Daily BeePedia

8th February 2024

INDEX

RBI, Banking and Economy ___________________________________________ 3

SEBI and Financial Awareness _________________________________________ 5

NABARD and Agriculture ___________________________________________

National __________________________________________________________ 6

International _____________________________________________________ 7

States____________________________________________________________ 7

Reports and Indexes _______________________________________________

Science and Technology ___________________________________________ 8

Defence __________________________________________________________ 9

Events ___________________________________________________________ 10

Awards & Rewards ___________________________________________________

Appointments _____________________________________________________ 10

Important Days ___________________________________________________

Obituaries_________________________________________________________

Books ___________________________________________________________

Sports ___________________________________________________________ 11
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8th February 2024

Memory check 7th February 2024

Q.1: Which of the following statement/statements is/are CORRECT regarding HDFC Bank Group's approval to
acquire stakes in various banks?
1. The Reserve Bank of India has allowed HDFC Bank Group to acquire up to 9.50 percent stakes in IndusInd
Bank, Yes Bank, Axis Bank, ICICI Bank, Suryoday Small Finance Bank, and Bandhan Bank.
2. The approval is intended for investments by HDFC Asset Management Company (AMC), HDFC Ergo, and
HDFC Life Insurance.
3. The RBI approval is valid for an indefinite period, allowing HDFC Bank to acquire the shareholding at its own
pace.
Options:
A) Only Statement 2 and 3 are correct.
B) Only Statements 2 and 3 are correct.
C) Either Statements 1 or 2 is correct.
D) All the statements 1 and 3 are correct.
E) None of the statements are correct.

Q.2: Which of the following statement/statements is/are INCORRECT regarding the India-Qatar LNG deal
renewal?
1. India signed a USD 78 billion deal to extend LNG imports from Qatar by another 20 years till 2048.
2. Petronet LNG Ltd, India's biggest liquefied natural gas (LNG) importer, signed the pact with QatarEnergy for
10 million tonnes of gas annually.
3. The renewal is at a significantly higher price than the current deal, impacting India's energy costs.
Options:
A) Only Statement 1
B) Only Statements 2 and 3
C) Only Statements 1 and 3
D) All the statements 1, 2, and 3
E) Both 1 and 3

Q.3: Under the visa-waiver program announced by Iran for Indian citizens, what is the maximum duration of
stay allowed?
A) 10 days
B) 20 days
C) 15 days
D) 30 days
E) 25 days

Q.4: Which of the following statements is correct based on the "India Ageing Report 2023"?
a. Convincing senior citizens to use digital platforms and providing the necessary training and gadgets for their daily
use is not a challenge.
b.Mental health issues like Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are no longer considered a stigma in society.
c. Poverty, lack of social security in old age, poor public health facilities, illiteracy, and digital ignorance did not create
additional challenges for the elderly.
d. Corporate and NGOs have not made efforts for joyful aging, social assistance, and old age homes.
e. With the Indian population aging, disability becomes a major concern, increasing the caregiving burden.

Q.5: Who presented the 'Outstanding Business Woman of the Year - 2023' Award to Dr. Bina Modi?
A) Narendra Modi
B) Rajnath Singh
C) Eric Garcetti
D) Bina Modi herself
E) Representatives of IACC

Answer key at the

end of the file

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8th February 2024

RBI, Banking and Economy

‘India to be biggest driver of oil demand growth by year 2030’

