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 Contents
Student’s Preface xi
Instructor’s Preface xiii
About the Authors xxi

CHAPTER 1 THE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROFESSION 1

1.1 Overview 1
The Elements of Mechanical Engineering 1
1.2 What Is Engineering? 4
1.3 Who Are Mechanical Engineers? 10
Mechanical Engineering’s Top Ten Achievements 12
1.4 Career Paths 22
1.5 Typical Program of Study 24
Summary 28
Self-Study and Review 28
Problems 29
References 31

CHAPTER 2 MECHANICAL DESIGN 33

2.1 Overview 33
2.2 The Design Process 37
Requirements Development 41
Conceptual Design 42
Detailed Design 43
Production 47
2.3 Manufacturing Processes 50
2.4 Case Study in Conceptual Design:
Mousetrap-Powered Vehicles 57
First Concept: String and Lever Arm 58
Second Concept: Compound Geartrain 59
Third Concept: Sector-Shaped Gear 61
2.5 Case Study in Urban Power Infrastructures 62
Requirements Development 62
Conceptual Design 63
Detailed Design 65

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2.6 Case Study: Computer-Aided Design:

Noninvasive Medical Imaging 66
Summary 70
Self-Study and Review 71
Problems 72
References 76

CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING AND COMMUNICATION

SKILLS 77
3.1 Overview 77
3.2 General Technical Problem-Solving Approach 82
3.3 Unit Systems and Conversions 84
Base and Derived Units 84
International System of Units 84
United States Customary System of Units 88
Converting Between the SI and USCS 91
3.4 Significant Digits 96
3.5 Dimensional Consistency 98
3.6 Estimation in Engineering 107
3.7 Communication Skills in Engineering 112
Written Communication 113
Graphical Communication 115
Technical Presentations 116
Summary 120
Self-Study and Review 120
Problems 121
References 128

CHAPTER 4 FORCES IN STRUCTURES AND MACHINES 129

4.1 Overview 129
4.2 Forces in Rectangular and Polar Forms 131
Rectangular Components 132
Polar Components 133
4.3 Resultant of Several Forces 134
Vector Algebra Method 135
Vector Polygon Method 136
4.4 Moment of a Force 140
Perpendicular Lever Arm Method 140
Moment Components Method 142
 Contents vii

4.5 Equilibrium of Forces and Moments 148

Particles and Rigid Bodies 148
Free Body Diagrams 150
4.6 Design Application: Rolling-Element Bearings 158
Summary 166
Self-Study and Review 167
Problems 168
References 182

CHAPTER 5 MATERIALS AND STRESSES 183

5.1 Overview 183
5.2 Tension and Compression 185
5.3 Material Response 193
5.4 Shear 205
5.5 Engineering Materials 210
Metals and Their Alloys 211
Ceramics 212
Polymers 213
Composite Materials 214
5.6 Factor of Safety 218
Summary 222
Self-Study and Review 224
Problems 225
References 237

CHAPTER 6 FLUIDS ENGINEERING 238

6.1 Overview 238
6.2 Properties of Fluids 240
6.3 Pressure and Buoyancy Force 248
6.4 Laminar and Turbulent Fluid Flows 255
6.5 Fluid Flow in Pipes 259
6.6 Drag Force 266
6.7 Lift Force 275
Summary 281
Self-Study and Review 282
Problems 283
References 290
viii Contents

CHAPTER 7 THERMAL AND ENERGY SYSTEMS 291

7.1 Overview 291
7.2 Mechanical Energy, Work, and Power 293
Gravitational Potential Energy 293
Elastic Potential Energy 294
Kinetic Energy 294
Work of a Force 295
Power 295
7.3 Heat as Energy in Transit 300
Heating Value 300
Specific Heat 302
Transfer of Heat 304
7.4 Energy Conservation and Conversion 313
7.5 Heat Engines and Efficiency 318
7.6 Case Study 1: Internal-Combustion Engines 323
Four-Stroke Engine Cycle 325
Two-Stroke Engine Cycle 328
7.7 Case Study 2: Electrical Power Generation 330
7.8 Case Study 3: Jet Engines 339
Summary 342
Self-Study and Review 343
Problems 344
References 350

