E Business

‰BP‰mwm weRGbm gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ AÅv´£ ÛKGbvjwR (we‰gwU) wkÞvKÌg I cvVÅmƒwP Abyhvqx cÉYxZ ‰es
evsjvG`k KvwiMwi wkÞv êvWÆ KZ‡ÆK 2021-22 wkÞvelÆ ˆ^GK ‰Kv`k ˆkÉwYi cvVÅcyÕ¦K wnGmGe AbyGgvw`Z|
[ÕÃviK bs@ 57.17.0000.209.33.005.15.120; ZvwiL: 21 gvPÆ, 2022 wLË.]
ই-িবজেনস
(cÉ^g cò)
‰Kv`k ˆkÉwY
welq ˆKvW: 23418
iPbvq
gynvÁÃ` AvwRg Dwób mi`vi
mnGhvMx AaÅvcK
nvexeyÍÏvn evnvi KGjR, XvKv
Kvgi‚j nvmvb
mnKvix cwiPvjK
WÅvGdvwWj dÅvwgwj, XvKv
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU) Bbvi-K
43, wkÍ¸vPvhÆ Rqbyj AvGew`b moK

(cyivZb 16 kvw¯¦bMi), XvKv
(i)
cÉmã K^v
B-weRGbm
ˆKvGmÆi gƒj jÞÅ:
1. wkGÍ¸i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx PZz^Æ wkÍ¸ weµÏGei DcGhvMx `Þ KgÆx ŠZwi Kiv;
2. BGbvGfkb I bZzb bZzb KgÆGÞò m†wÓ¡i jGÞÅ D«¿vweZ bZzb cÉhywÚ eÅenvGi mÞg `Þ KgÆx ŠZwi Kiv;
3. B-weRGbm welqK DœPZi MGelYv, wkÞv I cÉwkÞGY AskMÉnGYi myGhvM ŠZwi Kiv|
welGqi DGókÅ:
1. B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ eÅvLÅv KiGZ cviGe;
2. B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY KiGZ cviGe;
3. B-KgvmÆ-‰i wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM KiGZ cviGe;
4. wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe;
5. B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ I gGWj eYÆbv KiGZ cviGe;
6. B-weRGbm I B-KgvmÆ-‰i mÁ¿veÅZv I mÁ¿vebv eÅvLÅv KiGZ cviGe;
7. B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq B´ŸviGbU-‰i f„wgKv gƒjÅvqb KiGZ cviGe;
8. B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq B´ŸviGbU-‰i f„wgKv gƒjÅvqb KiGZ cviGe;
9. B-KgvmÆ-‰i AfÅ¯¦ixY I evwnÅK cwiGeGki ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY KiGZ cviGe;
10. B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvixGì eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGZ cviGe;
11. B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ ˆKÌZvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx KÌq AvG`kmgƒn/AWÆvimgƒn cÉGmm KiGZ cviGe;
12. B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ ˆKÌZvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mieivn eÅeÕ©vcbv ‰es BbGf´Ÿwi eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGZ cviGe;
13. B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) eÅeÕ©vcbv mÁ·GKÆ aviYv cvGe;
14. B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvix eÅeÕ©vcbv mÁ·GKÆ aviYv cvGe;
15. AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g KbwdMvi KiGZ cviGe;
16. B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU wbwøZ KiGZ cviGe;
17. AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g mÁ·GKÆ aviYv cvGe;
18. B-wewjs wmGÕ¡g mÁ·GKÆ aviYv cvGe;
19. B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU eYÆbv KiGZ cviGe;
20. ˆKÌwWU KvWÆ cÉZviYv cÉwZGivGa cÉGqvRbxq c`GÞGci welq eYÆbv KiGZ cviGe;
21. gvGKÆGUi fwelÅr Pvwn`v wbi…cY KGi cÉhywÚi mg®¼Gq BGbvGfkb KiGZ cviGe;
22. Õ¡vUÆvc weRGbm ÷i‚ Kivi KgÆ mÁ·v`b KiGZ cviGe;
23. gvGKÆGUi fwelÅr Pvwn`v wbi…cY KGi cÉhywÚi mg®¼Gq BGbvGfkb KiGZ cviGe;
24. cÉhywÚi mg®¼Gq BGbvGfkb mÁ·GKÆ aviYv eÅvLÅv KiGZ cviGe;
25. Õ¡vUÆvc weRGbm ÷i‚ Kivi KgÆ cwiKÍ¸bv eÅvLÅv KiGZ cviGe;
26. KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGZ cviGe;
27. CRM (Customer Relationship Management) evÕ¦evqGb SzuwK eÅeÕ©vcbv;
28. mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbR KiGZ cviGe;
29. jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ wbwøZ KiGZ cviGe|
(iv)
cvVÅmƒwP
gwWDj-01: B-weRGbm ‰es B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj I cÉGqvM
gwWDj-02: B´ŸviGbU I B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi AeKvVvGgv hvPvBKiY I evwnÅK BmyÅmgƒn
gwWDj-03: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) cwiPvjbv
gwWDj-04: AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq KbwdMvGikb I B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU wbwøZKiY
gwWDj-05: BGbvGfkb I DG`ÅvÚv D®²qb mÁ·v`bv
gwWDj-06: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ mÁ·v`b
gwWDj-07: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ I jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ mÁ·v`b
gwWDj-1: B-weRGbm ‰es B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj I cÉGqvM

eÅenvwiK Ask (wcwiqW-30)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.1: B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-12)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.1.1 B-KgvmÆ-‰i RbÅ jÞÅ wbaÆviY KiGe; 1.1.2 B-weRGbm I B-KgvmÆ-‰i gGaÅ
cv^ÆKÅ wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.1.3 MZvbyMwZK evwYRÅ nGZ B-evwYGRÅ Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.1.4 B-
KgvmÆ-‰ eÅen†Z bZzb bZzb BGbvGfkbmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.1.5 cÉwZGhvMx B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb wPwn×Z KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.2: B-KgvmÆ-‰i wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM
KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-12)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.2.1 B-KgvmÆ ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö-‰i RbÅ AvGe`b KiGe; 1.2.2 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi meÆvwaK
cÉPwjZ aib wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe (tangible/physical goods, service oriented and digital products); 1.2.3
B-KÅve ˆgÁ¼viwkGci RbÅ AvGe`b KiGe; 1.2.4 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi AwRÆZ gybvdvi Ici RvZxq ivRÕ¼ êvWÆ
KZÆ†K AvGivwcZ fÅvU wbYÆq KiGe; 1.2.5 weRGbm µÏÅvb I cÉGcvRvj ŠZwiGZ mnvqZv KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-1.3: wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-6)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 1.3.1 wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z KiGe; 1.3.2 cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx
meGPGq KvhÆKix weRGbm gGWj cQ±` KiGe; 1.3.3 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi iÞvq mnvqZv
KiGe; 1.3.4 wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ-‰ eÅemvq ˆjGfj-‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv wPwn×Z KiGe|
Zî½xq Ask (wcwiqW-10)
AaÅvq-1: B-weRGbm I B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ ‰es weRGbm gGWj
Dc-AaÅvq-1.1: B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ (wcwiqW-4)
1.1.1 B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ; 1.1.2 B-weRGbm-‰i msæv; 1.1.3 B-weRGbm -‰i myweav I Amyweav; 1.1.4 B-
weRGbm-‰i ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY; 1.1.5 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ aviYv; 1.1.6 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm-
‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ; 1.1.7 ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ‰es B-eÅemvq mÁ·GKÆ aviYv; 1.1.8 ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK B-
eÅemvGq Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv; 1.1.9 wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM|
Dc-AaÅvq-1.2: B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ I gGWj (wcwiqW-6)
1.2.1 B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ aviYv; 1.2.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉKviGf`; 1.2.3 B-KgvmÆ-‰i BwZnvm; 1.2.4 B-weRGbm-
‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å I KvhÆvewj; 1.2.5 B-KgvmÆ gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ; 1.2.6 B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweav I Amyweav; 1.2.7 B-
KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj Kx; 1.2.8 B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj-‰i cÉKviGf`; 1.2.9 B-weRGbm gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ;
1.2.10 B-KgvmÆ-‰i mxgve«¬Zv; 1.2.11 B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉfveKmgƒn; 1.2.12 cÉPwjZ evwYGRÅi mvG^ B-KgvGmÆi
cv^ÆKÅ|
(v)
gwWDj-2: B´ŸviGbU I B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi AeKvVvGgv hvPvBKiY I evwnÅK BmyÅmgƒn
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-2.1: B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq B´ŸviGbU-‰i f„wgKv gƒjÅvqb KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-12)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 2.1.1 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq cÉmvGi B´ŸviGbU-‰i f„wgKv wPwn×Z KiGe; 2.1.2 B´ŸviGbGUi MwZ
gƒjÅvqGbi gvaÅGg eÅemvGqi evRvi wbi…cY KiGe; 2.1.3 B-KgvmÆ I B´ŸviGbGUi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ wPwn×Z KiGe;
2.1.4 mvPÆ Bwéb ˆdÌ´£wj B-KgvmÆ wiGmvmÆ ˆWvGgBb I wmwKDi ˆnvwÕ¡s cÅvGbj wbaÆviY KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-2.2: B-KgvmÆ-‰i AfÅ¯¦ixY I evwnÅK cwiGeGki ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-12)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 2.2.1 B-KgvmÆ-‰i ŠbwZK BmyÅmgƒn mbvî× KiGe; 2.2.2 ˆMvcbxqZv I Z^Å AwaKvi
wPwn×Z KiGe; 2.2.3 RbKjÅvY I wbivcîv weGePbvq cYÅ ev ˆmev wPwn×Z KiGe; 2.2.4 Avw^ÆK I gvbemÁ·`
welqK wewf®² mnvqZv KiGe|
AaÅvq-2: B´ŸviGbU I B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi AeKvVvGgv
Dc-AaÅvq-2.1: B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq B´ŸviGbU (wcwiqW-6)
2.1.1 B´ŸviGbU Kx; 2.1.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i wfwîmgƒn; 2.1.3 B-KgvmÆ-‰i AeKvVvGgv; 2.1.4 B-KgvmÆ
AeKvVvGgvi cÉavb wm«¬v¯¦mgƒn; 2.1.5 B-KgvmÆ-‰i AeKvVvGgvMZ myweav I Amyweav; 2.1.6 B-KgvmÆ-‰
B´ŸviGbGUi ài‚Z½; 2.1.7 B-KgvmÆ cÉmvGi B´ŸviGbGUi MwZi f„wgKv; 2.1.8 B-KgvmÆ-‰i gvaÅGg eÅemvq
e†w«¬i ˆKŒkj; 2.1.9 B-KgvmÆ I B´ŸviGbGUi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ; 2.1.10 B-KgvmÆ KvVvGgvi gƒjÅvqb gvb`í|
Dc-AaÅvq-2.2: B-KgvmÆ-‰i AfÅ¯¦ixY I evwnÅK cwiGek (wcwiqW-4)
2.2.1 B-KgvGmÆi ŠbwZK BmyÅmgƒn kbvî×KiY; 2.2.2 B-KgvGmÆi mvgvwRK I ivR‹bwZK BmyÅmgƒn kbvî×KiY;
2.2.3 B-KgvGmÆi ivR‹bwZK BmyÅmgƒn kbvî×KiY; 2.2.4 ˆMvcbxqZv I Z^Å AwaKvi; 2.2.5 ˆgavÕ¼Z½
AwaKvi; 2.2.6 RbKjÅvY I wbivcîv; 2.2.7 B-KgvmÆ WKzGgG´Ÿkb (wjMÅvj, AÅvKvDw´Ÿs I cÉGdkbvj WKzGg´Ÿm)|
gwWDj-3: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) cwiPvjbv

cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.1: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-6)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.1.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ WÅvkGevWÆ (Dashboard) cwiPvjbv KiGe; 3.1.2 B-KgvmÆ
wmGÕ¡g-‰ KG´Ÿ´Ÿ ˆcvÕ¡ KiGe; 3.1.3 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i dÌ´Ÿ-B´£ gÅvGbR (Front-end manage) KiGe;
3.1.4 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅvK-B´£ gÅvGbR (Back-end manage) KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.2: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvixGì eÅeÕ©vcbv (User Management) KiGZ cviGe
(wcwiqW-6)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.2.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i bZzb eÅenviKvix mshyî× KiGe; 3.2.2 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i
bZzb eÅenviKvix îvj wbaÆviY KiGe; 3.2.3 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvixi KvhÆò×g gƒjÅvqb KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.3: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ ˆò×Zvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ò×q AvG`kmgƒn/AWÆvimgƒn cÉGmm KiGZ
cviGe (wcwiqW-12)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.3.1 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi dig ŠZwi KiGe; 3.3.2 cÉGqvRGb ŠZwiK‡Z dig gwWwdGKkb
KiGe; 3.3.3 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi MÉnY I wbwøZ KiGe; 3.3.4 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi IqÅvinvDGR ˆcÉiY KiGe;
3.3.5 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi-‰i wfwîGZ ˆò×Zv KZÆ†K ˆcGg´Ÿ MÉnGYi gvaÅg wPwn×Z KiGe; 3.3.6 ˆcGg´Ÿ MÉnY
wbwøZ KiGe; 3.3.7 BbfGqm cÉwò×qv KiGe; 3.3.8 ˆò×ZvGK BbfGqm mÁ·GKÆ wbwøZ KiGe; 3.3.9 ò×q
AvG`k/AWÆvi-‰i Õ¡ÅvUvm ˆò×ZvGK wbwøZ KiGe; 3.3.10 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi-‰i wfwîGZ ˆò×Zvi wdWeÅvK
MÉnY KiGe|
(vi)
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-3.4: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ ˆò×Zvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mieivn eÅeÕ©vcbv (Supply management)
‰es BbGf´Ÿwi eÅeÕ©vcbv (Inventory management) KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-12)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 3.4.1 cYÅ msMÉGni Drm (ˆcÉvWvÙ ˆmvwmÆs) wPwn×Z KiGe; 3.4.2 cGYÅi gvb I gƒjÅ Zzjbv
KiGe; 3.4.3 ˆò×Zvi ò×q AvG`k cÉwò×qv KiGe; 3.4.4 ˆÕ¡vGi cYÅ Avbvi welq dGjvAvc KiGe; 3.4.5
webKvWÆ-‰i gvaÅGg cGYÅi AeÕ©v (msLÅv) chÆGeÞY KiGe; 3.4.6 Õ¡GKi wfwîGZ wjW UvBg weGePbv KGi
cYÅ msMÉGni wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY KiGe; 3.4.7 wm«¬v¯¦ Abyhvqx cYÅ msMÉn KiGe|
AaÅvq-3: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) cwiPvjbv
Dc-AaÅvq-3.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) eÅeÕ©vcbv (wcwiqW-4)
3.1.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g; 3.1.2 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i WÅvkGevWÆ (Dashboard); 3.1.3 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰
KG´Ÿ´Ÿmgƒn; 3.1.4 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ KG´Ÿ´Ÿ ˆcvÕ¡ Kivi c«¬wZ; 3.1.5 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i dÌ´Ÿ-B´£
gÅvGbR (Front-end manage); 3.1.6 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i dÌ´Ÿ-B´£ gÅvGbR (Front-end manage) Kivi
c«¬wZ; 3.1.7 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅvK-B´£ gÅvGbR (Back-end manage); 3.1.8 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅvK-
B´£ gÅvGbR (Back-end manage) Kivi c«¬wZ;
Dc-AaÅvq-3.2: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvix eÅeÕ©vcbv (wcwiqW-2)
3.2.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvix mÁ·GKÆ aviYv;
3.2.2 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i bZzb eÅenviKvixi f„wgKvmgƒn;
3.2.3 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvixi KvhÆò×g gƒjÅvqb Kivi c«¬wZ|
Dc-AaÅvq-3.3. B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvix eÅeÕ©vcbv (wcwiqW-4)
3.3.1 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi dig; 3.3.2 dig gwWwdGKkb Kivi c«¬wZ; 3.3.3 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi MÉnY I
wbwøZ Kivi c«¬wZ; 3.3.4 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi IqÅvinvDGR ˆcÉiY Kivi avcmgƒn; 3.3.5 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi
‰i wfwîGZ ˆò×Zv KZÆ†K ˆcGg´Ÿ MÉnGYi gvaÅgmgƒn; 3.3.6 ˆcGg´Ÿ MÉnY wbwøZ Kivi c«¬wZ; 3.3.7
BbfGqm cÉwò×qvKiGYi c«¬wZ; 3.3.8 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi ‰i Õ¡ÅvUvm ˆò×ZvGK wbwøZ Kivi c«¬wZmgƒn;
3.3.9 ò×q AvG`k/AWÆvi ‰i wfwîGZ ˆò×Zvi wdWeÅvK MÉnY Kivi c«¬wZ|
Dc-AaÅvq-3.4: mieivn (Supply) ‰es BbGf´Ÿwi eÅeÕ©vcbv (Management) (wcwiqW-4)
3.4.1 cYÅ msMÉGni Drm (ˆcÉvWvÙ ˆmvwmÆs) wPwn×Z Kivi c«¬wZ; 3.4.2 cGYÅi gvb I gƒjÅ Zzjbv Kivi c«¬wZ;
3.4.3 ò×q AvG`k; 3.4.4 ˆò×Zvi ò×q AvG`k cÉwò×qv Kivi c«¬wZ; 3.4.5 ˆÕ¡vGi cYÅ Avbvi welq dGjvAvc
Kivi c«¬wZ; 3.4.6 webKvWÆ; 3.4.7 webKvWÆ-‰i gvaÅGg cGYÅi AeÕ©v (msLÅv) chÆGeÞY Kivi c«¬wZ;
3.4.8 wjW UvBg; 3.4.9 Õ¡GKi wfwîGZ wjW UvBg weGePbv KGi MYÅ msMÉGni wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGY weGePÅ welqmgƒn;
3.4.10 wm«¬v¯¦ Abyhvqx cYÅ msMÉn|
gwWDj-4: AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq KbwdMvGikb I B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU wbwøZKiY

cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-4.1: AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g KbwdMvi KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-9)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 4.1.1 eÅemvGqi ‰wiqv Abyhvqx mwVK ˆMUIGq wPwn×Z KiGe; 4.1.2 eÅemvGqi aib
Abyhvqx ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq KvÕ¡gvBR KiGe; 4.1.3 ˆfvî×vi cwiGkvwaZ AG^Æi mvG^ eÅemvGqi ev gvGPÆ´Ÿ wnmve
ò×m ˆPK KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-4.2: B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU wbwøZ KiGe (wcwiqW-15)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 4.2.1 B-KgvmÆ mvBU wbwøZKiGY cwiKÍ¸bv KiGe; 4.2.2 B-KgvmÆ mvBU-‰i ˆ^ËU
ˆgvKvGejvq KgÆÕ·†nv wbaÆviY KiGe; 4.2.3 ˆò×wWU KvWÆ cÉZviYv ˆgvKvGejvq cÉGqvRbxq c`GÞc wbGe; 4.2.4
B-KgvmÆ mvBU wmwKDwiwU wbwøZ KiGe|
(vii)
AaÅvq-4: AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq KbwdMvGikb I B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU
Dc-AaÅvq-4.1: AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g (wcwiqW-5)
4.1.1 B-ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g; 4.1.2 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq; 4.1.3 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGqi ŠewkÓ¡Å;
4.1.4 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGqi myweav I mxgve«¬Zv; 4.1.5 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGqi wewf®² c«¬wZmgƒn;
4.1.6 B-ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g KbwdMvGikb cÉwò×qv; 4.1.7 B-wewjs wmGÕ¡g; 4.1.8 B-wewjs wmGÕ¡g KbwdMvGikb cÉwò×qv|
Dc-AaÅvq-4.2: B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU (wcwiqW-5)
4.2.1 B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU; 4.2.2 B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU cwiGek; 4.2.3 wmwKDwiwUi Õ¦imgƒn eYÆbv;
4.2.4 KÑvB´Ÿ-mvBU wmwKDwiwU ˆgRvim; 4.2.5 mvfÆvi mvBU wmwKDwiwU ˆgRvim; 4.2.6 B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU
ˆ^ËU; 4.2.7 ˆò×wWU KvWÆ cÉZviYv; 4.2.8 ˆò×wWU KvWÆ cÉZviYv cÉwZGivGa c`GÞcmgƒn|
gwWDj-5: BGbvGfkb I DG`ÅvÚv D®²qb mÁ·v`bv

cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-5.1: gvGKÆGUi fwelÅr Pvwn`v wbi…cY KGi cÉhwy î×i mg¯¼Gq BGbvGfkb KiGZ cviGe
(wcwiqW-15)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 5.1.1 ˆfvî×vi fwelÅr Pvwn`v wbaÆviY KiGe; 5.1.2 gvGKÆGUi AvKvi wbaÆviY KiGe;
5.1.3 evRvGii cÉwZGhvMx wPwn×Z KiGe; 5.1.4 cYÅ ev ˆmevi mvG^ cÉhywî×i eÅenvi wbwøZ KiGe;
5.1.5 MGelYvi djÕ¼i…c bZzb cYÅ ev ˆmev wPwn×Z KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-5.2: Õ¡vUÆvc weRGbm ÷i‚ Kivi KgÆ mÁ·v`b KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-15)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 5.2.1 bZzb eÅemvq ÷i‚ Kivi jÞÅ wbaÆviGY mnvqZv KiGe; 5.2.2 bZzb eÅemvq ÷i‚
Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq KgÆ mÁ·v`Gb mnvqZv KiGe; 5.2.3 gvbemÁ·` eÅeÕ©vcbvq mnvqZv KiGe;
5.2.4 SME I Þz`Ë A^ÆvqGbi RbÅ mnvqZv KiGe; 5.2.5 eÅemvGqi BbGUbwRej mÁ·` iÞvq mnvqZv KiGe|
AaÅvq-5: BGbvGfkb I DG`ÅvÚv D®²qb mÁ·v`bv
Dc-AaÅvq-5.1: cÉhywî×i mg¯¼Gq BGbvGfkb (wcwiqW-3)
5.1.1 AvBwWqv ˆRbvGikb ‰s MwZkxjKiY; 5.1.2 AÅvWGfvGKwm ‰es wÕò×wbs; 5.1.3 cixÞv-wbixÞv;
5.1.4 evwYwRÅKxKiY; 5.1.5 weeZÆb ‰es evÕ¦evqb; 5.1.6 cYÅ ev ˆmevi mvG^ cÉhywî×i eÅenvi; 5.1.7 bZzb
cYÅ ev ˆmevi AvweÓ•vi|
Dc-AaÅvq-5.2: DG`Åvî×v D®²qb (wcwiqW-5)
5.2.1 eÅemvGqi cwiKÍ¸bv; 5.2.2 eÅemvGqi bvg; 5.2.3 eÅemvGqi KvVvGgv; 5.2.4 Avcbvi eÅemvq wbe®¬b;
5.2.5 eÅemvq gƒjaGbi Drm wbaÆviY I msMÉn cÉwò×qv; 5.2.6 eÅemvGqi Õ©vb wbaÆviY; 5.2.7 B-gvbemÁ·`
eÅeÕ©vcbv; 5.2.8 B-evRvi MGelYv Kx? 5.2.9 B-evRvi MGelYvi myweav I mxgve«¬Zv; 5.2.10 B-evRvi
MGelYvi cÉwò×qv; 5.2.11 B-evRvi eÅemvq ÷i‚ Kivi c`GÞc; 5.2.12 ‰m‰gB FY I Þz`Ë A^ÆvqGb
evsjvG`Gki AeÕ©vb; 5.2.13 ÛÇWgvKÆ, KwcivBU, ˆcGU´Ÿ ‰es wWRvBb îwRGÕ¡Ëkb-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv|
gwWDj-6: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ (CRM) mÁ·v`b
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-6.1: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-12)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 6.1.1 eÅemvGqi aib Abyhvqx meGPGq DcGhvMx KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ (CRM)
mdUIqÅvi wPwn×Z KiGe; 6.1.2 cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx gvGKÆwUs, KvÕ¡gvi mvwfÆm I ˆmjm cÉGRÙ ŠZwi KiGe;
(viii)
6.1.3 cÉGRGÙi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq WvUv msMÉn I gvGKÆwUs ˆKŒkj wbaÆviGY mnvqZv KiGe; 6.1.4 msM†nxZ WvUv
cÉGmm KiGe (wbw`ÆÓ¡ cÉGRÙ Abyhvqx); 6.1.5 cÉwZwU cÉGRGÙi djvdj gƒjÅvqGb mnvqZv KiGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-6.2: CRM evÕ¦evqGb SuywK eÅeÕ©vcbv (wcwiqW-24)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 6.2.1 cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK BDwbU, PÅvGbj I cÉwò×qv wbaÆviY KiGe; 6.2.2 Õ·Ó¡ I cwigvcGhvMÅ
jÞÅ wbaÆviY KiGe; 6.2.3 KvhÆKix WvUv gGWj wPwn×Z I msMwVZ KiGZ mnvqZv KiGe; 6.2.4 cwiwgwZ
c«¬wZi gvaÅGg cÉGRÙ evÕ¦evqGb mnGhvwMZv KiGe; 6.2.5 bZzb cÉhywî×i mvG^ gvV chÆvGqi KgÆxGì mnvqZv
KiGe|
AaÅvq-6: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ (CRM)
Dc-AaÅvq-6.1: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi eÅeÕ©vcbv (wcwiqW-5)
6.1.1 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi; 6.1.2 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å; 6.1.3 KvÕ¡gvi
wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvGii myweav I mxgve«¬Zv; 6.1.4 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi evÕ¦evqb cÉwò×qv;
6.1.5 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi wPwn×ZKiY (HubSpot, Zoho CRM, Salesforce, Freshsales, Insightly,
Apptivo Pipedrived)|
Dc-AaÅvq-6.2: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi evÕ¦evqGb SuywK eÅeÕ©vcbv (wcwiqW-5)
6.2.1 wmAvi‰g evÕ¦evqGb SzuwK eÅeÕ©vcbv; 6.2.2 Õ·Ó¡ I cwigvcGhvMÅ jÞÅ wbaÆviY KiGe; 6.2.3 KvhÆKwi
WvUv gGWj; 6.2.4 cwiwgwZ c«¬wZi gvaÅGg cÉGRÙ evÕ¦evqb; 6.2.5 wmAvi‰g cÉwkÞY|
gwWDj-7: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ I jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ mÁ·v`b

cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-7.1: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbR KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-15)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 7.1.1 mvµÏvB ˆPBb eÅeÕ©vcbvi ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY KiGZ cviGe; 7.1.2 mvµÏvB ˆPBb
cwiKÍ¸bv KiGZ cviGe; 7.1.3 wbRÕ¼ mÁ·` eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGZ cviGe; 7.1.4 AfÅ¯¦ixY wefvMmgƒGni gGaÅ
mg¯¼q KiGZ cviGe; 7.1.5 mÁ·Gì h^vh^ e¥Ÿb wbwøZ KiGZ cviGe; 7.1.6 cGYÅi RxebPGò× mnvqZv
KiGZ cviGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj-7.2: jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ wbwøZ KiGZ cviGe (wcwiqW-21)
cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK: 7.2.1 BbevD´£ cwienb eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGe; 7.2.2 AvDUevD´£ eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGe;
7.2.3 à`vg eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGe; 7.2.4 gÅvGUwiqvjm& eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGe; 7.2.5 IqvKÆvi eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGe; 7.2.6
gRy` cYÅ eÅeÕ©vcbv KiGe; 7.2.7 Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ˆhvMvb cwiKÍ¸bv KiGe|
AaÅvq-7: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ I jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ
Dc-AaÅvq-7.1: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ (wcwiqW-5)
7.1.1 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ mÁ·GKÆ aviYv; 7.1.2 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å; 7.1.3 mvµÏvB
ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ-‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv; 7.1.4 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv; 7.1.5 mvµÏvB
ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ mdUIqÅvi wPwn×ZKiY (Smart, e-Procure & Softeon)|
Dc-AaÅvq-7.2: jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ (wcwiqW-5)
7.2.1 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ; 7.2.2 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å; 7.2.3 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ-‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv;
7.2.4 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ cÉwò×qv; 7.2.5 weRGbm jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ; 7.2.6 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ mdUIqÅvi
wPwn×ZKiY (Fretron, Cargoplanning, ArcGIS, Zoho Creator)|
(ix)
gvbe¥Ÿb
cÉk² cÉYqGbi aviv (Zî½xq)
welq: B-weRGbm
Zî½xq: 100 bÁ¼i
avivevwnK gƒjÅvqb: 40 bÁ¼i

P„ov¯¦ gƒjÅvqb: 60 bÁ¼i
‘K’ wefvM: 20
cÉwZwU AaÅvq ˆ^GK KgcGÞ 1wU KGi meÆGgvU 8wU (1 nGZ 8 chÆ¯¦) mswÞµ¦ cÉk² ^vKGe, ˆhGKvGbv 4wU cÉGk²i
Dîi w`GZ nGe|
5  4 = 20 bÁ¼i
‘L’ wefvM: 40
cÉwZwU AaÅvq ˆ^GK KgcGÞ 1wU KGi meÆGgvU 8wU (9 nGZ 16 chÆ¯¦) iPbvgƒjK cÉk² ^vKGe, ˆhGKvGbv 4wU
cÉGk²i Dîi w`GZ nGe|
4  10 = 40 bÁ¼i
[we: `Ë: cÉwZwU cÉGk² ‰K/‰KvwaK Ask ^vKGZ cviGe]
cÉk² cÉYqGbi aviv (eÅenvwiK)

welq: B-weRGbm
eÅenvwiK: 100 bÁ¼i
avivevwnK gƒjÅvqb: 50 bÁ¼i
P„ov¯¦ gƒjÅvqb: 50 bÁ¼i
eÅenvwiK P„ov¯¦ gƒjÅvqGbi gwWDj wfwîK bÁ¼i webÅvm:
ò×wgK gwWDj bs cÉ`î bÁ¼i ˆgvU bÁ¼i
1 gwWDj- eÅemv ÷i‚ Kivi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq KvMRcò
ŠZwiKiY I DcÕ©vcb Kiv
2 gwWDj- AbjvBGb ò×q/weò×q AvG`k cÉwò×qv Kiv
3 gwWDj- AbjvBb eÅemv cwiPvjbvi RbÅ Þz`Ë A^ÆvqGbi RbÅ
50
cÉGqvRbxq KvMRcò cÉwò×qv Kiv
4 gwWDj- KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ mdUIqÅvi
cwiPvjb cÉwò×qv Kiv
5 ˆgŒwLK cixÞv
(x)
mƒwPcò
AaÅvq 1: B-weRGbm I B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ ‰es weRGbm gGWj ..................................... 1-58
 Zî½xq Ask
1.1 B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ..........................................................................................................................2
1.1.1 B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ ............................................................................................................ 3
1.1.2 B-weRGbm-‰i msæv ..........................................................................................................4
1.1.3 B-weRGbm-‰i myweav ‰es Amyweav ................................................................................... 5
1.1.4 B-weRGbm-‰i ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY........................................................................................... 9
1.1.5 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ aviYv .......................................................................... 10
1.1.6 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm-‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ....................................................................... 11
1.1.7 ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ‰es B-eÅemvq mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ............................................................12
1.1.8 ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK B-eÅemvGq Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv .............................................. 14
1.1.9 wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM ............................... 15
1.2 B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ I gGWj ............................................................................................................17
1.2.1 B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ..................................................................................................... 18
1.2.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉKviGf` .................................................................................................... 18
1.2.3 B-KgvmÆ-‰i BwZnvm ....................................................................................................... 22
1.2.4 B-weRGbm-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å I KvhÆvewj .................................................................................. 23
1.2.5 B-KgvmÆ gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ ................................................................................................ 25
1.2.6 B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweav ‰es Amyweav..................................................................................... 25
1.2.7 B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj Kx .............................................................................................. 28
1.2.8 B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj ‰i cÉKviGf`............................................................................ 29
1.2.9 B-weRGbm gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ ............................................................................................ 32
1.2.10 B-KgvmÆ-‰i mxgve«¬Zv .................................................................................................. 33
1.2.11 B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉfveKmgƒn................................................................................................. 34
1.2.12 cÉPwjZ evwYGRÅi mvG^ B-KgvmÆ-‰i cv^ÆKÅ ...................................................................35
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 1: B-weRGbm ‰es B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj I cÉGqvM ......................................................... 36
Re 1.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY Kiv ......................................................................................... 36
Re 1.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I
cÉGqvM Kiv .................................................................................................................................... 42
Re 1.3 wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z Kiv .............................................................. 51
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ........................................................................................ 56
 Abykxjbx ..........................................................................................................................................57
(xi)
AaÅvq 2: B´ŸviGbU I B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi AeKvVvGgv ...............................................59-104
 Zî½xq Ask
2.1 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq B´ŸviGbU .......................................................................................................... 60
2.1.1 B´ŸviGbU Kx? ................................................................................................................... 61
2.1.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i wfwîmgƒn ..................................................................................................... 62
2.1.3 B-KgvmÆ-‰i AeKvVvGgv .................................................................................................. 64
2.1.4 B-KgvmÆ AeKvVvGgvi cÉavb wm«¬v¯¦mgƒn .......................................................................... 65
2.1.5 B-KgvmÆ-‰i AeKvVvGgvMZ myweav I Amyweav ................................................................66
2.1.6 B-KgvmÆ-‰ B´ŸviGbGUi ài‚Z½ ......................................................................................... 67
2.1.7 B-KgvmÆ cÉmvGi B´ŸviGbGUi MwZi f„wgKv ...................................................................... 69
2.1.8 B-KgvmÆ-‰i gvaÅGg eÅemvq e†w«¬i ˆKŒkj ......................................................................71
2.1.9 B-KgvmÆ I B´ŸviGbGUi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ................................................................................ 72
2.1.10 B-KgvmÆ KvVvGgvi gƒjÅvqb gvb`í ................................................................................... 73
2.2 B-KgvmÆ ‰i AfÅ¯¦ixY I evwnÅK cwiGek ................................................................................... 81
2.2.1 B-KgvGmÆi ŠbwZK BmyÅmgƒn kbvÚKiY ........................................................................... 82
2.2.2 B-KgvGmÆi mvgvwRK BmyÅmgƒn kbvÚKiY ....................................................................... 83
2.2.3 B-KgvGmÆi ivR‹bwZK BmyÅmgƒn kbvÚKiY .................................................................... 85
2.2.4 ˆMvcbxqZv I Z^Å AwaKvi............................................................................................. 85
2.2.5 ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi.............................................................................................................. 86
2.2.6 RbKjÅvY I wbivcîv ....................................................................................................... 87
2.2.7 B-KgvmÆ WKzGgG´Ÿkb (wjMÅvj, AÅvKvDw´Ÿs I cÉGdkbvj WKzGg´Ÿm)............................ 88
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 2: B´ŸviGbU I B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi AeKvVvGgv hvPvBKiY I evwnÅK BmyÅmgƒn .. 90
Re 2.1 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq B´ŸvGbU-‰i f„wgKv gƒjÅvqb Kiv ............................................................. 90
Re 2.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i AfÅ¯¦ixY I evwnÅK cwiGeGki ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY Kiv ....................................... 95
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ....................................................................................... 101
 Abykxjbx ....................................................................................................................................... 103
AaÅvq 3: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) cwiPvjbv............................................................. 105-168

