Professional Documents
Culture Documents
17 - Summary and Conclusions
17 - Summary and Conclusions
Objective -
Sample design -
The study covers the rural areas of Keonjhar district. There are 13
development blocks in the district and one block was selected at
random for the study. There are 20 village panchayata in this block
( Ghasipura block) and one village was selected from each
Village Panehayata at random for the study. The sample of the study
consisted of 20 villages which were selected on a simple random
Sample Villages -
percent of the total cultivated land of the district and 15.10 percent
of the total cultivated land of the block. The area under food crops
a desire for upliftment of economic condition and for that they want
to migrate for better opportunity for employment and earning. But
possess land, the average size of which comes to only 0.94 acres.
The average size of land is too small to help an agricultural labour
form 3,66 percent household, the largest in the group. In the sample
village all the agricultural labour households belong to Hindu
religion.
percent. The study also reveals that the total population of 0-6 age
group is 15.60 percent of the total population in the sample
household.
Family Background of Agricultural Labourers -
fields to complete the work in shorter time . They are not paid any
the two and both types of labourers are found to depend on the
cultivators for many of their requirements . The change-over to
other cultivators is more occasional and frequent now than a few
decades back due to dislike of the regular labourers for domestic
work and long working hours. Now the regular agricultural labourers
show some resistance to their exploitation by the employers.
Contracts for work - All the contracts for work are entered into
verbally and voluntarily by the agricultural labourers. Any form of
forced labour is non-existent. Out of the total agricultural labourers,
the bargaining power of 42.31 percent is limited on account of their
reliance on the cultivators for credit. 26.91 percent of regular
agricultural labourers work on monthly basis.11.53 percent on
seasonal basis and 61.53 percent on annual basis. The most
important factor marked in the study is that the regular agricultural
labourers develop a sense of belongingness and they are more
close to the cultivators family than the casual labourers.
labourers results in the loss of their wage as they work on daily basis
and “No work no wages” principle applies to them.
are found to be working for these hours. For casual workers the
days the workers resist to work for long hour and they waste time
of one and a half hours to two hours a day. Of course the duration
of break and number of times of break varies from operation to
required for the workers to recoup their lost energy and to acquire
fresh vigour.
get time. The labourer procures nominal income from these resources
and this income help the labourers family at the time of financial need.
there are other categories of self employment resource like land and
crop sharing.
of wage.
between the age and sex of the agricultural labourers and their
wages. The cultivators have no idea of their cost of production and
majority of them are unable to relate the cost of labour to the total
cost of production.
partly in kind. Now a days priority has been given to cash wage as
what they can afford to purchase. These labourers do not have the
purchasing power even to buy most essential necessaries of life.
than one motive . The motives due to which the households save
are old age (12.34%), children(16.34%), emergency (9.67%),
property by them for their domestic uses. The tangible wealth are
agricultural work like oxen, cow, goats, sheep, pigs and hen. The
other types of wealth in which the sample agricultural family invest
their saving are on cycle, silver and steel utensils, bell metals, goblet
cumbersome.
The study reveals that 86.34 percent of the sample
households desire to incur debt, and 13.67 percent of the sample
express that they can not afford the membership fees of the
percent are of the opinion, that party politics in rural area create
between Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 4000/- and 10.35 percent carry a debt
the growth of debt. The fact that debt is not obtained generally for
productive purposes has been responsible fcr keeping repayment
But the poor repayment performance has checked the debt to grow
further as without repayment of old debt it is difficult to incur a
new debt.
any capital without any saving. The data reveal that the asset
formation is not only slow but also poor. Even those who can have
some capacity to save do not save because the habit of saving has
not been inculcated in them. The programmes of community
rooms and mostly have open courtyards outside the room. The houses
usually have rectangular rooms and steep roofs. On the basis of
materials used in the houses it may be observed that about 3 percent
houses are pucca houses and are made of burnt bricks and mortar,
the roof is covered by tiles, 14 percent of the houses are a combination
of pucca and kacha houses and are made partly of mud and. partly of
when the livestock also is taken inside along with the family
and there.
clearly reflects their will of self reliance. When they propose to make
the occupation for the better paid and more secure jobs.
are varied complex and deep rooted. The basic causes emerge
out of this study may be summed up as follows.
have a very low level of living . The low level of living of these
standard of living.
agricultural and non- agricultural work for 316 days in a year. Thus
there are only about 49 days when they are without any work. The
unemployment and low wages. But they are at the same time more
Those are internal and external. The most important limiting factor
labour at times are some of the other factors that narrow down the
development equitably.
labourer will increase. Unless the cultivator gets more benifit from
a major role to play. They can play a positive role in this direction.
the rural economy. The non-farm sector then will tap the surplus
labour force . The surplus labour has to be mobilised. How far this
from the cultivators. The higher rate of interest in the long run
***