MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD REVIEWER
COURSE DESCRIPTION
● Purposive Communication is about
writing, speaking and presenting to
different audiences and for various
purposes.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
● Derived from the Latin word
"common" which means, "belonging to
many" and "communico"-to confer
with others.
● A process of exchanging ideas between
two or more people;
● The act or process of using words,
sounds, signs, or behaviors to express
or exchange information or to express
your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to
someone else;
● A process by which information is
exchanged between individuals
through a common system of symbols,
signs, or behavior
● It is our ability to communicate that
makes us different from all other living
things.
● This is our instrument for human
interaction.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Various Model Of Communication
Wendel Johnson's Model
Berlo’s Model
1. LINEAR MODEL (one-way)
2. INTERACTION MODEL (two-way)
SIX (6) BASIC ELEMENTS OF
COMMUNICATION
Sender/receiver
● Persons
● Sender
○ also known as the encoder
○ decides on the message to be
sent and the best/most
effective way that it can be
sent.
○ All of these are done bearing
the receiver in mind.
○ it is the sender's job to
conceptualize.
○ The sender may want to ask
him/herself questions like:
What words will I use? Do I
need signs or pictures?
● Receiver
○ Also known as the decoder
○ responsible for
extracting/decoding meaning
from the message.
○ The receiver is also
responsible for providing
feedback to the sender.
○ It is his/her job to
INTERPRET.
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Message
● Topic / Information
Channel
● Medium/ Tool
● Channel
○ The channel is responsible for
the delivery of the chosen
message form.
● Medium
○ The medium is the immediate
form which a message takes.
For example, a message may
be communicated in the form
of a letter or an email or face
to face in the form of a speech.
Feedback
● Reaction/response
● It determines whether or not the
decoder grasped the intended
meaning and whether communication
was successful.
● Communication does not take place in
a vacuum. The context of any
communication act is the
environment surrounding it. This
includes, among other things, place,
time, event, and attitudes of sender
and receiver.
Noise/Barrier/Interference
● Disturbing Factor
○ Psychological
○ Physical
● Any factor that inhibits the
transmission of a message.
● It is anything that gets in the way of
the message being accurately
received, interpreted and responded
to.
Setting
● Time/ Place
PRINCIPLES & CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION is…
● Schemata- Driven
○ a product of imagination
○ Communication begins within
yourself, you begin with what
you have already stocked in
your brain or with what you
have already known or
understood about the subject
matter of the communicative
act.
○ Transmitted messages
become understandable or
meaningful because of your
innate or old knowledge about
the messages.
● An Interpretative Act
○ The only person who knows
the exact or full meaning of
the message transmitted is
the sender or speaker.
○ Being the creator or source of
the ideas, he/she has the
absolute knowledge about his
message.
○ It is called interpretative act
because the role of the
receiver or listener is just to
interpret, infer, or guess the
meaning of things appealing
to his sense of hearing.
● Does Not Guarantee A Direct Link Within
Two Mind
○ These forms of knowledge
become meaningful only to
others when you initiate
communication with them.
● Active, Powerful & Forceful
○ Communication is generally
taken as an active messages,
because it has varied effects
on all participants in any
communicative event. It
engages speakers and
listeners in action of giving
and receiving information.
○ Communication is powerful
and forceful for it elicits
different meanings or
reactions, these messages are
prone to changes.
○ Dynamic
■ A process or system
characterized by
constant change
■ Communication is
subjected to the
changeable and
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 continued existence
of the world
■ Nothing remains
permanent or fixed in
the world of
communication.
● Symbolic
○ Symbols, signs, or marks like
letters, words, sentences,
graphs, pictures and other
concrete objects represent or
stand for ideas that you intend
to convey verbally.
○ For non-verbal
communication, you resort to
bodily actions (gestures, eye
movements, posture, facial
expressions) voice quality,
space and time elements to
stand for the ideas you want
to express.
● A Result Of Something
○ It refers to two or more
persons participate in any
communicative act. The first,
expresses or sends a message;
the second, responds or reacts
to the message.
● Irreversible
○ You are free to talk about
anything under the sun. But
once you utter something, the
things you have said remains
as it is susceptible to different
interpretations or meanings.
○ Oral communication is
irreversible.
● Contextual
○ An exchange of views, ideas,
or feelings doesn't only
involve the sender and the
receiver, but also other
aspects of the communication
setting like time, place, topic,
occasion, purpose, and
manner of communication.
● Developmental/progressive
○ To communicate ideas is to go
through the different stages
of language learning that
begins from birth to
elementary, highschool, and
college levels. It is not a
one-time learning towards
communicative competence.
● Process
