Ilovepdf Merged

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“POWER GENERATION THROUGH WATER TAP”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
BADDULA PRAKASH - 20K91A0302
Under the guidance of
CH. NARMADA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
TKR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Medbowli, Meerpet, Saroor Nagar, Hyderabad-097
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “POWER GENERATION

THROUGH WATER TAP” That is being submitted by BADDULA
PRAKASH (20K91A0302), In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT GUIDE PROJECT COORDINATOR

CH. NARMADA N. PAVANI KUMARI
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

D.RUSHI KUMAR REDDY
DECLARATION
I, BADDULA PRAKASH (20K91A0302), hereby declare that the work

embodied in this project entitled “POWER GENERATION THROUGH
WATER TAP” submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad, for partial fulfillment of the Award of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING has been carried out
by us under the supervision of Mrs.CH.NARMADA, ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR. To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been
submitted for any other degree in any University
BADDULA PRAKASH 20K91A0302

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria the accompany the successful completion

of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who
made it possible and whose encouragement and guidance has crowned
my efforts with success.
First, we would like to thank our Project guide Mrs.CH.NARMADA,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR in Department of M.E, for her inspiration,
adroit guidance and constructive criticism for completion of my degree.
We would like to convey our special thanks to the Project Coordinator N.
PAVANI KUMARI, PROFESSOR in Department of M.E., for her
valuable guidance and suggestions in analyzing and testing throughout
the period, till the end of this work completion.
Also, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to D. RUSHI KUMAR
REDDY, PROFESSOR, Head of Department in Mechanical Engineering
during the progress of the Project work, for his timely suggestions and
help despite his busy schedule.
Our acknowledgement extended to Principal Dr. D.V. RAVI SHANKAR,
PRINCIPAL of TKR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
for his consistent help and encouragement to complete the research work.
We are very much thankful to TKR EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY on behalf
of my beloved Chairman Sri TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY Garu for
their help in providing good facilities in our college.
BADDULA PRAKASH 20K91A0302

ABSTRACT
Energy shortage is the major consideration for every country in the world. Especially in India there
are still few places where there is no electricity. So, it is necessary to save as well as produce
energy from various resources. Providing attention to the above fact we are trying to explore these
resources where we are trying to churn out the potential of wastewater. We are concentrating on
the water that comes from the tap. We have taps in everyone's house, so we are designing a device
that can churn out the power from the tap.
Why rely on a waterfall for power generation? Instead use forceful tap water or the shower in us
washrooms. Tap Water is a suggestion for the growing power demand. If every house could use a
cheap mini generator for every tap, can’t that light up the bathrooms when is the tap opened? The
idea could be extended too the overhead tanks too. The energy is trapped from the tap water, where
the work of the turbine could be done by a mini fan, which is connected to a mini-sized generator
to generate Electricity. The USP or the thing that makes this idea unique is that No conditions
apply! Every house will have a tap and every household wants to reduce the EB bill. It could be
possible with a moderate investment. If batch processing could be achieved, the manufacturing
cost would come down too. However, the challenges that come on the way is many.
POWER GENERATION THROUGH
WATER TAP
INDEX
S.NO TOPIC PG.NO
1.CONTENTS..................................................................................................... 3-4
2. LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................... 5
3. CHAPTER –1 INTRODUCTION................................................................... 6-7
1.1 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVE........................................................... 6
1.2 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS...................................................................... 7
4. CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................... 8-11
2.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................8
5. CHAPTER-3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY..................................................12-18
3.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................12
3.2 USING TAP WATER AS SOURCE..........................................................13-14
3.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................. 15-16
3.4 ELECTRICAL OUTPUT OBTAINED...................................................... 17-18
6 CHAPTER –4 WHY RELAY ON WATER SOURCES
FOR POWER GENERATION........................................................................ 19-20
7 CHAPTER-5 DESCRIPTION.......................................................................... 21-25
5.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 21
5.2 BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY........................................................... 21
5.3 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION.......................................................... 22-25
8 CHAPTER-6 WORKING PRINCPLE............................................................. 26
9 CHAPTER-7 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP........................................................ 27-31
7.1 MATERIALS REQUIRED........................................................................ 27-30
7.2 COMPONENTS LIST............................................................................... 31
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1O CHAPTER-8 PRILIMINARY DESIGN OF THE MPT.............................32-33
8.1 DETERMINATION OF BASIC PARAMETERS..................................32-33
11 CHAPTER-9 APPLICATIONS & ADVANTAGES..................................34-35
9.1 APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER.................................................34
9.2 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER..................................................34
9.3 LIMITATIONS OF HYDRO POWER...................................................35
12 CHAPTER-10 MODERN CONCEPTS ANDFUTURE ROLE.................36-39
10.1 FUTURE SCOPE.................................................................................. 36
10.2 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................37
10.3 REFERENCES...................................................................................... 38-39
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CONTENTS
List of figures
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation and Objective
1.2 Outline of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Project Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Using tap water as source
3.3 Design considerations
3.4 Electrical outputs obtained
Chapter 4 Why relay on water sources for power generation
Chapter 5 Description
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Background Technology
5.3 Summary of the invention
Chapter 6 Working Principle
Chapter 7 Experimental setup
7.1 Materials Required
7.2 Components list
Chapter 8 Preliminary design of the MPT
8.1 Determination of basic parameters
Chapter 9 Applications and Advantages
9.1 Applications of hydro power
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9.2 advantages of hydropower
9.3 limitations of hydropower
Chapter 10 Modern concepts and Future role
10.1 future Scope
10.2 Conclusion
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LIST OF FIGURES PG.NO

