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MA3151 Matrices and Calculus Reg 2021 Two Marks
MA3151 Matrices and Calculus Reg 2021 Two Marks
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
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2
𝟏 𝟎
2 If 𝐀 = [ ], then find 2A2 - 12A +10I.
s-
(NOV/ DEC 2019)
𝟎 𝟓
ulu
Solution:
| A - I |= 0
alc
2 - 6 + 5 = 0
A2 - 6A + 5I = 0 (By Cayley Hamilton theorem)
-c
Hence, 2(A2 - 6A + 5I) = 0
2A2 - 12A + 10I = 0
nd
cos θ sin θ
Show that A =
-a
3 is orthogonal.
− sin θ cos θ
es
Solution:
cos θ sin θ cos θ -sin θ −cos θsin θ + sin θcos θ 1 0
AA T = = ric
cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ
-sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ −sin θcos θ + cos θsin θ sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ
= =I
0 1
at
cosθ -sin θ cosθ sin θ cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ cosθsin θ − cosθsin θ 1 0
r/m
A A=
T
= = =I
sin θ cosθ -sin θ cosθ cosθsin θ − cosθsin θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 0 1
AA T = A T A = I A is orthogonal.
pe
a 4
pa
4 Find the constants ‘𝒂’ &‘𝒃’ such that the matrix has 3 & –2 as its eigen values. (APR/MAY 2018)
1 b
in/
Solution: Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
n.
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3– 2 = 1 − − − − − (1)
aa
𝑏 = −2/𝑎
po
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏
5
ww
If the product of eigen values of the matrix 𝑨 = [𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 ] is -8, then find the value of 𝒌?
𝟏 𝒌 𝟐
Solution: The product of the eigen values = |𝐴|
/
s:/
⟹ 7 − 5𝑘 = −8
ht
Hence, 𝑘 = 3
1 −2 2 −3
2 1 −6 , find the corresponding eigen value.
6 If 2 is an eigen vector of
− 1 −1 −2 0
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1
Solution: Let X = 2 be the eigen vector of the matrix corresponding to the eigen value .
−1
The eigen vectors are obtained from the equation 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑋
−2 2 −3 1 1
2 1 −6 2 = 2
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2
−1 −2 0 −1 −1
s-
−2 + 4 + 3
ulu
2 + 2 + 6 = 2
alc
−1 − 4 + 0 −
= 5.
-c
7
nd
If trace and determinant of 2 × 2 is -2 and -35 respectively, then find the eigen values of matrix?
Solution: Let 1 and 2 are two eigen value of the given matrix 𝐴
-a
Trace of A= sum of the eigen values
⟹ 1 + 2 = −2…………….. (1)
es
Determinant of A = Product of the eigen values
⟹ 1 2 = −35…………………(2)
Sub (1) ⟹ 1 = −2 − 2 in equation (2)
ric
at
(−2 − 2 )2 = −35
r/m
(−2 − 2 )2 + 35 = 0
𝜆22 + 2𝜆22 − 35 = 0
pe
(𝜆2 − 5)(𝜆2 + 7) = 0
Therefore, 𝜆2 = 5 and -7
pa
If the 𝜆2 = 5 then 𝜆1 = −2 − 5 = −7
in/
If the 𝜆2 = −7 then 𝜆1 = −2 + 7 = 5
Hence the eigen values are 5 and -7.
n.
2 1 0
aa
If A = 0 3 4 then find the eigen values of A-1 and A2-2I.
8 (APR/MAY 2018)
riy
0 0 4
po
Solution: In a triangular matrix, the main diagonal values are the eigen values of the matrix.
2, 3, 4 are the eigen values of 𝐴. Hence the eigen values of A-1 = 1 , 1 , 1 .
w.
2 3 4
2 2 2 2
The eigen values of 𝐴 are (2) , (3) , (4) = 4, 9, 16.
ww
2 0 0
ht
https:/
/plasince
y
eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are linearly independent, A has three
.gooindependent
linearly gle.co eigenvectors and it is therefore diagonalizable.
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2 0 0
10 If A = 0 3 0 , then find the eigen values of adjoint of A. (APR/MAY 2019)
0 0 1
-1
Solution: We know that, adjoint of A = A A .
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2
1 1
Eigen values of A -1 are , ,1.
s-
2 3
ulu
1 1
Eigen values of adjA are (6), (6), (1)(6) = 3, 2, 6 .
2 3
alc
0 5 − 1
6 .
Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A = 5
-c
11 1
−1 2
nd
6
Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form of A is given by
-a
0 − 1 x1
es
5
5 6 x
X T AX = ( x1 x2 x3 ) 1 2 = 0 x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + 10 x1 x2 + 12 x2 x3 − 2 x1 x3 .
2 2 2
−1 6 2 x3 ric
at
12 Determine the nature of the following quadratic form𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐𝟑 .
r/m
1 0 0
Q = 0 2 0
pe
Discuss the nature of the quadratic form 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 without reducing it to canonical
aa
13
form.
2 1 0
riy
Solution: Q = 1 3 0
po
𝐷1 = 2 (+𝑣𝑒)
2 1
𝐷2 = | | = 5(+𝑣𝑒)
1 3
/
s:/
2 1 0
𝐷3 = |1 3 0| = 2(6 − 0) − 1(2 − 0) + 0 = 10
tp
0 0 2
Therefore, the quadratic form is positive definite.
ht
Find the values of 𝝀 so that the QF 𝝀(𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐𝟑 ) + 𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟏 may be positive
14
definite.
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1 1
Solution:
The matrix of the quadratic form is
A= 1 −1
1 −1
The principal sub determinants are
𝐷1 = 𝜆
𝜆 1
𝐷2 = | | = 𝜆2 − 1 = (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 1)
1 𝜆
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2
1 1
s-
𝐷3 = 1 −1 = 𝜆(𝜆2 − 1) − 1(𝜆 + 1) + 1(−1 − 𝜆)
ulu
1 −1
alc
= 𝜆3 − 3𝜆 − 2 = (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2)
For positive definite
-c
𝐷1 > 0, 𝐷2 > 0, 𝐷3 > 0
nd
⇒ 𝜆 > 0, 𝜆2 − 1 > 0 , (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2) > 0
⇒ 𝜆 > 0, (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 1) > 0 , (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2) > 0
-a
⇒ 𝜆−2>0
es
⇒ 𝜆>2
Therefore, the quadratic form is positive definite.
15 ric
Find the matrix whose eigen values are 1,3 and eigen vectors are (𝟏, −𝟏)𝑻 , (𝟏, 𝟏)𝑻 .
at
0 1
Solution: Since the given eigen vectors ( ) , ( ) are orthogonal
−1 0
r/m
By orthogonal reduction
𝑁 𝑇 𝐴𝑁 = 𝐷
pe
𝐴 = 𝑁𝐷𝑁 𝑇
The normalized model matrix
pa
0 1
𝑁=[ ]
−1 0
in/
0 1 1 0 0 −1
∴𝐴= [ ][ ][ ]
−1 0 0 3 1 0
n.
0 3 0 −1
=[ ][ ]
aa
−1 0 1 0
3 0
∴A=[ ].
riy
0 1
Find the nature of the conic 8 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 36 by reducing the quadratic form
po
16
8 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 to the form AX 2 + BY 2 .
w.
8 −2
Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form is A =
ww
−2 5
The characteristic equation of A is | A − I |= 0
/
s:/
8 − −2
=0
−2 5 −
tp
(8 − )(5 − ) − 4 = 0
ht
3 − 13 2 + 36 = 0
𝜆2 − 13𝜆 + 36 = 0
( − 4)( − 9) = 0
https:/ The eigen values of A are = 4, 9
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16 9
2
𝑥2 𝑦2
s-
Hence + =1
16 9
ulu
1
0 𝑥
16
⟹ [𝑥 𝑦] [ 1 ] [𝑦] = 1.