 Zî½xq Ask
3.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) eÅeÕ©vcbv............................................................................................. 106
3.1.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g .............................................................................................................. 107
3.1.2 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i WÅvkGevWÆ....................................................................................... 107
3.1.3 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ KG´Ÿ´Ÿmgƒn ......................................................................................108
3.1.4 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ KG´Ÿ´Ÿ ˆcvÕ¡ Kivi c«¬wZ ............................................................... 110
3.1.5 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i dÌ´Ÿ-B´£ gÅvGbR............................................................................. 111
(xii)
3.1.6 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i dÌ´Ÿ-B´£ gÅvGbR Kivi c«¬wZ ....................................................... 112
3.1.7 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅvK-B´£ gÅvGbR .......................................................................... 113
3.1.8 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅvK-B´£ gÅvGbR Kivi c«¬wZ ..................................................... 113
3.2 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvix eÅeÕ©vcbv ............................................................................... 115
3.2.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvix mÁ·GKÆ aviYv ............................................................ 116
3.2.2 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i bZzb eÅenviKvixi f„wgKvmgƒn ..................................................... 118
3.2.3 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvixi KvhÆKÌg gƒjÅvqb Kivi c«¬wZ ................................. 119
3.3 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvix eÅeÕ©vcbv ............................................................................... 120
3.3.1 KÌq AvG`k/AWÆvi dig .................................................................................................. 121
3.3.2 dig gwWwdGKkb Kivi c«¬wZ ..................................................................................... 121
3.3.3 KÌq AvG`k/AWÆvi MÉnY I wbwøZ Kivi c«¬wZ .............................................................. 122
3.3.4 KÌq AvG`k/AWÆvi IqÅvinvDGR ˆcÉiY Kivi avcmgƒn ................................................... 124
3.3.5 KÌq AvG`k/AWÆvi-‰i wfwîGZ ˆKÌZv KZÆ†K ˆcGg´Ÿ MÉnGYi gvaÅgmgƒn........................ 125
3.3.6 ˆcGg´Ÿ MÉnY wbwøZ Kivi c«¬wZ................................................................................... 127
3.3.7 BbfGqm cÉwKÌqvKiGYi c«¬wZ ........................................................................................ 128
3.3.8 KÌq AvG`k/AWÆvi-‰i Õ¡ÅvUvm ˆKÌZvGK wbwøZ Kivi c«¬wZmgƒn.................................. 129
3.3.9 KÌq AvG`k/AWÆvi-‰i wfwîGZ ˆKÌZvi wdWeÅvK MÉnY Kivi c«¬wZ .............................. 129
3.4 mieivn ‰es BbGf´Ÿwi eÅeÕ©vcbv ............................................................................................. 131
3.4.1 cYÅ msMÉGni Drm (ˆcÉvWvÙ ˆmvwmÆs) wPwn×Z Kivi c«¬wZ .............................................. 132
3.4.2 cGYÅi gvb I gƒjÅ Zzjbv Kivi c«¬wZ ........................................................................... 134
3.4.3 KÌq AvG`k ..................................................................................................................... 136
3.4.4 ˆKÌZvi KÌq AvG`k cÉwKÌqv Kivi c«¬wZ......................................................................... 138
3.4.5 ˆÕ¡vGi cYÅ Avbvi welGq dGjvAvc Kivi c«¬wZ ...........................................................139
3.4.6 webKvWÆ ........................................................................................................................... 140
3.4.7 webKvWÆ-‰i gvaÅGg cGYÅi AeÕ©v (msLÅv) chÆGeÞY Kivi c«¬wZ ............................... 141
3.4.8 wjW UvBg ....................................................................................................................... 142
3.4.9 Õ¡GKi wfwîGZ wjW UvBg weGePbv KGi cYÅ msMÉGni wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGY weGePÅ welqmgƒn . 143
3.4.10 wm«¬v¯¦ Abyhvqx cYÅ msMÉn .............................................................................................. 143
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 3: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) cwiPvjbv..................................................................... 146
Re 3.1 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g eÅeÕ©vcbv Kiv ............................................................................................ 146
Re 3.2 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰i eÅenviKvixGì eÅeÕ©vcbv Kiv ........................................................... 150
Re 3.3 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ ˆKÌZvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx KÌq AvG`kmgƒn/AWÆvimgƒn cÉGmm
Kiv ............................................................................................................................................... 154
Re 3.4 B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g-‰ ˆKÌZvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mieivn eÅeÕ©vcbv (Supply
management) ‰es BbGf´Ÿwi eÅeÕ©vcbv (Inventory management) Kiv .......................... 160
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ...................................................................................... 165
 Abykxjbx ........................................................................................................................................167
(xiii)
AaÅvq 4: AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq KbwdMvGikb I B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU ........ 169-204
 Zî½xq Ask
4.1 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g ............................................................................................................. 170
4.1.1 B-ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g .............................................................................................................171
4.1.2 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq ...............................................................................................171
4.1.3 AbjvBb ˆMUIGqi ŠewkÓ¡Å ............................................................................................ 172
4.1.4 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGqi myweav I mxgve«¬Zv ........................................................... 175
4.1.5 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGqi wewf®² c«¬wZ ...................................................................... 177
4.1.6 B-ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g KbwdMvGikb cÉwKÌqv ......................................................................... 179
4.1.7 B-wewjs wmGÕ¡g ............................................................................................................... 179
4.1.8 B-wewjs wmGÕ¡g KbwdMvGikb cÉwKÌqv ............................................................................180
4.2 B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU..................................................................................................................... 181
4.2.1 B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU ........................................................................................................ 182
4.2.2 B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU cwiGek ......................................................................................... 183
4.2.3 wmwKDwiwU Õ¦imgƒn eYÆbv................................................................................................184
4.2.4 KÑvGq´Ÿ mvBU wmwKDwiwU ˆgRvim ................................................................................. 185
4.2.5 mvfÆvi mvBU wmwKDwiwU ˆgRvim ...................................................................................187
4.2.6 B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU ˆ^ËU ............................................................................................... 188
4.2.7 ˆKÌwWU KvWÆ cÉZviYv ....................................................................................................... 190
4.2.8 ˆKÌwWU KvWÆ cÉZviYv cÉwZGivGai c`GÞc ...................................................................... 191
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 4: AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq KbwdMvGikb I B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU wbwøZKiY.... 193
Re 4.1 AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡g KbwdMvi Kiv ..............................................................................193
Re 4.2 B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU wbwøZ Kiv.......................................................................................... 197
 Abykxjbx ....................................................................................................................................... 203
AaÅvq 5: BGbvGfkb I DG`ÅvÚv D®²qb mÁ·v`bv ..................................................... 205-258

 Zî½xq Ask
5.1 cÉhywÚi mg¯¼Gq BGbvGfkb ......................................................................................................... 206
5.1.1 AvBwWqv ˆRbvGikb ‰es MwZkxjKiY .......................................................................... 207
5.1.2 AÅvWGfvGKwm ‰es wÕ˜wbs .............................................................................................. 208
5.1.3 cixÞv-wbixÞv ............................................................................................................... 209
(xiv)
5.1.4 evwYwRÅKxKiY ................................................................................................................ 210
5.1.5 weeZÆb ‰es evÕ¦evqb ..................................................................................................... 211
5.1.6 cYÅ ev ˆmevi mvG^ cÉhywÚi eÅenvi ............................................................................... 212
5.1.7 bZzb cYÅ ev ˆmevi AvweÓ•vi.......................................................................................... 213
5.2 DG`ÅvÚv D®²qb ............................................................................................................................ 216
5.2.1 eÅemvq cwiKÍ¸bv ........................................................................................................... 217
5.2.2 eÅemvGqi bvg.................................................................................................................218
5.2.3 eÅemvq KvVvGgv .............................................................................................................. 218
5.2.4 Avcbvi eÅemvq wbe®¬b ................................................................................................. 221
5.2.5 eÅemvq gƒjaGbi Drm wbaÆviY I msMÉn cÉwKÌqv ............................................................. 221
5.2.6 eÅemvGqi Õ©vb wbaÆviY ....................................................................................................225
5.2.7 B-gvbemÁ·` eÅeÕ©vcbv ................................................................................................ 226
5.2.8 B-evRvi MGelYv Kx ...................................................................................................... 228
5.2.9 B-evRvi MGelYvi myweav I mxgve«¬Zv ........................................................................ 228
5.2.10 B-evRvi MGelYvi cÉwKÌqv ..............................................................................................229
5.2.11 B-evRvi eÅemvq ÷i‚ Kivi c`GÞc ............................................................................. 231
5.2.12 ‰m‰gB FY I Þz`Ë A^ÆvqGb evsjvG`Gki AeÕ©vb ........................................................ 232
5.2.13 ÛÇWgvKÆ, KwcivBU, ˆcGU´Ÿ ‰es wWRvBb îwRGÕ¡Èkb-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv .................... 234
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 5: BGbvGfkb I DG`ÅvÚv D®²qb mÁ·v`bv............................................................... 242
Re 5.1 gvGKÆGUi fwelÅr Pvwn`v wbi…cY KGi cÉhywÚi mg®¼Gq BGbvGfkb Kiv ............................... 242
Re 5.2 Õ¡vUÆvc weRGbm ÷i‚ Kivi KgÆ mÁ·v`b Kiv ..................................................................... 248
 Abykxjbx ....................................................................................................................................... 257
AaÅvq 6: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ .............................................................. 259-294

 Zî½xq Ask
6.1 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi eÅeÕ©vcbv .............................................................................. 260
6.1.1 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi ................................................................................... 261
6.1.2 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvGii ŠewkÓ¡Å .................................................................. 262
6.1.3 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvGii myweav I mxgve«¬Zv .............................................. 264
6.1.4 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi evÕ¦evqb cÉwKÌqv.........................................................267
6.1.5 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi wPwn×ZKiY ............................................................... 269
(xv)
6.2 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi evÕ¦evqGb Szwu K eÅeÕ©vcbv ..................................................... 273
6.2.1 wmAvi‰g evÕ¦evqGb SzuwK eÅeÕ©vcbv .............................................................................. 274
6.2.2 Õ·Ó¡ I cwigvcGhvMÅ jÞÅ wbavÆiY KiGe ......................................................................275
6.2.3 KvhÆKix ˆWUv gGWj .......................................................................................................276
6.2.4 cwiwgwZ c«¬wZi gvaÅGg cÉGRÙ evÕ¦evqb ...................................................................... 277
6.2.5 wmAvi‰g cÉwkÞY ......................................................................................................... 278
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 6: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ (CRM) mÁ·v`b ...................................... 281
Re 6.1 KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc mdUIqÅvi eÅeÕ©vcbv Kiv .................................................................. 281
Re 6.2 CRM evÕ¦evqGb Suwy K eÅeÕ©vcbv Kiv ................................................................................. 287
 Abykxjbx ....................................................................................................................................... 294
AaÅvq 7: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ I jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ ........................................ 295-336

 Zî½xq Ask
7.1 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ ........................................................................................................... 296
7.1.1 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ mÁ·GKÆ aviYv.........................................................................297
7.1.2 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å ........................................................................... 298
7.1.3 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ-‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv ....................................................... 299
7.1.4 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv ...................................................................301
7.1.5 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ mdUIqÅvi wPwn×ZKiY ......................................................... 303
7.2 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ ......................................................................................................................... 306
7.2.1 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ ............................................................................................................ 307
7.2.2 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å ......................................................................................... 308
7.2.3 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ-‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv...................................................................... 312
7.2.4 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ cÉwKÌqv ................................................................................................. 318
7.2.5 weRGbm jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ ...............................................................................................319
7.2.6 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ mdUIqÅvi wPwn×ZKiY .......................................................................319
 eÅenvwiK Ask
gwWDj 7: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ I jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ mÁ·v`b .................................... 322
Re 7.1 mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbR Kiv ...................................................................................................... 322
Re 7.2 jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ wbwøZ Kiv ................................................................................................ 327
 ‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc ......................................................................................334
 Abykxjbx ...................................................................................................................................... 336
(xvi)
B-weRGbm I B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ ‰es weRGbm gGWj 1
AaÅvq 1
B-weRGbm I B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ ‰es weRGbm gGWj
Introduction to E-business and E-commerce
and Business Model
cÉavb kõmgƒn
 B-weRGbm
 B-KgvmÆ
 B-gvGKÆwUs
 PZz^Æ wkÍ¸ weµÏe
 ˆfvÚv
 eËÅv´£
 KvÕ¡gvBGRkb
 5G
 CAM
 ERP
 gvbe mÁ·`
 ˆKÌZv wdWeÅvK
Rbve mvBd fveGQb Zvi wKQy wbZÅcÉGqvRbxq cYÅ wKbGZ nGe| wK¯§ KGivbv
 fZzwÆ K
gnvgvwii KviGY ˆ`Gk jKWvDb PjGQ| NGii evBGi hvIqv SzuwKcƒYÆ| ZLbB Zvi
 cvUÆbviwkc PzwÚ
gGb coj ‘ˆmev’ ˆPBb kGci K^v| cÉwZÓ¤vbwUi wbw`ÆÓ¡ Awdm I AvDUGjU
 cÉvBGfwm cwjwm
^vKGjI mieivnKvixi KvQ ˆ^GK cYÅ KÌq, A^Æ Av`vb-cÉ`vb, cYÅ weKÌq cÉf‡wZ
 ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö
eÅemvwqK KvR AbjvBGbi gvaÅGgI KGi ^vGK| ZvB Rbve mvBd ZvGì
 ‰g-KgvmÆ
IGqemvBGU XzGK cÉGqvRbxq cGYÅi AWÆvi w`Gjb| ‰GÞGò ‘ˆmev’ ˆPBb kGci  EFT
AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg wewf®² aiGbi eÅemvwqK KvR Kiv B-weRGbGmi A¯¦fzÆÚ|  COD
AbÅw`GK ÷ay cYÅ KÌq-weKÌGqi AskUzKz B-KgvGmÆi A¯¦fzÆÚ|
PZz^Æ wkÍ¸ weµÏGei AvMgGb gvbyGli Rxeb-auvP, KÌq-weKÌq Õ¡vBj, eÅemvGqi aiGbI cwieZÆb AvmGQ|
wek¼eÅvcx gnvgvwi KGivbvi mgq MZvbyMwZK eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjv meGPGq êwk PÅvGjGéi gyGL
cGoGQ| AbÅw`GK B-weRGbm I B-gvGKÆwUs gvbyGli RbÅ ‰K AbbÅ, AmvaviY myGhvM m†wÓ¡ KGiGQ| ‰
AaÅvGqi AvGjvPbv ˆkGl wkÞv^Æxiv B-KgvmÆ, B-weRGbm, DfGqi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅmn ‰i jÞÅ I D«¿veb
mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ cviGe|
cÉZÅvwkZ wkLbdj
1.1 B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY KiGZ cviGe|
1.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM KiGZ cviGe|
1.3 wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe|
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU)-01K
2 B-weRGbm
1.1 B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ

Introduction to E-business
cyGiv c†wêx ‰Lb B´ŸviGbU wbfÆi| eÅemvGqi aiGbI ŠewPòÅ ‰GmGQ| AvR ˆ^GK `y’wZb `kK cƒGeÆ
gvbyl hv wP¯¦vI KGiwb Zv ‰Lb evÕ¦e| NGi eGmB ‰Lb wek¼eÅvcx eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbv Kiv
hvq@ ‰wUB eZÆgvb evÕ¦eZv| Avi ‰ mewKQyB mÁ¿e nGqGQ B´ŸviGbGUi KviGY|
eÅemvq LvZ wbeÆvPb, eÅemvGqi mÁ¿vebv cÉf‡wZ welq wbGq ‰Lb DœP wkwÞZivI fveGQb| ˆKbbv ‰Lb
AGbGKB DG`ÅvÚv nGZ Pvb| AGbK weGklæivB gGb KiGQb AvMvgx mgqUv nGe B-weRGbm-‰i|
mgq I A^Æ euvPvGZI B-weRGbm-‰i f„wgKv AbÕ¼xKvhÆ| ‰ AaÅvGqi AvGjvPbv ˆkGl Avgiv B-
weRGbm-‰i myweav-Amyweav, B-weRGbm I B-KgvGmÆi aviYv I cv^ÆKÅ, ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq BZÅvw`
mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ cvie|
‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.1.1 B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ
1.1.2 B-weRGbm-‰i msæv
1.1.3 B-weRGbm-‰i myweav ‰es Amyweav
1.1.4 B-weRGbm-‰i ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY
1.1.5 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ aviYv
1.1.6 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm-‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ
1.1.7 ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ‰es B-eÅemvq mÁ·GKÆ aviYv
1.1.8 ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK B-eÅemvq Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv
1.1.9 wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU)-01L
1.1.1 B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ (Introduction to E-business)

B-weRGbm AvgvGì cYÅ ev ˆmev ˆKbv-êPv
mnRZi KGi ZzGjGQ| AvgvGìGK ‰Lb Õ¼kixGi
evRvGi DcwÕ©Z nGZ nq bv| Avgiv NGi eGmB
cGYÅi ˆKbv-êPv KiGZ cvwi|
1996 mvGj B-weRGbm kGõi AwÕ¦Z½ jÞ Kiv
hvq| International Business Machines
Corporation (IBM)-‰i gvGKÆwUs ‰es B´ŸviGbU
`j cÉ^g kõwU eÅenvi KGi|
(mƒò: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_business)
bZzb kZvõx, bew`MG¯¦i mƒPbv| wek¼eÅvcx
eÅemvq KvhÆKÌGgi eÅvcK cwieZÆb nGœQ| ‰i…c
cwiwÕ©wZGZ B-weRGbm AvR wek¼eÅvcx cwiwPZ
kõ| B-weRGbmGK BGjKUÇwbK weRGbm
(Electronic business) wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv nq| wbGP B-weRGbm-‰i KwZcq Dcv`vb ZzGj aiv
nGjv:
AbjvBb gvGKÆU ˆµÏm

(Online market place)
AbjvBb ˆÕ¡vi 3 AbjvBb KwgDwbwUm
(Online store) (Online communities)
2 4
B-ˆcÉvwKDiGg´Ÿ AbjvBb ˆKvÁ·vwb
(E- procurement) 1 5 (Online company)
B-weRGbGmi Dcv`vb
(Components of E-business)
AbjvBb KwgDwbwUm ejGZ Kx êvSvq?