Figure 3.2 Using tap water as source........................................ 13
Figure 3.3 Design considerations for turbine............................ 14
Figure 3.4 A Multimeter........................................................... 15
Figure 4.1Estimates of renewable energy up to 2035................ 20
Figure 7.1 A turbine and a electrical generator cut-away view... 27
Figure 7.1.2 Line diagram of piping system.............................. 28
Figure 7.1.3 A Digital flow meter............................................. 29
Figure 7.1.4 A Generator controller........................................... 30
Figure 7.1.8 Housing materials.................................................. 31
Figure 8.1 3D Design in Fusion 360.......................................... 34
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources has spurred innovative
approaches to power generation. One promising avenue is tap waterpower generation, a
concept that harnesses the kinetic energy present in flowing tap water to produce electricity.
As concerns about climate change and environmental impact intensify, exploring renewable
energy solutions like tap waterpower generation becomes imperative.
This project aims to investigate the feasibility and potential benefits of tapping into the energy
inherent in everyday water usage. By leveraging the motion of water from conventional taps,
this approach offers a decentralized and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional
power sources.
In this introduction, we will delve into the background of the project, highlighting the need for
sustainable energy, the environmental consequences of conventional power generation, and the
significance of exploring innovative methods like tap waterpower generation. Additionally, we
will outline the objectives of this study, which include assessing the viability, efficiency, and
scalability of tap waterpower generation as a viable renewable energy solution. Through this
exploration, we aim to contribute valuable insights to the field of sustainable energy and
promote the development of eco-conscious power generation methods.
1.1 Motivation and Objective

Water is essential for life and plays an irreplaceable role in the human production and proper
functioning of the Earth’s ecosystems [1]. Water quality and quantity are major environmental
problems, and important factors affecting human health and safety [2]. With the current global
progress in science and technology there has been an improvement in people’s awareness of
energy conservation and environmental protection and induction faucets have become widely
used in various public places. This has come as a result of several advantages being linked to
its use, such as convenience, sanitation, and water and electricity saving. However, many
sensors in the induction faucet have relied on battery power supply due to the fact that their
locations make it hard to connect to local utility grid power [3]. Generally speaking, the
batteries in an induction faucet need to be replaced every two to three months. Extensive use
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of an induction faucet will require a large number of batteries, which will cause pollution to
the environment and soil if the batteries are not handled [2,4]. However, the environmental
pollution from batteries usage can be solved by changing the power supply mode of sensors in
the induction faucet, which would make the induction faucet more energy-saving and
environmentally friendly. Therefore, this has become the main challenge for many researchers.
McNabolaet al. [5] indicated that water supply is a core service on which civilized society
depends, and which involves considerable energy consumption and economic costs. They
showed that a brake pressure tank installed in water supply networks to resolve the high flow
pressure provides the opportunity to recover energy from networks through a hydropower
turbine system.
1.2 Outline of the Thesis

Moreover, they proved that the above approach showed preliminary technical and economic
feasibility, to minimize energy consumption. Eventually, more and more investigators turned
their attention to the utilization of micro-hydropower in water systems to take advantage of the
excess energy in the pipelines. In a recently conducted study [6], a micro-pipe turbine (MPT)
installed in a tap-water pipeline was gradually developed and utilized. Its working principle is
as follows: this micro-pipe turbine is designed to be driven by water kinetic energy, where,
through the connecting shaft, the MPT drives the generator to produce usable electrical power.
Then the generator charges the battery of the sensor after sending out an AC electric signal,
thus providing power for the detection equipment of the water supply pipeline (WSP). Finally,
the conversion of fluid kinetic energy, mechanical energy, and electric energy are realized.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction
1. Power Generation from Water Pipeline, P. Padmarasan1, Department of Electrical and
Electronics, Panimalar Institutes of Technology, Chennai, India, 2016 IJESC.
The purpose of the project was to capture unused energy in the drinking water systems of cities
and towns and to turn that energy into useful electricity. Hydroelectric power is not a new
technology. The successful completion of this water turbine project shows that there is energy
in our everyday lives that can be captured and used to our advantages. With the forecast of
energy becoming hard to find in the coming years, it is important that we do what we can to be
resourceful. This water turbine project is a perfect example. We are capturing surplus energy
that would otherwise be wasted and turning it into usable electrical energy. The project is an
excellent example of an interdisciplinary project involving electromechanical engineering and
renewable energy.
2. Harvesting energy from in-pipe hydro systems at urban and building scale, Marco
Casini, Department of Planning, Design, and Technology of Architecture (PDTA),
Sapienza University of Rome, Via Flaminia 72, 00196 – Rome, Italy, SGCE 2015.
Analysis performed shows in fact that in-pipe systems can offer many advantages both in terms
of quantity of energy produced and supply continuity without the problems of architectural
integration and dependence on weather conditions typical of photovoltaic and wind systems,
making it strongly recommended whenever water grid conditions allow its installation.
Therefore, in order to promote these promising renewable energy systems, it's advisable to
expand, co-ordinate and disseminate results of in-pipe micro and PicoK0 hydro technology
development to improve operational performance, reduce costs and foster technologies to
better support the grid integration of large amounts of variable renewable energy, in order to
achieve a clean and resilient electricity system that supports efficient ,flexible reliable and
affordable operation.
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3. Development of Mini Hydro Generation Concept Trainer Norbaiti Adzlina binti

Basharudin and Meor Ahmad Zainal bin Meor Muhamud21
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politechnic Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah, Bandar
Darul Aman, 06000 Jitra, Kedah. Email: norbaiti.adzlina@gmail.com Abstract: Development
of Hydro Generation Concept Trainer was created to show the basic concept of Hydro Power
Plant which is a part of the Power System curriculum taught in Malaysian polytechnics. This
trainer was designed to model a hydroelectric power plant which converts energy derived from
flowing water into electricity. This project was made based on Bill Kelsey’s hydro concept
whereby fast flowing water is used to spin a turbine which will then spin a metal shaft forming
the equivalent of an electrical generator that produces electricity. The electromagnet in the
generator will generate the electrical voltage and current in the stationary coils of wire inside
them. This trainer uses only direct current (DC) which differs from most hydro generation
trainers using alternating current (AC). Moreover, this low-cost trainer successfully utilizes a
battery as a capacitor bank, replacing the costly capacitor bank used to store electricity in an
actual hydro
4. Harnessing hydropower: Literature Review August 2014DOI:

