• individual or an organization that can be

WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ? measured or observed and that varies

among the people or organization being
● Quantitative methods emphasize objective studied
measurements and the statistical,
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data
● The independent variable is the factor the
collected through polls, questionnaires, and
researcher changes or controls in an
surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing
experiment. It is called independent
statistical data using computational
because it does not depend on any other
techniques. tite
variable. The independent variable may be
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE called the “controlled variable” because it
RESEARCH is the one that is changed or controlled. This
is different from the “control variable,” which
1. Data Gathering asks for quantifiable is a variable that is held constant so it won’t
characteristics (age, number of children, educational
influence the outcome of the experiment.
status or economic status)

2. Instrument is standardized, pre-tested to DEPENDENT VARIABLE

guarantee accuracy, reliability, and validity of data.
3. Structured data is collected in the form of
surveys, questionnaires, polls, etc.
4. Quantitative data is presented through using
graphs, figures, that combine large numbers of
data to show trends, relationships, or
differences in variables.
5. Sampling method is utilized to determine the
sample from an entire number of groups.
6. Data is analyzed using statistics (descriptive or
inferential).
● -The dependent variable is the factor that
changes in response to the independent
variable. It is the variable that you measure
in an experiment. The dependent variable
may be called the “responding variable.
CATEGORICAL VS NUMERICAL
CATEGORICAL
● A categorical variable (also called
qualitative variable) refers to a
characteristic that can’t be quantifiable.
Ex. mode of transportation, race, sex, age
group, and educational level

STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES

STRENGTH
● -Objective and accurate.
Reliable.
● -Uses standard data -collection protocols.
● -Efficient in data gathering.
Replicable.

WEAKNESS
● - Improper representation of the target
population.
● -Less detailed and limiting
● -Difficult and time consuming data analysis
● -Inability to control the environment.
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
VARIABLE
• a variable refers to a “characteristic that
has two or more mutually exclusive values
or properties.
• the current status of an identified variable.
NUMERICAL
● A numeric variable (also called
quantitative variable) is a quantifiable
characteristic whose values are numbers
(except numbers which are codes standing
up for categories).
Ex. height, weight, age, number of movies
watched, IQ,
FOUR MAIN TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
● 1. Descriptive research seeks to describe
 These research projects are designed to
provide systematic information about a
phenomenon.
Example: A description of how Grade 12
students spend their time during summer
vacation
● 2. Correlational research attempts to
determine the extent of a relationship
between two or more variables using
statistical data. In this type of design,
relationships between and among several
facts are sought and interpreted.
Example: The relationship between an
NCAE test and success in a chosen strand
in Senior High school
● 3.Causal-comparative/quasi-experimental
research, attempts to establish cause-effect
relationships among the variables. These
types of design are very similar to true
experiments, but with some key differences.
Example: The effect of part-time
employment on the achievement of high
school students
● 4.Experimental research,often called true
experimentation, uses the scientific method
to establish the cause-effect relationship
among a group of variables that make up a
study. The true experiment is often thought
of as a laboratory study, but this is not
always the case; a laboratory setting has
nothing to do with it.
Example: The effect of teaching with a
cooperative group strategy or a traditional
lecture approach on students’ achievement
ratio variable, has all the properties of an
interval variable, but also has a clear
definition of 0.0.
-Ex. pulse, weight, length
INTERVAL
-measured along numerical scale
Identifying the Inquiry and
Stating the Problem
define practical research?
- Tips in Writing Background of the Study:
Why is it important for a SHS student to know
the process of conducting research?
- ❖ cite the most important study or related
TOPIC
- ❖ ensure
RESEARCH PROBLEM
- social concerns, or educational, national, or
RESEARCH QUESTION
- ❖ write the last paragraph to highlight the
PURPOSE STATEMENT
-
Choosing and Developing a Research Topic
-The ability to develop a good research topic is an
important skill.
❖ brainstorm for ideas
❖ choose a topic that will enable you to read
and understand the literature
❖ ensure that the topic is manageable, and
that material is available
❖ make a list of key words
❖ be flexible
❖ define your topic as a focused research
question
❖ research and read more about your topic
❖ formulate a thesis statement
- good topic may not be easy. It must be narrow and
focused enough to be interesting, yet broad enough
to find adequate information.
Effective Research Title
-paper title may seem a simple task, but it requires
some serious thought.
-written a detailed account of his/her research study,
experiences a block while attempting to title the
research paper.
-their research paper title is concise without
sacrificing any relevant elements. Creswell (2014,
p.26) compared the research title to “a major road
sign in research.” He mentioned that the title is
“an orienting device” which aids the researcher in
focusing one’s investigation.
- it helps convey to others the central idea behind
your own research.
Tips on Drafting a Research Title
- A research title must:
1. list key variables
2. be written in scientific or technical style
3. be concise (no more than 12 words) and
non-repetitive
4. reflect on context (circumstances or situations)
5. not explicitly provide reference to the research
design
Writing Background of the Study
-Background of the Study is a description that leads
the reader to understanding
the research questions and appreciate why they are
asked.
❖ Introduce and briefly define the variables
under study
literature be consistent with terms used
that paragraphs summarize
unresolved issues, conflicting findings,
international issues.
research gap
Writing Statement of the Problem and
Research Questions
-establishes the intent of the entire
research study”
-“clear, specific and informative.”
-a summary of what your research
intends to do.
- research questions are the fundamental
core of a research project, study, or review
of literature.
- determines the methodology and guides
all stages of inquiry, analysis, and
reporting