 According to ‘Indian Oil Market Outlook to 2030’ report by International Energy Agency released at
the India Energy Week 2024 in Goa, India would become the largest source of global oil demand
growth by 2030, while growth in developed economies and China initially would slow and subsequently
reverse.
 Urbanisation, industrialisation, emergence of a wealthier middle-class keen on mobility and tourism
and efforts to improve access to clean cooking, would spur expansion in oil demand.
 India is on track to post an increase of almost 1.2 mb/d (million barrels/day), accounting for more
than one-third of the projected 3.2 mb/d global gains, to reach 6.6 mb/d by 2030.
 Massive industrial expansion would see diesel continuing to remain the single largest source of oil
demand growth, accounting for almost half of the rise in India’s demand and more than one-sixth of
total global oil demand growth through to 2030.
 Jet kerosene demand is set to grow at about 5.9% per year on an average, but from a low base
compared with other countries.
 Gasoline would grow by 0.7% on average, as electrification of the vehicle fleet dampens demand.
Learn Along:
About Interntional Energy Agency
 The IEA was founded in 1974 to ensure the security of oil supplies.
 The IEA’s founding members were Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, United Kingdom, and the
United States.
 In 2021, the IEA published Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, setting out a narrow but
achievable pathway for the global energy sector to reach net zero emissions by mid-century, and establishing a
benchmark for national and international climate goals in line with the Paris Agreement target of limiting global
temperature rise to 1.5C.
 Executive Director: Dr Fatih Birol

RBI MPC: Repo rate kept unchanged at 6.5% for sixth consecutive time

 The Reserve Bank of India's Monetary Policy Committee (RBI MPC) has decided to keep the repo
rate unchanged at 6.5 per cent for the sixth consecutive time.
 The repo rate was last changed in February 2023, when it was hiked from 6.25 per cent to 6.5 per
cent. Between May 2022 and February 2023, the repo rate was raised by 250 basis points (bps).
 The RBI MPC has also decided to keep its stance of "withdrawal of accommodation" unchanged
with a majority of 5-1.
 The RBI MPC decision comes at a time when the inflation rate in India has been below 6 per cent for
four months since September 2023.
 However, it has not yet reached the target of 4 per cent. In December 2023, the retail inflation rate
was 5.69 per cent.
 The inflation had fallen to 4.87 per cent in October last year but rose to 5.55 per cent in November.
Policy Rates

Policy Repo Rate 6.50%

Standing Deposit
6.25%
Facility Rate

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8th February 2024

Marginal Standing Lending/Deposite Rates

6.75% Base Rate 9.10% - 10.25%
Facility Rate
Bank Rate 6.75% MCLR (Overnight) 8.00% - 8.60%
Fixed Reverse Repo
3.35% Savings Deposit Rate 2.70% - 3.00%
Rate
Term Deposit Rate > 1
Reserve Ratio 6.50% - 7.25%
Year

CRR 4.50%

SLR 18.00%

Learn Along:
About RBI
Founded: 1 April 1935 Headquarters: Mumbai Governor: Shaktikanta Das

About RBI Monetary Policy

 Under the Reserve Bank of India, Act,1934 (RBI Act,1934) (as amended in 2016), RBI is entrusted with the
responsibility of conducting monetary policy in India with the primary objective of maintaining price stability
while keeping in mind the objective of growth.
 Section 45ZB of the amended RBI Act, 1934 provides for an empowered six-member monetary policy
committee (MPC) to be constituted by the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette.
 The first such MPC was constituted on September 29, 2016.
 The present MPC members, as notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette of October 5, 2020, are
as under:

1.Governor of the Reserve Bank of India—Chairperson, ex officio;

2.Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, in charge of Monetary Policy—Member, ex officio
3.One officer of the Reserve Bank of India to be nominated by the Central Board—Member, ex officio;
4.Prof. Ashima Goyal, Professor, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research —Member;
5.Prof. Jayanth R. Varma, Professor, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad—Member; and
6.Dr. Shashanka Bhide, Senior Advisor, National Council of Applied Economic Research, Delhi—Member.
 Members referred to at 4 to 6 above, will hold office for a period of four years or until further orders, whichever
is earlier)
 The MPC determines the policy repo rate required to achieve the inflation target.
 The MPC is required to meet at least four times in a year.
 The quorum for the meeting of the MPC is four members.
 Each member of the MPC has one vote, and in the event of an equality of votes, the Governor has a second or
casting vote.

RBI Grants Payment Aggregator Licences to Juspay, Zoho, and Decentro

 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) granted several startups have received regulatory approvals to
operate as payment aggregators.
 This month, two fintech startups Decentro and Juspay, and enterprise software-as-a-service (SaaS)
firm, Zoho, have received final authorisation from the RBI for payment aggregator (PA) licences.