10.12774/eod_cr.august2014.lumbrosoetal
The Harnessing Hydropower study aims to provide an analysis of the historical performance
of hydropower in selected countries and an assessment of the risks and opportunities related to
future climate change in the context of water, energy and food security. The target audience
for this work is Department for International Development (DFID) staff together with other
development professionals, and government officials who are interested in the performance
and development of the hydropower sector in low-income countries and the trade-offs between
water, energy and food security in the context of climate change. The objective of this literature
review is to detail how the factors that affect the performance of hydropower schemes may be
influenced by climate change and interactions with the complex built, natural and social
systems providing water, energy and food security. It describes the importance of identifying
trade-offs and synergies when deciding how to balance investments in water, energy and food
security, commonly referred to as the water - energy - food security nexus. The literature review
also outlines the criteria used to select the three case studies, one in Africa and two in South
Asia, that were carried out as part of this study.
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5. Subramanian, Lalitha. (2013). Micro-Generation of Electricity from Tap Water. 3. 63
Why rely on a waterfall for power generation? Instead use the forceful tap water or the shower
in our washrooms. Tap Water is a suggestion for the growing power demand. If every house
could use a cheap mini generator for every tap, can't that light up the bathrooms when the tap
is opened? The idea could be extended to the overhead tanks too. The energy is trapped from
the tap water, where the work of the turbine could be done by a mini fan, which is connected
to a mini-sized generator to generate Electricity. The USP or the thing that makes this idea
unique is that No conditions apply! Every house will have a tap and every household wants to
reduce the EB bill. It could be possible with a moderate investment. If batch processing could
be achieved, the manufacturing cost would come down too. However, the challenges that come
on the way are many. They include varying force of water, intermittent usage, the very less
power that one could trap from every water tap. Then why not all the taps, but the problem of
integrating several generators to supply and store energy in a single battery or integrating them
to the grid voltage and frequency becomes a major issue that must be handled. Thus, we need
to develop a circuit for CHARGING A SINGLE BATTERY FROM MULTIPLE ENERGY
SOURCES and develop a successful design to trap energy from the taps and integrate them.
This idea will not only be useful for the tap but in most cases renewable energy tapping as in a
cycle dynamo in a gym or electricity from rain, where the main problem is the integration of
micro energy sources. This paper throws light on one of the most important practical aspects
of micro-generation of green energy and its integration to the grid whose idea can be extended
to other green energy sources also.
6. The government of Nepal, with the assistance of the World Bank has been helping build
micro hydro plants across rural Nepalese communities.
The plants are built and run by the communities, enabling sustainability, and bring much
needed electricity that powers industry and businesses. Over 1,000 micro-hydro plants have
been built so far in 52 districts. With its inclusive community driven model, the initiative is
meeting energy needs of rural communities, and powering their economic development, also
serving as an example of how renewable, clean energy harnessed through community efforts
can set the world on a path to a cleaner and more prosperous future.
The micro-hydro was built and is run by the community. With encouragement from AEPC, the
community came together to build a micro-hydro that could meet the energy needs of five
neighboring villages. Incorporating five villages, the community gathered a construction
committee consisting of 89 people. AEPC helped the construction committee with feasibility
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studies, and technical aspects of construction. The operators and managers running the micro-
hydro were also trained by AEPC. AEPC also makes a grant of Rs. 125,000 per kilowatt of
electricity generated by the community. “Availability of these grants encourages the
community to get together and start work on securing their own energy future,” said Bijaya
Wagle of AEPC. This grant from AEPC, together with grants from the Village Development
Committee, and District Development Committee all helped establish the micro-hydro, while
the community contributed labor, and received a loan from the Agriculture Development Bank
to secure the rest of the resources. The micro-hydro construction committee was in charge,
overseeing all aspects of construction, including raising funds, finding labor, and management
oversight.
7. Dr.Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal Mechanical Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering and Technology Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan.
Abstract Hydropower is important from an operational standpoint as it needs no "ramp-up"

time, as many combustion technologies do. Hydropower can increase or decrease the amount
of power it is supplying to the system almost instantly to meet shifting demand. With this
important load-following capability, peaking capacity and voltage stability attributes,
hydropower plays a significant part in ensuring reliable electricity service and in meeting
customer needs in a market driven industry. In addition, hydroelectric pumped storage facilities
are the only significant way currently available to store electricity.
Water is one of our most valuable resources, and hydropower makes use of this renewable
treasure. In managing hydropower, Reclamation is helping the Nation meet its present and
future energy needs in a manner that protects the environment by improving hydro power
projects and operating them more effectively.
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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT METHODOLGY
3.1INTRODUCTION
The urban water cycle consumes energy to provide us with water for all purposes like drinking
water, water for industries, etc. It also treats our wastewater and recycles it. But it can also
provide energy by several means such as:
• Using the velocity or force of water in the drinking water network to turn a turbine and
generate electricity
• Using wastewater as a source of heat for heat pumps
• Using the sewage sludge (wastewater treatment sludge) in an anaerobic digester (using
anaerobic bacteria) to produce biogas.
In some mountainous places, there can be a huge altitude difference between the houses on the
higher altitude and the ones at the lower. It causes a problem of difference in pressure, because
if the pressure is at least 2bars in the upper houses, it means that in the lower ones, the pressure
is very much higher. If the altitude difference is 10 meters, the pressure difference is 1 bar
usually. Assuming a 100 meters altitude difference, the pressure in the lower place would be
12 bars which is very high. Hence, the tap, dishwasher, washing machine and other devices
cannot withstand such pressure. Hence, a pressure reducing device is installed in order to
reduce the pressure on the lower altitude part of the water network. The turbine will extract the
energy contained in the water and causes rotation of the generator which hence produces
electricity. As the velocity is the same before and after the turbine, the loss of energy is taken
on the pressure of water. So, turbines reduce the pressure indirectly.
3.2 USING TAP WATER AS A SOURCE

The idea is that one can fix up mini fans that would start rotating as the tap is opened. The
higher the force or pressure of water, the higher the speed of the fan. The fan shaft is connected
to a mini generator set. Voltage is generated at the generator terminals. This voltage can be
stepped up and can be used to charge the battery. To avoid the storage trouble, we can design
a control circuitry that would switch on the washroom light as and when the tap is opened or
at least this power can be used for water induction heater. Our taps pose a real challenge. They
are just a meter in size and hold much less water and potential energy when compared to a dam
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and the hydroelectric power plant. Hence the difficulty arises in harnessing this small but
valuable power from the taps.
Fig: 3.2 Using tap water as source
3.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The device design is of main concern now. It consists of an external hydro-electric generator
and a highly efficient spherical water turbine that dips into the flowing water and reclaims the
residual pressure. The turbine in turn drives a rotating shaft which rotates the rotor of the micro-
generator producing electricity. The key lies in several intelligent designs to extract more
energy from flowing water. Several thinner blades are desired to mitigate the water bypassing.
The 8-blade turbine would only take away a fraction of kinetic energy because it strikes an
accurate balance between water volume, pressure and consumption of hydrokinetic energy,
which boosts the efficiency without reducing the momentum of running water to guarantee a
reliable water and power supply. The Turbine blades are carefully sized to (the thinner, the
better) intersect the largest possible area of water flow and minimize water bypassing. To
achieve maximum power output, a hollow central rotating shaft is proposed to utilize the fully
harnessed energy for conversion into electric power. As it is the drinking water pipe, care
should be taken so that there is no lubricant used in any of the rotating parts of the turbine and
generator. This is done to avoid any sort of contamination.
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Fig: 3.3 Design considerations for turbine
3.4 ELECTRICAL OUTPUT OBTAINED