AbjvBb KwgDwbwUm ev mÁ·É`vq nGjv ‰KvwaK eÅwÚi mgwÓ¡, hviv ‰KB aiGbi AvMÉn (Common
interest) ev DGókÅ ARÆGb ‰GK AcGii mvG^ AbjvBGb ˆhvMvGhvM KGi| ‰GK mvgvwRK ev fvPzÆqvj
mÁ·É`vqI ejv nq| AbjvBb KwgDwbwUm ‰KwU Z^Å eÅeÕ©v (Information system) wnGmGe KvR KiGZ
cvGi ˆhLvGb m`mÅiv ˆcvÕ¡ Kiv, AvGjvPbvq g¯¦eÅ Kiv, civgkÆ ˆÌqv, mnGhvwMZv Kiv, wPwKrmv
civgkÆ ˆÌqv cÉf‡wZ KvR KiGZ cvGi| ˆdBmeyK, UzBUvi, BbÕ¡vMÉvg cÉf‡wZ nGjv ‰ aiGbi eÅeÕ©v|
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU)-01M
4 B-weRGbm
wbGR KGiv: wgm DwgÆ KmGgwUKm cYÅ wbGq B-weRGbm ÷i‚ KiGjb| Zvi eÅemvGqi bvg w`Gjb
‘myb±`v ˆKvÁ·vwb’| ‰GÞGò wZwb AbjvBGbi gvaÅGgB AWÆvi w`Gq weG`k ˆ^GK wewf®² eËÅvG´£i
KmGgwUKm Avg`vwb KGib| wZwb ‰KwU IGqemvBGU Zvi me cYÅ DcÕ©vcb KGiGQb, hvGZ
ˆKÌZviv ZvGì cQ±` Abyhvqx cYÅ AWÆvi KiGZ cvGi| ‰Qvov ‰KwU IGqemvBU AvGQ ˆhLvGb me
eÅemvqxiv ZvGì cYÅ mÁ·GKÆ ˆcvÕ¡ Kivi gvaGg ˆKÌZv AvK‡Ó¡ KGi| ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZv DfqB ˆmLvGb
KGg´Ÿ, civgkÆ, AvGjvPbv Kivi gvaÅGg cviÕ·wiK ˆhvMvGhvM KiGZ cvGi| DwÍÏwLZ NUbvwUi gaÅ
ˆ^GK B-weRGbGmi wewf®² Dcv`vb wPwn×Z Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGiv| ‰evi ˆZvgvi fvebvi mvG^ wbGPi
QKwU wgwjGq bvI|
KÌwgK bs NUbv B-weRGbGmi Dcv`vb
1. myb±`v ˆKvÁ·vwb AbjvBb ˆKvÁ·vwb
2. weG`k ˆ^GK AbjvBGb cYÅ Avg`vwb B-ˆcÉvwKDiGg´Ÿ
3. wbRÕ¼ IGqemvBGU cYÅ DcÕ©vcb AbjvBb ˆÕ¡vi
4. ˆh IGqemvBGU me eÅemvqxiv cYÅ DcÕ©vcb KGi AbjvBb gvGKÆU ˆµÏm
5. hviv AbjvBGb cviÕ·wiK ˆhvMvGhvM KGi AbjvBb KwgDwbwUm
1.1.2 B-weRGbm-‰i msæv (Defination of E-business)

B-weRGbm (E-business) ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv BGjKUÇwbK weRGbm (Electronic Business)| mvaviY
fvlvq, B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg hveZxq wewa-weavb AbymiY KGi ˆh eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg cwiPvwjZ nq ZvGK
B-weRGbm eGj| ‰ cÉwKÌqvq cYÅ I ˆmevi ˆKbv-êPv QvovI ˆKÌZv ˆmev, dv´£ cÉGmwms cÉf‡wZ KvhÆKÌg
mÁ·®² nGq ^vGK|
eÅvcK AG^Æ, B-weRGbm nGjv B´ŸviGbU, KwÁ·DUvi ‰es IGqewfwîK eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg hvi gvaÅGg
mywbw`ÆÓ¡ cÉwKÌqvq cYÅ I ˆmevi wewbgq nGq ^vGK| ‰GÞGò ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZv ciÕ·i `ƒieZÆx RvqMvq
AeÕ©vb KiGjI B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi me aiGbi eÅemvwqK KvR Kiv hvq|
ˆRGb ivGLv: B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ KGqKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ msæv
 According to M. K. Pratt Ben Cole, "E-business (Electronic business) is the conduct of
business process on the internet."
 According to Chaffey and Smith, "E-business is defined as the use of electronic network for
business."
B-weRGbm ev AbjvBb weRGbm gƒjZ ‰K aiGbi eÅemvq ˆjbG`b ˆhLvGb B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg AGbK
`ƒGi ˆ^GK, ˆKÌZvi msÕ·GkÆ bv ‰GmI cGYÅi êPv-ˆKbv Kiv hvq|
DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK B-weRGbm-‰i ˆhme ŠewkÓ¡Å dzGU DGV ˆmàGjv wbÁ²i…c@
 ‰Uv B´ŸviGbU wfwîK eÅemvq,
 AbjvBb eÅemvq KvhÆKÌGgi wbqg-Kvbyb AbymiY,
 ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvi `ƒiZ½,
 ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvi mivmwi ˆhvMvGhvM bv Kiv|
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU)-01N
ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, B-weRGbm ev BGjKUÇwbK weRGbm nGjv ‰gb ‰K aiGbi AbjvBb eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg
hvi gvaÅGg ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZv ‰GK AcGii msÕ·GkÆ bv ‰GmI cYÅ I ˆmevi ˆKbv-êPv KiGZ cvGi|
ˆkÉwYi KvR: wbGPi mviwYi K^vwU mZÅ nGj wUK () wPn× ‰es wg^Åv nGj KÌm () wPn× `vI|
‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
KÌwgK bs evKÅ  Aêv  wPn×
1. B-weRGbm-‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv BGjKUÇwbK weRGbm| 
2. B-weRGbm nGjv AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg cYÅ ˆKbv-êPvi cÉwKÌqv|
3. B-weRGbm-‰ ˆKÌZv ˆmev bv w`GjI PGj|
4. B´ŸviGbU QvovI B-weRGbm Kiv hvq|
5. B-weRGbGmi gvaÅGgI `ƒieZÆx ˆKÌZviv weGKÌZvi msÕ·GkÆ bv
‰GmI cYÅ wKbGZ cvGi|
1.1.3 B-weRGbm-‰i myweav ‰es Amyweav (Advantages and Disadvantages of E-

business)
B-weRGbm eZÆgvb mgGqi meGPGq AvGjvwPZ welq| welqwU cyGiv wek¼GK ˆhfvGe ‰KwU µÏvUdGgÆ ùvo
KwiGqGQ, ˆZgwb evwoGq w`GqGQ eÅwÚMZ `ƒiZ½| ‰wU ‰Kw`GK ˆKÌZvev®¬e, AbÅw`GK AwbøqZvcƒYÆ|
A^Ævr, B-weRGbGmi myweav-Amyweav Dfq w`KB we`Ågvb|
B-weRGbm-‰i myweav (Advantages of E-business)

eZÆgvGb weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg
cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| Avi ‰ myGhvM ŠZwi KGi w`GqGQ
AvaywbKKvGji eÅemvq RMGZi bZzb AvweÓ•vi B-weRGbm|
wbGP B-weRGbm-‰i myweavmgƒn msGÞGc AvGjvPbv Kiv
nGjv@
B-weRGbm-‰i myweav
ˆfvÚvi myweav cÉwZÓ¤vGbi myweav mgvGRi myweav
K. B-weRGbGmi ˆÞGò ˆfvÚvi myweavmgƒn (Consumer benefits in e-business):

1. ˆKÌZv ˆmev Z½ivw®¼Z Kiv (Expedites customer service): ˆKÌZvivB gyLÅ@ ‰ aviYvGK ài‚Z½
w`Gq ˆKÌZvGì RbÅ ˆhGKvGbv ˆmev Zivw®¼Z Kiv nq B-weRGbm-‰i gvaÅGg| ˆKÌZvGì ˆhGKvGbv
ˆmev `Ë‚Z mgGqi gGaÅ ˆcuŒGQ ˆ`qvB B-weRGbm-‰i AbÅZg KvR|
6 B-weRGbm
2. ˆKÌZvev®¬e cwiGlev (Customer friendly service): ˆKÌZviv ˆKvb aiGbi cYÅ ˆcGZ Pvq, ˆm
cYÅ KxfvGe ˆcGZ cvGi ‰es cYÅwU KLb wKbGe BZÅvw` welq Rvbv ˆhGKvGbv eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
RbÅ Ri‚wi| Avi ‰ mKj Z^Å Rvbvi cGi Lye mnGR B-weRGbm c«¬wZGZ ˆKÌZvGì cwiGlev
cÉ`vb Kiv hvq|
3. 24/7 wfwîGZ KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbv (Operating activities based on 24/7): B-weRGbm-‰i
AbÅZg myweav nGjv ˆKÌZviv mµ¦vGni cÉwZw`b w`b-ivZ 24 N¥Ÿvi ˆhGKvGbv mgq ZvGì cÉGqvRbxq
ˆmev ˆcGZ cvGi| A^Ævr, ˆKÌZv Zvi myweavgGZv mgGq B-weRGbGmi gvaÅGg cYÅ ev ˆmevi ˆKbv-
êPv KiGZ cvGi|
4. eËÅv´£ mGPZbZv evoGZ mnvqZv (Assist to increase brand awareness): B-weRGbm-‰i gvaÅGg
ˆKÌZviv mnGRB wewf®² bZzb bZzb cGYÅi cwiwPwZ mÁ·GKÆ ævb jvf KiGZ cvGi| ‰GÞGò cGYÅi
eËÅv´£ bvg mÁ·GKÆ Zviv AeMZ nGZ cvGi| wewf®² eËÅvG´£i cYÅ wePvi-weGkÏlY KGi ˆKÌZviv mnGRB
ZvGì cQG±ì cYÅwU KÌGqi AWÆvi KiGZ cvGi|
5. AZÅwaK Z^Å mieivn (Provid more information): B-weRGbm ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv ˆhLvGb
ˆKÌZviv mnGRB ZvGì cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å ˆcGq ^vGK| ‰GÞGò B-weRGbm cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjv ˆKÌZvGì
cYÅ cQG±ì myweavG^Æ chÆvµ¦ Z^Å mieivn KGi ^vGK| cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjv cYÅ ev ˆmevi aib, ŠewkÓ¡Å,
KvhÆKvwiZv, ˆgqv` BZÅvw` DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Z^Å ZzGj aGi|
6. mnR cÉGekvwaKvi (Easy entrance): B-weRGbGmi gvaÅGg ˆhGKvGbv mgq weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦
ˆ^GK ˆKÌZviv cYÅ ˆKbv-êPvmn ˆjbG`b KvhÆKÌg mÁ·®² KiGZ cvGi| B-weRGbGm 24/7 w`bB
MÉvnKiv cGYÅi AWÆvi KiGZ cvGi| ‰gbwK, mviv eQi RyGo ‰KRb MÉvnK Zvi eÅvGj´Ö ˆPK
KiGZ cvGi, A^Æ cÉ`vb KiGZ cvGi|
L. B-weRGbGmi ˆÞGò cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni myweavmgƒn (Organization’s benefits in e-business):
1. wek¼gq evRvi (Worldwide market): eZÆgvb hyM AvaywbK I wWwRUvj gvGKÆwUs ‰i hyM| ‰ hyGM
‰K ˆ`Gki cYÅ weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦ ˆcuŒGQ hvGœQ wbwgGkB| ˆKbbv B-weRGbm IGqewfwîK ev
B´ŸviGbUwfwîK nIqvq ‰i evRvi wek¼eÅvcx weÕ¦‡Z|
2. MY KvÕ¡gvBGRkb (Public customization): B-weRGbm cÉwKÌqvq Lye mnGRB MÉvnKGì cÉGqvRb
Abyhvqx ZvGì cYÅ I cwiGlev ZvrÞwYKfvGe KvÕ¡gvBR Kiv hvq| ˆhgb, B-weRGbm Pvjy nevi
AvGM ˆKÌZviv ˆdvWÆ-‰i ˆgvUiMvwo KÌq KiGZ PvBGj ˆKÌZvGì cQ±` Abyhvqx wbw`ÆÓ¡ iGOi Mvwo
AWÆvi KiGZ cviZ bv| wK¯§ B-weRGbm IGqemvBUwfwîK nIqvq ˆKÌZviv ‰Lb mnGRB ZvGì
cQ±` Abyhvqx Mvwo KÌGqi AWÆvi KiGZ cvGib|
3. mgq ‰es eÅq nËvm (Reducing time & cost): B-weRGbm AvaywbK weGk¼i meGPGq ÛKmB
weRGbm| ‰ aiGbi weRGbGm ˆZgb ˆKvGbv A^Æ ev mgq eÅq KiGZ nq bv| ˆKbbv ˆKD mvnm
KGi DG`ÅvMx nGZ PvBGjB B-weRGbm Pvjy Kiv mÁ¿e|
4. AbjvBb msGhvM cÉwZÓ¤v (Establishing online conncetivity): hviv ˆKvGbv w`b AbjvBb
mÁ·GKÆ ˆZgb ˆKvGbv aviYv cvbwb, ZvivI eZÆgvGb wbR DG`ÅvGM AbjvBb eÅenvGi AfÅÕ¦ nGq
coGQb| weGk¼i me ˆ`Gki AwaKvsk gvbyl AbjvBb ˆKbv-êPvq AfÅÕ¦ nGq cGoGQ| weGkl KGi
wek¼eÅvcx KGivbvKvjxb mgGq AbjvBb ev B-weRGbm-‰i gvòv ClÆvw®¼ZfvGe êGoGQ|
5. bZzb MÉvnKGì AvKlÆY (Attracting new customer): B-weRGbm cÉwZÓ¤vGbi gvwjK wnGmGe ˆh
KvGiv RbÅ bZzb bZzb ˆKÌZv AvKlÆY Kiv AZÅ¯¦ mnR| ˆKbbv AbjvBGbi evRvi AsGk XzKGjB
ˆ`wk-weG`wk AmsLÅ ˆKÌZv jÞ Kiv hvq| DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, ‰GÞGò bZzb ˆKÌZv AvKlÆGY mvPÆ Bwéb
‰es KbGUG´Ÿi Ici wbfÆi KiGZ nq|
‰KK KvR: wbGPi QGK DwÍÏwLZ B-weRGbGmi myweavmgƒn ˆfvÚvi bvwK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Zv wPwn×Z
KGiv| cÉ^gwUi Dîi KGi ˆÌqv nGjv:
KÌwgK bs myweav ˆfvÚv/cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ˆÞGò
1. wek¼eÅvcx weÕ¦‡Z evRvi cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
2. ˆKÌZvev®¬e cwiGlev
3. mnGR MÉvnK AvKlÆY
4. eËÅv´£ mGPZbv evovq
M. B-weRGbGmi ˆÞGò mgvGRi myweavmgƒn (Society's benefits in e-business):
1. PvKwii myGhvM m†wÓ¡ (Creating job opportunity): B-weRGbm ‰Kw`GK ˆhgb gvbylGK DG`ÅvMx
KGi ˆZvGj, ˆZgwb mgvGRi wKQy ˆjvKGì RbÅ PvKwii myGhvMI ŠZwi KGi| ˆhgb, B-weRGbm
hw` ˆKD ÷i‚ KGi ˆmGÞGò Zvi wKQy gvbemÁ·Gì cÉGqvRb nq| ZGe ‰gb wKQy B-weRGbm
cÉwZÓ¤vb iGqGQ hviv ZvGì KgÆPvixGì evwoGZ eGmI KvR Kivi AbygwZ cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK|
2. miKvwi ˆmev cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg (Medium of providing government service): AbjvBb ev B-
weRGbm cÉwKÌqvq RbmvaviYGK wewf®²fvGe miKvwi ˆmev cÉ`vb Kiv hvq| ˆhgb@ UÅvÝ wiUvbÆ
`vwLj Kiv, AbjvBGb WvÚvGii civgkÆ ˆ`qv| ‰QvovI MÅvm, cvwb I we`yÅr wej cwiGkva KivI
B-weRGbm ev AbjvBb weRGbm-‰i AvIZvfzÚ|
3. KvhÆKi MÉvnK ˆmev (Effective customer service): MÉvnKiv hLb-ZLb AbjvBGb ZvGì
cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å ˆcGq ^vGK| ˆKvGbv MÉvnGKi ˆKvGbv cÉk² ^vKGjI Zvi Dîi AbjvBGb
ZvrÞwYKfvGe RvbvGbv hvq| B-weRGbGmi gvaÅGg KvhÆKi ˆhvMvGhvM cÉwZÓ¤v KGi Lye `Ë‚Z mgGqi
gGaÅ cYÅ ˆWwjfvwi Kiv mÁ¿e nq|
4. ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgve«¬Zv AwZKÌg Kiv (Crossing geographical boundaries): B-weRGbm gvGbB
nGjv cyGiv c†wêx ‰KwU gvò MÉvg (Village)| B-weRGbm-‰i cÉfvGe ‰K ˆ`Gki cYÅ ev ˆmev
ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvbv AwZKÌg KGi weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv ˆ`Gk ˆcuŒGQ hvGœQ|
5. AbjvBb ˆmev-wkÞv ‰es Õ¼vÕ©Å (Online services : education & health): B-weRGbm ev
AbjvBb cÉwKÌqvq eZÆgvb mgGq wkÞv^Æxiv wewf®² aiGbi welq mÁ·GKÆ NGi eGmB RvbGZ cviGQ|
‰Qvov NGi eGmB AbjvBGb gvbyl Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmev MÉnY KiGZ cviGQ|
DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, B-weRGbm wek¼eÅvcx ‰K Acvi mÁ¿vebv ŠZwi KGiGQ hvi «¼viv
cÉwZÓ¤vb, ˆfvÚv I mgvR myweav ˆfvM KiGQ|
`jMZ KvR: wkÞv^Æxiv wewf®² MÉ‚Gc wefÚ nGq B-weRGbm-‰i myweav weGkÏlY KiGe ‰es
cÉGZÅK MÉ‚c ˆ^GK ‰K (01) Rb wkÞv^Æx mKGji mvgGb ‰Gm eYÆbv Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KiGe|
8 B-weRGbm
B-weRGbm-‰i Amyweavmgƒn (Disadvantages of E-business)
weGk¼i D®²Z ˆ`Gki bÅvq AvgvGì wcÉq evsjvG`kI B-weRGbm KvhÆKÌGg axGi axGi ‰wMGq hvGœQ|
ZviciI B-weRGbm KvhÆKÌGgi cÉmvi I MÉnYGhvMÅZv ŠZwi KiGZ AvGiKUz mgq jvMGe| KwZcq
AvMÉnx, mvnmx I DG`ÅvMx gvbyl ‰ aiGbi AbjvBb eÅemvwqK KvhÆKÌGg mÁ·†Ú nGjI ‰LGbv AGbK
gvbyl mvnm I my±ì cwiGeGki AfvGe B-weRGbm ˆ^GK `ƒGi iGqGQ| ˆhGKvGbv bZzb eÅemvGq mdj
nGZ ‰KUz êwk mgq jvGMB| B-weRGbm ˆhGnZz B´ŸviGbUwfwîK eÅemvq ˆmGnZz B´ŸviGbGUi MwZ
mG¯¦vlRbK bv nGj ‰ eÅemvGqi cÉwZ AGbGKB AvMÉn cÉKvk KGi bv| BGZvgGaÅ AvgvGì ˆ`Gk mevi
RbÅ B´ŸviGbU mnRjfÅ Kivi cÉGqvRbxq me c`GÞcB ˆbIqv nGqGQ| ZviciI B´ŸviGbU
eÅenviKvixiv m¯§Ó¡ bq| ˆhgb- ‘5G’ Pvjy nIqvi cGiI AGbK MÉvnKB m¯§Ó¡ bq| wbGP B-weRGbm-
‰i AmyweavàGjv msGÞGc AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
1. wbøqZv I wbivcîvi Afve (Lack of security & safety): AbjvBb weRGbm ev B-weRGbGm
wbivcîvi NvUwZ ^vKvq AGbGKB ‰ aiGbi eÅemvGq mÁ·†Ú nGZ Pvq bv|
2. eÅwÚMZ Õ·kÆ ev mÁ·GKÆi Afve (Lack of personal touch and relationship): B-weRGbGmi
AbÅZg cÉavb Amyweav nGjv ‰GÞGò mivmwi eÅwÚMZfvGe ˆZgb ˆKvGbv KvhÆKÌg mÁ·®² nq bv|
‰Qvov cGYÅi Õ·kÆ Qvov cYÅ mÁ·GKÆ ˆZgb ˆKvGbv aviYvI jvf Kiv mÁ¿e bq| ‰i dGj cGYÅi
cÉK‡Z Õ¼v` ev ŠewkÓ¡Å mÁ·GKÆ ˆKÌZviv ˆZgb ˆKvGbv aviYv jvf KiGZ cvGi bv|
3. wejGÁ¼ cYÅ mieivn (Delay in product delivery): B-weRGbm cÉwKÌqvq mivmwi cYÅ ˆWwjfvwi
Kiv mÁ¿e nq bv| Av¯¦RÆvwZK eÅemvGq cYÅ mieivGni ˆÞGò wejGÁ¼i gvòv AviI AZÅwaK|
4. mywbw`ÆÓ¡ MÉvnK wPwn×Z Kiv (Identifying specific customer): B-weRGbm cÉwKÌqvq mywbw`ÆÓ¡ MÉvnK
ev ˆKÌZv LyuGR cvIqv ZGZvUv mnR eÅvcvi bq| Avevi mÁ¿veÅ ˆKÌZv LyuGR ˆcGjI ˆm cÉK‡Z ˆKÌZvq
cwiYZ nGe wK-bv ZvI wePvi-weGkÏlGYi eÅvcvi|
5. AbvMÉn (Disinterest): AvgvGì ˆ`Gki B-weRGbGmi AvGiKwU eo mgmÅv nGjv AbvMÉn|