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8th February 2024

SEBI and FINANCIAL AWARENESS

HDFC Bank raises $750 mn through Regulation S Bonds

 HDFC Bank had raised $300 million through its first ever sustainable finance bond issue.
 This is part of an overall fund raising of $750 million through Regulation S Bonds.
 While $300 million has been raised for a tenure of three years with a 95 basis points spread over
comparable U.S. Treasury notes, another $450 million has been raised for a tenure of 5 years, with a
spread of 108 basis points over U.S. Treasury notes.
About HDFC
 CEO: Sashidhar Jagdishan Founded: August 1994 Headquarters: Mumbai

UAE wealth fund to plan $4-5 bn investments via India’s new finance hub

 Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA), the largest sovereign wealth fund in the United Arab Emirates
(UAE), is setting up a $4-5 billion fund to invest in India through a tax-neutral finance hub in Gujarat.
 The regulatory authority for financial services at Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, or GIFT City,
has granted in-principle approval to ADIA to set up the fund.
 ADIA’s intention to establish a presence in the hub was first announced last July in a joint
statement by India and UAE.
 The amount of investment planned and the approval from the regulatory authority has not been
previously reported.
 With the approval, ADIA will become the first sovereign wealth fund to begin investing in India via
GIFT City.
 laborers from India.
 Skilled laborers in India can register themselves at NSDC to provide information about their
destination, type of work, and employer.
 The registration process is free and open to all categories of skilled laborers, including AC
mechanics and car painters.
 NSDC is part of the Skill India Mission launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, working with 13
countries and planning to open 30 skill international centers.
 The initiative aims to facilitate documentation and protect the rights of Indian laborers going to Saudi
Arabia.
Learn Along:
About Saudi Arabia
Capital: Riyadh Currency: Saudi riyal

India makes first-ever rupee payment for the purchase of crude oil from UAE

 India made its first-ever payment in rupees for crude oil purchased from the UAE, signaling a
strategic push to promote the local currency globally.
 The move is part of India's efforts to diversify oil suppliers, reduce transaction costs, and
establish the rupee as a viable trade settlement currency.
 The Reserve Bank of India's move on July 11, 2022, allowed importers to pay in rupees and
exporters to receive payments in the local currency.
 The agreement with the UAE for rupee settlements was formalized in July, leading to Indian Oil
Corporation (IOC) making payments for crude oil in Indian rupees.

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8th February 2024

 Over 85% of India's oil needs rely on imports, and the nation aims to explore trade settlements in
rupees instead of dollars to streamline transactions and eliminate currency conversions.
 India spent $157.5 billion on importing 232.7 million tonnes of crude oil in the financial year 2022-
23, with key suppliers including Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the UAE.
Learn Along:
About UAE
Capital: Abu Dhabi Currency: UAE dirham

NATIONAL
Academic Bank of Credit launched through CSCs

 Secretary, Department of School Education and Literacy, Sanjay Kumar; Secretary, Higher
Education, Ministry of Education, K. Sanjay Murthy; and MD-CEO, CSC SPV, Sanjay Rakesh jointly
launched APAAR (Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry) through Common Service
Centres (CSCs) in remote villages of the country .
 The objective of APAAR is ‘One Nation, One Student ID’.
 APAAR has been conceptualized under the National Education Policy (NEP 2020) in which all
college/university-going students are required to register on ABC, i.e., Academic Bank of Credits.
 According to the new rule, it is necessary to have an ABC ID to take admission to any college or
university.
 The number of digital services in the country is continuously increasing and one can take maximum
advantage of digital services in school education through CSC.
Learn Along:
About Academic Bank of Credit
 ABC is a digital repository or digital storage. Students can easily avail its benefits. For this service, the student
does not need to go anywhere else but to the nearest CSC. In this digital credit bank, all the credits, i.e., marks
scored by the students and all their personal information will be available.