When the above circuit was constructed with the tap, a normal sized tap water filter fan and a
6W DC generator. With normal or at the most maximum water force from a single tap, the
generator terminals gave a power of 0.5 to 0.75 W at the maximum. When plotting the load
curve for the maximum power obtainable, it was found that the device delivers a maximum of
1W at most. However, as the tap water force decreases the output almost drops to zero. The
output voltage seen was 3.5V at the generator terminals. With a normal load like a lamp the
device would generate a few milli-amperes which is negligible. Even when stored in a battery,
the electric storage efficiency comes to play, where the energy trapped gets almost exhausted
by the various stages of conversion. So, the investment made on the apparatus does not serve
the purpose Investing on such separate micro-generation units for every tap is impossible and
totally uneconomical. Hence, we need to find a way to integrate the negligible amount of
intermittent energy to give a reasonable wattage. If several such taps could feed a single battery,
this will give reasonable power with reduced investment. Since a single battery is going to be
used, the efficiency of the battery storage is not going to cost us a significant loss
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Fig: 3.4 A Multimeter
3.5 CHARGING A SINGLE BATTERY FROM MLTIPLE ENERGY

SOURCES
A single battery charging device with multiple sources consists of a battery; an input power
controlling circuit and a charging circuit connected to an external power source for determining
the power charging of the battery. The power charging control circuit is used for detecting the
voltages of the battery for determining whether the power input controlling and charging circuit
is charged to the battery; the power charging circuit gets its input from an Ethernet power
supply, and it feeds the charging circuit. The charging circuit is then connected to the battery
device; the power charging control device is connected to the Ethernet power supply for
controlling the voltage so that it increases to a uniformly charging voltage It also consists of an
inter-control device and a switch for the drive. It is an optical transistor with a light emitter that
acts as an optical coupler. The optical transistor is used for switching purposes and the light
emitter acts as the driver. This is not the only design possible. However, it is better and easily
implementable compared to the others. There is also a polarity detection, protection circuit and
an over voltage limiter circuit that is basically formed by a diode to protect the system against
improper battery polarity. The driver is installed to the power input controlling and charging
circuit. The switching device for the input is connected to the power charging control unit for
an Ethernet power supply. Switching of the switch devices actuates the charging control unit
to charge the battery cell. The external power supply can be drawn from solar panels or water
generators, wind generators, heat generators, etc. However, to be application specific, we
consider the taps to be integrated as the separate external power supplies for the device.
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3.5 ADVANTAGES OF THE MULTI-STORAGE CHARGER

DESIGN
• Regeneration power source is utilized. Hence the power is saved. There is negligible or
no release of Carbon.
• One power charger’s failure will not affect the entire battery storage system.
• The inter-control devices help with quick switching between the two charging devices
without much time delay.
• The voltage of the external source can direct the output device connected directly.
• At the times of over-voltages if any, the control circuit does not allow the output and
hence the devices are protected.
• The presence of battery polarity protection circuit disables the connection in case of
improper connection. Hence the rest of the power system remains unaffected due to the
polarity reversal.
3.6 APPLICATION OF MULTI-SUPPLY CONCEPT TO THE

TAP SYSTEM
The above Multi supply batter storage is designed for two different supplies. When one tap
produces 750mW, it doesn’t make a big difference on integrating just 2 taps. Hence the circuit
must be extended to several taps. The cost invested does not seem to be very economical.
However, has said previously, this idea could be implemented on the pipes rooting down from
the overhead tank, so that the power output is reasonably higher for the amount invested.
Design complexities also arise. Still, hoping that the water network has more scope to tap some
green energy, some countries have put forward their steps to tap the electricity that the water
network would provide us with. They are mentioned below.
3.7 FOCUS ON WATER ELECTRICITY BY COUNTRIES

The Department of Building Services Engineering (BSE) and the Water Supplies Department
(WSD) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Regional Government is trying to work on
extracting electricity from the water mains in their country. It has a network of water mains
running over 7,800 km and is kept monitoring to make sure their water supply network is kept
clean and maintained efficiently remains clean and well-maintained. Those devices require
power. On the other hand, it also has the capability to resolve the ever-growing power
requirement. They are focusing on plans to put small turbines into our pipes to produce
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electricity from drinking water network. The mini-hydro power plants are being put to the test
in several locations including underground pits and outdoor environments. The estimates show
that the in-pipe turbines are expected to save 700kWh of electrical energy. Carbon emission is
estimated to be reduced by 560kg (about 1234.59 Lb) per year.
3.8 RECENT TRENDS

Though the water network electricity is gaining momentum, another area where water could
help with the micro-generation of electricity. A fluid flowing through a microscopic channel
can produce electricity when its electro-kinetic energy is harnessed. If it is practicable, then it
would be possible to power a mobile phone by squirting water through several such
microscopic channels.
3.9 PRINCIPLE OF CONVERSION OF HYDRO-KINETIC

ENERGY
The basic principle involved in this is the phenomenon of separation of charges at the interface
between the liquid surface and the channel surface. A very small part of one charge, either
positive or negative, gets dissolved in water. This makes the surface negatively or positively
charged respectively. This may lead to a Helm Holtz double layer formation as the
correspondingly opposite charges in the liquid form a double layer along with the surface
charges. This electric Double Layer is the cause for the energy conversion. The ions that are
oppositely charged are attracted and hence pushed to the far end of the channel, while the
similar charges are left behind at the other end. This forms a potential difference across the two
ends of the microscopic channel. By fixing electrodes between these two ends and using a
conducting wire, we can realize electricity.
3.10 CONVERSION TO AC MAINS VOLTAGE

