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Methodology of The System
Methodology of The System
3.1. Introduction
As the technology advances, more complicated systems emerge, requiring
sophisticated components and equipment. After some rigorous researches,
components and equipment suitable and available for the system have been selected to
ensure the system performance and to please the major objective of the project.
This section includes all the researches been done to confirm the appropriate
method which are implemented through electrical circuits. These circuits confirm
maximum output with minimum system requirements.
There are four different individual circuits for each aspects and the final circuit
is the integration of all circuits. For better interfacing with the sensors and actuator the
microcontroller used in this project is “Arduino Uno”. The individual and the
complete both circuits are tested under definite experimental conditions and
limitations.
For the walkway light, LDR sense the light intensity of the surrounding and
give that input to the Arduino after that Arduino gives output to the LEDs as light. All
the connections are done with the jumper wires. In room, if there is the motion of the
body, light will be ON automatically. For walkway, if the light of the surrounding is
greater than the light intensity given by the program, light will be ON automatically.
In other condition Light will be off automatically.
That built a low-cost PIR sensor-based wireless network system for detecting
the direction of movement and distinguishing the number of people (two and three)
walking in line, as well as walking side by side in a hallway.
They extracted the passage duration and output amplitude from the PIR output
signals and performed classification analysis using the support vector machine and k-
nearest neighbor algorithms. The reduced feature set composed of three peak values
in the time domain for each PIR sensor. They were able to achieve 89%–95%
recognition accuracy according to machine learning algorithms.
Figure 3.4. Experimental Setup for Data Collection while an Experimental subject is
Walking
Figure 3.5. Outlook of the Hardware for the Auto Lighting System
Arduino is based on the Atmel AVR CPUs and being deployed in a wide
variety of projects, ranging from sensors networks to robotic submarines. It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller.
The voltage across R1 is the output voltage and this is the analog input to the
microcontroller unit (MCU) Arduino. For different light intensity the output voltage
will be different. If light intensity rises then voltage across LDR will decrease and
voltage across R1 will rise. Also if light intensity decreases then voltage across R1
will decrease. For different output voltage the MCU will turn on and turn off the
switches of light to control the light intensity in a specific area. In lighting control
system we have three different conditions for light intensity per square meter which
are given below:
If Light intensity>1000 lux then it will be consider as “high” light intensity.
If Light intensity=600 to1000 lux then it will be consider as “medium” light
intensity.
If Light intensity<600 lux then it will be consider as “low” light intensity.
To control light intensity our purpose is to keep the light intensity in medium
range. So according low light intensity the MCU will turn on switch 1and 2. It will
continue same in medium light intensity .if light intensity is high then MCU will turn
off switch 2 (Relay 2). If light intensity is low then MCU will turn on switch
2.according to light intensity the MCU will control the switches.
At the same time light will not turn on in a specific area if no human exist in
that area. According to PIR sensor will detect the human body. If any human is
detected by sensor in that area then PIR sensor will send 3.3 V as analog signal to
MCU. When MCU get signal from PIR sensor. At that time the lights will actually
turn on. Here resistor across LDR, R1=200 Ω and resistor across PIR, R=50 Ω. Also
relays have used as switch where MCU will control these relay by digital output
which is equal to 5 V the flowchart of lighting control system.
Figure 3.8. Control Flow Chart of Lighting System with PIR Motion Sensor
The long term of PIR Motion Sensor is Passive Infra Red Motion Sensor. For
this system, the sensor gives the motion of the body as input to the MCU. MCU gives
the output as light to LEDs across the resistors.
When the start condition, PIR sensor check the motion of the body. If there is
any motion room light LEDs will turn ON. At the no motion conditions, PIR sensor
will be always check until there is any motion. For that no motion, no light conditions.
If a motion is appear around the sense area, PIR Sensor detects the motion and then
that sensor send that motion to the Arduino as an input.
Arduino gives output as light to the LED. If in the sense area no motion is
appeared, PIR will sense until the motion appear. If no motion, the condition of LED
will always in the condition of switch OFF, just in dark condition.
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Figure 3.11. Control Flow Chart Diagram of Lighting System with LDR
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The long term of LDR is Light Dependent Resistor. In this project LDR
mainly works at a condition of no light. However the light intensity can also be
adjusted as we want. The variable value of LDR is the range of 0 to 1023. As it is not
digital value, the analog pin must use when we connect LDR with Arduino MCU.
When the value of dark from the surrounding is greater than the dark value given by
the program, gives output to the walkway light LEDs as light. Else if, light will be off.
Figure 3.11 shows the control flow chart diagram of lighting system with LDR.
POINT-DISTANCE=3000
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Point distance is measured in cm. If the point distance measured is below 3000
cm then object is detected and the light will be ON.
3.11. Calculation of Resistor
The value of resistor is differ according to the the color of LEDs is chosen.
is calculate the usage value of resistor by KVL,
-VCC+ILEDR+V(LED)=0 (3.4)
For the blue LEDs, we used 50 Ω resistor and for the yellow LED is used 200
Ω resistor.