B´ŸviGbUwfwîK eÅemvq nIqvq AGbGKB B-weRGbm ˆ^GK `ƒGi ^vKGZ Pvq| ZGe axGi axGi ‰i
RbwcÉqZv evoGQ|
ˆkÉwYi KvR: wbGP DwÍÏwLZ welqàGjvi gGaÅ ˆhàGjv B-weRGbm-‰i Amyweavi mvG^ wgGj hvq
ˆmàGjvi Wvb cvGk wUK () wPn× `vI| (1wU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|)
 B-weRGbm-‰ ˆKÌZviv cYÅ KÌGqi mgq cGYÅi cÉK‡Z ŠewkÓ¡Å mÁ·GKÆ

aviYv jvGf eÅ^Æ nq|
 B-weRGbm-‰i evRvi wek¼gq weÕ¦‡Z|
 B-weRGbm PvKwii myGhvM Kgvq, êKviZ½ evovq|
 B-weRGbm cÉwKÌqvq cYÅ ˆWwjfvwiGZ wejÁ¼ nq|
 eÅwÚMZ mÁ·GKÆi Afve B-weRGbGm cYÅ wewKÌGZ cÉfve ˆdGj|
1.1.4 B-weRGbm-‰i ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY (Determining the Strategy of E-business)

B-weRGbm ˆKŒkj nGjv ‰K aiGbi `xNÆGgqvw` cwiKÍ¸bv, hvi gvaÅGg ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb h^vh^fvGe
B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg mKj cGÞi mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM iÞv KiGZ cvGi| ‰ cÉmGã Alfred Chandler
eGjb, "E-business strategy is the determination of the basic long term goals and objectives of
an enterprise." wbGP B-weRGbm-‰i ˆKŒkjmgƒn eYÆbv Kiv nGjv”@
KGcÆvGiU Õ¦Gii
KGcÆvGikb
ˆKŒkj
eÅemvq Õ¦Gii eÅemvq eÅemvq eÅemvq

ˆKŒkj ‰KK A ‰KK B ‰KK C
cwiPvjbvMZ
KvR A KvR B KvR C
ˆKŒkj
wPò: B-weRGbm ˆKŒkGji Õ¦i
1. KGcÆvGiU Õ¦Gii ˆKŒkj (Corporate level strategy): mGeÆvœP Õ¦Gii ˆKŒkjB nGjv KGcÆvGiU
Õ¦Gii ˆKŒkj, ˆhLvGb ‰KwU B-weRGbm dvGgÆi mewKQy mÁ·†Ú| ‰ Õ¦Gi mvaviYZ wmBI (Chief
executive officer) ‰es DœP chÆvGqi eÅeÕ©vcKMY (Top level manager) mvweÆK wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGY
mÁ·†Ú ^vGKb|
10 B-weRGbm
2. eÅemvq ‰KK ˆKŒkj (Business unit strategy): ‰GÞGò cÉv^wgK chÆvGq ‰K ‰KwU eÅemvq
‰KGKi RbÅ wf®² wf®² ˆKŒkj MÉnY Kiv nGq ^vGK| B-weRGbm cÉwKÌqvq bZzb bZzb MÉvnK
AvKlÆGY ‰ aiGbi ˆKŒkj KvhÆKi f„wgKv ivGL|
3. cwiPvjbvMZ ˆKŒkj (Operational strategy): cwiPvjbvMZ ˆKŒkj nGjv ‰KwU B-weRGbm
dvGgÆ hviv RwoZ (ˆhgb@ wewf®² eÅwÚ, cÉwKÌqv I mÁ·`) ZvGì wbGq dvGgÆi DGókÅ ARÆb Kiv|
B-weRGbm cÉwKÌqvq A¯¦fzÆÚ welqàGjv nGjv@ IGqemvBU wWRvBb, nvWÆIqÅvi ‰es mdUIqÅvi ‰i
cÉGqvRbxqZv ‰es jwRwÕ¡Km cÉwKÌqv|
KgÆcò: Rbve mygb ‘ˆWBwj wWjm WU Kg’ bvGg ‰KwU B-weRGbm cÉwZÓ¤v KGib| cÉwZÓ¤vbwU AbjvBGb
ˆKÌZvGì KvGQ cYÅ wewKÌ KGi| mygb cÉwZÓ¤vbwUi ˆKŒkj wbaÆviGY wKQy c`GÞc wbGjb|
c`GÞcàGjv B-weRGbm-‰i ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆKŒkGji A¯¦MÆZ Zv DGÍÏL KGiv ‰es KviYmn
cÉwZGe`b `vwLj KGiv| ‰KwU ˆKŒkj DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@
KÌwgK bs c`GÞcmgƒn ˆKŒkGji bvg
1. mGeÆvœP ˆKÌZv ˆmev ˆÌqvi jGÞÅ ‰KRb wecYb eÅeÕ©vcK KGcÆvGiU Õ¦Gii ˆKŒkj
wbGqvM|
2. AvMvgx gvGm 10 jÞ cYÅ wewKÌi jÞÅ wbaÆviY|
3. cGYÅi wewKÌ evovGbvi RbÅ me cGYÅi Ici 5% Qvo ˆNvlYv|
4. 10 jÞ cYÅ wewKÌi jÞÅgvòv ARÆb Kiv|
1.1.5 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ aviYv (Concept of E-commerce and

E-business)
B-weRGbm (E-business) ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv BGjKUÇwbK weRGbm (Electronic Business)| mvaviY
fvlvq, B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg hveZxq wewa-weavb AbymiY KGi ˆh eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg cwiPvwjZ nq ZvGK
B-weRGbm eGj| ‰ cÉwKÌqvq cYÅ I ˆmevi ˆKbv-êPv QvovI ˆKÌZv ˆmev, dv´£ cÉGmwms cÉf‡wZ KvhÆKÌg
mÁ·®² nGq ^vGK|
eÅvcK AG^Æ, B-weRGbm nGjv B´ŸviGbU, KwÁ·DUvi ‰es IGqewfwîK eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg, hvi «¼viv
mywbw`ÆÓ¡ cÉwKÌqvq cYÅ I ˆmevi wewbgq nGq ^vGK| ‰GÞGò ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZv ciÕ·i `ƒieZÆx RvqMvq
AeÕ©vb KiGjI B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi me aiGbi eÅemvwqK KvR Kiv hvq|
ˆRGb ivGLv
 B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ M. K. Pratt Ben Cole eGjGQb, "E-business (Electronic business) is the
conduct of business process on the internet."
B-weRGbm ev AbjvBb weRGbm gƒjZ ‰K aiGbi

ˆRGb ivGLv: weGk¼i cÉavb 10wU B-KgvmÆ
eÅemvq ˆjbG`b ˆhLvGb B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg AGbK cÉwZÓ¤vb@
`ƒGi ˆ^GK, ˆKÌZvi msÕ·GkÆ bv ‰GmI cGYÅi êPv-
bvg ˆ`k
ˆKbv Kiv hvq| 1. AÅvgvRb (Amazon) hyÚivÓ¡Ç
DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK B-weRGbm-‰i ˆhme 2. Iqvj-gvUÆ (Wal-Mart) hyÚivÓ¡Ç
ŠewkÓ¡Å dzGU DGV ˆmàGjv wbÁ²i…c@ 3. Avwjevev (Alibaba) Pxb
4. B-ê (eBay) hyÚivÓ¡Ç
 ‰wU B´ŸviGbU wfwîK eÅemvq, 5. kwcdvB (Shopify) KvbvWv
 AbjvBb eÅemvq KvhÆKÌGgi wbqg-Kvbyb AbymiY, 6. wRsWs (Jingdong) Pxb
7. RvGµ¸vm (Zappos) hyÚivÓ¡Ç
 ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvi `ƒiZ½, 8. ivKzGUb (Rakuten) Rvcvb
 ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvi mivmwi ˆhvMvGhvM KiGZ nq 9. RvjvbGWv (Zalando) RvgÆvbx
bv| 10. wdÑcKvUÆ (Flipkart) fviZ
AbÅw`GK, B-KgvmÆ nGjv ‰K aiGbi BGjKUÇwbK ˆbUIqvKÆ| B-KgvmÆ-‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv Electronic
Commerce, hvGK msGÞGc E-commerce wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv nGq ^vGK|
AvGiKUz Õ·Ó¡ KGi ejGZ ˆMGj B-KgvmÆ ejGZ B´ŸviGbU Aêv AbÅ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆi
gvaÅGg BGjKUÇwbK c«¬wZGZ cYÅ, ˆmev ev aviYvi ˆKbv-êPvi KvRGK êvSvq|
ˆRGb ivGLv
 B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ Wasley Chai eGjGQb, "E-commerce (Electronic commerce) is the
buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting funds or data over an
electronic network, primarily the internet."
DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, AvaywbK B-KgvmÆ-‰Lb IqvÎ£Æ IqvBW IGqeGK (www) eÅenvi KiGQ| DcGii AvGjvPbv
ˆ^GK B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ ˆh mKj ŠewkÓ¡Å Avgiv LyuGR cvB Zv wbGP DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@
 ‰wU ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbK ˆbUIqvKÆ;
 B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg cYÅ ev ˆmevi êPv-ˆKbv; ‰i gvaÅGg dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi, Z^Å cÉ`vb Kiv nq|
myZivs, B-weRGbm ‰es B-KgvmÆ nGjv AvaywbK eÅemvGqi ‰gb `ywU BGjKUÇwbK c«¬wZ, ˆhàGjv cYÅ
ev ˆmevi Drcv`b, ‰àGjvi gvGKÆwUs, ˆKbv-êPv, gƒjÅ cwiGkva BZÅvw` AbjvBb cÉwKÌqvq mÁ·®² Kivi
eÅeÕ©vGK mnR KGiGQ|
1.1.6 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm-‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ (Differences between E-

commerce & E-business)
cv^ÆGKÅi welq B-KgvmÆ B-weRGbm
1. msæv BGjKUÇwbK wWfvBGmi gvaÅGg cYÅ KÌq- AbÅw`GK B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg ˆh eÅemvq
weKÌGqi ˆh KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq KvhÆKÌg cwiPvwjZ nq ZvGK B-weRGbm
ZvGK B-KgvmÆ eGj| eGj|
12 B-weRGbm
cv^ÆGKÅi welq B-KgvmÆ B-weRGbm

2. ˆjbG`b ‰GÞGò evwYwRÅK ˆjbG`b msNwUZ nq| ‰GÞGò eÅemvwqK ˆjbG`b cwiPvwjZ nq|
3. cwiPvjbvMZ ‰wU cwiPvjbvi RbÅ IGqemvBGUi ‰wU cwiPvjbvi RbÅ IGqemvBU, CAM
Dcv`vb cÉGqvRb| (Computer Aided Engineering), ERP
(Enterprise Resource Planning)
mdUIqÅvGii cÉGqvRb|
4. B´ŸviGbGUi evwYwRÅK KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbvq cÉavbZ B-weRGbGm B´ŸviGbU (Internet), B´ŸÈvGbU
eÅenvi B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi nGq ^vGK| (Intranet) I ‰ÝUÇvGbU (Extranet) eÅen†Z
nGq ^vGK|
5. Avw^ÆK A^Æ msKÌv¯¦ ˆjbG`b mÁ·®² nGq ^vGK| ‰GÞGò Avw^ÆK ‰es ‰ mÁ·wKÆZ ˆhGKvGbv
ˆjbG`b welGq ˆjbG`b mÁ·®² nGq ^vGK|
6. aib B-KgvmÆ nGjv B-weRGbGmi mveGmU| B-weRGbm nGjv mÁ·ƒYÆ mycviGmU|
7. KÌq-weKÌq B-KgvmÆ ÷ay cGYÅi KÌq ‰es weKÌGqi AbÅw`GK B-weRGbm me aiGbi AwMÉg-weKÌq
mvG^ mÁ·†Ú| ‰es weKÌq cieZÆx cÉGPÓ¡vi mvG^ mÁ·†Ú|
8. cÉvmwãK B-KgvmÆ B2C (Business to Consumer) B-weRGbm B2B (Business to Business)
‰i ˆÞGò AwaKZi cÉvmwãK| ‰i ˆÞGò AwaKZi MÉnYGhvMÅ|
`jMZ KvR: ‰KwU KÑvGmi wkÞv^Æxiv wewf®² `Gj (wkÞGKi wbaÆvwiZ `j Abyhvqx) wefÚ nGe|
cÉGZÅK `j B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbm-‰i aviYv I cv^ÆKÅ AvGjvPbv KiGe| ‰ici cÉwZ `j ˆ^GK
‰KRb KGi wkÞv^Æx B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbm-‰i `ywU KGi cv^ÆKÅ ZzGj aGi eÚeÅ ivLGe|
1.1.7 ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ‰es B-eÅemvq mÁ·GKÆ aviYv (Concept of

Traditional Business and E-business)
ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq (Traditional business)
ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ejGZ wiGUBj mycvigvGKÆU
Aêv ˆkv-i‚gGK êvSvGbv nGq ^vGK| ˆmLvb
ˆ^GK AvçwjKfvGe ˆKÌZvGì wbKU cYÅ ev
ˆmev mieivn Kiv nGq ^vGK| ‰ aiGbi
eÅemvGq cwiPvjbvMZ eÅq AZÅwaK| ˆKbbv
‰GÞGò ˆkv-i‚g Aêv ˆÕ¡vi LiP we`Ågvb|
‰Qvov ˆKÌZvGì cYÅ KÌGqi RbÅ ˆKvGbv bv
ˆKvGbv ˆkv-i‚g ev ˆ`vKvGb ˆhGZ nq| wPò: MZvbyMwZK eÅemvq
B-eÅemvq (E-business)
B-eÅemvq ev B-weRGbm nGjv eÅemvGqi ‰KwU bZzb gvòv ev aib| B-weRGbm B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg
cwiPvwjZ nq| ‰GÞGò ˆhme welq A¯¦fzÆÚ Zv nGjv@ AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg cwiKÍ¸bv, msMVb, cYÅ
cÉÕ§Z ‰es gvGKÆwUs| eZÆgvGb AmsLÅ cÉwZÓ¤vb BGjKUÇwbK DcvGq ‰ aiGbi eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbv
KiGQ| ‰GÞGò eÅemvwqK me KvR BGjGKUÇwbK DcvGq AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg cwiPvwjZ nq|
B-weRGbm-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å
1. mnR MVb
2. ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgve«¬Zv ˆbB
3. Kg LiP
4. mgGqi chÆvµ¦Zv
5. gvGKÆwUs ˆKŒkGj Kg LiP
6. B-weRGbm miKvwi fZzÆwK MÉnY KGi
7. ‰LvGb wKQy wbøqZv we`Ågvb
8. eÅwÚMZ ˆhvMvGhvGMi AwÕ¼Z½ ˆbB
9. ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZv mivmwi ‰KwòZ nq bv
10. cYÅ mieivGn wejÁ¼
11. weGk¼i ˆh ˆKD ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK ‰ eÅemvq cwiPvjbv KiGZ cvGi|
12. Avw^ÆK SuywKi cwigvY AZÅwaK|
ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ‰es B-eÅemvGqi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ àGjv Kx Kx?

