CNC Controller Motion Schematics (Rev. D) http://gramlich.net/projects/cnc/motion/rev_d/schematics.

html

This is some documentation for my CNC motion control board and it is currently an work in progress.

CNC Controller Motion Schematics (Rev. D)

Table of Contents
Introduction
Power Supply
I/O Microcontroller
RS422 and Limit Switches
X, Y, Z, and Z Axes
Selenoid and Motor Control
Printed Circuit Board
Issues

Introduction
The parts list is kept in a separate file.

Power Supply
The power supply schematic is shown below:

The power supply is pretty mundane. The 110VAC comes in on connector N17 and is hooked in series with a power switch SW1, a fuse F1, and the primary coil of
transformer T1. The secondary coil of T1 produces 24VAC at 12 Amps and is routed through the full wave bridge rectifier BR1 and onto the controller board at
connector at pins 1 and 5 of N12. A large off-board filter capacitor of 10,000µF (C31) is connected to the controller board at pins 2 and 5 of N12. In addition, a 24VDC
cooling fan is connected at pins 3 and 6 of N12. Resistor R12 and red LED D33 will bleed off the charge of C31 when power is turned off. As long as D33 is lit, there is
charge on the capacitor and extra care should be taken. The 24V primary coil is rated in RMS (Root Mean Squared), so the actual peak voltage is 24V/.707 or
approximately 35 volts. The unregulated voltage is used by the stepper and selenoid drivers as VDC. The unregulated voltage is stepped down through VR1, VR2 and
VR3 to produce the 5 volts needed by the digital circuitry. The reason for using 3 voltage regulators is because 1) the stepper motors and selenoid chopper circuits will be
causing a fair amount of roughness on the unregulated voltage and 2) the amount of heat generated will be spread across 3 voltage regulators rather than just 1. While the
schematic does not show it, there are test points for each of the voltage regulators on the PCB. Lastly, power on is indicated by the green LED D34 which is current
limited by R36. LED D34 is mounted off board on the chasis.

I/O Microcontroller
The I/O microcontroller schematic is shown below:

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The I/O microcontroller U11 is only needed if the user intends to use either the RS-232 connector N9 or the USB (Universal Serial Bus) connector N10. The PIC16C745
is needed to support both USB and RS-232, whereas a simpler PIC16F876A is can be used if only RS-232 support is needed. The microcontroller firmware emulates the
25-pin DB25 parallel port connector N11. The microcontroller can detect the usage of the parallel port when pin 1 of N11 is pulled low; otherwise, the microcontroller
detects that there is no parallel port in use by having pin 1 pulled high by R18 and assumes that some form of serial communication is going to be used. All of the RESET
lines for all of the microcontrollers are tied together and pulled high by R19. The U17 MAX232 RS-232 level converter chip is used to convert between RS-232 levels
and microcontroller logic levels. Connector N10 is used for USB communication. Resistor R16 and capacitor C21 are used to indicate to the USB host that this is a slow
speed line. Lastly, N14 is used to connect to an off board red fault LED D35 through current limiting resistor R9.

RS-422 and Limit Switches

The RS-422 and limit switch schematic is shown below:

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Differential RS-422 is used for off board signalling because of the excellent high noise rejection capabilities. Long wires tend to behave like antennas and pick up the
noise from flouresent light bulbs and local HAM radio operators. RS-422 is able to avoid most of those problems. All control and sense operations are bundled into two
8-pin mini-DIN connectors N6 and N7. There was no extra board edge space fore additional conntectors. All logical level signals are converted to RS-422 voltage via the
quad differential driver U13. The motor and drawbar signals are routed to N6 and the pump and "other" signal is routed to N7. In addition, two RS-422 signals are
converted to regular logic levels by U10. The probe signal comes from N7 and the spindle tachometer signal from N6. Resistors R13 and R14 are line termination
resistors. Lastly, any limit switches are connected together in series from N7 pin 2 to N6 pin 2. The switches are normally closed and only open when some sort limit
condition is encountered. In addition, the normally closed emergency stop switch is connected across N16. If there is any open circuit in the limit switch and emergency
stop chain, the EN enable line is pulled low via R17. Otherwise, the +5 volts on pin 2 of N7 asserts the EN enable line.