Rationale: (write a short overview of what

is your research study all about)
Research Problem: (written in question
form)
Importance of the Research Study: (state
the most significant effect of the study)
Limitation of the Study: (state the
parameters of your study)
Procedure: (state how will you do it and
what are the materials needed)
 REVIEW OF RELATED IVO-DV PARADIGM
LITERATURE
WHY DO A LITERATURE REVIEW?
● Dempster and Hannah (2006) provided

QUANTITATIVE
some reasons why a review is done.

These are the following:

● To ensure that you’re not reinventing ● A Theoretical framework is founded on the

the wheel
● To demonstrate that you are aware of
important and recent studies in your study
area.
● To ensure that you haven’t missed literature
detailing pointing you to a data: collection
tool that is most appropriate for your study.
● To explain the theoretical background to
your proposed research project.
● to demonstrate your ability to critically`
theories already developed over an area
over a long period of time having a robust
historical background while the conceptual
framework is used in a new researchable
area. In fact, both explain the future course
of the research study justifying the research
enterprise with the aim to make sure that
the findings are more meaningful,
acceptable and generalizable

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
analyze the literature in your study area.

USING COMPUTER FOR LITERATURE

Preparing a literature review this involves: ● A theory that can be applied to interpret and
understand data in your research today.
❖ searching for reliable, accurate and up to
date material on the topic or subject. OVERVIEW EXAMPLES
❖ reading and summarizing the key points A useful working ● symbolic
from this literature. definition comes from interactionism
❖ synthesizing these key ideas, theories and connaway and radford ● positivism
concepts into a summary of what is known. (2021) “ a theoretical ● critical theory
❖ discussing and evaluating these ideas, framework utilizes ● constructivism
theories and concepts. theory/theories and ● psychoanalysis
❖ identifying area of debate of controversy their constituent ● postmodernism
❖ preparing the ground for the application of elements that arrives ● feminism
these ideas to new research. the investigation and ● functionalism
analysis of a social ● structuralism
*THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK phenomenon will
*CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK shape how you look
*RESEARCH FRAMEWORK and interpret your
data.
IPO MODEL
EXAMPLE
1. Constructivism (field: psychology and
education)
● a theory in educational psychology about
how people think and learn. It states that
people construct their own understanding
and knowledge of the world through
experiencing things and reflecting on those
experiences.
2. Conflict theory( field: sociology and cultural
studies)
● A framework derived from a marxism
teachings about the operation of power
through economic and cultural apparatuses
 ● strand? (last paragraph, rationale or
in a society it generally works to highlight
the role of coercion and power particularly
as it relates to social class and possession
of economic capital.
3. Neoclassical Economics
● Is a broad approach that attempts to explain
the production pricing, consumption of
goods and services, and income distribution
through supply and demand. It integrates
the cost of production theory from classical
economics with the concept of utility
maximization and marginalism.
CHAPTER 1 PARTS
The problem and its problem
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
4. CONCEPTUAL fRAMEWORK
5. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
6. HYPOTHESIS
7. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
8. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
9. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Seeking a Problem
WHAT ARE GOOD RESOURCES OF
RESEARCHABLE PROBLEMS?
● Theories to be validated extended or
modified
● other studies, particularly through research
recommendations
● national or international trends or situations
to be describe for improved
● real life problems, issues, experiences or
situations of shs students.
INTRODUCTION
● Macro to Micro development( global to
local; general to specific)
● Identification of the variables.
● Legal justification/ legal basis of the
research proposal.
it could be a portion of the constitution, a
memorandum, a directive, an official
mandate, a policy, an on-going program etc.
of the government or the agency/ office.
its purpose is to show that the research
topic is in line with the research thrust and
priorities of the government or of the
agency/ office.
Discuss the legal basis.
● Cite the personal justifications why you
intend to conduct a research on the
topic/subject matter, how is it related to your
objective)
INTRODUCTION=RATIONALE
Introductory paragraphs
● Primary goal: catch the attention of readers
and to get them “turned on” about the
subject.
● It sets the stage for the paper and puts your
topic in perspective
● The introduction often contains dramatic
and general statements about the need for
the study. It uses dramatic illustrations or
quotes to set the tone.
● When writing the introduction, put yourself
in your readers position- would you continue
reading?
THE RATIONALE
Rationale/ Problem Situation
State the problem clearly- discuss the problem by
giving information on what exactly is the problem,
how long it has been a problem, the situation
encountered and its negative consequences if not
acted upon.
● Previous works or reviews relevant to the
problem may be cited.
● State the current need of the country the
proposal intends to address.
● The proposal should justify research
expenditure in terms of the potential
benefits to be derived.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
● It provides a theory- driven
approach to the current study. It
gives the study a well defined and
proven basis of argument. It offers
an explanation of the study’s
significance and validity. It shows
where the researcher intends to fill
in gaps of knowledge and practice.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
What is Conceptual Framework?
● Is a graphical presentation of your concepts
or ideas on the basic structure or
components of your research as well as on
the relationships of these elements with one
another. It is a graph or non-prose material,
specifically, a schematic diagram that
shows well-ordered elements of the
research. Giving a carefully constructed
arrangement of the components of your
study, conceptual framework is a broac
outline or plan to give shape to your
research (Shields et al, 2013).

