Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

7
SCIENCE
Quarter 3 - Module 7
CHARGES AND TYPES OF
CHARGING PROCESS

Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
Science – Grade 7
Support Material for Independent Learning Engagement (SMILE)
Quarter 3 – Module 7: Charges and Types of Charging Process
First Edition, 2021

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 What I Need to Know
In Module 6, you’ve learned about heat as a form of energy can be transferred
through conduction, convection and radiation.
This module covers another form of energy – electricity. In our modern way of living,
people are fond of using gadgets and appliances that are operated with electricity.
However, in spite of the familiar existence of electricity, many of us do not know that it
actually originates from the motion of charges.

Content Standard
Charges and the different charging processes
Most Essential Learning Competency
Describe the types of Charging Processes (S7LT-IIIj-13)
Specific Objectives:
a. Identify the type of charges
b. Describe the different charging processes

What’s In
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an
element. For example, a gold coin is simply a very large number of gold atoms molded into the
shape of a coin. Objects become charged because the atoms of all substances contain both
negative and positive charges. What do you know about the parts of an atom?

Activity 1. It’s all about the Atom

Direction: Take a look at the figure below. Can you identify the two regions of an atom? What
are found in these regions?

Figure 1. The Atom

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 What’s New
Activity 2: Match Me, Pair Me
Direction: Refer to Figure 1 in Activity 1 and match column A with column B. Write
the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.

Column A Column B

1. Electron a. negatively charged

2. Neutron b. neutral (no charge)
3. Proton c. smallest unit of matter
4. Nucleus d. center of the atom
5. Atom e. positively charged

Have you experienced rubbing a balloon on a sweater or piece of wool and

then noticed your hair stood on end when you held the balloon close to your hair?
Why do you think the hair strands stand after rubbing it with a balloon? The
module covers lessons that explain the science behind such experience.

What is It
Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The varying atomic composition of
different materials gives them different electrical properties. One of these is the ability of
a material to lose or gain electrons when they come in contact with different materials in
a process called charging. Electric charge is a property of matter that exists because of the
excess or deficiency of electrons. Charging can be achieved by friction, conduction, and
induction.

Every atom is made of negatively charged electrons surrounding a positively-charged

nucleus. The nucleus contains protons, which are positively charged, and neutrons,
which are neutral (they have no net electric charge). Electrons can move from one atom,
molecule or material, to another. Most objects do not have an electric charge because
there is a balance of electrons and protons in the material that makes up the object. In
certain circumstances, there can be an imbalance of protons and electrons. An object
with a greater number of electrons than protons is negatively-charged. An object with
more protons than electrons is positively-charged.
(Source: https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_electricity_lesson02)

Conductors and Insulators

Materials can be classified by how well they conduct electricity. Insulators do not
conduct very well, while conductors do. In insulators, every electron is attached to a
particular atom. However, in good conductors, some electrons are more loosely bound to
the atom and can move about in the material. Metals are good conductors, while
materials such as wood, glass, plastics, and rubber are good insulators.
A good conducting material will allow charges to be distributed evenly on its surface.
In contrast, insulators hinder the free flow of charges within it.

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 If charge is transferred to an insulator, the excess charge will remain at the original
location of charging. This means that the charge is seldom distributed evenly across the
surface of an insulator.
The Charging Processes
Charging by Friction
When two materials are rubbed together, some
electrons may be transferred from one material to the
other, leaving them both with a net electric charge. The
material that lost electrons becomes positively-charged,
while the material that gained electrons becomes
negatively -charged. Both insulators and conductors
can gain a net charge in this way. This is how clothing
gets charged in the clothes dryer, or our bodies get
charged when we walk across a carpeted floor, or why
hair strands stand on end when we comb our hair.
Electrons are held more firmly in plastic than in
Figure 1. Charging by Friction hair. That means that when you comb your hair,
Source: Charging by contact: friction
accessed at https://slideplayer.com electrons pass on from hair to comb. As a result, hair
/slide/5270466/ becomes positively charged and the comb becomes
negatively charged (it can pick up little pieces of paper).
If the plastic comb is rubbed into silk, it will become positively charged, because the silk
has a higher affinity for electrons.

A triboelectric series can be used to determine which material gains or loses

electrons. The table on triboelectric series shows how easily materials become charged by
friction. In Greek “tribo” means to rub.

In the illustration below, the wool accepts

electrons easily and takes on a negative charge (A). In
picture B, the nylon balloon gains electrons from the
rubber, and in picture C, hair gains extra electrons
from rubber. Remember that during the charging
process, the amount of charge lost from one object is
equal to the amount of charge gained by the other
object. This is based on the Law of Conservation of
Charge, which states that charges cannot be created
nor destroyed, but can be transferred from one
material to another. Thus, the total charges in a
system remains constant.