cv^ÆGKÅi welq ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq B-eÅemvq
1. MVb ‰wU MVb Kiv ZzjbvgƒjK KwVb ‰wU MVb Kiv mnR
2. cÉGqvRbxqZv ‰ aiGbi eÅemvq MVb KiGZ gvGKÆU ‰GÞGò gvGKÆU ˆµÏm ‰i ˆKvGbv
ˆµÏGmi ìKvi nq| cÉGqvRbxqZv ˆbB|
3. gƒjab ‰GÞGò chÆvµ¦ gƒjaGbi cÉGqvRb| ‰GÞGò bvggvò gƒjab w`GqB eÅemvq ÷i‚
Kiv hvq|
4. ˆKÌZv meGÞGò ˆKÌZvGì mvG^ mivmwi ˆhvMvGhvM B-eÅemvGq ˆKÌZvGì mvG^ mivmwi
ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv mÁ¿e bq| ˆKbbv gaÅÕ©eÅemvqx we`Ågvb| ˆhvMvGhvGMi myGhvM iGqGQ|
5. ˆmvcvb ‰ aiGbi eÅemvGq eÅeÕ©vcbv ˆjGfj ‰ aiGbi eÅemvGq ‰gb ˆmvcvb ev Õ¦i
AvGQ| ˆhgb- Top level, Middle level ˆbB|
‰es Bottom level.
6. gvbemÁ·` ‰GÞGò AmsLÅ gvbemÁ·` cÉGqvRb| ‰GÞGò bvggvò gvbemÁ·` nGjB PGj|
7. SuywK ‰ aiGbi eÅemvGq SuywK ZzjbvgƒjK Kg| ‰GÞGò SuywKi cwigvY êwk|
8. cwiwa ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvGqi AvIZv ev cwiwa B-weRGbGmi AvIZv ev cwiwa cyGiv
mxwgZ| wek¼eÅvcx|
14 B-weRGbm
ˆkÉwYi KvR: wbGPi welqàwj ˆ^GK ˆhàGjv B-weRGbGmi ŠewkGÓ¡Åi gGaÅ cGo ˆmàGjvi Wvb
cvGk wUK () wPn× `vI|
KÌwgK bs welqvewj B-weRGbGmi ŠewkÓ¡Å wK bv?
1. B-weRGbm miKvwi fZzÆwK MÉnY KGi bv|
2. B-weRGbm MVb Kiv RwUj I mgqmvGcÞ|
3. B-weRGbGm Avw^ÆK SzuwKi cwigvY êwk|
4. B-weRGbGm LiP Kg nq|
1.1.8 ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK B-eÅemvGq Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv (Necessity of

Moving toward E-business from Traditional Business)
mgq, myGhvM I cwieZÆGbi mvG^ Lvc LvBGq PjGZ bv cviGj ˆh ˆKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vb evRvi ˆ^GK wQUGK
coGe| KGivbv gnvgvwiGZ wek¼eÅvcx eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjv hLb wUGK ^vKGZ wngwkg LvwœQj ZLbB
bZzb myGhvGMi m†wÓ¡ nGqGQ| Avi eÅemvGqi ‰B bZzb aib ev myGhvGMi bvgB nGjv B-weRGbm|
ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK ˆKb B-eÅemvGq Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv iGqGQ Zv wbGP msGÞGc AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
1. ZzjbvgƒjK LiP Kg: B-weRGbGmi cwiPvjbv LiP LyeB Kg|
2. wek¼eÅvcx evRvi: B-weRGbm RbwcÉq nevi AbÅZg cÉavb KviY nGjv ‰i evRvi cwiwa| cyGiv
c†wêx RyGo ‰ eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
3. mnGR I `Ë‚Z ˆKÌZvGì wdWeÅvK cvIqv hvq: B-weRGbm cÉwKÌqvq B´ÖGU´Ÿ ˆKÌZvGì mvov cvIqv hvq|
4. mgq ‰es LiP Kg: ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK B-weRGbGm Avmvi AvGiKwU AbÅZg KviY nGjv
ˆKÌZvGì mvG^ Kg mgGqi gGaÅ ˆhvMvGhvM Kiv hvq|
5. mnR MVb: ˆh ˆKD evwoGZ eGmB B-weRGbm MVb KGi ‰ aiGbi eÅemvq cwiPvjbv KiGZ cvGi|
6. miKvwi fZzÆwK: B-weRGbm cwiPvjbvq AvMÉnx I Drmvnx nGZ miKvi AbjvBb eÅemvGq ‰Lb
fZzÆwK cÉ`vb KiGQ|
7. Kg gƒjab: B-weRGbm cwiPvjbvq bvggvò gƒjaGbi cÉGqvRb cGo|
8. B´ŸviGbU ævb: B-weRGbm cwiPvjbvq B´ŸviGbU ævb ^vKGjB PGj|
9. ˆKÌZv AvKlÆY: AbjvBb weRGbGm mnGRB ˆKÌZvGK AvKlÆY Kiv hvq|
10. memgGqi RbÅ ˆLvjv: B-weRGbm 24/7 w`b wfwîGZ cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
evsjvG`Gk ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvGqi cvkvcvwk B-weRGbm KiGQ ‰gb wKQy eÅemvGqi bvg DGÍÏL KGiv|
evsjvG`Gk eÅemvq cwiPvjbvKvix wKQy weLÅvZ cÉwZÓ¤vb AvGQ hviv ÛÇwWkbvj c«¬wZGZ eÅemvq
÷i‚ KGiwQj| eZÆgvb AvaywbK eÅemvq RMGZ evRvi aGi ivLGZ cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjv ÛÇwWkbvj
eÅemvGqi cvkvcvwk B-weRGbmI ÷i‚ KGiGQ| ˆhgb KGqKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vb
nGjv@ Õ¼µ² ˆPBb kc, IqvjUb BGjÙÇwbKm&, wmãvi, cÉ^g AvGjv cÉf‡wZ|
1.1.9 wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM

(Necessity and Application of Legal Issue and Business Documentation)
eÅemvq WKzGg´Ÿm ejGZ eÅemvGqi mvG^
mÁ·wKÆZ me dvBj, bw^, KvMRcò, eB,
cÉwZGe`b, îKWÆ, wPwV BZÅvw`GK êvSvq|
ˆhGKvGbv eÅemvq cwiPvjbvi ˆÞGò ˆmLvGb
wKQy wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGg´Ÿm ‰i
cÉGqvRb nq| wbGP KGqK aiGbi eÅemvq
WKzGg´Ÿm DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@ Askx`vwi PzwÚcò
cÉ^g cÞ w«¼Zxq cÞ
eÅemvGqi WKzGg´Ÿm Rbve ZwiK kvnv`Z Rbve Avqbvj nK
 Avw^ÆK PzwÚ wcZv- wcZv-
îvW bs- ––, evmv bs- –– îvW bs- ––, evmv bs- ––
 weRGbm wiGcvUÆ ebkÉx AvevwmK ‰jvKv, XvKv ebkÉx AvevwmK ‰jvKv, XvKv
Z‡Zxq cÞ
 KgÆPvix-KgÆKZÆvi PzwÚ Rbve dvi‚K AvgGn`
 BbfGqm wcZv-
îvW bs- ––, evmv bs- ––
 cvUÆbviwkc PzwÚ ebkÉx AvevwmK ‰jvKv, XvKv
 ˆf´£i PzwÚ
A`Å 1 Rvbyqvwi, 2019 ˆgvZvGeK gãjevi mKvj 10 (`k)
 cÉvBGfwm cwjwm NwUKvi mgq DcGivÚ cÞmgƒGni gGaÅ ˆgmvmÆ ZwiK ÛÇwWs ˆKvs
bvgK Askx`vwi eÅemvq MVGbi wbwgGî Askx`vwi PzwÚcòwU cÉÕ§Z
 weRGbm jvBGm´Ö I Õ¼vÞwiZ nGjv| PzwÚi A¯¦fzÆÚ mKj cÞmgƒn mvevjK ‰es PzwÚ
 ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö mÁ·v`Gbi ˆhvMÅZvmÁ·®²| cÉGZÅGKB R¯ÃmƒGòB evsjvG`kx I agÆZ
gymjgvb|
 g¯ŸvjGqi AvG`k BZÅvw`|
PzwÚi welq I kZÆvewj wbÁ²i…c:
wbGP eÅemvq WKzGg´Ÿm ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I welq I kZÆvewjGZ wK wK wjLGeb Zv wbGP ˆjLv AvGQ|
cÉGqvM mÁ·GKÆ msGÞGc eYÆbv Kiv nGjv@ Avgiv PzwÚcGòi DcGivÚ avivmgƒn MÉnY I Zv cvjGbi cÉwZkÉ‚wZ
cÉ`vbcƒeÆK, ˆÕ¼œQvq, myÕ©Å kixGi I mævGb Askx`vi wnGmGe A`Å 1
1. eÅemvGqi ALíZv/mZZv myiÞv Rvbyqvwi, 2019 ˆgvZvGeK gãjevi mKvj 10Uvq wbGÁ²vÚ
(Safeguards business integrity): mvÞxMGYi mvgGb PzwÚcGò `Õ¦LZ cÉ`vb Kijvg|
eÅemvGqi WKzGg´Ÿm ^vKv ‰GZvUvB Ri‚wi mvÞxMGYi Õ¼vÞi Askx`viGì Õ¼vÞi

ˆh, ‰i wbwøZ myiÞvi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq
WKzGg´Ÿm evaÅZvgƒjK| eÅemvq WKzGg´Ÿm wPò: Askx`vwi PzwÚcGòi bgybv
wewf®² MÉvnK, wewbGqvMKvix, ‰es mÁ¿veÅ wbq¯¨GKi KvGQ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi LÅvwZ ‰es mZZv wbwøZ
KiGZ cvGi|
16 B-weRGbm
2. bZzb myGhvM DG¯ÃvPb KGi

(Unveils new
opportunity): eÅemvq
WKzGg´Ÿm bZzb bZzb
eÅemvq myGhvM m†wÓ¡ KGi|
WKzGg´Ÿm bv ^vKGj
AGbGKB eÅemvq ev eÅemvq
cÉwZÓ¤vGbi cÉwZ ˆbwZevPK
aviYv ˆcvlY KGi| evBK/Mvwo KÌq-weKÌq PzwÚbvgv
3. mwVK KGcÆvGiU kvmb cÉ^g cÞ: (weGKÌZv) Avwg............. wcZv.............mvs............
(Smooth corporate w«¼Zxq cÞ: (ˆKÌZv) Avwg............. wcZv.................mvs..........
governance): eÅemvGqi Avwg cÉ^g cÞ Avgvi .................hvnvi îwR: bs:...............,
ˆPwmm bs..............., Bwéb bs............., cÉÕ¦yZKviK..............
WKzGg´Ÿm gvGbB nGjv ‰i ŠZwii mb.......... Ak¼kwÚ............ wmwm........... Rbve............
MÉnYGhvMÅZv êwk nGe| ‰i wbKU .............. UvKv gƒjÅ avhÆ Kwiqv mgÕ¦ UvKv eywSqv cvBqv
wbÁ²wjwLZ mvÞxMGYi ˆgvKvGejvq weKÌq Kwijvg| cÉKvk ^vGK ˆh, DÚ
eÅemvGqi wbqg-Kvbyb ev evBK/MvwowU Avgvi/AvgvGì bvGg ^vKv KvGj ˆKvGbv gvgjv ˆgvKvóvgv
eÅemvGqi cwiPvjbvq ‰KwU wKsev eÅvsGK ˆKvGbv gUÆGMR wQj bv|
AvGiv DGÍÏL ^vGK ˆh, gvwjKvbv cwieZÆGb ˆKvGbv mgmÅv nBGj w«¼Zxq cÞ
mywbw`ÆÓ¡ bxwZgvjv ^vGK ˆm UvKv ˆÌqv mvGcGÞ Zvnv Avwg cÉ^g cÞ wbR `vwqGZ½ Kwiqv w`GZ evaÅ ^vwKe
wK¯¦y 2q cÞGK AekÅB AvMvgx 30 w`Gbi gGaÅ bvg UÇv´Ödvi KiGZ nGe,
Abyhvqx mevBGK PjGZ nq| AbÅ^vq Avwg cÉ^g cÞ `vqfvi enb KwiGev bv ‰es A`Å ................Bs
ZvwiL nBGZ Avwg w«¼Zxq cÞ DGÍÏwLZ MvwowUi mgÕ¦ `vq `vwqZ½ enb KiGev|
4. WKzGg´Ÿm AvbyMZÅ ŠZwi hw` bvg UÇv´ÖdvGi ˆKvGbv we™² NGU, ZvnGj cÉ^g cÞ DcwÕ©Z ˆ^GK Dnv
KGi (Documents create Kwiqv w`GZ evaÅ ^vwKGe| DcGi DGÍÏwLZ NUbv DfqcÞ cwoqv Rvwbqv myÕ©
gwÕ¦GÓ• mvÞxMGYi ˆgvKvGejvq wbR wbR bvg mwn mÁ·v`b Kwiqv w`jvg|
obedience): ‰KwU
mvÞxMGYi Õ¼vÞi:
eÅemvGqi WKzGg´Ÿm wVKVvK cÉ^g cÞ (weGKÌZv) w«¼Zxq cÞ (ˆKÌZv)
^vKGj mKGjB ˆm 1. 1.
2. 2.
eÅemvGqi cÉwZ AbyMZ 3. 3.
^vGK| PzwÚcò mgvµ¦
wPò: KÌq-weKÌq PzwÚcGòi bgybv
Dc-AaÅvqwUi gƒjÅvqb
1. eÅemvGqi ALíZv iÞvq eÅemvq WKzGg´Ÿm-‰i 4. B-weRGbGmi ŠewkÓ¡Å Kx Kx?
f„wgKv Kx? 5. ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq Kx?
2. B-weRGbm eÅemvq KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbvi wfwî Kx? 6. eÅemvq WKzGg´Ÿm Kx?
3. B-weRGbGmi wZbwU ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆjGLv|
1.2 B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ I gGWj

Introduction of E-commerce and Model
B-KgvmÆ AvaywbK weGk¼i eÅemvGqi bZzb I PgKcÉ` weGkl ‰K c«¬wZ| B-KgvmÆ nGjv ‰K aiGbi
BGjKUÇwbK ˆbUIqvKÆ| ‰ c«¬wZGZ B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg wek¼eÅvcx cGYÅi ˆKbv-êPv Kiv mÁ¿e nGœQ,
hv `yB `kK cƒGeÆI evsjvG`Gki gvbyl wP¯¦v KiGZ cvGiwb|
cyGiv wek¼ hLb KGivbv gnvgvixGZ ^gGK ˆMGQ, wVK ZLbB eÅemvq wUwKGq ivLv ‰es eÅemvqxGì
Pig ÞwZi nvZ ˆ^GK iÞv Kivi RbÅ Avwef„ÆZ nGjv B-KgvGmÆi MÉnYGhvMÅZv I RbwcÉqZv| eZÆgvGb
evsjvG`Gki AmsLÅ bvix-cyi‚l ‰ aiGbi B-KgvGmÆi mvG^ mÁ·†Ú| Zviv NGi eGmB PvwjGq hvGœQ B-
KgvmÆ KvhÆKÌg| ‰gb AGbK gvbyl AvGQ hviv mgvGR cÉwZwÓ¤Z nGZ B-KgvmÆGKB êGQ wbGqGQ| ‰
Dc-AaÅvq ˆ^GK Avgiv B-KgvmÆ-‰i BwZnvm, cÉKviGf`, myweav-Amyweav ‰es wewf®² gGWj mÁ·GKÆ
RvbGZ cvie|
‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.2.1 B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ aviYv 1.2.7 B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj
1.2.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉKviGf` 1.2.8 B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj ‰i cÉKviGf`
1.2.3 B-KgvmÆ-‰i BwZnvm 1.2.9 B-weRGbm gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ
1.2.4 B-weRGbm-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å I KvhÆvewj 1.2.10 B-KgvmÆ-‰i mxgve«¬Zv
1.2.5 B-KgvmÆ gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ 1.2.11 B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉfveKmgƒn
1.2.6 B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweav ‰es Amyweav 1.2.12 cÉPwjZ evwYGRÅi mvG^ B-KgvmÆ-‰i cv^ÆKÅ
18 B-weRGbm
1.2.1 B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ aviYv (Concept of E-commerce)

mvaviY fvlvq B-KgvmÆ nGjv ‰K aiGbi BGjKUÇwbK ˆbUIqvKÆ| B-KgvmÆ-‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv
Electronic Commerce hvGK msGÞGc E-commerce wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv nGq ^vGK|
AvGiKUz Õ·Ó¡ KGi ejGZ ˆMGj B-KgvmÆ ejGZ B´ŸviGbU Aêv AbÅ ˆKvGbv KwÁ·DUvi ˆbUIqvGKÆi
gvaÅGg BGjKUÇwbK c«¬wZGZ cYÅ, ˆmev ev aviYvi ˆKbv-êPv, dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi BZÅvw` KvRGK êvSvq|
ˆRGb ivGLv: B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ wbGP KGqKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ msæv DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv@
 According to Wasley Chai, "E-commerce (Electronic commerce) is the buying and selling
of goods and services, or the transmitting funds or data over an electronic network,
primarily the internet."
 According to Wikipedia, "E-commerce (Electronic commerce) is the activity of
electronically buying or selling of products on online services or over the internet."’
DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, AvaywbK B-KgvmÆ-‰Lb IqvÎ£Æ IqvBW IGqeGK WWW Kx?