ONE NATION ONE PORTAL

 The Government has created a unified grievance redressal platform namely Centralised Public
Grievances Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS).
 Any citizen can lodge his/her grievances pertaining to the Central Ministries/ Departments /State
Governments / Union Territories (UTs) on CPGRAMS.
 Every Ministry / Department in Government of India and State Government/UT have access to this
system and grievances are resolved by the concerned Ministries/ Departments/ States/ UTs on
decentralized basis.
 The CPGRAMS has also been integrated with Grievance portals of 19 States /UT.
Learn Along:
 The government has launched Good Governance Index (GGI) framework in 2019 to assess the State of
Governance across all States and Union Territories (UTs) on common indicator.
 The Index provides a comparative picture among the States/ UTs, while developing competitive spirit for
improvement.
 The second edition of Good Governance Index, GGI 2020-21 was released in 2021 covering a total of 58 indicators
under ten sectors i.e Agriculture and Allied Sector, Commerce and Industry, Human Resource Development,
Public Health, Public infrastructure & Utilities, Economic Governance, Social Welfare & Development,
Judiciary and Public Safety Environment and Citizen Centric Governance.

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8th February 2024

INTERNATIONAL
January 2024 was world's warmest on record: European climate agency

 The world last month experienced the warmest January on record, with the global mean temperature
for the past 12 months exceeding the 1.5-degree Celsius threshold, according to the European climate
agency.
 However, this does not imply a permanent breach of the 1.5-degree Celsius limit specified in the
Paris agreement, as it refers to long-term warming over many years.
 Every month since June last year has been the warmest such month on record.
 Scientists attribute the exceptional warming to the combined effects of El Nino -- a period of abnormal
warming of surface waters in the central Pacific Ocean -- and human-caused climate change.
 The global average temperature in January was 1.66 degrees Celsius above the January average for
1850-1900, the designated pre-industrial reference period.
 With an average temperature of 13.14 degrees Celsius, January 2024 was 0.12 degrees Celsius warmer
than the previous warmest January in 2020, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) said.
 The World Meteorological Organisation in December said 2024 could be worse as "El Nino typically
has the greatest impact on global temperature after it peaks.

STATES
390-year-old lamp post in Nalgonda unravels trade links of Telangana

 A newly-discovered 390-year-old Deepastambham (lamp post) on the edge of River Krishna in

Nalgonda district of Telangana casts a fresh light on trade ties in the region in early medieval times.
 Archaeologists working in the area found the 20-foot tall pillar with hollows for lamps and a multi-
lingual inscription in Mudimanikyam village of Nalgonda.
 The pillar and a small flat roofed structure near it was found by Ashok Kumar of Public Research
Institute for History, Archaeology & Heritage.
 Based on the inscription engraved on the lamp post near the ruined Śiva temple, the pillar can be dated
to June 1635 and it is written in Telugu mixed with Tamil language.
 It is dedicated to Kasi Viswanatha and because of its height, it would have served as a lighthouse on
the riverine trade route.
Learn Along:
About Telangana
Governor: Tamilisai Soundararajan Chief minister: Anumula Revanth Reddy Capital: Hyderabad

Uttarakhand Assembly passes Uniform Civil Code

 The Uttarakhand Assembly passed the Uniform Civil Code.

 The Assembly had become the first legislature in Independent India to pass a Bill that imposes
common rules for all communities — except Scheduled Tribes — on marriage, divorce, inheritances,
and live-in relationships.
 The UCC is based on a draft submitted by a committee formed by the Uttarakhand government
under the chairmanship of retired Supreme Court judge Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai.
Learn Along:
About Uttarakhand
Chief minister: Pushkar Singh Dhami Founded: 9 November 2000
Governor: Gurmit Singh Capital: Dehradun

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8th February 2024

REPORTS AND INDEXES

NITI Aayog and the Kingdom of the Netherlands release ‘LNG as a Transportation Fuel in Medium and
Heavy Commercial Vehicle’ Report

