A Nutrition Secure India: Role of Agriculture

Author(s): SUNEETHA KADIYALA, P K JOSHI, S MAHENDRA DEV, T NANDA KUMAR

and VIJAY VYAS
Source: Economic and Political Weekly , FEBRUARY 25, 2012, Vol. 47, No. 8 (FEBRUARY
25, 2012), pp. 21-25
Published by: Economic and Political Weekly

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 actions (Haddad 2009). In the mean-
A Nutrition Secure India time, under-nutrition continues to exert
a physical, cognitive and economic toll,
Role of Agriculture costing India as much as 3% of its gross
domestic product (gdp) per year. The
Copenhagen Consensus 2008 lists com-
bating micronutrient under-nutrition as
SUNEETHA KADIYALA, P К JOSHI, S MAHENDRA DEV, T NANDA KUMAR, VIJAY VYAS
the best development investment, with
India continues to suffer from the rate of return in terms of improved
health, reduced deaths and increased
under-nutrition among large
India's tion has been unacceptably slow:
India's tiongiven
given the
has thecountry's
progress beenpositive
country'secono-
in unacceptably improving positive econo- nutri- slow: income opportunities more than 15
sections of its population. The times that of the investment.2
mic trajectory, nutrition has improved at
country is unlikely to realise the
only half the expected pace. Almost one
first millennium development in two Indian children is stunted and Need for Meaningful Convergence
40% are underweight. One-third of allThe multiple causes of under-nutrition,
goal by 2015. How can
at the individual, household and societal
Indian women are underweight. Rates of
agriculture be used to improve
levels, are now well-recognised (Figure 1,
micronutrient deficiencies are extremely
nutritional status? p 22). Globally and locally in India, rea-
high, with almost 80% of children and
56% of women being anaemic1 (Table 1).sonable scientific consensus exists on
what direct health and nutrition inter-
Nutrition Insecurity in India ventions will work. The central and
The data on nutrition indicators reveal state governments allocate substantial
significant socio-economic inequalities. resources to an array of health and
Several recent studies show the persist- nutrition programmes or schemes, such
ence of economic inequities with respect as the Integrated Child Development
to nutrition improvements over the last Services Scheme, mid-day meals, the
two decades (Sen et al 2011; Subraman- reproductive and child health pro-
yam et al 2011; Pathak and Singh 2011). gramme and National Rural Health Mis-
These findings, in the light of India's sion (nrhm) to deliver these direct
economic growth, suggest that India's interventions. The challenge for India
under-nutrition problem has roots in now lies in making these interventions
systemic factors affecting virtually the truly effective at scale.
entire population. The prevalence of While effectively scaling-up direct
underweight among children is 14% to nutrition and health interventions is
20% higher among the scheduled castes essential, it is not enough: India must
(ses) and scheduled tribes (sts) than invest in cross-sectoral efforts to act on
children from other castes. Moreover, the deep-rooted causes of under-nutrition
the reduction in the prevalence of under- in order to sustainably tackle two-thirds
nutrition has been far slower among of the under-nutrition burden. As noted
The authors are grateful to Shenggen Fan, childrenbelonging to ses and sts than above, under-nutrition reductions in
Marie Ruel, Rajul Pandya-Lorch, Stuart children from other castes (Thorat and countries such as Brazil, China, Senegal
Sabharwal 2011).
Gillespie, Purnima Menon, Liz Drake, Rajani and Thailand have shown the need to
Ved, Sukhadeo Thorat, Harshpal Singh
With sustained political commitment
Sachdev, S Parasuraman and Shelly Sundberg
and leadership, countries such as China, Table 1: Under-nutrition in India (%)
for their feedback and suggestions on this Nutrition Indicators NFHSII NFHSII
article. Vietnam, Senegal, Thailand and Brazil
have taken bold actions to successfully
Suneetha Kadiyala ( s.kadiyala@cgiar.org ) Stunting (children <3)

accelerate reductions in under-nutrition

is with the Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Wasting (children <3)
and are on track to reach the first mil-
Division, International Food Policy Research Underweight (children <3)

Institute, New Delhi. P К Joshi is with the lennium development goal (mdg) target Anaemia (<11 .0g/dl)
International Food Policy Research Institute,
by the year 2015. For example, Thailand, (children 6-35 months)

