CENG 3502

Design of Concrete Structures

(L 02)

Rectangular Beams in Flexure

Contents
 Flexure in Structures
 Basic Concepts and Constants
 Rectangular Beams in Flexure
 Example
Flexure in Structures

Simply supported beam

Flexure in Structures

Continuous beam
Flexure in Structures

Underground box culvert

Flexure in Structures
Retaining Wall Abutment
Flexure in Structures
Deformed Frame Reinforced Frame
 (U)LSD – Load Factor
Characteristic strength or capacity may be based
on 95% exceeding, while a characteristic load or
demands may be based on a 5% exceeding.

Wd = γ L × Wk
Load Load Type
Combination
Dead, Gk Imposed, Qk

Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial

Load factors (γL) 1.3 1.0 1.6 0

Ref.: EBCS 2 – Table 3.3

(U)LSD – Partial Safety Factor

Material and Stress Partial Safety

type Factor
Reinforcement 1.15
Concrete - Flexure or Axial 1.50
Concrete - Shear, 1.25
unreinforced
Concrete - bond 1.4
Concrete - other e.g. >1.5
bearing
Ref.: EBCS 2 – Table 3.1
 Grades of Concrete
Concrete Characteristic fctm fctk Ecm
Grade Cylinder Strength (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
(N/mm2) fck

C15 12 1.6 1.1 26

C20 16 1.9 1.3 27
C25 20 2.2 1.5 29
C30 24 2.5 1.7 32
C40 32 3.0 2.1 35
C50 40 3.5 2.5 37
C60 48 4.0 2.8 39

Ref.: EBCS 2 – Table 2.3 & 2.4

Flexural Stress
The beam is a structural
member used to support
the internal moments and
shears.
C=T
M = C*(jd)
= T*(jd)
Flexural Stress
Flexural Stress
Flexural Stress
Assumptions
Basic Assumptions in Flexure Theory
 Plane sections remain plane ( not true for deep
beams h > 4b)
 The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain
in the concrete at the same level, i.e. εs = εc at same
level.
 Stress in concrete & reinforcement may be
calculated from the strains using σ−ε curves for
concrete & steel.
Assumptions
Simplifying Assumptions in RC
 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected for
calculation of flexural strength.
 Concrete is assumed to fail in compression, when εc
(concrete strain) = εcu (limit state) = 0.0035
 Compressive σ−ε relationship for concrete may be
assumed to be any shape that results in an
acceptable prediction of strength.
Types of Failures
There are three types of flexural failure of a
structural member.
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (Balanced section).
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to
the presence of a high percentage of steel in the section.
(Over-reinforced section).
 Types of Failures
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
 Types of Failures
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (Balanced section).
 Types of Failures
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to
the presence of a high percentage of steel in the
section. (Over-reinforced section).
Types of Failures
Flexural Stress Analysis
Requirements for analysis of RC-beams

[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility

Stress at a point in member must correspond to strain
at a point
[2] Equilibrium
Internal forces balances with external forces
 Flexural Stress Analysis
Example of singly reinforced rectangular section.

(1) Setup equilibrium.

∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ T= C
As f y = f cd ab
 a
∑ M= 0 ⇒ T d −  = M n
 2
 Flexural Stress Analysis
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find compression block

T = As f y
C = f cd ab
As f y
a=
f cb
 Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Find flexural capacity.

M n = Tjd
 a 
= As f y  d − 
 
 2
 Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm εs > εy

σ
εy= y

Es
a
x=
0.8
εs =
( d − x)
εc> εy
x
Analysis Example
Analysis of singly reinforced rectangular concrete beam.
Given
A rectangular beam with
• C30 concrete grade
• fyk = 300 MPa (5 dia 20 bars)
• b = 300mm, d = 400mm h= 500mm
Required
• Find the neutral axis location.
• Find the moment capacity of the beam.
The End