Having seen the water electricity and its power output in the experiment, we can extend this
idea to higher level water pipes and networks for more electric power generation. If the micro-
generation is to be empowered as a higher-level power generation as planned in Hong Kong,
the grid integration of this energy is a must. While working on the tap water electricity, we
tried to implement this grid integration using the circuit below. Since the power rating of the
device is very low, building This circuit was in a way simpler. Here, it is designed for 30VA
power rating to convert a 12-volt DC into a 230V,
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3.11 GRID INTEGRATION OF WATER NETWORK
ELECTRICITY
Grid integration experiments need at least a few kWh of energy. Integration of renewable
energy to the grid or even to the micro-grid is a still tedious task. When one area of green
energy research aims at trapping energy from all ways possible, the other big area of research
is to integrate it into the grid. The difficulties in the grid integration process is due to the nature
of renewable energy such as:
♦ Non-controllable variability
♦ Partial unpredictability
♦ Frequency regulation
♦ Intermittent nature of energy
♦ Location dependence
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CHAPTER 4
4.1 WHY RELAY ON WATERFLOW FOR POWER GENERATION
Why rely on a waterfall for power generation? Instead use the forceful tap water or the shower
in our washrooms. Tap Water is a suggestion for the growing power demand. If every house
could use a cheap mini generator for every tap, can’t that light up the bathrooms when the tap
is opened? The idea could be extended to the overhead tanks too. The energy is trapped from
the tap water, where the work of the turbine could be done by a mini fan, which is connected
to a mini-sized generator to generate Electricity. The USP or the thing that makes this idea
unique is that No conditions apply! Every house will have a tap and every household wants to
reduce the EB bill. It could be possible with a moderate investment. If batch processing could
be achieved, the manufacturing cost would come down too. However, the challenges that come
on the way are many. They include varying force of water, intermittent usage, the very less
power that one could trap from every water tap. Then why not all the taps, but the problem of
integrating several generators to supply and store energy in a single battery or integrating them
to the grid voltage and frequency becomes a major issue that must be handled.
Thus, we need to develop a circuit for CHARGING A SINGLE BATTERY FROM

MULTIPLE ENERGY SOURCES and develop a successful design to trap energy from the
taps and integrate them. This idea will not only be useful for the tap but in most cases renewable
energy tapping as in a cycle dynamo in a gym or electricity from rain, where the main problem
is the integration of micro energy sources. This paper throws light on one of the most important
practical aspects of micro-generation of green energy and its integration to the grid whose idea
can be extended to other green energy sources also.
19
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Fig:4.1 Estimates of renewable energy up to 2035 (Energy statistics 2012)
20
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CHAPTER 5
DESCRIPTION
5.1 Introduction
A kind of running water generating device. Technical field
The present invention relates to the power field, particularly about a kind of running water
generating device.
5.2Background technology
The consumption quantity of the energy is sharply increased by the world today, and people
feel the exploitation of conventional energy resource and supply the demand being difficult to
meet social development to the energy, and the gloom of energy crisis All Around the World.
Obviously, nowadays the impact of national economic development is very big by energy
deficiency. The main energy sources supply depended on for existence is not gone up, and
economic development will be slowed down, and even stagnate, and people's lives can be
influenced by having a strong impact on them. Thus, it is possible to source is to ensure that
the important substance basis of social stability and developing national economy. Moreover,
energy problems or the world today affect a major issue of political situation. The energy
problem has become one of the hot issues of mankind nowadays society. Except conventional
energy resources such as coal conventional at present, natural gases, people are concentrated
mainly on the field such as wind energy, solar energy the sight tapped a new source of energy
and ignore the energy of storage in the tap water that every household is used. Owing to tap
water having certain kinetic energy in flow process, as this part energy utilized can be got up
by everybody, utilization of energy will be very big achievement. In the water supply pipe
energy-saving and power generation device of exploitation, it is simply that based on above-
mentioned thought, the kinetic energy of tap water is changed into electric energy storing and
is used, play the effect of energy-conserving and environment-protective.
21
WATER TAP
5.3Summary of the invention

To overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, the invention provides a kind
of running water generating device, there is the feature of household. For achieving the above
object, the technical solution used in the present invention is: a kind of running water generating
device, including axle, bearing, water pipe and turbine, it is characterized in that, described
bearing inner race is mounted on an axle by interference fit, and bearing outer ring is arranged
on turbine by matched in clearance, axle two ends are fixed on water pipe, when tap water
stream is by water pipe, washing away turbine, worm gear drive electrical generators rotates
and produces electric energy
5.3.1 System Setup:
Assemble the water turbine or generator according to the design specifications.
Install the piping system to direct tap water flow toward the turbine.
5.3.2 Positioning:
Secure the turbine in a location with a consistent and sufficient flow of tap water.
5.3.3 Connect Electrical Components:
• Wire the turbine or generator to the electrical components, ensuring proper connections.
• Implement proper insulation and grounding to prevent electrical hazards.
• Ensure that all electrical components and wiring meet safety standards.
• Install safety features such as circuit breakers and emergency shutdown systems.
5.3.4 Install Flow Control Mechanism:
• Integrate valves or other flow control devices to manage the water flow rate.
• Use flow control mechanisms to regulate water flow and prevent excessive pressure.
• Install valves and sensors to monitor and control water flow conditions.
22
WATER TAP
5.3.5 Generator Controller Configuration:
Set up the generator controller to regulate the operation of the generator based on water flow
conditions.
Working Pressure: < 2KGF
Pressure Drop: 0.4 Bar (3.0L / Min)
Peak Current: 1.4 A
Stand-by Current: Max. 1.4A
Voltage Output: 3.6VDC --- 700mAh
Power Output: 125mW (4LPM)
Battery Capacity: 300mAh
Max. Flow: 20 L / Min (2KGF)
Water-resistance: IP4
High limited voltage: 4.3V DC
Dimensions: L 84.5mm - W64.5 mm -
H 81 mm
Wire Length: 84 mm
Jack Type: JWT C2521
Connect Thread Gauge: G 1/2"
Weight: 165 ± 5g
Burst Pressure: 20KGF
Normal Operation Temp. 4 °C~80 °C Max. Intermittent Operating Temp. 110 °C max. 30 min
Generating Model: NACuM Core (PAT NO.DE202006004800)
Battery Type: Li-polymer Battery with PCM
23
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5.3.6 Sensor Installation:
Place sensors to monitor water flow, pressure, and other relevant parameters.
5.3.7 Safety Checks:
Implement safety features, such as emergency shutdown systems, to prevent accidents.
5.3.8 Power On:
Power on the system and monitor its performance.
5.3.8 Data Collection:
Conduct experiments to gather data on electricity generation under different flow conditions.
5.3.9 Performance Evaluation:
• Analyze the collected data to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the tap
waterpower generation system.
• Ensure that support structures for the turbine and associated equipment are robust and
securely anchored to prevent accidents or damage.
5.3.10 Optimization:
• Adjust flow control mechanisms or other parameters to optimize the system's