0
alc
9
18 If is the eigen value of the matrix A, then prove that 2 is the eigen value of A2. (APR/MAY2019)
-c
Solution: If X is the eigen vector of the matrix A corresponding to the eigen value , then AX = X. Pre
multiply by A A2 X= A (X)
nd
= (AX)
-a
= ( X)
es
= 2X
Hence, 2 is the eigen value of A2.
19 Prove that the matrices A and AT have the same Eigen values. ric (NOV/DEC2019)
at
Solution: We know that, A = A .
T
r/m
A- I = ( A- I )
T
pe
= ( AT − I T )
pa
= |𝐴𝑇 − 𝜆𝐼 )| (∵ 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑇 )
in/
A and AT have same characteristic polynomial A and AT have same characteristic equation.
n.
20 Show that the eigen values of −3A−1 are the same as those of A =
2 1
riy
1− 2
=0
po
2 − 2 − 3 = 0
( + 1)( − 3) = 0
ww
1 1
s:/
Now the eigen values of A−1 are , and hence the eigen values of −3A−1 are 3, −1.
−1 3
tp
PART – B
ht
1 1 3
1 (i) Verify Caley Hamilton theorem for A = 1 3 −3 . Also find adj( A ) and 𝑨−𝟏 .
−2 −4 −4
(APR / MAY 18)
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1 3 7
(ii) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A= 4 2 3 , hence find A4 and 𝑨−𝟏 .
1 2 1
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
2 (i) Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝑨 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎) to express as a linear polynomial
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
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𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
in 𝑨 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟖𝑨 − 𝟐𝑨 − 𝟗𝑨 − 𝟑𝟏𝑨 − 𝟑𝟔𝑰.
2
s-
(ii) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the matrix represented by
ulu
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝟖 − 𝟓𝑨𝟕 + 𝟕𝑨𝟔 − 𝟑𝑨𝟓 + 𝑨𝟒 − 𝟓𝑨𝟑 − 𝟖𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨 − 𝑰 when 𝑨 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎).
alc
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
2 1 0
-c
(i) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = 0 2 1
nd
3
0 0 2
-a
es
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
(ii) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix [𝟏 𝟎 𝟏]. Determine the algebraic and
geometric multiplicity.
ric
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
at
4 (i) The Eigen vectors of a 33 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 2,3,6 are (1,0,-
r/m
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
(ii) Prove that the eigen vectors of the real symmetric matrix 𝑨 = [𝟏 𝟓 𝟏] are orthogonal in pairs
pa
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
6 −2 2
in/
(i) Diagonalize the matrix A = −2 3 −1 by means of orthogonal transformation.
n.
5
2 −1 3
aa
riy
𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏
(ii) Show that the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 ] is diagonalizable, hence find 𝑴 such that
po
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝑴−𝟏 𝑨𝑴 is a diagonal matrix. Then obtain the matrix 𝑩 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟑𝑰
w.
6 (i) Compute the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following system:
ww
(ii) Verify that the eigen vector of the real symmetric matrix 𝑨 = (−𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏) are
ht
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
orthogonal to each other
7
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8
transformation. Find also its nature. (APR / MAY 18)
9 Reduce the quadratic form 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 xz to canonical form by orthogonal reduction. Also find its
nature.
10 (i) An elastic membrane in the 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 -plane with boundary circle 𝐱 𝟏𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏 is stretched so
that a point 𝐏: (𝐱 𝟏 , 𝐱 𝟐 ) goes over into the point 𝐐: (𝐲𝟏 , 𝐲𝟐 ) given by
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𝐲𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝐱𝟏 𝐲 = 𝟓𝐱 𝟏 + 𝟑𝐱 𝟐
2
𝐲 = [𝐲 ] = 𝐀𝐱 = [ ] [𝐱 ] in components, 𝟏
𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 𝐲𝟐 = 𝟑𝐱 𝟏 + 𝟓𝐱 𝟐
s-
𝟐
Find the principal directions, that is, the directions of the position vector x of P for
ulu
which the direction of the position vector y of Q is the same or exactly opposite. What
shape does the boundary circle take under this deformation?
alc
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
-c
(ii) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏] and hence determine
nd
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
its inverse.
-a
An elastic membrane in the 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 -plane with boundary 𝐱 𝟏𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏 is stretched so that point
es
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
11 𝐏(𝐱𝟏 , 𝐱𝟐 ) goes over into point 𝐐(𝐲𝟏 , 𝐲𝟐 ) such that 𝐲 = 𝐀𝐱 with 𝐀 = [ ]. Find the principal
ric 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
directions (Eigen vector) and corresponding factors of extension or contraction of the elastic
at
deformation (eigenvalues). Sketch the shape of the deformed membrane.
UNIT II – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
r/m
PART – A
1 Find the domain of the function f ( x ) = 3− x − 2+ x. (NOV/DEC 2018)
pe
Solution:
pa
of all the values of x such that 3 − x 0 and x + 2 0 . This is equivalent to x 3 and x −2, so the
n.
2 Find the domain and range and sketch the graph of the function f ( x ) = 4 − x2
riy
Solution:
po
Given y = 4 − x 2
w.
y 2 = 4 − x2
x2 + y2 = 4
ww
x, x 0
Sketch the graph of the absolute value function f ( x ) =
ht
3 .
− x, x 0
Solution:
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x, x 0
The given function is f ( x ) = x = .
− x, x 0
The graph of f ( x ) coincides with the line y = x to the right of the y −
axis and coincides with the line y = − x to the left of the y − axis.
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2
f (x) − 8
s-
4 If lim = 10 , then find lim f (x) (NOV/ DEC 2020)
x →1 x−1 x →1
ulu
Solution:
f (x) − 8
alc
Let lim f (x) = lim[f (x) + 8 − 8] = lim .(x − 1) + 8
x →1 x →1 x →1
x −1
-c
f (x) − 8
= lim . lim(x − 1) + 8
x →1 x − 1 x →1
nd
-a
= 0 + 8 = 8.
t −1
4
es
5 Evaluate lim . (NOV/ DEC 2018)
t →1 t3 − 1
Solution: ric
( ) ( )( )
2
t 2 − 12 t 2 −1 t 2 + 1 a 2 − b 2 = (a − b)(a + b)
at
t 4 −1
lim 3 = lim 3 3 = lim 3 3
t →1 t − 1 t −1 ( ) ( ) (
a − b = (a − b) a + ab + b )
r/m
t →1 t − 1 t 2 + t + 1
t →1 2 2
( t − 1) ( t + 1) ( t 2 + 1)
pe
= lim
t →1
( t − 1) ( t 2 + t + 1)
pa
( t + 1) ( t 2 + 1) (1 + 1) (12 + 1) 4
= lim = =
in/
.
t →1
(t 2
+ t +1 ) 1 +1+1
2
3
n.
3x + 9
aa
3x + 9 3x + 9
riy
3x + 9 3x + 9
lim = lim+ =3
w.
x →3+ x + 3 x →3 x + 3
3x + 9 3x + 9 3x + 9
ww
s:/
x − 4, if x 4
7 If f ( x ) = , determine whether lim f ( x ) exists
8 − 2 x , if x 4
x→ 4
tp
Solution:
ht
x − 4, if x 4
Given f ( x ) =
8 − 2 x, if x 4
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
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lim− f ( x ) = lim− (8 − 2 x ) = 8 − 2 ( 4 ) = 0
x →4 x →4
lim+ f ( x ) = lim− f ( x ) = 0
x →4 x →4
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Solution:
2
( )
If −2 a 2 , then lim f ( x ) = lim 4 − 4 − x = 4 − lim 4 − x = 4 − 4 − a = f ( a ) ( )
s-
2 2 2
x →a x →a x →a
ulu
f ( x ) is continuous at a if −2 a 2 .