New Delhi. S Mahendra Dev is with the Indira

Vietnam and Brazil positioned nutrition Vitamin A deficiency (children <5) NA
Gandhi Institute of Development Research,
Mumbai. T Nanda Kumar is a member of the as an investment and an integral part Women with BMI <18.5

Men with BMI <18.5

National Disaster Management Authority, of socio-economic development making
Women with anaemia 52 56
Government of India. Vijay Vyas is a member this transformational change possible. Men with anaemia NA 24
of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime
But India will meet the first mdg target Source: National Family Health Survey (N
Minister of India.
only in 2043 with its present pace of http://www.nfhsinclia.org/pclf/lnclia.pclf

Economic & Political weekly DBS February 25, 2012 vol xlvii no 8 21

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 COMMENTARY = ==

Figure 1: the potential for agriculture to influence

Conceptual Fram
Child nutrition status nutrition at scale is large. Second, more
Direct interventions A .
Infant feeding I Л than 80% of rural women engaged in
Vitamin A, zinc, iron Food/nutrient intake < the labour force work in the agriculture
supplementation, a A A ' causes specific sector. This provides a significant oppor-
hygienefortification N interventions
tunity to unleash the gender dimensions
of agriculture-nutrition linkages. Third,
the commitment of the Government of
f V Access to food ( /Maternal and f /vater, sanitation and^ ^"cause!^
Indirect interventions V ( childcare I health services J ' i
India and across the States to invest in
Agriculture, V У Nutrition
social protection,
agriculture is very strong. A policy space
education, health д interventions now exists to strengthen agriculture to
systems, water and /■■■ ■ / 1
sanitation, women's Institutions ^Basic causes improve nutrition outcomes.
empowerment

Political Some Policy Options

and ideolog

Economic Several entry points щтштш

growth exist for the agri-
poverty reduction, Economic structure
environment, l__ - _J culture sector to make agriculture more
institutions, pro-nutrition (Dev and Kadiyala 2011).
governance Environment, technology and
Below are some people
specific policy approaches
as a starting
Sources: Adapted from UNICEF (1990); Black et al (2008). point to make the agriculture
sector more "pro-poor" and "pro-nutrition".
Why Focus on Agriculture?
complement these
The pathways through which agricul-Leveraging
approaches that Existing Platforms:add The
ture affects nutrition are now widely ac-thrust of Indian
deep-rooted agriculture sector is to
causes
This cepted (World Bank 2007; Gillespie and move forward with key schemes and
comprehensiv
ing Kadiyala 2011). Global
the evidence suggestsmissions such as Rashtriya Krishi Vikas
under-nutr
that many developing countries are ex-Yojana (rkvy),
momentum in National Horticulture
Ind
ploiting these links, but India seems toMission (nhm) and National Food Secu-
ter's National Council on India's Nutri-
tion Challenges, formed in 2008 is lag behind (Headey 2011). rity Mission, initiated in the Tenth and
multisectoral, with representation from The challenges facing the agriculturethe Eleventh Five-Year Plans. Such large-
more than one dozen ministries.3 The sector in India may be significant, but soscale platforms should focus on improving
council's key recommendations include are the opportunities. First, the agricul-Indian citizens' nutrition security, especially
creation of new institutional arrange- ture sector employs nearly 58% of thein districts with a substantial overlap
ments that encourage different sectors total Indian workforce and generates between poverty and under-nutrition.
to work together. Several states, inclu- more than 55% of the rural income, sorkvy, a bottom-up and demand-driven
ding Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat and Orissa are experimenting
with moving nutrition into "Mission
Mode" at the state level to accelerate
МШяк environmental Law
reductions in under-nutrition.
fw» Research society
». >

Any new multisectoral institutional

arrangement to promote coherence and CALL FOR PAPERS
convergence of policies, programmes
and objectives should have a clear man-
The Environmental Law Research Society (ELRS), New Delhi (www.elrs.in)
date to accelerate reductions in under-
is an independent, non-profit organization focusing on environmental law and
nutrition, with precise objectives, meas-
policy research and capacity building advocacy. ELRS is organising a National
urable goals, implementation plans,
authority, financial support, monitoring
Workshop on 'Realization of the Right to Sanitation in India - Challenges and

guidelines and accountability. The pro- Way Forward' in New Delhi on 27-28 July 2012. Abstracts (in English or Hindi;
posed institutional arrangements should 500 words max.) are invited on topics relating to the workshop theme. The
include, inter alia a national-level body abstract must include the authors)' title, affiliation, email and mailing address.
to ensure policy convergence and to All contributions should be sent electronically to sanitation @elrs.in with
monitor outcomes. Indeed, accelerating the subject 'Right to Sanitation Workshop - July 2012' so as to reach
reductions in under-nutrition should be-before 31 March 2012. Authors of selected abstracts will be invited to present
come India's basic organising principle their papers in the woikshop and ELRS will bear the cost of travel and stay.
for its faster, sustainable and more inclu-
sive growth strategy.