performance.
• Schedule routine inspections and maintenance to identify and address potential safety
issues promptly.
• Implement a maintenance plan to keep the system in optimal condition.
5.3.11 Environmental Impact Assessment:
• Evaluate the environmental impact of the tap waterpower generation system,

considering factors such as sustainability and ecological implications.
• Assess and mitigate any potential environmental impact, ensuring compliance with
environmental regulations.
• Consider the impact on aquatic ecosystems and water quality.
24
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5.3.12 Documentation:
• Document all procedures, data, and observations for future reference.

• Maintain thorough documentation of the system design, installation, and operational
procedures.
• Keep records of safety inspections, maintenance activities, and any modifications made
to the system
5.3.13 Safety and Compliance:
• Ensure that the tap waterpower generation system complies with safety standards and
regulations.
• Adhere to local, national, and international regulations governing water usage,
electrical installations, and environmental impact.
• Obtain necessary permits and approvals from regulatory authorities.
25
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CHAPTER 6
WORKING PRINCIPLE
It churns the power from tap water. The tap water coming from the pipe is collected in a
chamber. This device is introduced just before the end of the pipe in such a way that the water
will strike the Micro Hydro Generator. The water can be piped from a certain level to a lower
level, with resulting water pressure being used to do work. The water pressure is allowed to
move a mechanical component, then that moment involves the conversion of the potential
energy of the water into mechanical energy. Hydro turbines convert water pressure into
mechanical shaft power which can be used to drive an electric generator
Tap waterpower generation operates on the principle of converting the kinetic energy within
flowing water into electrical energy. The process involves several key steps A water turbine,
designed to capture the kinetic energy of moving water, is positioned in the path of flowing tap
water. This turbine can take various forms, such as a Pelton wheel or a turbine with blades. As
tap water flows through the turbine, it imparts kinetic energy to the turbine blades. The force
of the moving water causes the turbine to rotate. The rotating motion of the turbine is
mechanically connected to a generator. This linkage causes the generator to spin, converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy through the principles of electromagnetic induction.
The rotating motion produces an electric current in the generator's coils. This generated
electrical energy can then be harnessed for various applications, such as powering electrical
devices or being integrated into the grid. To optimize energy production, flow control
mechanisms, such as valves, may be employed to regulate the rate of water flow. Adjusting the
flow allows for control over the rotational speed of the turbine and, by a mini fan, the amount
of electricity generated. A generator controller is used to manage and optimize the operation
of the generator, ensuring stable and efficient electricity production under varying flow
conditions. In essence, tap waterpower generation taps into the continuous flow of water from
conventional sources and transforms it into a renewable and sustainable source of electrical
power. This method offers potential advantages in locations where water is readily available,
presenting an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional energy sources.
26
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CHAPTER 7
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
7.1Water Turbine or Generator:
Turbines or generators are designed to convert the kinetic energy of flowing water into
electrical energy. Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for
industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now, they are mostly used for electric power
generation. Water turbines are mostly found in dams to generate electric power from water
potential energy.
Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades.
Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance
is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine.
Turbine selection is based on the available water head, and less so on the available flow rate.
In general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction turbines are used for low
head sites. Kaplan turbines with adjustable blade pitch are well-adapted to wide ranges of flow
or head conditions, since their peak efficiency can be achieved over a wide range of flow
conditions.
Fig:7.1 A turbine and an electrical generator cut-away view
27
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7.1.2 Piping System:
Pipes to channel and direct the flow of tap water towards the turbine or generator. The two ends
of the shaft are fixed to the water pipe. When tap water flows through the water pipe, the turbine
is washed, the turbine drives a power generator to rotate, and thus power is generated.
Fig: 7.1.2 Line diagram of piping system
28
WATER TAP
7.1.3 Flow Control Mechanism:
Valves or other control devices to regulate the flow of water and optimize energy generation.
Flow is the movement of pressurized fluids between volumes of varying (differential)
pressures. Pressurized fluid always moves from higher pressure to lower pressure. Without a
pressure differential, the fluid is stagnant, and the system is absent of flow. Flow (in terms of
fluid dynamics) breaks down into two distinct measurable rates: volumetric flow rate and mass
flow rate.
A typical example of a flow control valve is the simple water faucet installed in homes. Globe
valves and needle valves are standard designs used for flow control. Unidirectional flow control
valves control the flow in one direction but permit free flow in the other direction.
Fig: 7.1.3 A Digital flow meter
29
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7.1.4 Generator Controller:
Electronic control systems to manage the generator's operation and output. A generator
controller integrates, in one electronic module, an Engine Control unit, a Charging Alternator
Monitoring Module, and programmable relays committed to protecting all systems of the diesel
power generator. A generator controller integrates, in one electronic module, an Engine Control
and protection unit, a Charging Alternator Monitoring Module, and a special programmable
relay for the protection & monitoring of the Alternator. As a result, we can say that a generator
controller monitors the parameters of the Engine (Oil pressure, Temperature, Fuel, Speed, and
others).
Fig: 7.1.4 A Generator controller
7.1.5 Electrical Components:
An electronic component is any basic discrete electronic device or physical entity part of an
electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components are
mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not to be confused with
electrical elements, which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic
components and elements like Wiring, transformers, and other electrical components to
transmit and regulate the generated electricity
30
WATER TAP
7.1. 6 Sensors:
Instruments to measure and monitor water flow, pressure, and other relevant parameters. The
water quality sensor measures water parameters such as conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH,
COD, residual chlorine, and turbidity through a variety of methods such as water chemical,
physical and biological reactions, and provides data support for researchers, observers, and
engineers. It is used in laboratory research, environmental management improvement, marine
water quality assessment, hydraulic model calibration, sewage treatment, and other fields.
7.1.7 Support Structures:
Framework or mounts to secure and stabilize the turbine or generator in the water flow.
Ensure that support structures for the turbine and associated equipment are robust and securely
anchored to prevent accidents or damage.
7.1.8 Materials for Housing:
Protective casing or housing to shield the equipment from environmental elements. Common
Materials Used for Showers and Taps · ABS Plastic · Brass · Stainless Steel · PVC
Fig: 7.1.8 Housing materials
31
WATER TAP
7.1.9 Testing and Measurement Instruments:
Instruments for data collection and performance evaluation during experimentation. Digital
Water Flow Meter — Flow measurement of conductive liquids, e.g. coolants, cold/hot water,
chemicals. Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, Ammeter, and Multimeters are the most common devices in
the first category.
7.1.10 Safety Features:
Emergency shutdown systems or safety measures to prevent accidents or damage to the