Figure 2. Tribolectric Series

Figure 2. Transfer of charges from one material to another
Source: https://www.sciencelearn.
org.nz/images/3879-triboelectric-series

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Charging by Conduction
Charging by conduction involves the contact of a charged object to a neutral object. It
involves making the physical connection of the charged object to the neutral object. Because
charging by conduction involves contact, it is often called charging by contact.

During conduction, the same charge is created in a neutral object. Electrons will transfer
from a negative object to a neutral object, making it negative. Electrons will be attracted by a
positive object taking electrons from a neutral object, making it positive.

Charging by conduction is considered permanent since electrons move to the new object
until that object is grounded.

Let us assume that we have a negatively charged metal object and an uncharged
(neutral) metal object (Illustration 2a). We bring the two objects close together. We will see
that a separation of charge happens in the neutral object as negative electrons are repelled to
the right-hand side (Illustration 2b). The second metal, though, remains neutral. Notice that the
metals are not touching, and no charges have been transferred yet. We allow the two objects to
touch (Illustration 2c). Some of the negative charges will transfer over to the uncharged metal
object. This happens since the negative charges on the first object are repelling each other, and
by moving into the second object, they spread away from each other. When the negative object is
removed, it will not be as negative as it was (Illustration 2d). Both of the objects have some
negative charges. The magnitude of the negative charge depends on the size of the objects and
the materials they are made of. Since they are similar in this example, they have the same
magnitude charge.

Source: http://www.studyphysics.ca/2007/30/06_forces_fields/08_charging.pdf

Charging By Conduction Facts

 Contact
 Same charge
 Permanent (with electron transfer)
Charge When Charged By Conducted
 Negative creates negative
 Positive creates positive

Charging by Induction
It is possible to charge a conductor without touching it or without actual contact with it.
No special procedure is required but the most important thing to consider is the use of a
grounding wire. A grounding wire is simply a conductor that connects the object to the ground.
Think of the earth as a huge pool of charges where it can both gain or donate electrons as

needed. Depending on what the situation is, either electrons will travel up the grounding wire
to the object being charged, or travel down to the ground. Charging by induction is a more
complex process than conduction.

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  Figure 3a: the neutral object is on an insulating stand. It also has a ground wire attached
to it.
 Figure 3b: bring a negative object nearby. This will cause the electrons to be pushed as
far away as possible, and since they are free to move, they do just that. They will travel
down the ground wire.
 Figure 3c: this step is very important. Keeping the negative object nearby we cut the
ground wire. Now there is no way for the electrons to travel back up the wire to the
originally neutral object. If we had skipped this step and just moved the negative object
away without cutting the ground wire, the negative charges would have just gone back
up the wire and it would be neutral again.
 Figure 3d: remove the negative object and now the the original object has a net positive
charge.

The same sort of thing happens if you bring a positively charged object near to a grounded
object. In that case, electrons would come up the grounding wire to be closer to the object.
This would leave the other object with a negative charge. Notice that when you charge by
induction you get the opposite charge on the metal object.
Source: http://www.studyphysics.ca/2007/30/06_forces_fields/08_charging.pdf

Charging By Induction

You can induce a charge in a neutral object by moving a charged object close to it. Induction
creates a temporary and opposite charge in that other object with no contact. This is
considered temporary because no electrons are transferred and neutrality returns when the close
charged object is removed.

Charging By Induction Facts

 No contact
 Opposite charge
 Temporary (no electron transfer)

Charge When Charged By Induction

 Positive induces negative

 Negative induces positive

Source: https://www.stickmanphysics.com/stickman-physics-home/unit-7-electrostatics/electrostatics-conduction-
induction-and-friction/