CHAPTER 8 MOTION AND POWER TRANSMISSION 351

8.1 Overview 351
8.2 Rotational Motion 353
Angular Velocity 353
Rotational Work and Power 355
8.3 Design Application: Gears 359
Spur Gears 360
Rack and Pinion 364
Bevel Gears 364
Helical Gears 364
Worm Gearsets 367
8.4 Speed, Torque, and Power in Gearsets 369
Speed 370
Torque 371
Power 372
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8.5 Simple and Compound Geartrains 373

Simple Geartrain 373
Compound Geartrain 374
8.6 Design Application: Belt and Chain Drives 380
8.7 Planetary Geartrains 386
Summary 394
Self-Study and Review 396
Problems 396
References 407

APPENDIX A GREEK ALPHABET 409

APPENDIX B TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW 410
B.1 Degrees and Radians 410
B.2 Right Triangles 410
B.3 Identities 411
B.4 Oblique Triangles 412

INDEX 413
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 Student’s Preface

PURPOSE
This textbook will introduce you to the ever-emerging eld of mechanical
engineering and help you appreciate how engineers design the hardware that
builds and improves societies all around the world. As the title implies, this
textbook is neither an encyclopedia nor a comprehensive treatment of the
discipline. Such a task is impossible for a single textbook, and, regardless, our
perspective is that the traditional four-year engineering curriculum is just one
of many steps taken during a lifelong education. By reading this textbook,
you will discover the “forest” of mechanical engineering by examining a few
of its “trees,” and along the way you will be exposed to some interesting and
practical elements of the profession called mechanical engineering.

APPROACH AND CONTENT

This textbook is intended for students who are in the rst or second years
of a typical college or university program in mechanical engineering or a
closely related eld. Throughout the following chapters, we have attempted
to balance the treatments of technical problem-solving skills, design,
engineering analysis, and modern technology. The presentation begins with
a narrative description of mechanical engineers, what they do, and the impact
they can have (Chapter 1). Seven “elements” of mechanical engineering are
emphasized subsequently in Chapter 2 (Mechanical Design), Chapter 3
(Professional Practice), Chapter 4 (Forces in Structures and Machines),
Chapter 5 (Materials and Stresses), Chapter 6 (Fluids Engineering),
Chapter 7 (Thermal and Energy Systems), and Chapter 8 (Motion and Power
Transmission). Some of the applications that you will encounter along the
way include sustainable urban infrastructures, virtual and rapid prototyping,
nanomachines, internal combustion engines, robotics, sports technology,
magnetic resonance imaging, advanced materials, jet engines, micro- uidic
devices, automatic transmissions, and renewable energy.
What should you be able to learn from this textbook? First and
foremost, you will discover who mechanical engineers are, what they do,
and what technical, social, and environmental challenges they solve with
the technologies they create. Section 1.3 details a “top ten” list of the
profession’s achievements. By looking at this list, you will recognize how
the profession has contributed to your day-to-day life and society around
the world in general. Second, you will nd that engineering is a practical
endeavor with the objective of designing things that work, that are cost-
effective to manufacture, that are safe to use, and that are responsible in terms
xi
xii Student’s Preface

of their environmental impact. Third, you will learn some of the calculations,
estimates, and approximations that mechanical engineers can perform as they
solve technical problems and communicate their results. To accomplish their
jobs better and faster, mechanical engineers combine mathematics, science,
computer-aided engineering tools, experience, and hands-on skills.
You will not be an expert in mechanical engineering after having read
this textbook, but that is not our intention, and it should not be yours. If
our objective has been met, however, you will set in place a solid foundation
of problem-solving, design, and analysis skills, and those just might form
the basis for your own future contributions to the mechanical engineering
profession.