,=C-CH=CH, Catalyst
units held together by head to tail.
+CH
2-Chloro-1,3 Butadiene (Trans Polymer Trans
+A+A+At Polymerisation
(1,4 addition reaction)
or Chloroprene Polychloroprene or Neoprene)

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 Melamine - Formaldehyde Resin
Nylon
Nylon 66 (Nylon Six, Six) Saral This resin is formed by condensation polymerisation of
Melamine and Formaldehyde.
It is obtained by the condensation polymerisation of
+HCHO NHCH,OHOmerisation

Hexamethylenediamine (a diamine with six carbon atoms)

and Adipic acid (a dibasic acid having 6 Carbon atoms). High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE)
It is prepared by the use of Zieglar - Natta catalyst at NH
280°C NH,
nHOOC(CH,),coOH + nH,N(CH,),NH,
160°C under pressure of 6 to 7 atmosphere. (Intermediate)
Adipic Acid Hexamethylene High pressure-
diamine (n-1) H,O The Polymer is linear chained, hence it has high density HNNNH-CHt
(0.97) and has high melting point (130°C). N
oc(CH,),CONH(CHJ,NH It is a translucent polymer. NH
Nylon -66
n
Melamine-formaldehyde polymer
Nyon-610 (Nylon Six, Ten) It is a quite hard polymer and is used widely for making plastic
It is obtained by condensation polymerisation of
crockery under the name Melamine.
Hexamethylenediamine (six Carbon atoms) and
Sebacic acid (a dibasic acid with 10 Carbon atoms.)
Polymer
Nyon 6 Bakelite
A Polyamide closely related to Nylon is known as Perlon
Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) Phenol-formaldehyde resins are obtained by the reaction of
Teflon is manufactured by heating Tetrafluoroethene
L(Germany) or Nylon - 6 (USA). Phenol and formaldehyde in the presence of either an acid or
with a free radical or Persulphate catalyst at high
It is prepared by prolonged heating of Caprolactam at a basic catalyst.
pressures.
260-270°C. Catalyst
o0 260-270°C
260-27C-c-(CH,)%-NH
nCF CF2
Polyacrylonitrie
Tetrafluoroethene
High Pressure CF-CFtn
Teflon H C H O H'or
OH
OH
CH,OH
OH OH
Polymerisation
NH H,O Polyacrylonitrile
The Addition Polymerisation of Acrylonitrile in (Intermediate)CH,OH Linear Polymer Novolac
(six carbon atoms in the O-and P-Hydroxymethyl Phenol
Caprolactam presence of a Peroxide catalyst leads to the
repeating units) Nylon-6 formation of Polyacrylonitrile. CN
Polyethylene OH OH

Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE)

It is manufactured by heating Ethylene at 200°C under a
n CH CHCN PolymerisationCH-CH
Peroxide catalyst
CH,OH
+

CH,OH
Polymerisation

pressure of 1500 atmospheres and in the presence of Acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile OH

CH- CH, CH
traces of Oxygen. Plasticiseer
This polymerisation is a free radical Polymerisation. A Plasticiser is an organic compound that dissolves in
the polymer and allows the polymer chains to slide
200°C -CH- CH
nCH=CH; 1500 atm.+CH-CH,th past one another. This makes polymer more lexible.
OH OH
Cross- linked polymer (Bakelite)

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Polyesters
nHOCH,CH,OH + nHO,C-
Saral Poly (Glycolic Acid) And Poly (Lactic Acid)
They constitute commercially successful biodegradable
polymers such as sutures.
Dacron Poly - Hydroxybutyrate -Co-ß-
The ratio of the weight and number average molecular
The Terylene Fibre (Dacron) is crease resistant and has Hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) masses (My/Mn) is called Poly Dispersity Index (PD).
low moisture absorption. It is a copolymer of In synthetic Polymers, which are always polydispersed,
Biodegradable Polymers 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and PDI>1.
3 hydroxypentanoic acid, in which the monomer units
Biodegradable polymers are the polymers that can be
are connected by ester linkages.
broken into small segments by enzyme catalysed reactions
CH,-CH(OH)- CH,-coOH + CH,-CH,-CH(OH)-CH,-coOH
using enzymes produced by microorganisms.
One method involves inserting hydrolysable ester group
into the polymer.
o-g-c- Common Polymers
Where R= CH, C,Hs

0-CH, -CH2 Monomer Repeating unit Polymer

nR-CH =CH, + nCH,= C Peroxide
- CH-CH;-
CH=CH, Ethylene
o-CH-CH, Polymer CH
Polyethylene

CH-CH= CH Polypropene
CH-CH-CH,-C0-CH-CH,-CH Propene -CH,-CH-
R
SH-CH=CH, -CH-CH- Polystyrene
Ester linkage attacked by enzyme
Styrene CHs
It is used in specialty packaging, orthopaedic
devices and even in controlled drug release.
CH,=CH-Ci Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC)
Vinyl Chloride -CH,-CH-
When a drug is put in a capsule of PHBV, it is
released only after the polymer is degraded. OH
Bakelite or
PHBV also undergoes bacterial degradation in the +HCHO resol

environment.
Urea
formaldehyde
NH-C NH,+ HCHO resin

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