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Electric Force
Figure 5A. Comb with excess
negative charge attracts
neutral pieces of paper
Source: https://physics.stackexchange.com
/questions/63557/why-does-the-comb-
attract-the-pieces-of-papers-if-theyre-neutral
Figure 5B. Van de Graaf generator
effect on hair strands
Have you noticed that when we rub our hairs with a
comb, and then try to attract small pieces of paper, they are
actually attracted by the comb. The pieces of the paper were not
charged before they were attracted. Then they might be neutral.
Why does the comb attract the pieces of the paper if they are
neutral, and have no influence of a specific charge on them. The
force that draws the paper towards the comb is called electric
force which acts on charges. An uncharged or neutral object
that has balanced positive and negative charges cannot
experience this. The excess negative charge in the comb allow
it to interact with the pieces of paper.
A Van de Graaff generator is a familiar sight in television
shows. It produces a static electric charge by rubbing two
materials together (for example, a rubber belt and felt or metal).
This is the same concept as shoes on a carpet, but the charge
produced can be much greater. See what happens when the girl
in the picture (standing on a rubber pad), places her hands on
the dome before it is turned on. The rubber pad actually
provides insulation so that the charge from the generator does
not travel through your body into the ground. When the Van de
Graaff generator starts charging, it transfers the charge to the
person who is touching it. Since the person's hair follicles are
getting charged to the same potential, they try to repel each
other. This is why the hair actually stands up.

The comb and Van de Graaf observations tell us that there are two kinds of electrical forces
arising from the fact that there are indeed two kinds of electrical charges. The interaction between
the charges are summarized below.

Electrostatic Law
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

Generally, a charged object and an uncharged object tend to attract each other due to the
the phenomenon of electrostatic polarization which can be explained by the electrostatic law.
When a neutral object is placed near a charged object, the charges within the neutral object are
rearranged such that the charged object attracts the opposite charges within the neutral object.

Discharging

The process of removing excess charges on an object is called discharging. When

discharging is done by means of providing a path between the charged object and a ground, the
process may be referred to as grounding.

Grounding is necessary in electrical devices and equipment since it can prevent the build
up of excess charges where it is not neede.

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 What’s More
Activity 2: Positive or Negative?
Direction: Study the comic strips entitled, “Adventures in Electroworld” by E.B.
Clarion (2011) on the next page. Complete the table below based on the
triboelectric series.

Charge of Charged of
Material
material Material material
Materials Rubbed that
after that gains after
Together loses
losing electrons gaining
electrons
electrons electrons
1.Glass and copper
2.Hair and polyester
3.Rubber and silk
4.Rubber and nylon
5.Vinyl and wool
6. Rubber and hair

Q1. Does the charge of the material remain the same when paired up with
other material?

Q2. What is your basis in determining the charge of the material? Explain
briefly

Q3. What type of charging is used in the activity?

Remember that the triboelectric series is an arrangement of materials/substances

according to their ability to gain or lose electrons. The charges within the materials can
be changed according to its position in the series when pairing. The farther the materials
are from each other in the series, the stronger the electric force.

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Figure 6: The Triboelectric Series Comic Strip

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Activity 2A: To Charge Not to Charge!
Direction:
Perform the activity and answer the questions briefly.
Write your answer on the space provided.

1. Charge the balloon by rubbing it off your hair.

Make sure your hair is completely dry.

2. Place the charged balloon as near as possible to the

soft drink can without the touching the two objects
as shown in figure 6c

3. Touch the can with your finger at the end opposite

the balloon as shown in Figure 6c.

4. Remove your hand and observe how the balloon

and the can will interact.

Questions:
Q1. What charge is acquired by the balloon after rubbing it against your hair?

Q2. What is the purpose of touching in step 3?

Q3. Where you able to charge the soft drink can? _
Q4. What process of charging is demonstrated in the activity?
Q5. What is the charge of the soft drink can?

Activity 2B: Pass the Charge!

Direction: Do the activity by yourself and answer the questions below briefly.

Procedure:
1. Repeat all steps in Activity 2A.
2. Let the charged can set-up touch a neutral can set-up
as shown in the figure.
3. Separate the two set-ups then observe how the
charged balloon interacts with the first and second set-
up.

Q6. Where you able to charge the can in the second set-up?

Q7. What process of charging is illustrated in the activity? Figure 8.

Q8. What charge is acquired by the can in the second set-up?

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 What I Have Learned
Activity 3: Shade Me!

Direction: Shade the word that corresponds to the phrases given below.

Table 3
I N D U C T I O N A C E A
R I O C A T T I E O N S T
F C C O C H A R G I N G I
R N O C M U H R A P O G N
I D N A J L K S T A A J G
C C D A H P O S I T I V E
T T U T G W P Z V E A L M
I U C C F S Y X E R W K A
O V T A T B T C G T T A K
N D I S C H A R G I N G U
N A O O D V R N K C V W O
A D N U N C E G L A M A R

1. Contact Force
2. Gaining or losing of electrons
3. Charge of material that is losing electrons
4. Removing of charges away from an object
5. Process involved when charged object comes in contact to each other
6. Charge of material that is gaining electrons
7. Charging process without actual contact to any other charged object.