 NITI Aayog and the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands released report titled ‘LNG as a
Transportation Fuel in Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicle’ on February 6 2024, at India Energy
Week.
 NITI Aayog and the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands have been actively collaborating in the
field of energy transition under the Statement of Intent (SoI) partnership since 2020.
 The report was released as the first outcome of the cooperation.
 The report was jointly launched by Suman Bery, Vice Chairperson, NITI Aayog, Government of India,
and H.E. Frederik Wisselink, Energy Envoy, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, Government
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
 This report, jointly prepared by NITI Aayog and the Embassy of Netherlands, focuses on leveraging
LNG as a fuel source and customizing its use in the medium and commercial vehicle segment.
 It examines the coordination issues faced by the various stakeholders and highlights the lessons that
can be learnt from other countries in addressing these challenges.”
 The report explores different challenges and barriers for LNG adoption in India and recommends a
roadmap of actionable solutions.
 The report further highlights the need for the development of a transparent implementation
framework for these recommendations, driven by near-term goals of demand creation and market
seeding.
Learn Along:
About NITI Aayog
 NITI Aayog (National Institution of Technology and Innovation Advocacy) is a think tank of the Indian
government, established in 2015, aimed at promoting and advancing technological innovation,
entrepreneurship, and research and development.
 Chairperson: Narendra Modi Founded: 1 January 2015

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI) Scheme

 The Union Cabinet on 5th January 2024 approved the overarching scheme “PRITHvi VIgyan (PRITHVI)”
of Ministry of Earth Sciences for implementation during the period 2021-26 at an overall cost of Rs. 4797
crores.
 The PRITHVI scheme encompasses five on-going sub-schemes namely:-
1. Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services (ACROSS).
2. Ocean Services, Modelling Application, Resources and Technology (O-SMART).
3. Polar Science and Cryosphere Research (PACER).
4. Seismology and Geosciences (SAGE).
5. Research, Education, Training and Outreach (REACHOUT).
 The overarching scheme of PRITHVI holistically addresses all the five components of earth system
namely atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere and biosphere to improve the understating
of the Earth System Sciences and to provide reliable services for the country.
 Various research & development and operational (services) activities under PRITHVI scheme are carried
out in an integrated manner through combined efforts of the concerned Institutes under MoES.

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8th February 2024

Union Ministers of State for Health and Family Welfare launched Mobile Health Service 'Kilkari' and
Mobile Academy in Maharashtra and Gujarat

 Prof. S P Singh Baghel and Dr. Bharati Pravin Pawar, Union Ministers of State for Health and Family
Welfare virtually launched the Kilkari programme, a Mobile Health (m-health) initiative for beneficiaries
in local content in Gujarat and Maharashtra.
 Mobile Academy, a free audio training course designed to expand and refresh the knowledge of
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and improve their communication skills via their mobile
phones was also launched. Shri Rushikesh Patel, Health Minister, Gujarat was also present on the
ocassion.
 ‘Kilkari’ (meaning ‘a baby’s gurgle’), is a centralized interactive voice response (IVR) based mobile
health service which delivers free, weekly, time-appropriate 72 audio messages about pregnancy,
childbirth, and childcare directly to families’ mobile phones from the second trimester of pregnancy until
the child is one year old.
 Kilkari Programme is centrally hosted by MoHFW for all the States/UTs and no further investment in
the technology, telephony infrastructure or operational costs is required to be borne by States/UTs.
 Currently Kilkari is under implementation in 18 States / UTs namely Andhra Pradesh, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and
Uttarakhand & Mobile Academy is operational in 17 States/UTs except Chandigarh with six languages
viz. Hindi, Bhojpuri, Oriya, Assamese, Bengali & Telugu version.

India's First Hypervelocity Expansion Tunnel Test Facility

 A crucial step in the country’s journey towards Atmanirbhar Bharat has been achieved with India’s first
Hypervelocity Expansion Tunnel Test Facility successfully established and tested by Indian Institute
of Technology, Kanpur (IITK).
 This is a major achievement that puts India amongst a handful of countries with this advanced
hypersonic testing capability.
 The development of the facility was supported by the Fund for Improvement in S&T Infrastructure
(FIST) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST) with a sum of Rs 4.5 Crores in 2018.
 The facility was developed by the Hypersonic Experimental Aerodynamics Laboratory.
 Named S2, it was indigenously designed and developed and is a valuable test facility for ongoing
missions of ISRO and DRDO including Gaganyaan, RLV and hypersonic cruise missiles.