What are the Purposes of Conceptual
Framework?
1. Keeps research on track.
2.Provides clear links from the literature to the
research goals and questions.
3. Helps the researcher to see clearly the variables
of the study.
4. Clarifies concepts and propose relationships
among concepts
● Discuss the theory or concept and the
proponents must be included, then relate it
to the study.
● Research Paradigm example
A theoretical framework is founded on the theories
already developed over an area over a long period
of time having a robust historical background while
the
conceptual framework is used in a new
researchable area. In fact, both explain the future
course of the research study justifying the research
enterprise with the aim to make sure that the
findings are more meaningful, acceptable and
generalizable.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. (independent variable)
2. (dependent variable)
3. (relationship)
Statement of the Problem
EXAMPLE:
1. What is the level of proficiency on Neologisms of
the third year pre-service teachers of Laguna
College of Business and Arts in terms of:
1.1. Definition.
1.2. Type.
2. What is the level of Verbal Communication Skills
of the third year pre-service teachers?
3.Is there a significant relationship between the level
of proficiency on neologisms and the level of Verbal
Communication Skills of the third year re-service
teachers of Laguna College of Business and Arts?
HYPOTHESIS
What is Hypothesis?
● A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or an
answer to a question about variables, their
relationships, and other facts involved in
research. Research always ends up with a
result. However you are free to hypothesize;
meaning, to infer, propose, or guess about
factual things related to the research. A
hypothesis has to be tested through
analytical investigation to prove how true or
false it is (Creswell, 2014; Rusell, 2013).
What is the difference between a research
question and a hypothesis?
TOPIC 1:
Hypothesis: 'While people may use the internet to
search for flights, they prefer to make their
reservations or purchases via a travel agent'
Research question: 'Do people use the internet to
collect information about flights but still prefer to use
travel agents to make their reservations?'
TOPIC 2:
Hypothesis- 'young people are motivated to
become pilots because they perceive it as a
glamorous job'
Research question- Are young people motivated to
join airlines as pilots because they perceive it to be
a glamorous job?'
Categories of Hypothesis
● There are two categories of hypotheses:
null hypotheses and alternative hypotheses.
A null hypotheses symbolized by Ho, which
states the absence of relationship between
the independent and dependent variables. It
is therefore a statement to disprove the fact
that the independent variable (treatment,
intervention, or condition) has an effect on
the dependent variable.
● The opposite of null hypothesis is the
alternative hypothesis. Symbolized by Ha,
the alternative states the relationship
between the independent and dependent
variables and the fact that the first affects
the second (Morgan, 2014; Thomas, 2013).
Hypothesis
● There is no significant relationship
between the level of proficiency on
Neologisms and the level of Verbal
Communication Skills of the third year
pre-service teachers of Laguna College of
Business and Arts.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
● Identify who will be benefitted by the output
of the study.
● Discuss per paragraph the benefit/s to be
derived by the benefactor.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