22 FEBRUARY 25, 2012 VOL XLVII NO 8 ШВЗ Economic & Political WEEKLY

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platform, gives states the incentive to de- Improve Access to Nutrient-rich Foods:
particularly in poverty reduction and
velop comprehensive plans for the agri- The agriculture sector is respondingimproved
to access to nutrient-rich diets.
changing demand patterns. In aggre-Decentralised procurement of food-
cultural sector, taking into consideration
the available technologies, agroclimaticgate, the high-value food segment grainsac- under the public distribution
conditions and natural-resource issues. counts for about 47% of the total valuesystem
of must be mandated to ensure re-
It encourages effective integration ofagricultural output. Because India has a of agriculture in resource-poor areas.
vival
Inclusion of nutritious and diverse
livestock, poultry and fish farming withlarge share of small and marginal hold-
the crop sector, rkvy's flexibility andings, the country should explore provid-
foods (such as millets, eggs, soy beans
and so on) in the decentralised pro-
decentralised planning and implementa- ing incentives to small farmers to grow
tion make integrating nutrition-securityvegetables and fruits for household con-
curement basket offers an excellent op-
sumption - a strategy that is successful
concerns into its agenda a possibility. portunity to provide locally acceptable
NHM paid dividends by increasing in Thailand. nutritious food to the people while mit-
production of horticultural commodi- Pulse production in the last two igating the problems of storage of food
ties. Now is the time to harness nhm's decades, with the exception of 2010, has commodities. It also offers a real poten-
potential by realigning its goals and remained stubbornly low. The urgent tial to fortify food commodities with
strategy from a nutrition perspective. need for a technological breakthrough key micronutrients (for example, forti-
The opportunities to dovetail its to increase the yield potential of pulses fying wheat with iron). Food stamps or
implementation, leveraging other plat- is widely acknowledged. India now conditional cash transfers targeted to
forms such as RKVY, National Rural needs to match this with the required women for the purchase of perishable
Livelihoods Mission (nrlm) and state- investment in research and develop- nutrient-rich foods such as milk, fruits,
level nutrition missions are worth ment and effective extension services and vegetables could be considered.
serious exploration. to ensure the poor and vulnerable have Such reforms offer a win-win solution,
A minimum of 15% of all rkvy and
access to pulses. A majority of the live- improving diet quality as well as stimu-
stock and small ruminant population is lating and diversifying local agricul-
NHM funds could be channelled to plans
concentrated in marginal smallhold- tural production.
that integrate nutrition security con-
ings, and women play a significant role
cerns into their planning, implementa-
in animal husbandry through direct Biofortification of Staple Crops: India
tion and monitoring. For example, rkvy,
involvement in major operations like must intensify and accelerate its efforts to
nhm and other platforms could use pro-
nutrition funds for programmes thatfeeding, breeding, management and realise the potential of biofortified crops
manage water, prevent agriculture- healthcare. Therefore, progress in this - not necessarily genetically modified
sector
associated waterborne diseases (such as will result in a more balanced organisms (gmos). Biofortification is a
development of the rural economy,process of breeding higher levels of
malaria), develop an ecologically sound
small-ruminant sector, and create
nutrition-sensitive value chains.