Similarly lim + f ( x ) = 4 = f ( −2 ) and lim− f ( x ) = 4 = f ( 2 )
alc
x →( −2 ) x→2
f ( x ) is continuous on [−2, 2] .
-c
a + bx , x 1
nd
9 Suppose f ( x ) = 4, x = 1 and if lim f ( x ) = f (1) . What are possible values of a and b.
-a
x →1
b − ax , x 1
es
a + bx, x 1
Solution: The given function is f ( x ) = 4,
b − ax,
ric
x =1
x 1
at
Now lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( a + bx ) = a + b
r/m
x →1 x →1
x →1+ x →1
x →1
x →1 x →1
a + b = 4 and b − a = 4
n.
Solution:
Given f ( x) = xe
x
po
11 If xe y = x − y ,then find
s:/
Solution:
Given xe y = x − y
ht
Let f ( x, y ) = xe y − x + y
dy f
https:/ By formula =− x
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
f x = e y − 1 & f y = xe y + 1
dy (e y − 1)
=− y
dx xe + 1
1− ey
= .
(1 + xe y )
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2
12 If f ( x ) = x , then find the derivative of f ( x ) . Also state the domain of f ' ( x ) .
s-
Solution:
ulu
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ' ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
alc
x+h − x
= lim (
f ( x) = x f ( x + h) = x + h )
-c
h→0 h
x+h − x x+h + x
nd
= lim .
h →0
h x+h + x
-a
( x + h ) − x
es
= lim
h →0
(
h x+h + x
) ric
at
h 1 1
= lim = lim =
( )
r/m
h →0
h x+h + x h → 0 x+h + x 2 x
We see that f ' ( x ) exists only if x 0 , so the domain of f ' ( x ) is ( 0, ) . This is slightly smaller than
pe
if sin ( x + y ) = y cos x
dy 2
13 Find
in/
dx
Solution: Given sin ( x + y ) = y cos x
2
n.
aa
( ) ( )
cos ( x + y ) 1 + y ' = y 2 ( − sin x ) + ( cos x ) 2 yy '
riy
cos ( x + y ) + y 2 sin x
ww
y' = .
2 y cos x − cos ( x + y )
/
s:/
dy
14 Find if x = at 2 , y = 2at
dx
tp
Solution:
ht
dy dy / dt
Since =
dx dx / dt
x = at 2 , y = 2at
dx dy
https:/ = 2at , = 2a
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
dy dy / dt
=
dx dx / dt
2a 1
= =
2at t
15 Find the critical points of y = 5 x 3 − 6 x . (APR/MAY 2019)
Solution: A critical point of a function y = f ( x ) is a point c in the domain of f ( x ) such that either
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y ' ( c ) = 0 or y ' ( c ) does not exist.
2
s-
y ' = 15 x 2 − 6 = 0.
ulu
15 x 2 = 6
6 2 2
alc
x2 = = x= .
15 5 5
-c
ex e
16 Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = at the point 1, 2
1 + x2
nd
ex
-a
Solution: Given y =
1 + x2
es
(1 + x ) dxd ( e ) − e
2 x x d
(
1 + x2 )
(1 + x 2 ) e x − e x ( 2 x ) e x (1 − x )
2
dy
dx
=
(1 + x ) 2
2
dx =
(1 + x 2 )
ric
2
=
(1 + x 2 )
2
at
e
r/m
dy
The slope of the tangent line at 1, is =0
2 dx x =1
pe
e
This means that the tangent line at 1, is horizontal and its equation is given by
2
pa
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
in/
e
= 0 ( x − 1)
y−
n.
2
aa
e
y− =0
2
riy
e
y= .
po
2
Find the points on the curve y = x − 6 x + 4 where the tangent line is horizontal.
4 2
17
w.
Solution:
Horizontal tangents occur where the first derivative of the function y is zero.
ww
Given y = x − 6 x + 4
4 2
/
dy
= 4 x3 − 12 x = 0
s:/
dx
4 x ( x 2 − 3) = 0
tp
ht
x = 0, x 2 − 3 = 0 x = 3
Therefore the given curve has horizontal tangents when x = 0, x = 3, x = − 3.
The corresponding points are ( 0, 4 ) , ( )(
3, −5 , − 3, −5 . )
https:/ the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x 4 + 2 x 2 − x at the point (1,2)
/plaFind
18 y.go ogle.c (NOV/DEC 2020)
om/sto
r
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
Solution:
The equation of tangent line at ( x1 , y1 ) is given by ( y − y1 ) = m ( x − x1 )
Given y = x 4 + 2x 2 − x
dy
= 4x 3 + 4x − 1
dx
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dy
= 4(1)3 + 4(1) − 1 = 7
2
at (1, 2),
dx
s-
Equation of tangent line is y − 2 = 7(x − 1)
ulu
y = 7x − 5.
19 State the extreme value theorem.
alc
Solution:
If f ( x ) is continuous on a closed interval a, b , then f ( x ) attains an absolute maximum value f ( c )
-c
and an absolute minimum value f ( d ) at some points c and d in a, b.
nd
20 State Fermat’s theorem.
-a
Solution:
es
If f ( x ) has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ' ( c ) exists, then f ' ( c ) = 0 .
PART – B
ric
1 − x , if x −1
(i) A function f ( x ) is defined by f ( x ) = . Evaluate f ( −2 ) , f ( −1) and
at
1 2
x , if x −1
r/m
x 2 + 1, if x 1
(ii) If f ( x ) = , (i) Find lim− f ( x ) and lim+ f ( x ) , (ii) Does lim f ( x )
( x − 2 ) ,
2
if x 1
pa
x →1 x →1 x →1
exists.
in/
1
(iii) Show that lim x 3 sin =0.
n.
x →0
x
(i) Find the values of a and b that make f (x) continuous on ( −, )
aa
x3 − 8
riy
, if x 2
x − 2
po
f ( x ) = ax 2 − bx + 3, if 2 x 3 . (NOV/DEC 2018)
2 x − a + b, if x 3
w.
ww
(ii) For what value of the constant b, is the function f ( x ) continuous on ( −, ) if
/
s:/
bx 2 + 2 x , x 2
f ( x) = 3 . (APR/MAY 2019)
x − bx , x 2
tp
Find (a) the velocity and acceleration as functions of t, (b) the acceleration after 2s and (c)
the acceleration when the velocity is zero.
(ii) Show that the function f (x) = x − 6 is not differentiable at 6. Find a formula for first
https:/ derivative of f(x) and sketch its graph. (NOV/DEC 2020)
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
4 1− x
(i) If f ( x ) = then, find the equation for f ' ( x ) using the concept of derivatives.
2+ x
(NOV/DEC 2019)
dy
( )
4
(ii) Find if y = x 2e 2 x x 2 + 1 . (APR/MAY 2019)
dx
5 b + a cos x
(i) Find the derivative of f ( x ) = cos −1 . (NOV/DEC 2018)
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a + b cos x
2
s-
y
(ii) Find y ' if tan ( x − y ) = . (NOV/DEC 2018)
ulu
1 + x3
6 x
(i) Find the derivative of f ( x ) = tanh −1 tan . (NOV/DEC 2019)
2
alc
1 − sec x
(ii) If f ( x ) = , then find the first derivative of f ( x ) .