X, Y, Z, and Z Axes
The X Axis schematic is shown below:

The X axis is controlled by PIC16F676 microcontroller U1. It drives the L298 H-Bridge U6. Current sensing is done via resistors R1 and R2. The maximum current
through the L298 is 2 amps, so the maximum voltage drop across the .5 ohm sense resistors is 1 volt for a maximum total power disappation of 2 watts. L298's do not

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come with clamping diodes, so those are provided externally via schottky diodes D1 through D8. The stepper signals are send out via 5-pin DIN connector N1. The
microcontoller is repsonsible for reading the sense voltage using its ADC (analog to digital converter) and manipulating the H-bridge to ensure that no more than 2 amps
average flows through each stepper motor winding. Capacitor C13 provides 470µF of additional filtering of VDC close to the L298.

The Y Axis schematic is shown below:

The Y axis is the same as the X axis above, with different component labels.

The Z Axis schematic is shown below:

The Z axis is the same as the X axis above, with different component labels.

The A Axis schematic is shown below:

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The A axis is the same as the X axis above, with different component labels.

Selenoid and Motor Control

The selenoid and motor control schematic is shown below:

All control is performed by microcontroller U9. Since there was no other logical place to put it, resistors R15 and R11 form a voltage divider of approximately 1.25 volts
that is fed into the VRef pins of the other axis microcontrollers. Lastly, a reset button can be attached to N8 to reset all microcontollers; this button is for firmware
development purposes only and should not be installed on the final chasis. The microcontroller U9 is responsible for sensing if the EN signal on pin 5 goes low and
quickly disabiling all of its motor, tachometer, drawbar, and "other" signals.

Printed Circuit Board

The printed circuit board files are listed below:

Artwork
Back
Front
RS274-X `Gerber' Artwork
RS274-X `Gerber' Solder Side
RS274-X `Gerber' Component Side
`Excellon' Drill File
Tool File

Issues
The following issues are present on revision D of the motion controller board:

The upper left mounting hole is too close N7. Luckily there is room to move it down and to the left.
The holes for Capacitor C27 are .1" too far apart.

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The holes for N1 through N4 are incorrectly staggered. The two outside and middle holes are not close enough to the outside edge by .1" inch. The remaining too
holes are are to close to the outside edge and need to be moved in by .1".
The upper right mounting hole is too close close to N14.
The lower left mounting hole is quite cramped and is quite close to the N11.
N9 should be a female DB9 connector.
N11 should be a ?? DB25 connector.
N9 needs to have a corner of its plastic hacked away to make room for C24.
The mechanical holes for N10 are way too large.
N11 needs to have a corner of its plastic hacked away to make room for C23.
N11 needs to have a corner of its plastic hacked away to make room for the mounting screw. This may not be easy to fix.
The mini-DIN8 connectors, N6-N7, have an extra mechanical connector in the middle. Also, the pins are arranged symetrically, this is no pin offset to force
polarization. I probably used the wrong specification sheet and got away with it by snipping off the middle mechanical attach.
Speaking of the mini-DIN8 connectors, I foolishly thought that a male mini-DIN8 to male mini-DIN8 cable would be wired straight throuh pin for pin. Nope. The
most common ones out there are for the Apple MacIntosh serial cables and some wires are straight through and others are crossed.
C22 has the + and - for the capacitor polarity reversed.
R10 is mis-labeled as R36 on the artwork.
Pin 6 of U11 (RA4) is an open drain output and needs a 10K pull-up resistor. I get burned by this every time, no matter how hard I try to avoid it! Pin 4 (RA?) is a
better choice.
The voltage divider for VRef on the PIC16F676's should be done using R15 and R11 should be done using precision resistors. The 5% stuff does not provide a
reliable enough result.
Vref does not appear to be necessary; just drop it entirely.
Olimex accidentally shorted out pins 8 and 10 on U3. Perhaps reroute the trace to pass a little less closely to pin 10?

Copyright (c) 2001-2005 by Wayne C. Gramlich. All rights reserved.

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