Improving Access Economic&PoliticalwEEKLY

While leveraging the existing platforms,
REVIEW OF URBAN AFFAIRS
as noted above, has a huge potential to
boost production of nutrient-rich foods, July 30, 2011
India can do more.
Urban Concerns: An Introduction - Anant Maringanti, Amita Baviskar,
Food still constitutes, on average, Karen Coelho, Vinay Gidwani
more than half of the expenditures Bypassing
of the Squalor: New Towns, Immaterial
Indian households. The overall con- Labour and Exclusion in Post-colonial Urbanisation - Rajesh Bhattacharya, Kalyan Sanyo!
sumption pattern in the last two decadesUrban Development and Metro Governance - К С Sivaramakrishnan
is one of stable rice and wheat con- Branded and Renewed? Policies, Politics and
sumption for the poor, a rise in fat con- Processes of Urban Development in the Reform Era - Darshini Mahadevia
sumption, sharp declines in coarse cere-
Translating Marx: Mavali, Dalit and the Making
al consumption, continued decline in of Mumbai's Working Class, 1928-1935 - Juned Shaikh
The
pulses consumption and rising consump- Board and the Bank:

tion of high-value foods (micronutrient- Changing Policies towards Slums in Chennai - Nithya Raman
rich fruits, vegetables, livestock and
For copies write to:
fish). Given these contrasting trends,
Circulation Manager,
determining whether the average Indian
Economic and Political Weekly,
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ing the last 25 years requires further email: circulation@epw.in
empirical investigation.

Economic & Political weekly ПШ February 25, 2012 vol xlvii no 8 23

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micronutrients (especially zinc, iron and agricultural productivity, women's con- participate in as both producers and
Vitamin a) directly into key staple foods trol of resources or assets, and health consumers, but also in their communities
using conventional breeding methods or and nutrition outcomes. and households.
biotechnology. Several efforts to con- The country should promote women's Women's groups, including shgs un-
ventionally-bred (using поп-gmo breed- cooperatives, producer women's groups der NRLM, can become instrumental in
ing techniques) beta-carotene-rich sweet and other forms of group efforts, where meaningful convergence of health, nu-
potato and iron- and zinc-biofortified they do not already exist. This would trition, education and other broad-based
pearl millet are underway. India must enable women to overcome the con- schemes addressing the deep-rooted
prioritise public research investment to causes of under-nutrition. Examples of
straints of small, marginally profitable
ramp up the development of techno- landholdings, thereby improving the such group-centric pro-nutrition approach-
logies and effective supply chains to in- es include producing and consuming
dissemination of agricultural techno-
crease the production and consumption logy and other inputs, as well as mar-
nutrient-rich foods through homestead
of these nutrient-rich foods. keting of produce. horticulture and poultry interventions;
The NRLM under the Ministry of establishing and maintaining micronu-
Leveraging Agriculture to Empower Rural Development offers significant
trient food fortification units; producing
Women: Accelerating undernutrition and marketing low-cost, nutrient-dense
potential for convergence with the agri-
reduction in India requires realigning supplementary foods; developing pri-
cultural sector to empower women to
agriculture and rural development poli- care for themselves and their children.mary food processing; enabling women
cy to empower women in agriculture. nrlm's federations of self-help groups and their children to access essential
Resources targeted to women and (shgs) could radically alter the balance
health and nutrition services; and catalys-
women's groups significantly improve of power not only in the markets they
ing critical behaviour change for optimal

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health and nutrition outcomes in the institutional frameworks with budgets,
notes

long run through community mobilisa-authority, timelines and accountability

1 Alth
tion, I
tion, including the involvement of pan-
to demonstrate progress towards reduc- burden
chayati raj institutions, around nutri-
tions in under-nutrition should be given of the
preval
tion-specific issues and actions. the top priority.
ly at 1
Empowering women in agriculture, Agriculture is fundamental to India's quent
which is essential to India's nutrition se-inclusive and sustainable structural eco- public
betes F
nomic transformation. It must therefore diabet
curity, requires securing women's rights
from
to land, providing efficient and effectiveplay a more significant role in promoting
the hi
legal support and enhancing women
nutrition security. The government can manag
that it
farmers' access to inputs. For example,maximise the potential of existing archi-
to red
tectures across sectors to make them
entitling women in land records as culti- optim
ish its
vators on family farms, where women more pro-nutrition oriented and to pro-
over-n
operate the land registered under themote meaningful coherence and conver- ties on

name of the male household members, gence across sectors. This policy note 2 http
%2oio
would make a significant difference in
highlighted some practical policy options 2oHun
accessing various government pro-
for such an engagement, within the exi- 3 Prim
Nutrit
sting agriculture-related mechanisms,
gramme benefits. The government could sions H
accomplish this with a comprehensive,
schemes and platforms.
countrywide directive that recognises To incentivise states, 15% of the budget
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