-c
tan x
nd
(iii) Differentiate f ( x ) = log10 ( 2 + sin x )
-a
dy
(iv) Find if y = x log x
es
dx
7 (i) Use the intermediate value theorem to show that there is a root of the equation 3 x = 1 − x
in the interval (0,1).
ric
(NOV/DEC 2020)
at
(ii) Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of f ( x ) on the given interval
r/m
( i ) f ( x ) = 3 x 4 − 4 x3 − 12 x2 + 1, −2, 3 ,
pe
( ii ) f ( x ) = 2cos x − sin 2 x, 0, 2
pa
9 For the function f ( x ) = 2 + 2 x 2 − x 4 , find the intervals of increase or decrease, local maximum
po
and minimum values, the intervals of concavity and the inflection points.
10 Find the local maximum value and local minimum value, the interval of concavity and the
w.
inflection points of a function f (x) = x3 − 3x 2 − 12x , Also sketch the graph of that satisfies all the
above conditions. (NOV/DEC2020)
ww
u u u
If u = xy − 2 yz + z , then find the value of + +
2
1 .
x y z
tp
Solution:
ht
u = xy − 2 yz + z 2
u u u
= y; = x − 2 z; = −2 y + 2 z;
x y z
https:/
/playu.g+ u + u = y + x − 2 z − 2 y + 2 z = x − y
x ooygle z.c
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
2z 2z
2 If z = x 2 − 3 xy 2 , find the value of 3 x +
x 2 y 2
Solution: Given z = x 2 − 3 xy 2
z z
= 2 x − 3 y 2 ; = −6 xy
x y
2 z 2 z
= 2; = −6 x
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2
x 2 y 2
s-
2 z
3x 2 = 6 x
ulu
x
2 z 2 z
alc
3x 2 + 2 = 6 x − 6 x = 0
x y
-c
u u
3 Find and when u(x, y) = x y + y x (NOV/DEC 2020)
nd
x y
Solution: Given u ( x, y ) = x + y
y x
-a
u d x
( ) ( )
es
d a
= yx y −1 + y x log(y) a = a x log a, but x = ax a −1
x dx dx
u
= x y log(x) + xy x −1
ric
at
y
r/m
u u
Euler’s theorem: If u ( x, y ) is homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then x +y = nu
x y
pa
u ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy
in/
( )
u (tx, ty ) = t 2 x 2 + t 2 y 2 + 2t 2 xy = t 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy i.e t 2u
aa
u u
po
u u
(i.e) x
x
+y
y
(
= 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy )
ww
Now, u = x + y + 2 xy
2 2
/
u u
s:/
x = x ( 2 x + 2 y ) = 2 x 2 + 2 xy , y = y ( 2 y + 2 x ) = 2 y 2 + 2 xy
x y
tp
u u
L.H .S = x +y = 2 x 2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2 + 2 xy = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 xy = 2( x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy ) = R.H .S
ht
x y
y z z
5 If z = xf
,then find the value of x + y using Euler’s theorem (NOV / DEC 2020)
x x y
https:/ y
/plaSolution:
y.googGiven z = xf x .
le.c om/store/a
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
y
i.e., z(x, y) = xf
x
ty y
z(tx, ty) = txf = txf = t.z(x, y)
tx x
z(tx, ty) = t1z(x, y)
z(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in x and y. Degree = n = 1.
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u u
2
Euler’s theorem: If u ( x, y ) is homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then x +y = nu .
s-
x y
ulu
z is a homogeneous function of 1st degree in x and y, by Euler’s theorem , we have
z z
+y = 1(z) = z
alc
x
x y
x+ y
-c
u u 1
6 If u = cos −1 , show that x +y = − cot u .
x y
nd
x+ y 2
-a
x+ y x+ y
Solution: u = cos −1 cos u = = f (x, y)
x + y
es
x+ y
f ( x, y ) =
x+ y
x+ y
ric
at
tx + ty t ( x + y) t ( x + y)
r/m
f (tx, ty ) = = = = t1/2 f ( x, y )
tx + ty t x+ y ( ) ( x+ y )
pe
1
f = cos u is a homogeneous function of degree n = in x and y .
pa
2
Therefore, by Euler’s theorem we get,
in/
f f
x +y = nf
n.
x y
( cos u ) ( cos u )
aa
1
x +y = cos u
x y 2
riy
u u 1
x ( − sin u ) + y ( − sin u ) = cos u
po
x y 2
w.
u u 1
− sin u x + y = cos u
x y 2
ww
u u 1 cos u 1
x +y =− = − cot u
/
x y 2 sin u 2
s:/
tp
du
7 If u = x 3 + y 3 and x = at 2 , y = 2at , then find . (APR/MAY 2019)
dt
ht
du u dx u dy
= . + .
dt x dt y dt
https:/ u = x3 + y 3 x = at 2 y = 2at
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
u u dx dy
= 3x 2 = 3y2 = 2at = 2a
x y dt dt
du
= (3x 2 )(2at ) + (3 y 2 )(2a)
dt
= (3(at 2 ) 2 )(2at ) + (3)(2 at) 2 (2a) ( x = at 2 , y = 2at )
= 6a 3t 5 + 24a 3t 2 = 6a 3t 2 (t 3 + 4)
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2
dy
s-
8 Find , if x 3 + y 3 = 6 xy .
dx
ulu
Solution:
x3 + y 3 − 6 xy = 0
alc
Let f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 6 xy
-c
f f
fx = = 3 x 2 − 6 y; f y = = 3y2 − 6x
nd
x y
dy − f x −(3x 2 − 6 y ) 6 y − 3 x 2 2 y − x 2
-a
= = = 2 =
dx fy 3y2 − 6x 3y − 6x y2 − 2x
es
9 What is the derivative of u with respect to x, for u = x 2 y 3 , where 2sin x − 3 y = 0 ?
Solution: ric
2sin x − 3 y = 0
at
r/m
dy
2 cos x − 3
=0
dx
pe
dy 2 cos x
=
dx 3
pa
du u u dy
= + .
dx x y dx
in/
2 cos x
n.
= 2 xy 3 + 3x 2 y 2 .
3
aa
= 2 xy + 2 x y cos x
3 2 2
riy
= 2 xy 2 ( y + x cos x)
10 State the properties of Jacobian. (NOV/DEC 2018)
po
Solution:
w.
(u , v) (r , s) (u, v)
(i) If u and v are functions of r and s, r and s are functions of x and y then, =
( r , s ) ( x, y ) ( x, y )
ww
(u, v) ( x, y )
(ii) If u and v are functions of x and y then, = 1 (i.e) JJ ' = 1
( x, y ) (u, v)
/
s:/
(u , v, w)
=0
( x, y , z )
ht
x x
( x, y ) u v 2u −2v
= = = 4 (u 2 + v 2 )
( u , v ) y y 2v 2u
u v
u ( x, y)
12 If x = uv and y = then find . (JAN 2018)
v ( u, v )
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.poriyaan.poriyaanmech
x x u y 1 y u
2
Solution: x = uv = v; = u and y = = ; =− 2
u v u v v
s-
v v
x x
ulu
v u
( x, y ) u v −u 1 − u u − 2u
= = 1 −u = v 2 − u = − =
alc
(u , v) y y v v v v v
v v2
u v
-c
(r , )
13 If x = r cos , y = r sin then find
nd
( x, y) (JAN 2018) & (NOV/DEC 2019)
x x y y
-a
Solution: x = r cos θ = cos θ; = r ( − sin ) and y = r sin θ = sin θ ; = r cos
r r
es
x x
( x, y ) r
= =
cos − r sin
=r
ric
(r , ) y y sin r cos
at
r
r/m
(r , ) 1 1
= =
( x, y ) ( x , y ) r
pe
(r , )
pa
14 Find Taylor’s series expansion of x y near the point (1,1) up to first degree terms.
in/
f ( x, y ) = x y f (1,1) = 1
aa
f x ( x, y ) = yx y −1 f x (1,1) = 1
riy
f y ( x, y ) = x y log x f y (1,1) = 0
po
f ( x, y ) =1 + ( x –1)(1) + ( y –1)( 0 )
w.
