Chapter 4

(part 1a)
Baseband Data Transmission

EKT 357 Digital Communications

Part 1a: Overview

Baseband data transmission

Line coding
Baseband Transmission

A sequence of binary digits are to be transmitted
through a baseband channel.

However, no channel can be used for the

transmission of binary digits without first
transforming the digits to waveforms that are
compatible with the channel.

For baseband channels, compatible waveforms are

pulses.
 Line Coding

Using Digital Signals to Transmit Digital Data
 Bits must be changed to digital signal for transmission
 Unipolar encoding

Positive or negative pulse used for zero or one

 Polar encoding

Uses two voltage levels (+ and - ) for zero or one
 Bipolar encoding

+, -, and zero voltage levels are used
Line coding and decoding

4.5
4.5
Line Coding

The binary digits with electrical pulses in order to
transmit them through a baseband channel.

Pulse modulation applied to binary symbol, the resulting

binary waveform is called PCM waveform. (E.g. Line
Codes)
 Four main groups of line codes

Non return to zero (NRZ)

Return to Zero (RZ)

Phase encoded

Multilevel binary
Non Return To Zero (NRZ)

NRZ-L
 Used extensively in digital logic circuit
 Binary 1 one represented by one voltage level
 Binary 0 is represented by another voltage level.
Non Return To Zero (NRZ)

NRZ-M
 Used in magnetic tape recording.
 The 1 (mark) is represented by change in level
 The 0 (space) is represented by no change in level
 Differential encoding
Non Return To Zero (NRZ)

NRZ-S
 Complement of NRZ-M
 1 is represented by no change in level
 0 is represented by a change in level
Return To Zero (RZ)

Unipolar RZ
 1 is represented by a half bit wide pulse.
 0 is represented by the absence of pulse.
Return To Zero (RZ)

Bipolar RZ
 1 & 0 are represented by opposite level pulses that
are one half bit wide.
 Pulse present in each bit interval.
Return To Zero (RZ)

RZ-AMI
 1 is represented by equal amplitude alternating
pulses.
 0 is represented by the absences of pulse.
Phase Encoded

Bi-phase-level @ Manchester coding
 1 half-bit-wide pulse positioned during the first half
of the bit interval
 0 half-bit-wide pulse positioned during the second
half of the bit interval.
Phase Encoded

Bi-phase-mark
 Transition occurs at the beginning of every bit
interval.
 1 second transition one half bit interval later
 0 no second transition
Phase Encoded

Bi-phase-space
 Transition happen on the beginning of every
bit interval.
 1no second transition
 0 second transition one-half bit interval later.
Phase Encoded

Delay modulation @ Miller coding
 1transition of the mid-point of the bit
interval.
 0 no transition, unless it is followed by
another zero.
Multilevel Binary

 Used three levels to encode the binary data.

 Dicode and duo binary
Multilevel Binary

Dicode –NRZ
 Transition happen on the beginning of every
bit interval.
 1 to 0 or 0 to 1 data transition changes the
pulse polarity
 without a data transition, the 0 level is sent.
Multilevel Binary

Dicode- RZ
 Transition happen on the beginning of every
bit interval.
 1 to 0 or 0 to 1 transition produces a half-
duration polarity change;
 Otherwise, a 0 level is sent.
NRZ

RZ

Phase
Encoded

Multilevel
Binary
 Chapter 4
(part 1b)

Baseband Data Transmission

EKT 357 Digital Communications

Part 1b: Overview

Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Raised-Cosine Filter

Eye Pattern
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

During transmission of signal, it was noticed that received signals
tended to get elongated and smeared into each other.

How does this actually affect the communication transmission?

 Intersymbol Interference
 If the rectangular multilevel pulses are filtered improperly as they pass through a communications
system, they will spread in time, and the pulse for each symbol may be smeared into adjacent time
slots and cause Intersymbol Interference.
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Due to effect of system filtering, the received pulses can
overlap one another.

Tail of pulse can smear into adjacent symbol intervals ,
and degrading the error performance - Intersymbol
interference (ISI)
 effects of filtering
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Equivalent system transfer function
H(f) = Ht(f) Hc(f) Hr(f)

Where
Ht(f) – transmitting filter
Hc(f) – filtering within the channel
Hr(f) – equalizing filter
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Typical baseband digital system (Ideal)

Equivalent model with transfer function system

 Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Nyquist showed that the theoretical minimum
system bandwidth needed in order to detect Rs
symbols/s, without ISI is (Rs/2) symbol/s/hertz

Bandwidth efficiency
 How much date rate can be supported by the system
with each unit frequency band
 The higher bandwidth efficiency, the better the
system is.

bit rate Rb
Bandwidth Efficiency= = bits/sec/Hz
Signal bandwdith W
Example#1

Theoretical maximum symbol rate packing
without ISI is Rs= 2 symbols/s/Hz. For a
given symbol set size of M = 64, calculate
what is the maximum bandwidth efficiency
without ISI?
Raised-cosine filter

Pulse Shaping to reduce ISI
 Pulse that spread in time will degrade the system’s error
performance due to increase ISI.
 Reduce the required system bandwidth.
 Compress the bandwidth of the data impulse to some reasonably
small bandwidth greater than the Nyquist minimum – pulse
shaping with Nyquist filter.

Most popular of Nyquist filter
 Raised-cosine filter
 Zero ISI is only when the sampling is performed at exactly the
correct sampling time when the tails of pulses are large.
Raised-cosine filter

Transfer function response of raised-cosine filter with

various roll-off factors
Raised-cosine filter

Impulse response of raised-cosine filter with various
roll-off factors

Comprise main lobe and side lobes called pre- and

post- lobe tails that are infinitely long.
Raised-cosine filter

Raised-cosine filter
 One frequently used H(f) transfer function belonging
to the Nyquist class (zero ISI at the sampling time).

 The roll-off factor is defined to be r = (W-W )/W ,

0 0
where 0 < r < 1.
\
\

 W= absolute bandwidth, W0 = minimum nyquist

bandwidth.
Raised-cosine filter

Minimum required bandwidth

DSB bandwidth

R s = symbol rate
Example #2

Find the minimum required bandwidth for the baseband
transmission of a four-level PAM pulse sequence having
a data rate of R = 2400 bits/s if r = 1.

The same 4-ary PAM sequence is modulated onto a
carrier wave, so that the baseband spectrum is shifted
and centered at frequency, f. Find the minimum required
DSB bandwidth for transmitting the modulated PAM
sequence. Assume that the system transfer characteristic
is the same as above question
Example # 3

A voice signal is sampled at 8000 samples/s.
What is the minimum system bandwidth required
for the detection of PAM with no ISI and with a
filter roll – off characteristic of r=1?
Example # 4

Consider that you desire a digital transmission
system, such that the quantization distortion of any
audio source does not exceed 2% of the peak to peak
analog signal voltage. If the audio signal bandwidth
and the allowable transmission bandwidth is taken at
the Nyquist rate of 4000 sample/s, conclude the
value of bandwidth efficiency (bits/s/Hz).
Eye Pattern

Is the display that results from measuring a system’s
response to baseband signals.

The optimum sampling time corresponds to the
maximum eye opening, yielding the greatest protection
against noise.

Qualitatively assessing the extent of the ISI.

As the eye closes, ISI is increasing; as the eye
opens, ISI is decreasing.
Eye Pattern
Performance Degradation

Two types of error

1. Due to a decrease in received signal power or an

increase in noise or interference power, giving rise
to a loss in signal-to-noise ratio, Eb/No
2. Due to signal distortion such as ISI