○ Several stages of
communication take place
when people exchange or
share ideas with one another.
Each stage involves elements
with different functions.
● Ethical
○ Any communication event is
expected to apply rules, moral
values, and beliefs agreed
upon by societal members.
Guided by these standards
determined by the cultural
group you belong to, your
communication becomes
ethical, good or desirable.
● Influenced by media and technology
○ This period is characterized by
an instant global exchange of
knoeledge, services and
technology.
○ With the speedy turn out of
varied modern media and
devices of communication like
the e-mail, cellphone, web
cam, internet and other
computer-run gadgets, you
now find interaction with
anyone in any corner of the
world easily and quickly.
● Reciprocal
○ because we cannot separate
communicators into sender
and receiver;
● Process
○ because it keeps on “evolving
and changing”; involves
creating and sharing of
meaning.
COMMUNICATION CUES: VERBAL AND
NON-VERBAL
Verbal Communication
● consists of symbols such as letters,
words, and other marks that needs to
subject to language or expressing
ideas.
● Verbal symbols refer to the use of
speaker language
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Non-verbal Communication
● Non-verbal communication is a form
of sharing insights and ideas
,information, experiences etc. without
the use of words;
● Most of the time verbal
communication is supported by
non-verbal communication to better
portray the meanings a speaker would
like to share.
● Two such universal signals are:
○ "eyebrow flash" of recognition
when we see someone we
know
○ The Open Hand And The Palm
Up Gesture that signals a
person would like something
or needs help (Martin &
Nakayama, 2010).
● Smiling is also a universal nonverbal
behavior, but the triggers that lead a
person to smile vary from culture to
culture.
● Types Of Non-verbal Communication
○ Body Movements (Kinesics)
■ gestures, facial
expression, posture
and eye behavior
■ Big and small
movements of your
body express
meanings.
■ Kinesics, derived from
the Greek term,
kinesis, meaning
"motion" which refers
to the study of body
movements.
○ Paralanguage
■ extra sounds that go
with your spoken
words ;
● voice’s pitch,
volume,
duration,
intonation
and quality
● vocalization
● vocal pauses
○ Touch (Haptics)
■ touching
communicates
person’s intension
and emotion like
handshakes, kiss,
slap, shoulder tap,
etc.
○ Time (Chronemics)
■ punctuality/late;
willingness,
hesitance, or hatred
to wait for a long time
speaks of your trait of
patience or
impatience
■ Chronemics is the
term that refers to
your act of studying
the impact or effect of
time on your behavior
○ Space / Distance (Proxemics)
■ space or distance
symbolizes or
represents your
thoughts or feelings
about your world
● Intimate
(1.5ft)
● Personal (4ft)
● Social (9ft)
○ Physical Appearance and
Adornments
■ dressing styles,
tattoos, perfumes,
body appearance like
size or
shape,structures and
other environmental
factors that influence
or affect any
communicative event.
FLIGHT FROM CONVERSATION BY SHERRY
TURKLE KEYPOINTS
● Goldilocks Effect
● Alone Together
● Human relationships are rich; they are
messy and demanding
● We are consumed with that which we
are nourished by
● The illusion of companionship
without the demands of a relationship
● Connecting in sips
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THE COST OF CULTURAL IGNORANCE who fail to look at
● Cultural misunderstandings often lead them directly
to lost opportunities and increased ○ Japanese - 👎
levels of tension between people. ■ believe eye contact
● Communicators who fail to realize over a sustained
that persons from different cultures period of time shows
may not look, think, or act as they disrespect.
themselves do run the risk of having ● *Too much eye contact is deemed
those with whom they interact judge intrusive among Asian cultures
them to be insensitive, ignorant, or ● *Arabs maintain direct eye contact
culturally confused. with those they interact with for
● The culturally confused pay a high prolonged periods
price. ● Body Orientation
● The following examples demonstrate ○ Arabs
the extent to which cultural ignorance ■ typically adopt a
affects communication: direct body
● Showing the sole of a shoe/ Crossing of orientation when
legs communicating.
○ US/Europe - 👍 ○ Americans
■ means nothing to ■ employ astance that is
observers somewhat less direct
■ in the United States ■ find the
indicates you are communication of
relaxed Arabs aggressive and
○ Muslim/Korea - 👎 unnerving.
■ In Muslim, the ● Speaking to Others
gesture is perceived as ○ Arabs and South Americans
insulting ■ tend togesture
■ in Korea it is a social vigorously when
faux pas. speaking to others,
● Blinking of an eye causing the less
○ North Americans- 👍 physical Americans to
■ Blinking while construe their
another person talks behavior as
is considered normal inappropriate and
to North Americans unmannerly.
○ Taiwanese- 👎 ● Emotions/ Responses
■ to Taiwanese it is ○ Middle Eastern
considered impolite ■ males and females to
(Gudykunst, 2004) physicaly exaggerated
● Business Card responses
○ Japanese ○ United States
■ extension of a person ■ emotions are more
○ Americans likely to be
■ business formality/ suppressed
convenience ○ Japan
● Eye Contact ■ individuals may try to
○ Americans - 👍 hide or mask certain
■ Americans place a emotions.
high value on eye- ■ It is common among
to-eye Asian cultures to
communication and exhibit reserve and
tend to distrust those emotional restraint.