=1 + x − 1
ww
x =x
y
x+ y
/
f ( x, y ) = f ( a, b ) + ( x – a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y – b ) f y ( a, b ) +
ht
f ( x, y ) = e x + y f ( 0, 0 ) = 1
f x ( x, y ) = e x + y f x ( 0, 0 ) = 1
f y ( x, y ) = e x + y f y ( 0, 0 ) = 1
https:/
/playf .gx, y = f 0, 0 + x – 0 f 0, 0 + y – 0 f 0, 0
( oo) gle(. ) ( ) x( ) ( ) y ( )
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
= 1 + x (1) + y (1)
e x+ y = 1 + x + y
16 State the conditions for maxima and minima of f ( x , y ) .
Solution:
If f x ( a, b ) = 0, f y ( a, b ) = 0 and f xx ( a, b ) = A, f xy ( a, b ) = B, f yy ( a, b ) = C then
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(i) f ( x, y ) has maximum value at ( a, b ) if AC − B 0 and A< 0 or C< 0
2
2
s-
(ii) f ( x, y ) has minimum value at ( a, b ) if AC − B 0 and A > 0 or C> 0
2
ulu
17 Find the maxima and minima of f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 4 y + 12 .
alc
Solution: Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 4 y + 12
-c
f x = 2 x + 6 = 0 x = –3; f y = 2 y + 4 = 0 y = −2 .
nd
The stationary point is (-3, -2).
A = f xx = 2; B = f xy = 0 ; C = f yy = 2,
-a
AC – B 2 = 4 0 and A 0 .
es
f is minimum at (–3, -2) and the minimum value is
ric
f ( –3, −2 ) = ( −3) + (−2) 2 + 6 ( −3 ) + 4(−2) + 12 = 25 − 26 = −1 .
2
at
2 2
Find the possible extreme point of f ( x , y ) = x + y + + .
2 2
r/m
18
x y
2 2
Solution: f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + +
pe
x y
pa
f 2
= 2x − 2 ;
x
in/
x
f 2 2
= 0 2 x − 2 = 0; 2 x = 2 ; x3 = 1 x = 1
n.
x x x
aa
f 2
= 2y − 2 ;
y
riy
y
f 2 2
po
= 0 2 y − 2 = 0; 2 y = 2 ; y 3 = 1 y = 1
y y y
w.
A rectangular box open at the top is to have a maximum capacity whose surface area is 648 square
19
centimeters. Formulate the maximization function to find the dimensions of the box.
/
Solution:
s:/
Let f ( x , y, z ) = xyz
Since the rectangular box is of open at the top, Surface area on the top is zero.
Total surface area of the box = xy + 2 yz + 2zx = 648 ( given)
Let g ( x , y, z ) = xy + 2 yz + 2zx − 648
https:/
/plaThe
y .
optimization function to find the dimensions of the box is
g
F ( xo z )le=. f ( x , y, z ) + g ( x , y, z ) where λ is langrange multiplier.
, yo, g
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2
x2 y2 z2
s-
The largest rectangular parallelepiped inscribed in the ellipsoid + + = 1 will have its corners on
a2 b2 c2
ulu
the ellipsoid and its sides parallel to the coordinate plane. Hence its corners are ( x , y, z ).
alc
Volume V = 2x 2 y 2z
= 8xyz
-c
Let f = 8xyz
nd
x2 y2 z2
g= + + −1
-a
a2 b2 c2
es
The optimization function to find the dimensions of the box is
F ( x , y, z ) = f ( x , y, z ) + g( x , y, z ) (i.e.) F = f + g
x 2 y2 z 2
ric
at
F ( x , y, z ) = (8xyz ) + 2 + 2 + 2 − 1
a b c
r/m
PART – B
x
pa
1
2z 2z
= is correct or not. (NOV/DEC 2019)
n.
xy yx
aa
1
2u 2u 2u
( )
−
2 If u = x + y + z
2 2 2 2
, then find the value of + + . (JAN 2018)
x 2 y 2 z 2
riy
y− x z− x 2 u 2 u 2 u
po
y 2 u 2u 2 u
2 2
If u = ( x − y ) f + +
ww
4 , then find x 2 xy
xy
y
x x 2 y 2
1 u 1 u 1 u
If u = f ( 2 x − 3 y, 3 y − 4 z ,4 z − 2 x ) , then find
/
+ + (JAN 2019)
s:/
5 .
2 x 3 y 4 z
tp
du
6 Find , if u = xy + yz + zx where x = t , y = e t , z = t 2 .
ht
dt
du
7 Find , if u = x − y + z where x = e 2 t , y = e 2 t cos 3t , z = e 2 t sin 3t
dt
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u 2 v 2 x y
/
( u, v )
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.poriyaan.poriyaanmech
2
If u = 2 xy , v = x − y and x = cos , y = sin , find
2 2
10
( r , )
s-
ulu
Find the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3 if
11
alc
x2 x3 x x x x
y1 = , y 2 = 1 3 , y3 = 1 2 .
x1 x2 x3
-c
( x, y , z )
If u = x + y + z , uv = y + z , uvw = z , find
nd
12 .
( u , v, w )
-a
1 x2 ( u , v, w )
13 If u = , v= , w = x + y + zy 2 , find .
es
x y ( x, y , z )
14
ric
If u = xy + yz + zx , v = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and w = x + y + z , prove that they are functionally dependent
at
and also determine the functional relationship between u, v , w
Let u = 3x + 2y − z, v = x − 2y + z and w = x(x + 2y − z) . Are u, v, w functionally related?
r/m
15
If so find the relation? (NOV/ DEC 2020)
Obtain the Taylor’s series expansion of ex sin y in powers of x and y up to third degree terms.
pe
16
(NOV/DEC 2019)
pa
Find the Taylor’s series expansion of f ( x, y) = x 2 y2 + 2x 2 y + 3xy 2 in powers of (x+2) and (y-1) up to
18
n.
Expand the function sin ( xy ) in powers of ( x − 1) and y −
2
19 as a Taylor series.
riy
Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x , y ) = x + y − 3 x − 12 y + 20
po
3 3
20
Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x , y ) = x 3 + 3 xy 2 − 15 x 2 − 15 y 2 + 72 x .
w.
21
(APR/MAY 2019)
ww
A thin closed rectangular box is to have one edge equal to twice the other and
22
constant volume 72m3. Find the least surface area of the box. (NOV/DEC 2019)
/
s:/
Find the dimension of the rectangular box open at the top of maximum capacity 432 cc.
