Name: ________________________

AP Psychology

Unit 8 Reading Guide

Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Module 37: Motivational Concepts (pg. 389-395)

 Motivations:

Theories of Motivation
 Instinct:

 What is the underlying assumption of evolutionary psychology’s motivation theory?

 Drive-Reduction Theory:

o Need to maintain homeostasis:

 Incentives:

 Optimal arousal theory:

o Example:

o Yerkes-Dodson Law:

 Hierarchy of Needs:

o Creator of hierarchy:

 In the space below, draw Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as a triangle. Label each space with the need
and at least one example of that need. It might be helpful to do this in different colors.
Module 38: Hunger Motivation (pg. 396-405)
 Is your stomach the only place where you the feelings of hunger come from?

 Glucose:

 What part of the brain integrates glucose messages and hunger pains?

 List 4 hormones involved in hunger:

 Set point:

 Basal metabolic rate:

 What kinds of food do you crave when stressed?

 Name 3 different situational influences on eating.

-
-
-
Module 39: Sexual Motivation (pg. 406-411)
This module has some interesting reading and a lot of common sense stuff.  You are still responsible for
the information included here, so make sure you read this module. If you have questions you may either
bring them up in class with me or happily discuss it with your parents!

 Sexual Response Cycle:

 Refractory Period:

 Sexual Dysfunction:

 Estrogen:

 Testosterone:

Module 40: Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs (pg. 412-419)

 What is an affiliation need?

 From an evolutionary perspective, why it is important that we have a strong affiliation need?

 What happens in our brain when we feel love?

 Why can being ostracized lead to experiencing real physical pain?

2
Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion (pg. 420-431)
 Emotions:

Theories of Emotion
 James-Lange Theory:

 Cannon-Bard Theory:

 Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory:

o What is the point to remember about the spillover effect?

 How does Lazarus explain emotions?

 What part of the nervous system triggers many of the physical responses we have when we
experience an emotion?

 Do different emotions have very different patterns of activation in the brain?

Module 42: Expressed Emotions (pg. 432-440)

 Are humans good or bad at recognizing emotions in other people?

 Are men or women better at analyzing people’s nonverbal expressions?

 Do facial expressions have different meanings in different cultures?

 According to Darwin, why would it have been important evolutionarily for facial muscles to be
universal to every culture?

 Facial-feedback effect:

o So, when you’re having a bad day, force yourself to smile and it will actually make you feel a
little bit better!

Module 43: Stress and Health (pg. 441-447)

 How often do you experience stress in your daily life? Never? Rarely? Sometimes? Or frequently?

o Does your answer match the results of the 2009 study?

3
  Stress:

 What are the benefits of short-term stress?

 What are the harmful effects of prolonged stress?

 What are the three main types of stressors?

o Which ones have your experienced?

 General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS):

o Famous psychologist who founded this:

o What happens in Phase 1?

o What happens in Phase 2?

o What happens in Phase 3?

o What could happen if exhaustion is prolonged?

 Tend-and-befriend response:

Module 44: Stress and Illness (pg. 448-455)

 Psycho-Physiological Illnesses:

 Psychoneuroimmunology:

 What 5 things influence your immune system’s activity?

 Can stress predict a faster decline in those with AIDS?

4
 Does stress create cancer cells?

 Type A personality:

 Type B personality:

 Which type is more likely to have cardiovascular troubles?