equipment.
7.1.11 Materials for Experimentation:
Depending on the specific design, materials for constructing prototypes and conducting
experiments, such as 3D-printed parts, metal, or plastic components.
7.2 Components List
1. 12V DC Motor (1000 RPM)
2. 7812 Voltage Regulator IC
3. LED Strips
4. LM2577 Boost Converter IC
5. Resistors
6. Capacitors
7. Inductor
8. Potentiometer
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WATER TAP
CHAPTER 8
PRILIMENARY DESIGN OF THE MPT
8.1 Determination of Basic Parameters

8.1.1Design Head
The pressure at the end of the urban water supply network is 0.14 Mpa, that is, the water head
is 14 m according to the requirements of the national water supply pressure service code of
China. However, the kinetic hydraulic power inside WSP is mainly used to drive the water
flow, and only superfluous head or small part of water energy can be used by turbines to
generate electricity. Considering the pressure loss of water flow in the pipeline, the head is
taken as 3 m.
8.1.2 Design Discharge

Based on the actual specification and size of the WSP, the diameter of the four-branch pipe is
15 mm, and the flow rate is set at 1.5 m/s [36], so the discharge Q can be calculated by the
following equation:
Q =π/4dρu
where d is the pipe diameter, ρ is the water flow density (1000 kg/m3), and u is the waterflow
velocity. Based on the known conditions, the design flow rate can be calculated as0.265 kg/s.
8.1.3 Design Power Output

To offer continuous and stable power for the monitoring system in induction faucet, a
rechargeable storage battery is installed between the control circuit and the induction faucet.
The electric energy emitted by the generator first charges the battery, and then the battery
supplies power to the induction faucet, since the power consumption of the induction faucet is
less than 6 W.
8.1.4 Design Rotational Speed

The operating voltage of the rechargeable battery is 4 V, and the output current of the generator
needs to reach 1.5 A to meet the power supply requirements. Due to the small size of the MPT
and the high-speed rotation driven by the water flow, a micro-sized high-speed generator
independently developed by a company in Zhejiang Province, China was adopted. When the
speed of the generator is 3500 r/min, the output current is 1.5 A. Thus, the design speed of the
MPT is 3500 r/min.
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WATER TAP
8.1.5 Determination of Turbine Type

The specific speed ns is an important characteristic parameter of water turbine classification,
and its definition can be expressed as follows [37]:
ns =n√PH5/4
where n, P, and H are the rotational speed, power output, and water head of the MPT,
respectively.
According to the above basic design parameters of MPT, the calculated specific speed is about
50 mkW, which is a low specific speed. Generally, micro hydro turbines can be classified into
two general types based on their working principle: (1) impulse turbines used for high heads
of water and low flow rates and (2) reaction turbines normally employed for heads below about
450 m (about 1476.38 ft) and moderate or high flow rates. Meanwhile, according to the
different types of reaction turbine applicable speed range, the Francis turbine was selected.
Finite element studies have been widely used in structural analysis [38–40]. Many studies show
that Franci's turbines not only perform well, but also have a stable and reliable structure [41,42].
Moreover, the flow in WSPs is usually unstable, so the energy performance of axial flow
hydraulic machinery is obviously affected by the tip leakage.
Fig: 8.1 3D Design in Fusion 360
34
WATER TAP
CHAPTER 9
APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
9.1 Applications of Hydropower
1. Domestic power generator.
2. Tap waterpower generation.
3. Commercial industries waste fluid power generation.
4. A renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation of mechanical devices.
5. Hydro power is used to control food, help in irrigation and water supply.
6. Hydro power plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
7. It provides essential back up power during major electricity outages or disruptions.
8. Hydro power benefits electricity generation by providing flood control, irrigation
support, and clean drinking water.
9.2 Advantages of Hydropower

1. Hydropower is a renewable source of energy. The energy generated through
hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, making it renewable.
2. Hydropower is fueled by water, making it a clean source of energy.
3. It churns the power from a waste resource
4. Small and portable set up
5. No maintenance required
6. Hydroelectric power is a domestic source of energy, allowing each state to produce its
own energy without being reliant on international fuel sources.
7. Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer recreational opportunities such
as fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations are required to
provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of
these opportunities.
8. Hydroelectric power is flexible. Some hydropower facilities can quickly go from zero
power to maximum output. Because hydropower plants can generate power to the grid
immediately, they provide essential backup power during major electricity outages or
disruptions.
35
WATER TAP
9. Hydropower provides benefits beyond electricity generation by providing flood control,

irrigation support, and clean drinking water.
10. Hydropower is affordable. Hydropower provides low-cost electricity and durability
over time compared to other sources of energy. Construction costs can even be
mitigated by using preexisting structures such as bridges, tunnels, and dams.
9.2 Disadvantages of hydropower

1. Limited Availability - Hydroelectric power requires a suitable river, which is not
available everywhere.
2. Can't be used for heavy load
3. Fluctuating power out put
4. Running Out of Sites - Many of the best rivers are already full, meaning there is little
space for additional hydroelectric dams.
5. High Cost - Hydroelectric dams require large construction costs. The Three Gorges
Dam, for example, cost more than $30 billion.
6. Ecological Costs - Impoundment dams block fragile river ecosystems, disrupting fish
migration among other problems.
7. The construction of dams has a large environmental impact: it can alter aquatic habitat,
flood previously dry areas, may require the expropriation of land, leading to the
relocation of local communities, changes in water quality, etc.
8. The cost of building a hydropower plant is very high.
9. Hydropower production will depend on the amount of rainfall in the area: in periods of
drought, electricity production can drop considerably.
10. Not just any piece of land is suitable for building a dam, which limits the availability
of space for renewable energy generation.
36
WATER TAP
CHAPTER 10
Modern Concepts and Future Role