23
(NOV/DEC 2020)
tp
25
to the surface z = xy .
ht
24 Find the length of the shortest line from the point 0,0,
9
Find the shortest and longest distances from the point (1,2,-1) to the sphere
25
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 24. (APR/MAY 2019)
https:/ UNIT IV – INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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2
a a
s-
3
Set up an expression for e dx as a limit of sums
x
2
ulu
1
Solution:
alc
b−a 2
f ( x ) = e x , a = 1, b = 3, x = = , xi = a + ix (By Riemann Sum method)
n n
-c
2i
3 n n
2i 2 2 n 1+
f ( xi ) x = lim f 1 + = lim e n
nd
e
x
dx = lim
1
n → i =1 n → i =1
n n n → n i =1
-a
8
Evaluate the following integrals using fundamental theorem of calculus xdx
3
3
es
1
Solution:
Given: f ( x ) = x1/3 , a = 1, b = 8 ric
at
x 4/3
Antiderivative: F ( x ) =
r/m
4/3
By using Fundamental theorem of calculus
pe
3
xdx = F ( b ) − F ( a ) = F ( 8 ) − F (1)
pa
84/3
= ( 81/3 ) − = 24 − = 16 − 1 =
1 3 4 3 3 3 3 45
− =
in/
4/3 4/3 4 4 4 4 4 4
Evaluate ( 10 x − 2sec x ) dx
n.
4 2
4
aa
Solution:
(10 x − 2sec2 x )dx = 10 x 4 dx − 2 sec 2 xdx
4
riy
x5
= 10
− 2 tan x + c
po
5
= 5 x5 − 2 tan x + c
w.
2
1
ww
5 Evaluate −3 x1 / 2 + 2 dx .
1 x
Solution:
/
s:/
1
2 2
2 1
−3x + 2 dx = −3 x dx + 2 dx
1/2 1/2
tp
1
x 1 1
x
ht
2
x3/2 1 2
= −3 + −
3 / 2 1 x 1
2
1
https:/ = −2x 3/2 −
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
( )
1
= −2 23/2 − − −2 13/2 − 1
2
( ( ) )
( 1
)
= −2 2 2 − + 3 = −4 2 +
2
5
2
6 Evaluate by substitution method ( 2
)
2 x 1 + x dx
Solution:
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2
Let u = 1 + x , du = 2 xdx
2
s-
( ) u 3/2
ulu
2 x 1 + x 2 dx = udu = +c
3/ 2
alc
2
= u 3/2 + c
3
-c
= (1 + x 2 ) + c
2 3/2
nd
3
cos
Find d by substitution method.
-a
7
sin
es
Solution:
cos
Let I =
sin
d ric
at
Put u = sin then du = cos d
r/m
u( )
−1/2 +1
du −1/2
I = = (u ) du = = 2 u + c = 2 sin + c
−1
pe
u
+1
2
pa
4 2
8 If f is continuous and f ( x ) dx = 10 , then find f ( 2 x ) dx . (NOV/DEC 2018)
in/
0 0
Solution:
n.
dt
Given f is continuous, let 2 x = t , differentiating 2dx = dt or dx = .
aa
2
when x = 2, then t = 4,
riy
when x = 0 , then t = 0.
po
2 4 4
dt 1 10
f ( 2 x ) dx = f ( t ) = f ( t ) dt = =5
w.
0 0
2 20 2
−1
ww
9 Evaluate tan x dx .
Solution:
dv = dx ( udv = uv − vdu )
/
u = tan −1 x
s:/
dx v = dv = dx = x
tp
du =
1+ x 2
ht
−1
tan x dx = uv − vdu
dx
= x tan −1 x − x
1 + x2
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
1 2x f '( x)
= x tan −1 x −
dx dx = log f ( x)
2 1+ x 2
f ( x)
1
= x tan −1 x − log 1 + x 2 + c
2
( )
10 Find the Integral of x sin x using integration by parts.
Solution:
u=x dv = sin xdx ( udv = uv − vdu )
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2
s-
du = dx v = dv = sin x dx = − cos x
ulu
x sin x dx = x ( − cos x ) − ( − cos x )dx
= − x cos x + sin x + c
alc
= sin x − x cos x + c
/2
-c
11 Evaluate sin 6 x cos5 x dx .
nd
0
Solution:
-a
/2
n −1 n − 3 n−5 1
sin m x cos n x dx = ... ,
es
0 m + n m + n − 2 m + n − 4 m +1
when m is an even and n is an odd integer, here m = 6, n = 5
4 2 1 8
ric
= =
at
11 9 7 693
r/m
dx x
12 Use the hyperbolic substitution to show that = sinh −1 + c
x2 + a2 a
pe
Solution:
dx
pa
Let I =
x2 + a2
in/
I = = = = = dt = t + c
a 2 sinh 2 t + a 2 a sinh 2 t + 1 a cosh 2 t a cosh t
riy
x x
x = a sinh t sinh t = , t = sinh −1
a
po
a
dx −1 x
2 2 = sinh a + c
w.
x +a
ww
x −9
13 Evaluate dx
( x + 5 )( x − 2 )
/
s:/
Solution:
x −9
Let I =
tp
dx
( x + 5)( x − 2 )
ht
x −9 A B
= +
( x + 5)( x − 2 ) x + 5 x − 2
x − 9 = A ( x − 2 ) + B ( x + 5)
https:/ x = 2 −7 = B ( 7 ) B = −1
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
When x = −5 −14 = A ( −7 ) A = 2
2 1
I = dx + dx
x+5 x−2
1 1
= 2 dx + dx
x+5 x−2
= 2ln x + 5 + ln x − 2 + c
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x
2
14 Evaluate dx
s-
x −6
ulu
Solution:
x x−6+6 x−6 6
Let I = dx = dx = dx + dx
alc
x−6 x−6 x−6 x−6
1
= dx + 6
-c
dx
x−6
nd
= x + 6ln ( x − 6 ) + c
-a
ln x
15
Determine whether integral x dx is convergent or divergent. Evaluate it, if it is convergent.
es
1
(NOV/DEC 2020)
Solution: ric
ln ( x ) ln ( x )
at
t
x dx = lim dx
t →
r/m
1 1 x
t
( log x )2 1
( ) ( )
t
1
= lim ln xd ( log x ) = lim = lim ( log t ) − ( log1) = lim ( log t ) =
2 2 2
pe
t → t → 2 2 t → 2 t →
1
1
pa
Hence it is divergent
dx
in/
Solution:
aa
b b
dx dx −3/2
Let I = = lim = lim ( x − 2) dx
( x − 2) ( x − 2)
riy
b b
−3/2+1
−1/2
( x − 2) ( x − 2) −2
b
= lim = lim = lim
w.
b→ −3 b→ −1
b→ x − 2
+1 3
ww
2 3 2 3
−2 −2
= lim − =2
/
b→ b − 2 3− 2
s:/
An aquarium 5 m long, 10 m wide and 3 m deep is filled with seawater of density 1030 kg/m 3 to
17
ht
a depth of 2.5 m, then find the hydrostatic pressure and force at the bottom of the pool.
Solution:
The hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the pool is:
Pressure = density × gravity × depth
= 1030 × 9.8 × 2.5 = 25,235
https:/ The hydrostatic force at the bottom of the pool is:
/plaForce
y.go=opressure × area
gle.co
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2
measured in cm.
s-
Calculate the mass m and the first moment M 0 of the rod.
ulu
40
b 40 x2
m = ( x ) dx = ( x + 20 ) dx = + 20 x = 800 + 800 = 1600
alc
a 0 2 0
40
x3
x ( x + 20 ) dx = ( )
b 40 40
-c
64000
M 0 = x ( x ) dx = x + 20 x dx = + 10 x 2 =
2
+ 16000 37333g / cm
3 0
nd
a 0 0 3
()
Hence, the center of mass G x is located at the point
-a
M 0 37333
es
x= = 23.3 cm
m 1600
19 Find the center of mass of a semicircular plate of radius r.
Solution:
ric
at
Let f ( x ) = r 2 − x 2 and a = − r , b = r .
r/m
1 2
The area of the semicircle is A = r , so
pa
2
1 r 1 1 r 1 2
y = f ( x ) dx = 1 2 r 2 − x 2 dx
2
in/
A −r 2 2 r −r 2
n.