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 ■ In Japan, the word for
"different" is the
same as the word for
"wrong.”
● Achievements
○ Americans
■ tend to value personal
achievement and
individualism. In
contrast,
○ Asian and Native American
cultures
■ stress group cohesion
and loyalty, placing
greater emphasis on
group rather than
individual
achievement.
CULTURE
● derives from a French term “colere”
which means to tend to earth and
grow, or cultivation and nurture;
● it encompasses religion, food, what
we wear, how we wear it, our
language, marriage, music, what we
believe is right or wrong, how we sit at
the table, how we greet, and a million
other things
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
● Cultures can be part of globalization
which involves the formation of
shared norms and knowledge which
people associate their individual and
collective cultural identities
IMPORTANCE OF HAVING ONE’S CULTURE:
● Individual & Social Benefits
○ Intrinsic benefits
○ Improved learning and
valuable skills for the future
○ Better health and well being
○ Vibrant communities
● Economic Benefits
○ Contribution to job creation
○ Contribution to tourism
○ Cultural planning
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
● Cultural awareness can give us better
understanding of our own culture and
how it is perceived by outsiders
Examples Of Cultural Differences:
● Expressions
○ Laughing is considered a sign
of happiness in most countries
○ Japan
■ it is considered a sign
of confusion,
embarrassment or
insecurity
● Thumb And Forefinger
○ England
■ the thumb and
forefinger together to
form and ‘O’ means
Ok,
○ France
■ it means ‘nothing or
without any value”
● Terms
○ Fart means speed in Danish,
Norwegian and Swedish
○ Gift means poison in German
and in Scandinavian languages
can mean both poison and
marriage
○ Kiss in Swedish means pee
○ In Romanian, crap means carp
(type of fish)
○ In Dutch, lol means fun
○ Slut means end in Swedish;
○ Slutstation – last stop on a
train route
○ In Russian, Polish, Ukrainian,
Croatian and Serbian, brat
means brother
Ways On How To Be Culturally Aware:
● engage with other’s cultures by asking
questions;
● be open;
● think about how can you learn no
matter how unusual it is;
● invite someone to share his/her
culture with you;
● overcome stereotypes
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
● is an attitude and way of behaving in
which you are aware of and
acknowledge cultural differences;
● it is crucial for such global goals as
world peace and economic growth as
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 well as for effective interpersonal
communication
ASPECTS OF GENDER
● Assignment
○ being male or female upon
birth
● Role
○ society’s expectation based on
your assigned sex
● Identity
○ personal sense or preference
● Attribution
○ how it is perceived by people
CULTURAL APPRECIATION VS CULTURAL
APPROPRIATION
● Appreciation
○ recognition and enjoyment of
the good qualities of someone
or something; with respect
and values
● Appropriation
○ action of taking something for
one’s own use, without
owner's permission /
unauthorized
EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL APPROPRIATION
● Miley Cyrus' recorded and live
performances of twerk dance in 2013,
a dance style with roots in the
African-American community;
● Top Shop, high street fashion retailer
caused consternation for using
Palestinian black and white scarf
design for a summer dress;
● Chanel was lambasted by Aboriginal
groups for selling a $1000+ Chanel
branded boomerang for their
spring-summer 2017 collection.
Boomerang is a piece of Australian
Aboriginal culture
STEPS TO AVOID CULTURAL
APPROPRIATION
● Research the culture
● Avoid the sacred
● Don’t stereotype
● Promote diversity
● Engage, promote and share benefits
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Accommodation
● It is the means by which co-culture
members maintain their cultural
identity while striving to establish
relationships with members of the
dominant culture.
Assimilation
● It is the means by which co-culture
members attempt to fit in with
members of the dominant culture.
Co-cultures
● It refers to group of people who differ
in some ethnic or sociological way
from the parent culture.
Collectivistic Cultures
● It refers to cultures in which group
goals are stressed.
Cultural Imperialism
● It is the expansion of dominion of one
culture over another culture.
Cultural Pluralism
● It is the adherence to the principle of
cultural relativism.
Cultural Relativism
● It refers to the acceptance of other
cultural groups as equal in value to
one's own.
Culturally Confused
● It refers to the lacking an
understanding of cultural difference.
Culture
● It is a system of knowledge, beliefs,
values, customs, behaviors, and
artifacts that are acquired, shared, and
used by members during daily living.
Diversity
● It refers to the recognition and valuing
of difference such factors as age,
gender, race, ethnicity, ability,
religion, education, marital status,
sexual orientation and income.
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Ethnocentrism ● It pertains to the cultures that believe
● It is the tendency to see one's own that power should be used only when
culture as superior to all others. legitimate.