(www) eÅenvi KiGQ| DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK B-KgvmÆ WWW ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv "World
mÁ·GKÆ ˆh mKj ŠewkÓ¡Å Avgiv LyuGR cvB Zv wbGP DGÍÏL Wide Web" (IqvÎ£Æ IqvBW IGqe)|
Kiv nGjv: ‰wU ‘IGqe’ ev 'W3' bvGgI cwiwPZ| ‰wU

‰KwU Z^Å Õ©vb ˆhLvGb IGqemvBU mÁ·wKÆZ
 ‰wU ‰KwU BGjKUÇwbK ˆbUIqvKÆ; mgÕ¦ bw^ ‰es IGqe Page àwj URL
 B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg cYÅ ev ˆmevi êPv-ˆKbv; ‰i (Uniform Resource Locator) «¼viv wPwn×Z
Kiv nq| ‰KK^vq ejGZ ˆMGj, World
gvaÅGg dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi, Z^Å cÉ`vb Kiv nq| Wide Web ‰KwU ˆÕ¡vGiR wmGÕ¡g ˆhLvGb
ZvB ejv hvq ˆh, B-KgvmÆ nGjv AvaywbK eÅemvGqi ‰gb weGk¼i mgÕ¦ IGqemvBU ˆÕ¡vi msiÞY
‰KwU BGjKUÇwbK c«¬wZ hvi gvaÅGg cYÅ ev ˆmevi Drcv`b, Kiv nq| Tim Berners lee (wUg evbÆvmÆ
wj)-ˆK IqvÎ£Æ IqvBW IGqe ‰i RbK ev
‰àGjvi gvGKÆwUs, ˆKbv-êPv, gƒjÅ cwiGkva BZÅvw` AbjvBb
AvweÓ•viK eGj gGb Kiv nq| wUg evbÆvim
cÉwKÌqvq mÁ·®² Kiv hvq| wj 1989 mvGj WWW ŠZwi KGib|
1.2.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉKviGf` (Types of E-commerce)

AvaywbK weGk¼i eÅemvq RMGZi weÕÃqKi eÅemvGqi ‰K RbwcÉq c«¬wZi bvg B-KgvmÆ|
cYÅ ev ˆmev ˆjGbG`Gbi cÉK‡wZ I aib Abyhvqx B-KgvmÆGK cÉavbZ mvZwU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| wbGP
B-KgvGmÆi cÉKviGf` msGÞGc AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv@
AfxÓ¡ ˆfvÚv AfxÓ¡ eÅemvq
eÅemvq KZÆ†K cÉPjb B2C B2B
(Business to Consumer) (Business to Business)
ˆfvÚv KZÆ†K cÉPjb C2C C2B
(Consumer to Consumer) (Consumer to Business)
miKvi KZ‡ÆK cÉPjb G2C G2B
(Government to Citizen) (Government to Business)
G2G
(Government to Government)
K. B 2 C (Business to Consumer): B-weRGbGmi B 2 C

gGWj nGjv B-wiGUBwjs ev LyPiv eÅemvGqi gGZv eÅeÕ©v|
‰LvGb eÅemvqxiv mivmwi ˆfvÚvi KvGQ cYÅ ev ˆmev weKÌq
KGi| ‰LvGb IGqemvBU eÅenvi KGi gaÅÕ©eÅemvqx QvovB
ˆKÌZviv mivmwi cYÅ ev ˆmev KÌq KiGZ cvGi| ˆhgb@
amazon.com| eZÆgvb Z^Å cÉhywÚi hyGM gvbyl Zvi cÉGqvRbxq
mewKQyB AbjvBb wecYGbi gvaÅGg wKbGZ cviGQ| gvwKÆb hyÚivGÓ¡Çi cÉvq 97% bvMwiKB ‰B
c«¬wZGZ cYÅ wKbGQ| ‰ cÉmGã Philip Kotler & Gary Armstrong eGjb, "B 2 C online marketing
is a business that sells goods and services online to final Consumers," A^Ævr, eÅemvq Uz ˆfvÚv
AbjvBb evRviRvZKiY nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv hvi gvaÅGg P„ov¯¦ ˆfvÚvGì KvGQ AbjvBGbi
gvaÅGg cYÅ ev ˆmev wewKÌ Kiv nq|
L. B 2 B (Business to Business): B 2 B gGWj ejGZ
wewf®² AbjvBb eÅemvqxGì gGaÅ cviÕ·wiK mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcGbi
gvaÅGg cGYÅi ˆKbv-êPvGK eySvq| ‰LvGb gaÅÕ©eÅemvqxi
ìKvi nq bv| ‰ gGWGj eÅemvGqi cGYÅi ˆjbG`b LiP
KGg hvq| ˆhgb- alibaba.com| eZÆgvb KGcÆvGiU ˆKÌZvMY
AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg cYÅ mÁ·GKÆ Z^Å ˆRGb KÌGqi wm«¬v¯¦
MÉnY KGi ^vGK| cYÅ Drcv`bKvix eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vb ZvGì IGqemvBU, B-ˆgBj, AbjvBb cYÅ
ZvwjKv, AbjvBb eÅemvq ˆbUIqvKÆ BZÅvw` eÅeÕ©vi gvaÅGg KGcÆvGiU ˆKÌZvGì KvGQ ZvGì cYÅ
mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ Z^Å ZzGj aGi| êwki fvM KGcÆvGiU KÌq-weKÌq ‰B c«¬wZi gvaÅGgB mÁ·®² nq| gvwKÆb
hyÚivGÓ¡Çi cÉvq 98% KGcÆvGiU KÌq-weKÌq ‰B c«¬wZi gvaÅGg nGq ^vGK| ‰ cÉmGã Philip Kotler & Gary
Armstrong eGjb, "B 2 B online marketing is a business that uses online marketing to reach new
business customers, serves current customers more effectively and obtain buying efficiencies and
prices." A^Ævr, eÅemvq Uz eÅemvq AbjvBb evRviRvZKiY nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv hvi gvaÅGg mÁ¿veÅ
‰es eZÆgvb KGcÆvGiU ˆKÌZvGì KvGQ AwaKZi `ÞZvi mvG^ bÅvhÅ gƒjÅ cvIqvi RbÅ cYÅ ev
ˆmevmgƒn weKÌq Kiv nq|
ˆRGb ivGLv: B2C I B2B ‰i cv^ÆKÅ nGjv@

cv^ÆGKÅi welq B2C B2B
1. ˆKÌZvi aib cÉwZÓ¤vb P„ov¯¦ ˆfvÚv
2. ˆdvKvGmi welq `yB cGÞi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ cYÅ
3. KÌGqi cwigvY êwk Kg
4. KÌq-weKÌq PKÌ `xNÆ mswÞµ¦
5. KÌGqi wm«¬v¯¦ cwiKwÍ¸Z cÉGqvRb, BœQv I mvg^ÆÅ Abyhvqx
20 B-weRGbm
M. C 2 C (Consumer to Consumer): ‰ gGWGji

gvaÅGg ‰KRb ˆfvÚv B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg mivmwi AbÅ
ˆfvÚvi KvGQ cYÅ ev ˆmev KÌq-weKÌq KGi ^vGK|
‰GÞGò ˆKvGbv cGÞi cÉGqvRb nq bv| ˆhgb@
Bikroy.com-‰ ˆfvÚv IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg Zvi cYÅ
mÁ·GKÆ Z^Å w`Gq AbÅ ˆfvÚvGì mvG^ wewbgq mÁ·KÆ
MGo ZzGj| dGj AvMÉnx ˆfvÚviv AwZ mnGRB cÉGqvRbxq cYÅ mÁ·GKÆ aviYv cvq ‰es ‰B Z^Å
AbjvBGbi gvaÅGg AbÅ ˆfvÚvGì AwfwnZ KGi| ‰ cÉmGã Philip Kotler & Gary Armstrong eGjb,
"C 2 C online marketing is a online system that provides an excellent means by which
consumers can buy or exchange goods or information directly with one another." A^Ævr, ˆfvÚv
Uz ˆfvÚv AbjvBb evRviRvZKiY nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU gvaÅg hvi gvaÅGg ˆfvÚviv mivmwi AbjvBGbi
gvaÅGg cYÅ ev Z^Å mÁ·GKÆ ‰GK AciGK cYÅ Z^Å mÁ·GKÆ AwfwnZ KGi ‰es cYÅ KÌGqi wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnY
KGi ^vGK|
N. C 2 B (Consumer to Business): AwaKvsk
ˆKvÁ·vwb ZvGì wbRÕ¼ IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg mÁ¿veÅ
ˆKÌZv I ˆfvÚvGì KvGQ ZvGì cYÅ ev ˆmev mÁ·GKÆ
civgkÆ I cÉk² ˆPGq Avg¯Ÿ Rvbvq| ˆfvÚviv ZvGì
IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg Advi mÁ·GKÆ RvGb ‰es
djveZÆb ev cÉwZwKÌqv (Feedback) cÉ`vb KGi| ‰
cÉmGã Philip Kotler & Gary Armstrong eGjb, C 2
B is online exchanges in which consumers search out sellers, learn about their offers and
initiate purchase, sometimes even driving transaction terms." A^Ævr, ˆfvÚv Uz eÅemvq AbjvBb
evRviRvZKiY nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU ˆWvGgb ˆhLvGb ˆKÌZviv Advi mÁ·GKÆ RvGb ‰es KLGbv KLGbv
ˆjbG`Gbi kZÆI wVK KGi ˆ`q| ˆhgb AvcIqvKÆ.Kg IGqe mvBGU wdÌjÅv´ÖviMY wbGRGì KgÆÞgZv,
AwfæZv, cvwikÉwgK DGÍÏL KGi ˆcÉvdvBj ŠZwi KGi| wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vb wbGRGì cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx KgÆx
ev wdÌjÅv´ÖviGì KvGRi RbÅ fvov KGi ^vGK| ‰GÞGò KgÆxiv wewf®² cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvGR wbGRGì
cwikÉg wewKÌ KGi|
ˆRGb ivGLv: C2C I C2B ‰i cv^ÆKÅ nGjv@

cv^ÆGKÅi welq C2C C2B
1. ˆKÌZvi aib P„ov¯¦ ˆfvÚv cÉwZÓ¤vb ev P„ov¯¦ ˆfvÚv
2. KÌGqi cwigvY Kg êwk
3. KÌq-weKÌq PKÌ mswÞµ¦ `xNÆ
4. KÌGqi wm«¬v¯¦ cÉGqvRb, BœQv I mvg^ÆÅ Abyhvqx cwiKwÍ¸Z
O. G2G (Government to Government): ‰ aiGbi weRGbGm ‰K ˆ`Gki miKvi AbÅ ˆ`Gki

miKvGii mvG^ eÅemvq KGi ^vGK| hw` evsjvG`k miKvi KzGqZ miKvGii KvQ ˆ^GK ˆZj wKGb ZvnGj
‰B UÇvbGRKmbGK G2G ejv nq|
P. G2C (Government to Consumer): ‰ aiGbi weRGbGm miKvi mivmwi ˆfvÚv chÆvGq eÅemvq
KGi ^vGK|
Government to consumer
Q. G2B (Government to Business) : ‰ aiGbi weRGbGm miKvGii mvG^ ˆKvGbv cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
mvG^ PzwÚ KGi| B´ŸviGbGU mvPÆ w`Gj ‰gb AGbK weRGbm gGWj ˆ`Lv hvq|
‰KK KvR: wbGPi ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv B-KgvGmÆi cÉKviGfGì ˆKvbwUi A¯¦f„ÆÚ Zv DGÍÏL KGiv|
cÉ^gwUi Dîi KGi ˆÌqv nGjv@
KÌwgK bs ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn B-KgvGmÆi cÉKviGf`
1. Drcv`bKvix cÉwZÓ¤vb KGcÆvGiU ˆKÌZvGì KvGQ cYÅ wewKÌ KGi| B2B
2. ˆfvÚviv cYÅ mÁ·GKÆ ZvGì gZvgZ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi IGqemvBGU ˆ`q|
3. P„ov¯¦ ˆfvÚvi KvGQ AbjvBGb cYÅ wewKÌ KGi|
4. ‰K ˆfvÚv KZ‡ÆK IGqemvBU ‰i gvaÅGg AbÅ ˆfvÚvi KvGQ
cYÅ wewKÌ Kiv nq|
22 B-weRGbm
1.2.3 B-KgvmÆ-‰i BwZnvm (History of E-commerce)
B-KgvmÆ ev BGjKUÇwbK KgvmÆ ejGZ, B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg cYÅ ev ˆmev wewKÌ KivGK êvSvq| ZvB ‰
cÉmGã ejv nGqGQ, "E-commerce or electronic commerce is the buying and selling of products
or services via the internet."
B-KgvmÆ ÷f mƒPbv nGqwQj gƒjZ 1960-‰i `kGK| ˆm mgGq eÅemvqxiv Avw`g KwÁ·DUvi
ˆbUIqvwKÆsGqi gvaÅGg Še`yÅwZK DcvGq ZvGì ˆjbG`b KvhÆKÌg mÁ·®² KiZ| BGjKUÇwbK ˆWUv
B´ŸviGPé (Electronic data interchange-EDI) KGi Zviv ZvGì eÅemvwqK wewf®² `wjjcò ev
WKzGg´Ÿm AbÅvbÅ ˆgwkGbi mvG^ ˆkqvi KiGZv|
cieZÆxGZ AvGgwiKvi ZrKvjxb wgwjUvwiiv ‰.Avi.wc ˆbU ŠZwi KGi wbDwKÑqvi AvKÌgGYi hveZxq
NUbv I Z^Åmgƒn cÉPvi KiGZ ÷i‚ Kij| Avi ‰B AvweÓ•viB AvRGKi B-KgvmÆ ŠZwii wfwî ŠZwi
KGi w`GqwQj| DrcwîMZfvGe B-KgvmÆ nGœQ Še`yÅwZK c«¬wZGZ BGjKUÇwbK ˆWUv B´ŸviGPé
(Electronic data interchange-EDI) ‰es BGjKUÇwbK dv´£ UÇv´Ödvi (Electronic fund transfer-EFT)
cÉhywÚi gvaÅGg eÅemvwqK hveZxq KvhÆKÌg weGklZ ˆjbG`b mÁ·®² Kivi ‰KwU weGkl cÉwKÌqv|
mvaviYZ BGjKwUÇK ˆWUv B´ŸviGPé nGjv 1960 mvGj cÉwZwÓ¤Z Še`yÅwZK DcvGq eÅemvwqK Z^Å
ˆjbG`Gbi ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv|
 1969 mvGj B´ŸviGbGUi aviYv cvIqv hvq| H mgGq ‰KwU cÉwZiÞv wefvMxq msÕ©v KwÁ·DUvi
ˆbUIqvwKÆs MGelYvq mGeÆvœP Avw^ÆK mnGhvwMZv KGiwQj|
 1990 mvGji w`GK WWW-‰i ˆKvGbv cÉGqvRbxqZv QvovB B´ŸviGbU hyGMi mgvwµ¦ NUGZ cviZ|
‰ mgGq WWW-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv jÞ Kiv hvq| ˆKbbv ‰B IGqe wewf®² gvaÅg Z^v îwWI,
wUwf, BZÅvwì ˆÞGò B´ŸviGbGUi MwZ evwoGq ˆ`q|
 cieZÆxGZ wewf®² eÅemvwqK msÕ©vi gGaÅ Z^Å wewbgGqi webÅvm msævwqZ Kivi RbÅ ˆgUv gvKÆ
Avc jÅvãyGqR (‰Ý ‰g ‰j) Lye ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivGL| ˆKbbv IGqe ˆmev KvhÆKi I MÉnYGhvMÅ
KGi ˆZvjvi RbÅ ‰Ý. ‰g. ‰j. AcwinvhÆ nGq IGV| Avi ‰ mgGq AGbGKB gGb KGiwQGjb ˆh,
‰B ‰Ý. ‰g. ‰j. ev IGqe ˆmev AvMvgxGZ B-KgvmÆ wnGmGe cwiwPwZ jvf KiGe|
 1992 mvGj IGqe eËvDRvGii D®²qb NGU| ‰ mgGq WvDbGjvGWi welqwU bRGi AvGm| cieZÆxGZ
B-KgvGmÆi evÕ¦e i…c wPwn×Z KiGZ bÅvcÕ¡vGii D®²qb NGU| ‰B bÅvcÕ¡vGii gvaÅGg webvgƒGjÅ
wewf®² MvGbi dvBj ˆkqvi Kiv nGZv| A^Ævr, webvgƒGjÅ gvbyl Zvi cQG±ì MvbàGjv WvDbGjvW
KiGZ cviZ|
 2000 mvGj wek¼eÅvcx B´ŸviGbGUi RbwcÉqZv e†w«¬ cvq| ‰iB gGaÅ B-KgvmÆI eÅvcKfvGe
cwiwPwZ jvf KiGZ ^vGK|
eZÆgvb kZvwõi meGPGq AvKlÆYxq eÅemvq µÏÅvUdgÆ nGjv B-KgvmÆ| mgq I cwiwÕ©wZ weGePbvq ‰i
MÉnYGhvMÅZv I RbwcÉqZv w`b w`b e†w«¬ cvGœQ| B2C, B2B, C2C, C2B, G2B B-KgvmÆ-‰i
hyMv¯¦Kvix eÅemvGqi aib|
ˆkÉwYi KvR: wbGPi NUbvàGjvi gGaÅ ˆKvbwU mwVK ‰es ˆKvbwU mwVK bv Zv DGÍÏL KGiv|
‰KwUi Dîi ˆÌqv nGjv@
KÌwgK bs NUbv mwVK ev mwVK bv
1. 1960-‰i `kGK B-KgvmÆ-‰i mƒPbv nGqwQj|
2. B-KgvmÆ gƒjZ EDI I FDI-‰i ‰KwU mgw®¼Z cÉwKÌqv|
3. 1969 mvGj B´ŸviGbU AvweÓ•‡Z nq|
4. WWW nGjv World Wide Web.
5. bÅvcÕ¡vi gƒjZ cYÅ AWÆvi ˆÌqvi RbÅ eÅen†Z nGZv|
1.2.4 B-weRGbm-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å I KvhÆvewj (Features & Function of E-business)