= 2 ( r 2 − x 2 ) dx
1 r
r −r
aa
= 2 ( r 2 − x 2 ) dx
2 r
riy
r 0
po
r
2 x3 2 r3 2 2r 3 4r
= 2 xr 2 − = 2 r 3 − = 2 =
w.
r 3 0 r 3 r 3 3
4r
ww
Find the moments and center of mass of the system of objects that have masses 3, 4, and 8 at the
s:/
20
points (-1,1), (2,-1) and (3,2) respectively.
Solution:
tp
n
Moment of the system about the y-axis is M y = mi xi = 3 ( −1) + 4 ( 2 ) + 8 ( 3) = 29
ht
i =1
n
Moment of the system about the x-axis is M x = mi yi = 3 (1) + 4 ( −1) + 8 ( 2 ) = 15
i =1
https:/
/plaThe coordinates ( x , y ) of the center of mass are given in terms of the moments
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My Mx
x= and y = where m = mi = 3 + 4 + 8 = 15
m m
29 15
x= and y = =1
15 15
29
The center of mass is ,1
15
PART – B
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.poriyaan.poriyaanmech
2
(x )
3
s-
1 Evaluate 3
− 6 x dx by using Riemann sum with n sub intervals. (NOV/DEC 2019)
ulu
0
Evaluate the following integrals by using Riemann sum by taking right end points as sample
alc
( )
4
2 points. Hence verify it by using fundamental theorem of calculus x 2 + 2 x − 5 dx .
-c
1
nd
xe 2 x
-a
4 Evaluate dx by using integration by parts.
(1 + 2 x )2
es
/2 /2
n−1
sin
n− 2
sin xdx =
5 Prove the reduction formula
0
n
n ric 0
xdx . Hence by using it evaluate
at
/2
sin xdx .
7
r/m
0
0 mn
sin mx sin nxdx =
pe
(NOV/DEC 2020)
in/
/2
sin x cos x
7 Evaluate dx (APR/MAY 2019)
n.
0 cos x + 3cos x + 2
2
aa
/2
sin x
8 Evaluate dx .
riy
0 sin x + cos x
2/ 3
po
dx
9 Evaluate x5 9 x2 − 1
. (NOV/DEC 2018)
w.
2/3
( )
1
1
Evaluate the integral 1) x 3 x 2 + 1 dx and 2) (NOV/DEC 2020)
ww
10 dx
(1 + x )
4
0
/
x2 − 2 x − 1
s:/
2x + 1
ht
1
Find the value of p for which the integral x
p
ln ( x ) dx converges and evaluate the integral for
15 0
those value of p . (NOV/DEC 2020)
x 3e − x dx and hence discuss their convergence.
4
16 Evaluate
−
Find the hydrostatic force on a circular plate of radius 2 that is submerged 6 meters in the
17
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water.
2
18 Determine the hydrostatic force on the following triangular plate that is submerged in water as
s-
shown.
ulu
alc
-c
nd
-a
Determine the center of mass for the region bounded by y = x and y =
19 3
x.
Determine the center of mass for the region bounded by y = 2sin ( 2 x ) , y = 0 on the interval
es
20 ric
0, 2 .
at
UNIT V – MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
r/m
PART- A
2 1
y dydx
pe
1 Evaluate
0 0
pa
Solution:
1
y2
in/
2 2 2
I = dx = (12 − 0)dx = dx = x0 = (2 − 0) = 1
1 1 1 2 1
0
2 0 20 20 2 2
n.
π cos
aa
cos
r2 1
po
I = 0 d = cos 2 d
2 0 20
w.
1 1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2
= d cos =
2
ww
20 2 2
1
/
= (1 + cos 2 ) d
s:/
40
tp
1 sin 2 1
= + = ( ) =
ht
4 2 0 4 4
2 x2
3 Evaluate x dydx
1 0
(NOV/DEC 2019)
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2
x x 2 1 16 1 15
4 4 4
2 x2 2
( )
2 2 2 2
x dydx = x dy dx = x ( y )0 dx = x x 2 dx = x 3dx =
x2
4 = − = − =
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4
0 y f ( x , y ) dxdy .
1 y
4 Change the order of integration in 2 (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
y =1 x = y
Given I = f ( x, y ) dx dy
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y =0 x = y 2
2
Limit of x : y 2 to y and Limit of y :0 to 1
s-
After changing the order of integration
ulu
x =1 y = x
I = x =0 y = x f ( x, y ) dydx
alc
1 x2
(1 + x )dxdy
-c
5 Check the correct form of
nd
0 0
Solution:
-a
1 x2
Given (1 + x)dxdy
es
0 0
The limits for the inner integral are functions of x , then the first integral is with respect to y
1 x2 1 x2
ric
(1 + x)dxdy = (1 + x)dydx [correct form]
at
r/m
0 0 0 0
y
6 Transform the integration 0 0 dx dy into polar co-ordinates.
pe
Solution:
Let x = r cos and y = r sin , dx dy = r dr d
pa
in/
y
0 0 dx dy = 2= r =0 r dr d
n.
4
aa
riy
po
a a2 − x2
7 Shade the region of integration in 0 dxdy .
ax − x 2
w.
Solution:
ww
x =a y = a 2 − x 2
s:/
x =0 y = ax − x 2
dydx.
tp
y = ax − x 2 x 2 + y 2 − ax = 0
ht
2 2
a a
x 2 − ax + − + y 2 = 0
2 2
2 2
a 2 a
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
a a
which is a circle with center at , 0 and radius .
2 2
𝑦 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2
which is a circle with center at (0,0) and radius a.
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2
8 Find the area bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 1, y = x using double integration.
s-
Solution:
ulu
1
y2 1
= x dy =
1 y 1 y 1
Area = dxdy =
dxdy ydy = = .
alc
0 0 0 0 0
R 2 0 2
-c
1 1 1 x+ y+ z
9 Evaluate 0 0 0 e dx dy dz .
nd
Solution:
-a
1 1 1 1 1 1
e dzdydx = e e e dzdydx
x+ y + z
I = x y z
es
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
1
1
= e x dx e y dx e z dx
0 0 0
ric
at
= e 0 e 0 e 0 = (e − e 0 )(e1 − e 0 )(e1 − e 0 )
x 1 x 1 x 1 1
r/m
= (e − 1)
3
pe
10
R
in/
Solution:
n.
R
The shaded region is the semicircle with radius 2.
riy
r 2 22
Area of the shaded portion = = = 2 square units
po
2 2
x+ y
w.
4 x
11 Evaluate 0 0 0 z dx dy dz .
ww
Solution:
4 x x+ y
I =
/
z dz dy dx
s:/
0 0 0
x+ y
4 x z2
tp
= dy dx
2 0
ht
0 0
1 4 x
( x + y ) dy dx
2 0 0
=
x
1 4 y2
https:/ = xy + dx
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
1 4 2 x2
= x + dx
2 0 2
3 4
= x 2 dx
4 0
4
3 x3
= = 16
4 3
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2
0
s-
12 Express the region x 0, y 0, z 0, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1 by triple integration. (NOV/DEC 2019)
ulu
Solution:
Given region is the positive octant of the sphere.
alc
x varies from 0 to 1
y varies from 0 to 1 − x 2
-c
z varies from 0 to 1 − x 2 − y 2
nd
1 1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2
I=
-a
dzdydx
es
0 0 0
x = 3 y = 3− x 81
M x = y ( x, y )dA = xy 2 dydx =
R x =0 y =0 20
pe
x = 3 y = 3− x 81
pa
M y = x ( x, y )dA = x 2 ydydx =
R x =0 y =0 20
in/
n.