Hydropower does not discharge pollutants into the environment; however, it is not free from
adverse environmental effects. Considerable efforts have been made to reduce environmental
problems associated with hydropower operations, such as providing safe fish passage and
improved water quality in the past decade at both Federal facilities and non-Federal facilities
licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Efforts to ensure the safety of dams
and the use of newly available computer technologies to optimize operations have provided
additional opportunities to improve the environment. Yet, many unanswered questions remain
about how best to maintain the economic viability of hydropower in the face of increased
demands to protect fish and other environmental resources. Reclamation actively pursues
research and development (R&D) programs to improve the operating efficiency and the
environmental performance of hydropower facilities.
10.1 Future Scope

Since, renewable energy is the future of the power generation, the tap water electricity can be
further applied to trap energy from the drinking water networks and suitable grid integration
techniques must be developed as grid integration challenges are device specific.
The work focuses on utilizing waterpower for energy needs and can also be used in the
frequency control area by adopting the analogy of a pumped water storage plant. This idea
hence paves way for future research in this area. From the Energy estimates, we can see the
emerging importance of renewable energy world-wide. This also shows the importance of such
green energy resources as the one presented in this paper. In addition to it lies the most
challenging task of the grid integration of such renewable energy resources.
37
WATER TAP
10.2 Conclusion
Reclamation is helping to meet the needs of our country, and one of the most pressing needs is
the growing demand for electric power. Reclamation powerplants annually generate more than
42 billion kWh of hydroelectric energy, which is enough to meet the annual residential needs
of 14 million people or the energy equivalent of more than 80 million barrels of crude oil. The
deregulation of wholesale electricity sales and the imposition of requirements for open
transmission access are resulting in dramatic changes in the bus ess of electric power
production in the United States. This restructuring increases the importance of clean, reliable
energy sources such as hydropower. Hydropower is important from an operational standpoint
as it needs no "ramp-up" time, as many combustion technologies do. Hydropower can increase
or decrease the amount of power it is supplying to the system almost instantly to meet shifting
demand. With this important load-following capability, peaking capacity and voltage stability
attributes, hydropower plays a significant part in ensuring reliable electricity service and in
meeting customer needs in a market driven industry. In addition, hydroelectric pumped storage
facilities are the only significant way currently available to store electricity. Hydropower=s
ability to provide peaking power, load following, and frequency control helps protect against
system failures that could lead to the damage of equipment and even brown or blackouts.
Besides being emissions-free and renewable, Hydropower has the above operating benefits that
provide enhanced value to the electric system in the form of efficiency, security, and most
important, reliability. The electric benefits provided by hydroelectric resources are of vital
importance to the success of our national experiment to deregulate the electric industry. Water
is one of our most valuable resources, and hydropower makes use of this renewable treasure.
As a national leader in managing hydropower, Reclamation is helping the Nation meet its
present and future energy needs in a manner that protects the environment by improving
hydropower projects and operating them more effectively.
38
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References
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(WSD) of the Hong Kong, Report, 2012.
5. The Physics Department, University of Alberta (www.ualberta.ca/~clubphys)
6. László Guczi, András, Catalysis for Alternative Energy Generation
7. Burnice Doyle Bedford, Richard Gibson Hoft, Principles of inverter circuits
8. Burnice Doyle Bedford, Richard Gibson Hoft, Principles ofQu, F.; Guo, W. Robust
H∞ control for hydro-turbine governing system of hydropower plant with super long
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A

BADDULA PRAKASH - 20K91A0302

Under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TKR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

This is to certify that the project work entitled “POWER GENERATION

PROJECT GUIDE PROJECT COORDINATOR

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

I, BADDULA PRAKASH (20K91A0302), hereby declare that the work

BADDULA PRAKASH 20K91A0302

The satisfaction and euphoria the accompany the successful completion

BADDULA PRAKASH 20K91A0302

3. CHAPTER –1 INTRODUCTION................................................................... 6-7

1.1 MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVE........................................................... 6

1.2 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS...................................................................... 7

4. CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................... 8-11

5. CHAPTER-3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY..................................................12-18

3.2 USING TAP WATER AS SOURCE..........................................................13-14

3.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................. 15-16

3.4 ELECTRICAL OUTPUT OBTAINED...................................................... 17-18

6 CHAPTER –4 WHY RELAY ON WATER SOURCES

FOR POWER GENERATION........................................................................ 19-20

7 CHAPTER-5 DESCRIPTION.......................................................................... 21-25

5.2 BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY........................................................... 21

5.3 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION.......................................................... 22-25

8 CHAPTER-6 WORKING PRINCPLE............................................................. 26

9 CHAPTER-7 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP........................................................ 27-31

7.1 MATERIALS REQUIRED........................................................................ 27-30

7.2 COMPONENTS LIST............................................................................... 31

1O CHAPTER-8 PRILIMINARY DESIGN OF THE MPT.............................32-33

8.1 DETERMINATION OF BASIC PARAMETERS..................................32-33

11 CHAPTER-9 APPLICATIONS & ADVANTAGES..................................34-35

9.1 APPLICATIONS OF HYDRO POWER.................................................34

9.2 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER..................................................34

9.3 LIMITATIONS OF HYDRO POWER...................................................35

12 CHAPTER-10 MODERN CONCEPTS ANDFUTURE ROLE.................36-39

10.1 FUTURE SCOPE.................................................................................. 36

10.3 REFERENCES...................................................................................... 38-39

1.1 Motivation and Objective

1.2 Outline of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chapter 3 Project Methodology

3.2 Using tap water as source

3.3 Design considerations

3.4 Electrical outputs obtained

Chapter 4 Why relay on water sources for power generation

5.2 Background Technology

5.3 Summary of the invention

Chapter 6 Working Principle

Chapter 7 Experimental setup

7.1 Materials Required

7.2 Components list

Chapter 8 Preliminary design of the MPT

8.1 Determination of basic parameters

Chapter 9 Applications and Advantages

9.1 Applications of hydro power

9.2 advantages of hydropower

9.3 limitations of hydropower

Chapter 10 Modern concepts and Future role

10.1 future Scope

LIST OF FIGURES PG.NO

Figure 3.3 Design considerations for turbine............................ 14