DEFENCE
India, Saudi Arabia explore new avenues of defence cooperation

 India and Saudi Arabia discussed ways to strengthen bilateral defence and strategic cooperation
including the scope of increasing joint military training exercises and technology transfer for defence
industrial engagement.
 The discussions centred around exploring avenues for collaboration in areas of mutual interest, including
increasing the scope of joint training exercises, technology transfer and exchange of expertise.
 The Minister of state for defence Ajay Bhatt is on a visit to Riyadh as head of the Indian delegation at
the ongoing World Defence Show (WDS) 2024.
 The five-day event that commenced on February 4, is showcasing the latest advancements in defence
technology serving as a vital platform for international collaboration amongst the participating companies.

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8th February 2024

EVENTS
World Sustainable Development Summit 2024

 The 23rd edition of the annual flagship

event of The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI)—the World Sustainable
Development Summit (WSDS)—will be
held from 7-9 February 2024 in New
Delhi.
 The Summit deliberations will focus on the
umbrella theme: Leadership for
Sustainable Development and Climate
Justice.

“Vividhta ka Amrit Mahotsav: A cultural odyssey unveiling the richness of Northeast India” on 8th
February, 2024

 President of India Drupadi Murmu will inaugurate the 4 day cultural extravaganza “Vividhta ka Amrit
Mahotsav: A cultural odyssey unveiling the richness of Northeast India” on 8th February, 2024.
 This event is being held as a part of Udyan Utsav, 2024 at Amrit Udyan inside the Rashtrapati Bhavan
premises.
 The Ministry of Development of North East Region is organizing this event in partnership with the
Ministry of Culture, and this event is being managed through DoNER’s CPSE, Northeastern
Handicrafts & Handlooms Development Corporation Limited (NEHHDC).
 The Mahotsav will witness the participation of 320+ weavers, artisans, farmers, and entrepreneurs
through eight dedicated stalls for each state from the Northeast Region.
 It will serve as a platform to showcase the unique aspects that make the Northeast Region a
cultural jewel.
 The Mahotsav aims to present the best of Northeast India under one roof with exquisite, handcrafted
products, handloom & textiles, and sustainable handicrafts.
 Northeast India offers a range of sustainable organic products, including high-quality organic tea,
bamboo products, spices, herbal medicines, handwoven textiles, organic pineapples, honey, and
traditional rice varieties. A majority of the region's craft uses raw materials such as cane, bamboo, wood,
terracotta, kauna, hyacinth, bell metal, and brass. This event will be an opportunity to reflect on the
region's commitment to eco-friendly practices, biodiversity preservation, and traditional farming methods.

OBITUARIES
Name of Person Field Points to Remember
Sebastian Pinera Politician Chile’s former President Sebastian Pinera died in a helicopter
crash in the south of the country. Pinera, aged 74, was a
towering figure in Chilean politics, having served two terms as
president, from 2010 to 2014 and again from 2018 to 2022.
Farooq Nazki Poet Farooq Nazki, a revered poet, broadcaster, and a distinguished
recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award, at the age of 83, died.

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8th February 2024

SPORTS
Telangana Football Association To Host FIFA World Cup Qualifiers In Hyderabad

 Hyderabad will host the India vs Kuwait tie in the FIFA World Cup 2026 Asian Qualifiers later this
year.
 The Telangana Football Association will host a FIFA World Cup qualifier for the first time in history,
thus marking a significant occasion for those involved.
 The match between India and Kuwait will also serve as a qualifier for the AFC Asian Cup 2027.

Answer key to Memory check

Q:1- D Q:2- B Q:3- C Q:4- E Q:5- B

Sources of the News:

The Hindu,The Indian Express,Business Standard, The Financial Express ,PIB, etc.

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