Find the mass of the lamina of density ( x , y ) = x + y occupying the region R under the curve
aa
14
y = x 2 in the interval 0 x 2
riy
Solution:
po
R R x =0 y =0
y= x2
ww
x=2 y2 x = 2 x4
= xy + dx = x 3 + dx
x =0 x =0
2 y −0 2
/
s:/
x=2
x4 x5 36
= + =
tp
4 10 x =0 5
ht
Find the moment of inertia of a lamina covering the inside of the unit circle, with density function
15
( x, y) = 1 − x 2 − y 2
Solution: The moment of inertia of the entire lamina is I = ( x + y 2 ) ( x, y )dA
2
https:/ D
/plaByy.gpolar co-ordinates, r = x + y
2 2 2
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
2 1
I = r 2 ( x, y )dA = r
2
(1 − r 2 )rdrd
0 0
D
2 1
= (r
3
− r 5 )drd
0 0
2 d
= =
0 12 6
a2 − x2
(x )
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a
16
− a 0 + y 2 dx dy .
2
Change the order of integration in
2
s-
Solution:
ulu
x =a
I = x=− a y =0
y = a2 − x2
( x2 + y2 ) dy dx (correct form)
alc
Given
y=0 and y = a 2 − x 2 y 2 = a 2 − x 2 x 2 + y 2 = a 2
-c
x = −a and x=a
nd
By changing the order of Integration
( x2 + y2 ) dx dy
-a
y =a x = a 2 − y 2
I = y =0 x=− a2 − y 2
es
17 Transform the integration
2a
x =0 y =0
2ax − x 2
(x 2
)
+ y 2 dy dx to polar co-ordinates.
at
ric
Solution:
Let x = r cos and y = r sin , dx dy = r dr d
r/m
x 2 + y 2 = r 2 cos2 + r 2 sin 2 = r 2
pe
𝜋
∴ 𝑟: 0 → 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝜃: 0 →
2
n.
2a
x=0 y=0
2 ax − x 2
(x 2
)
+ y 2 dy dx =
/2 2 a cos 3
r dr d
aa
0 0
Calculate by double integration, the volume generated by the revolution of the cardioid r = a(1 − cos )
riy
18
about its axis.
po
Solution:
w.
a (1− cos )
Required Volume = 2r 2 sin dr d
ww
0 0
a (1− cos )
r3
= 2 sin d
/
s:/
0
3 0
tp
3 0 3 4 0 3
1 2− y
19 Change the order of integration in 0 y xy dx dy .
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
y =1 x =2− y
Given, I = y=0 x= y xy dx dy
x limits: y to 2 − y ; y limits: 0 to 1
i.e., x= y and x = 2− y x+ y = 2
After changing order of integration
1 x 2 2− x
I =
0 0
xy dy dx + xy dy dx
1 0
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Compute the entire area bounded by r 2 = a 2 cos 2 .
2
20
s-
Solution:
ulu
Given r 2 = a 2 cos 2 r = a cos 2
Area = 4 Area in first quadrant
alc
/4 a cos 2
A = r dr d = 4 =0 r =0 r dr d
-c
R
2 a cos 2
/4 r
nd
= 4 =0 d
2
-a
0
/4 a cos 2
es
2
4 2 /4
= 4 =0 d = a =0 cos 2 d
2 2
/4
sin 2 ( / 4 )
ric
sin 2
at
= 2a 2 = 2a 2 − 0
2 0 2
r/m
= a 2 sin = a2
pe
2
PART- B
pa
x2 y2
2 Evaluate xydxdy over the positive quadrant of the ellipse + =1
n.
a 2 b2
aa
Evaluate x dxdy where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the lines
2
3 R
riy
a a2 − x2
4 Evaluate 0 0 a 2 − x 2 − y 2 dxdy . (NOV/DEC 2016)
w.
7
s:/
8 Find the area included between the curve r = a(sec + cos ) and its asymptote
tp
1 2− y
ht
−y
e
10 Change the order of integration in y dy dx and hence evaluate it. (APR/MAY 2019)
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Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
−( x + y )
2 2
Transform the integral into polar co-ordinates and hence evaluate 0 0 e dx dy and hence
11
find the value of 0 e − x dx .
2
12
Evaluate xy
D
1 − x − ydxdy where D is the region bounded by x = 0,y = 0, x + y = 1 using the
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x 2dxdy
2
a a
13 Evaluate by changing into polar coordinates 0 y . (APR/MAY 2019)
s-
x2 + y 2
ulu
Evaluate r sin drd where R is the semi circle r = 2a cos above the initial line
2
14
alc
R
xyz dxdydz where V is the volume of the positive octant of the sphere x + y2 + z2 = 1
2
Evaluate
-c
15 V
(NOV/DEC 2020)
nd
by transforming into spherical polar coordinates
2 2 2
x y z
16 + 2 + 2 =1
-a
Find the volume of the ellipsoid 2
a b c
es
2a x x
17 Evaluate ( xyz ) dz dy dx . ric (NOV/DEC 2019)
0 0 y
at
1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2
1
18 Evaluate xyz dxdydz
r/m
0 0 0
Find the volume of the cylinder bounded by x 2 + y 2 = 4 and then planes y + z = 4 and z = 0 using
19
pe
20 V
x = 0, y = 0 , z = 0 & 2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 12 .
in/
(N0V/DEC 2018)
Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular Lamina with vertices (0,0), (1,0) and (0,2) if the
n.
Find the mass and center of mass of a lamina with density function ( x , y ) = 6 x covering the triangle
22
riy
23
the origin, and radius a .
w.
24 Find the moment of inertia of the area bounded by the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2 about its axis
/ ww
s:/
tp
ht
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Matrices annd Calculus (MA3151)
Unit I: Matrices
Matrices | Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors | Properties of eigen values | Cayley-Hamilton Theorem |
Similarity Transformation and Orthogonal Transformation | Real Quadratic Form Reduction to
Canonical Form | Worked Examples of Real Quadratic Form Reduction to Canonical Form |
Application of Eigen Value Problem Stretching of an Elastic Membrane | Worked Examples of
Application of Eigen Value Problem Stretching of an Elastic Membrane | Questions and Answers
Differential Calculus | Function | New Functions from given functions | Limit of a Function | Continuity
| Derivative | Derivative Problems Based on General Rules of Differentiation | Chain Rule or Derivative
of Composite Function | Derivative of Inverse Functions | Implicit Differentiation | Logarithmic
Differentiation | Differentiation of Parametric Equations | Hyperbolic Functions | Geometrical
Interpretation of Derivative | Applications: Maxima and Minima of Function of One Variable | Maxima
and Minima of a Function of one variable | Concavity | Questions and Answers
Functions of Several Variables | Limit and Continuity | Partial Derivatives | Jacobians | Taylor's
Expansion for Function of Two Variables | Applications: Maxima and Minima for Functions of Two
Variables | Questions and Answers
Integral Calculus | Definite Integral (Rectangle Method of Finding Area) | Indefinite Integral |
Integration by Parts | Improper Integrals | Applications of Integral | Questions and Answers
Double Integration | Triple Integral in Cartesian Coordinates | Change of Variables in Double and
Triple Integrals | Centre of Mass and Centre of Gravity | Moment of Inertia | Questions and Answers
Ist Semester