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 What I Can Do
Activity 4: Where I Belong!
Direction: Complete the table below. Identify the process of charging presented. Table 4

Event or Activity Types of charging process

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

friction

6.

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 Assessment

Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Two unlike charges

A. attract each other C. neutralize each other
B. repel each other D. have no effect on each other

2. Which of the following is NOT a process of charging?

A. Induction B. Friction C. Conduction D. Convection

3. Material A is positively charged. When brought near to material B, they attract, which
of the following is TRUE?
A. Material B is negatively charged C. Material B is uncharged
B. Material B is positively charged D. Both are uncharged

4. Material B has become positively charged after rubbing it with Material A. Which of
the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Material B loses protons C. Material A loses proton
B. Material B gains electrons D. Material A gains electron

5. What will happen when two unlike charges are brought together? They will
A. repels each other C, attract each other
B. neutralize each other D. no effect on each other
6. If you comb your hair and the comb becomes positively charged, then your hair
becomes .
A. positively charged C. uncharged
B. negatively charged D. discharged

For No. 7 & No. 8 study the given Triboelectric series, where moving up means positive
and moving down means negative.

7. Which of the following pairs has the strongest electrical force

of attraction? Melgi
A. Welcru and Lokfu C. Xatzki and Melgi Xatzki
Lofku
B. Zysmu and Melgi D. Kharmi and Xatzki
Khamri
Welcru
8. Which of the following would have a negative net charge when Zysmu
rubbed with Kharmi?
A. Lokfu B. Welcru C. Xatzki D. Melgi

9. A negatively charged rod is brought near a metal can that rests on a wooden box. You
touch the opposite side of the can momentarily with your finger. If you remove your finger
before removing the rod, what will happen to the can?
A. It will be discharged C. It will become negatively charged
B. it will become positively charged D. Its charge will remain as it was

10. Which of the following can be attracted by a positively charged object?

A. Another positively charged objects C. A neutral object
B. Any object D. No other object

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 Additional Activities
Directions: Make a Comic Strip about the figure given below. Refer to the rubric
below for your guidance in making your output.

Remember:

A comic strip is a sequence of drawings in boxes that tell an amusing

story, or a form of story-telling, which uses drawings or cartoon characters to
tell a story.

balloon

wool balloon hair

5 4 3 2
Concept is
Concept is Concept is
Content clearly Concept is limited
evident acceptable
evident
There are no
There are 1-3 There are 4-5 There are more
spelling,
Spelling and spelling, spelling, than 5 spelling,
punctuation or
Grammar punctuation or punctuation or punctuation, and
grammar errors
grammar errors grammar errors grammar errors
or No errors

Comic strip is Comic strip is

Comic strip is Comic strip is not
incredibly quite exciting
Visual Effect very exciting and interesting and
exciting and and interesting
interesting exciting
interesting

References

Department of Education (2017). Science 7 Learner’s Material. First Edition. Department of

Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Physics For You by Keith Johnson Revised National Curriculum Edition for GCSE (No Date)

science culture.com/advancedpoll/GCSE/frictionaninduction.html

https://www.google.com (images)

https://keystagewiki.com (images)

13
Answer Key Gr7Q3 Module 7

What’s New What I Have Learned

Activity 1: Match Me! Activity 3: Shade Me
1. a
2. b I N D U C T I O N A C E A
3. e
4. d R I O C A T T I E O N S T
5. c F C C O C H A R G I N G I
R N O C M U H R A P O G N
What’s More I D N A J L K S T A A J G
Activity 2: Positive or Negative! C C D A H P O S I T I V E
T T U T G W P Z V E A L M
1. glass positive copper negative
2.hair positive polyes negative I U C C F S Y X E R W K A
ter
3.silk positive rubber negative
O V T A T B T C G T T A K
4. nylon positive rubber negative N D I S C H A R G I N G U
5. wool positive vinyl negative
N A O O D V R N K C V W O
Q1.yes
Q2.The arrangement of materials in A D N U N C E G L A M A R
Triboelectric Series accor- ding
to gain or lose electrons
What I Can Do
Q3. Friction
Activity 4: Where I Belong!
1. Induction
Activity 2A. Charge Not to 2. Induction
Charge! 3. Conduction
4. Friction
Q1. Negative 5. Conduction
Q2. Provides a path of the charge to
transferred Assessment:
Q3. Yes
1. A
Q4. Induction
2. D
Q5. Positive
3. A
Activity 2B: Pass the Charge! 4. A
5. A
6. B
Q6. Yes, since the excess charges has
7. D
been transferred from the first
set-up 8. C
Q7. Conduction Q8. 9. B
Positive charge 10. C