Globalization Masculine Cultures

● It refers to the increasing economic, ● It pertains to the cultures that value
political, and cultural integration and aggressiveness, strength, and
interdependence of diverse cultures. material symbols of success.

High-context Communication Melting-pot Philosophy

● It is a tradition-bound ● It is the view that different cultures
communication system which should be assimilated into the
depends on indirectness. dominant culture.

High-power-distance Cultures Multiculturalism

● It pertains to the cultures based on ● It refers to the engagement with and
power differences in which respect toward people from distinctly
subordinates defer to superiors. different cultures.

Individualistic Cultures Prejudice

● It pertains to the cultures in which ● It is a positive or negative
individual goals are stressed. prejudgment.

Intercultural Communication Separation

● It is the way of interpreting and ● It is the means co-culture members
sharing meanings with individuals use to resist interacting with members
from different cultures. of the dominant culture.

Interethnic Communication
● It refers to the interaction with
individuals of different ethnic origins.

International Communication
● It refers to the communication
between persons representing
different nations.

Intracultural Communication
● It refers to the interaction with
members of the same racial or ethnic
group or co-culture as yours.

Interracial Communication
● It is the way of interpreting and
sharing of meanings with individuals
from different races.

Low-context Communication
● It is a system that encourages
directness in communication.

Low-power-distance Cultures