● Every study, no matter how well conducted
and crafted, has limitations. These are
aspects of your research study that as a
researcher you do not have control. They
limit the extent to which your study can go
and may affect the result and conclusion.
Future research may cast doubt on the
validity of your conclusion. Your study might
have access to specific people in a
community, certain documents, and certain
data. These are limitations which may be
overcome by subsequent studies.
Guidelines in writing the scope and
limitation. The scope and limitation
should include the following:
1) A brief statement of the general purpose
of the study.
2) The subject matter and topics studied
and discussed.
3) The locale of the study, where the data
were gathered or the entity to which the
data belong.
4) The population or universe from which
the respondents were selected. This must
be large enough to make generalizations
significant.
5) The period of the study. This is the time,
either months or years, during which the
data were gathered.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
● Define all the variables, theory / concept,
respondents, and other key or technical
terminologies operationally.
● Arrange the terminologies/variables
alphabetically.
Language of Research
● Every outstanding research contains terms
or words that sometimes cannot understand
by the readers. There are variables that are
used in the study that is not familiar with the
readers and it may lead to misconception or
misinterpretation. Operational definition
allows the researchers to describe in a
specific way what they mean when they use
a certain term.
Examples of Operational Definitions
Defining Temperature Theoretical/Conceptual
Definition:
Temperature is a heat flowing between infinite
reservoirs
Operational Definition:
Temperature is defined in relation to operations with
gas thermometer.
CHAPTER 2
WHAT IS RRL?
● RRL is an important component of research
regardless of the type of research. Be it
qualitative or quantitative research, you
spend time and effort in reviewing related
literature Reviewing related literature is one
major activity in research that makes you
examine or study again concepts or ideas
related to your research that people
managed to publish in books, journals, or
other reading materials in the past
A review of related literature is the process of
collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals,
reports, abstracts, and other reference materials.
The following information may be collected:
1. 1) Background information about the
problem and related concepts.
2. 2) Theories that explain the existence of the
problem and the possible connection
between certain factors and the problem.
3. 3) Data that confirms the existence and
seriousness of the problem.
4. 4) General and specific findings of studies
related to the problem.
5. 5) Recommendations for further study given
in related studies
Why Review Literature?
1. 1) To find out the connection of your
research to the current conditions or
situations of the world.
2. 2) To know more about theories or
concepts underlying your research and to
learn from them with respect to your own
research study.
3. 3) To discover the relation of your
research with previous research studies.
4. 4) To obtain information on the accuracy
or relevance of your research studies.
5. 5) To familiarize yourself with technical
terms related to your research.
In-text Citation and Referencing Style
● All reading materials related to your
research offer different concepts, ideas, or
information belonging to other people.
Having honesty, respect, or courtesy to the
owners of these varied forms of knowledge
as well as gratefulness for their valuable
contribution to the field, you see to it that
the names of these idea owners or authors
appear in the appropriate sections of your
 research paper. To avoid plagiarism, it's ● It involves collecting and analyzing
essential to include an in-text citation every data to assess the accuracy of an
time you use someone else's ideas or instrument.
information.

● In-text citations are used each time you

quote, paraphrase or refer to a source in the
body of your paper. The in-text citation
directs the reader to the correct entry in the
reference list or bibliography. Referring to
authors within the main body of the paper is
called Citation or In-text Citation; at the end

of the paper, it is called Bibliography or

References. The two most commonly used
referencing styles are the MLA (Modern
Language Association) and the APA
(American Psychological Association)

CHAPTER 3
Research Design
● Descriptive method used to provide
informative summaries about the
sample through descriptions of the
basic features of the dataset. It is
used to make an observation and to
draw conclusion from it, rather than
manipulating the environment to
see what may happen.

Research Locale
● It is a specified area and/or the
setting that is being studied in the
research project.

Respondents of the Study

● They are those who have been
invited to participate in a particular
study and have actually taken part
of the study.

Data Gathering Procedure

● The process of gathering and
measuring information on variables
of interest in an established
systematic fashion that enables one
to answer queries, state research
questions, test hypotheses and
evaluate outcomes.

Instrumentation
● It states if your survey
questionnaire is researcher-made
or you adapt a questionnaire from
other studies.

Validation of the Instrument