BGjKUÇwbK KgvmÆGK msGÞGc B-KgvmÆ wnGmGe weGePbv Kiv nq| B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg cYÅ I ˆmevi
ˆKbv-êPvGK B-KgvmÆ eGj| ‰ cÉmGã Kalakota P.T. Joseph eGjb, "E-commerce comprises core
business processes of buying and selling goods, services and information over the internet."
wbGP B-weRGbm-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Åmgƒn msGÞGc AvGjvPbv KGiv nGjv@
1. meÆeÅvcx (Ubiquitous): B-KgvGmÆi eÅvwµ¦ ev AvIZv wek¼eÅvcx| NGi eGmB weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv
ˆ`Gki gvGKÆGU cÉGek KGi cYÅ KÌq Kiv hvq|
2. wek¼eÅvcx ˆcuŒQvGbv (Global reach): B-weRGbm ‰gb ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv hvi gvaÅGg ˆfŒGMvwjK
mxgvGiLv AwZKÌg KGi cGYÅi ˆKbv-êPv Kiv hvq|
3. mveÆRbxb gvb (Universal standard): B-weRGbGmi AvGiKwU ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv mveÆRbxb gvb|
‰GÞGò ‰KUv standard gvb eRvq ivLvi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv hvq|
4. Av¯¦tGhvMvGhvM (Interconnectivity): B-weRGbm ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZv DfGq mivmwi ˆhvMvGhvM KiGZ
cvGi| ‰wU eZÆgvb kZvwõi eÅemvq mnRZi Kivi AbÅZg Dcvq|
5. ZG^Åi chÆvµ¦Zv (Information availability): me evRvGii ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvGì AmsLÅ Z^Å
cvIqv hvq B-weRGbm-‰|
6. cÉhywÚwfwîK (Techonology based): B-weRGbm KvhÆKÌg cyGivUvB cÉhywÚ wbfÆi| dv´£ UÇv´Ödvimn
cGYÅi AWÆvi MÉnY, cYÅ cQ±` Kiv BZÅvw` me wKQy cÉhywÚ Z^v B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGgB msNwUZ nGq ^vGK|
24 B-weRGbm
6. fvPÆqy vj ˆhvMvGhvM (Virtual communication): ‰GÞGò AbjvBb Z^v B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg

‰KRb AvGiKRGbi mvG^ mivmwi ˆhvM KGi ^vGK|
7. AbjvBb KÌq-weKÌq (Online purchase & selling): B-weRGbm ‰ me cYÅ I ˆmevi KÌq-weKÌq
AbjvBGb mÁ·®² nGq ^vGK|
8. mÁ·KÆwfwîK gvGKÆwUs (Relationship marketing): B-weRGbGmi gvaÅGg ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvi gGaÅ
mivmwi mÁ·KÆ ŠZwi Kiv hvq| ‰i dGj ‰GK AcGii mvG^ Lye Av¯¦wiKZvi mvG^ wgGk ˆhGZ
cvGi ‰es `xNÆGgqvG` DfGqi gGaÅ mymÁ·KÆ ŠZwi nq|
KvhÆvewj: ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vbGK B-weRGbm cÉwKÌqv mwVKfvGe cwiPvjbv KvR KiGZ nq| wbGP B-weRGbm-
‰i KvhÆvewj msGÞGc AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv@
1. AÅvKvD´Ÿm I wewjs (Accounts and billing): B-weRGbGm Avw^ÆK wewf®² KvR B´ŸviGbGUi
gvaÅGgB mÁ·®² Kiv nq| BGjKUÇwbKfvGe AWÆvi MÉnY, wej ŠZwi, A^Æ Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv B-
weRGbGmi KvR|
2. mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ (Supply chain management): Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cYÅ msMÉn I mieivn
Kiv B-weRGbGmi AbÅZg KvR| cÉwZÓ¤vGbi DwPZ Pvwn`v I mieivGni Dfq cÉvG¯¦ ZG^Åi Aeva
I Õ·Ó¡ cÉevn wbwøZ Kiv|
3. msMÉn/KÌq (Procurment): ‰GÞGò `yB aiGbi wmGÕ¡g AvGQ| h^v@ B-ˆcÉvwKDiGg´Ÿ (E-
procurement) ‰es AvB-ˆcÉvwKDiGg´Ÿ (I-procurement)| B-ˆcÉvwKDiGg´Ÿ nGjv AfÅ¯¦ixY KÌGqi
RbÅ ‰KwU IGqewfwîK wmGÕ¡g| Avi AvB-ˆcÉvwKDiGg´Ÿ nGjv ‰KwU IGqewfwîK wmGÕ¡g, hv
weGKÌZvGì evBGii wmGÕ¡Ggi mvG^ mshyÚ ˆ^GK KÌq ‰es A^Æ cÉ`vb Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe KGi|
4. gvbemÁ·` (Human Resource): B´ŸÈvGbU eÅenvi KGi KgÆx ZG^Å AÅvGÝm Kiv hvq| KgÆxiv
ìKvi Abyhvqx Z^Å eÅenvi, wewf®² AÅvwµÏGKkb ev wiGcvUÆ ŠZwi KiGZ cvGi| ‰fvGe B-weRGbGm
gvbemÁ·` mÁ·wKÆZ KvhÆvewj Kiv nq|
5. wecYb (Marketing): B-weRGbGm wewf®² ˆgBj nvDR, Kj ˆm´Ÿvi, IGqemvBU eÅenvi KGi
cGYÅi wecYb Kiv nq| ‰GZ ˆKÌZvGì KvGQ Õ¼qswKÌqfvGe cGYÅi Z^Å PGj hvq ‰es ˆKÌZviv
wKbGZ AvMÉnx nq|
6. ˆKÌZv mÁ·KÆ eÅeÕ©vcbv (Customer relationship management): B-weRGbGmi ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
KvR nGjv ˆKÌZvi mvG^ mymÁ·KÆ Õ©vcb Kiv| IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg cGYÅi mwVK DcÕ©vcb, `Ë‚Z
mieivn wbwøZKiY, Avmj cYÅ mieivn cÉf‡wZ KvGRi gvaÅGg ˆKÌZvi mvG^ mymÁ·KÆ ivLv hvq|
‰KK KvR: wkÞv^xÆiv ‰KRb KGi wkÞGKi mvgGb hvGe ‰es B-weRGbm-‰i `ywU KGi ŠewkÓ¡Å
I KvhÆvewj eYÆbv KiGe|
1.2.5 B-KgvmÆ gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ (E-commerce Model Framework)

B-KgvmÆ gGWj ˆhGKvGbv dvGgÆi RbÅ AZÅ¯¦ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv ivGL| ˆKbbv ‰ gGWGji gvaÅGg dvGgÆi
DGókÅ ARÆGbi jGÞÅ ˆKÌZvGì RbÅ fÅvjy m†wÓ¡ Kiv nq| ‰GÞGò ‰KwU dvgÆGK AfÅ¯¦ixY cwiGeGki
cvkvcvwk evwnÅK cwiGeGki IciI ˆLqvj ivLGZ nq| cÉwZGhvwMZvgƒjK evRvGi wUGK ^vKvi RbÅI
dvgÆGK B-KgvmÆ gGWj D®²qb KiGZ nq| cÉwZGhvMx cwiGek
wPGòi mvnvGhÅ B-KgvmÆ gGWGji ‰KwU ˆdÌgIqvKÆ
DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv@ msVMb
B-KgvmÆ ev B-weRGbGmi ‰i…c gGWj D®²qb I
evÕ¦evqGb wbGPi wZbwU Dcv`vb weGePÅ| h^v@ DGókÅ B-KgvmÆ gGWj fÅvjy ˆhvM
1. B-gvGKÆU ˆµÏGmi ŠewkÓ¡Å Abyaveb;
2. ˆKÌZvGì fÅvjy cÉ`vb ‰es KvhÆKÌg gƒjÅvqb
3. Avw^ÆK Õ©vwqZ½ ARÆb|
wPò: B-KgvmÆ gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ
1.2.6 B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweav ‰es Amyweav (Advantages and Disadvantages of
E-commerce)
B-KgvmÆ eZÆgvb mgGqi meGPGq AvGjvwPZ welq| ˆKbbv eZÆgvGb weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK eÅemvq
KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| Avi ‰ myGhvM ŠZwi KGi w`GqGQ AvaywbKKvGji eÅemvq RMGZi bZzb
AvweÓ•vi B-KgvmÆ| wbGP B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweavmgƒn msGÞGc AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv@
B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweav (Advantages of E-commerce):
B-KgÆvm ‰i myweav
ˆfvÚvi myweav cÉwZÓ¤vGbi myweav mgvGRi myweav

K. B-KgvmÆ-‰i ˆÞGò ˆfvÚvi myweav (Consumer's Advantages in E-commerce):
1. ˆKÌZv ˆmev Z½ivw®¼Z Kiv (Expedites customer service): ˆKÌZvivB cÉ^g@ ‰ aviYvGK ài‚Z½
w`Gq ˆKÌZvGì RbÅ ˆhGKvGbv ˆmev Zivw®¼Z Kiv nq B-KgvmÆ-‰i gvaÅGg| ˆKÌZvGì ˆhGKvGbv
ˆmev `Ë‚Z mgGqi gGaÅ ˆcuŒGQ ˆÌqvB B-KgvmÆ-‰i AbÅZg KvR|
2. ˆKÌZvev®¬e cwiGlev (Customer friendly service): ˆKÌZviv ˆKvb aiGbi cYÅ ˆcGZ Pvq, ˆm cYÅ
KxfvGe ˆcGZ cvGi ‰es cYÅwU KLb wKbGe BZÅvw` welq Rvbv ˆhGKvGbv eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi RbÅ
Ri‚wi| Avi ‰ me Z^Å Rvbvi cGi Lye mnGR B-KgvmÆ c«¬wZGZ ˆKÌZvGì cwiGlev ˆÌqv hvq|
3. 24/7 wfwîGZ KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbv (Operating activities based on 24/7): B-KgvmÆ-‰i AbÅZg myweav
nGjv ˆKÌZviv mµ¦vGni cÉwZw`b w`b-ivZ 24 N¥Ÿvi ˆhGKvGbv mgq Zviv ZvGì cÉGqvRbxq ˆmev ˆcGZ
cvGi| ˆKÌZv Zvi myweavgGZv mgGq B-KgvmÆ-‰i gvaÅGg cYÅ ev ˆmevi ˆKbv-êPv KiGZ cvGi|
4. eËÅv´£ mGPZbZv evovGZ mnvqZv (Assist to increase brand awareness): B-KgvmÆ-‰i gvaÅGg
ˆKÌZviv mnGRB wewf®² bZzb bZzb cGYÅi cwiwPwZ jvf KiGZ cvGi| ‰GÞGò cGYÅi eËÅv´£ bvg
mÁ·GKÆ Zviv AeMZ nGZ cvGi| wewf®² eËÅvG´£i cYÅ wePvi-weGkÏlY KGi ˆKÌZviv mnGRB ZvGì
cQG±ì cYÅwU ˆKbvi AWÆvi KiGZ cvGi|
26 B-weRGbm
5. AZÅwaK Z^Å mieivn (Providing more information): B-KgvmÆ-‰gb ‰KwU cÉwKÌqv ˆhLvGb
ˆKÌZviv mnGRB ZvGì cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å ˆcGq ^vGK| ‰GÞGò B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vbàGjv ˆKÌZvGì cYÅ
cQG±ì myweavG^Æ chÆvµ¦ Z^Å mieivn KGi ^vGK| cYÅ ev ˆmevi aiY, ŠewkÓ¡Å, KvhÆKvwiZv, ˆgqv`
cÉf‡wZ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ Z^Å IGqemvBGU ZzGj aiv nq|
6. mnR cÉGekvwaKvi (Easy entrance): ˆhGKvGbv mgq weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉv¯¦ ˆ^GK ˆKÌZviv ˆKbv-
êPvmn ˆjbG`b KvhÆKÌg mÁ·®² KiGZ cvGi| B-KgvmÆ-‰ 24/7 w`bB MÉvnKiv cGYÅi AWÆvi KiGZ
cvGi| ‰gbwK, mviv eQi RyGo ‰KRb MÉvnK Zvi eÅvGj´Ö ˆPK I A^Æ GÌqv msKÌv¯¦ hveZxq KvR
KiGZ cvGi|
L. B-KgvmÆ-‰i ˆÞGò cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni myweav (Organization's Advantages in E-commerce):
1. wek¼gq evRvi (Worldwide market): eZÆgvb hyM AvaywbK I wWwRUvj gvGKÆwUs ‰i hyM| ‰ hyGM
‰K ˆ`Gk Drcvw`Z cYÅ weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv cÉvG¯¦ ˆcuŒGQ hvGœQ wbwgGlB| ˆKbbv B-KgvmÆ
IGqewfwîK ev B´ŸviGbUwfwîK nIqvq ˆKÌZviv ˆhGKvGbv Õ©vGb eGmB cYÅ AWÆvi KiGZ cvGi|
ZvB ‰i evRvi wek¼eÅvcx weÕ¦‡Z|
2. MY KvÕ¡gvBGRkb (Public customization): B-KgvmÆ cÉwKÌqvq Lye mnGRB MÉvnKGì cÉGqvRb
Abyhvqx ZvGì cYÅ I cwiGlev ZvrÞwYKfvGe KvÕ¡gvBR Kiv hvq| ˆhgb- B-KgvmÆ Pvjy nevi
AvGM ˆKÌZviv ˆdvWÆ-‰i ˆgvUiMvwo wKbGZ PvBGj ˆKÌZvGì cQ±` Abyhvqx wbw`ÆÓ¡ iGOi Mvwo
AWÆvi KiGZ cviZ bv| wK¯§ B-KgvmÆ IGqemvBUwfwîK nIqvq ˆKÌZviv mnGRB ‰K wgwbGUi
gGaÅ ZvGì cQ±` Abyhvqx Mvwo ˆKbvi AWÆvi KiGZ cvGi|
3. mgq ‰es eÅq Kgvq (Reducing time & cost): B-KgvmÆ AvaywbK weGk¼i meGPGq ÛKmB cYÅ
ˆKbv-êPvi aib| ‰ aiGbi c«¬wZGZ ˆZgb ˆKvGbv A^Æ ev mgq eÅq KiGZ nq bv| ˆKbbv ˆKD
mvnm KGi DG`ÅvMx nGZ PvBGjB B-KgvmÆ Pvjy Kiv mÁ¿e|
4. AbjvBb msGhvM cÉwZÓ¤v (Establishing online connectivity): hviv ˆKvGbv w`b AbjvBb
mÁ·GKÆ ˆZgb ˆKvGbv ÛÇwbs cÉvµ¦ bb, ZvivI eZÆgvGb wbR DG`ÅvGM AbjvBb eÅenvGi AfÅÕ¦ nGq
coGQb| weGk¼i me ˆ`Gki AwaKvsk gvbyl AbjvBGb cYÅ ˆKbv-êPvq AfÅÕ¦ nGq cGoGQ| weGkl
KGi wek¼eÅvcx KGivbvKvjxb mgGq AbjvBb ev B-KgvmÆ-‰i gvòv CkÆvw®¼ZfvGe êGoGQ|
5. bZzb MÉvnKGì AvKlÆY (Attracting new customer): ˆhGKvGbv eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vb bZzb ˆKÌZv
AvKlÆGY mg^Æ bv nGjI B-KgvGmÆ ˆKÌZv AvKlÆY Kiv AZÅ¯¦ mnR| ˆKbbv AbjvBb evRvGi
XzKGjB ˆ`wk-weG`wk AmsLÅ ˆKÌZv DcwÕ©wZ ˆ`Lv hvq| DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, ‰GÞGò bZzb ˆKÌZv AvKlÆGY
mvPÆ Bwéb ‰es KbGUG´Ÿi Ici wbfÆi KiGZ nq|
ˆkÉwYi KvR: wbGPi QGK DwÍÏwLZ B-KgvGmÆi myweavmgƒn ˆfvÚvi bvwK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi Zv wPwn×Z
KGiv| cÉ^gwUi Dîi KGi ˆÌqv nGjv:
KÌwgK bs myweav ˆfvÚv/cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ˆÞGò
1. MY KvÕ¡gvBGRkb cÉwZÓ¤vGbi
2. 24 N¥ŸvB ˆmev
3. wek¼eÅvcx weÕ¦‡Z evRvi
4. NGi eGmB cYÅ KÌq
M. B-KgvmÆ-‰i ˆÞGò mgvGRi myweav (Society's Advantages in E-commerce):

1. PvKwii myGhvM m†wÓ¡ (Creating job opportunity): B-KgvmÆ gvbylGK eÅemvq Õ©vcGb DG`ÅvMx
KGi ZzjGZ I mgvGRi ˆjvKGì RbÅ PvKwii myGhvM ŠZwiGZ mnvqZv KGi| ˆhgb- B-KgvmÆ hw`
ˆKD ÷i‚ KGi ˆmGÞGò Zvi wKQy gvbemÁ·Gì cÉGqvRb nq| ‰gb wKQy B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb AvGQ
hviv ZvGì KgÆPvixGì evwoGZ eGmI KvR Kivi AbygwZ w`Gq ^vGK|
2. miKvwi ˆmev ˆÌqvi gvaÅg (Medium of providing government service): AbjvBb ev B-
KgvmÆ cÉwKÌqvq RbmvaviYGK wewf®²fvGe miKvwi ˆmev ˆÌqv hvq| ˆhgb@ UÅvÝ wiUvbÆ `vwLj
Kiv| ‰QvovI MÅvm, cvwb I we`yÅr wej cwiGkva KivI B-KgvmÆ ev AbjvBb weRGbm-‰i AvIZvfzÚ|
3. KvhÆKi MÉvnK ˆmev (Effective customer service): MÉvnKiv hLb-ZLb AbjvBGb ZvGì
cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å ˆcGq ^vGK| ˆKvGbv MÉvnGKi ˆKvGbv cÉk² ^vKGjI Zvi Dîi AbjvBGb
ZvrÞwYKfvGe RvbvGbv hvq| B-KgvmÆ-‰i gvaÅGg KvhÆKi ˆhvMvGhvM cÉwZÓ¤v KGi Lye `Ë‚Z mgGqi
gGaÅ cYÅ ˆWwjfvwi Kiv mÁ¿e nq|
4. ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgve«¬Zv AwZKÌg Kiv (Crossing geographical boundaries): B-KgvmÆ gvGbB
nGjv cyGiv c†wêx ‰KwU gvò MÉvg (Village)| B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉfvGe ‰K ˆ`Gki cYÅ ev ˆmev
ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvbv AwZKÌg KGi weGk¼i ˆhGKvGbv ˆ`Gk ˆcuŒGQ hvGœQ|
5. ˆmev wbwøZKiY- wkÞv ‰es Õ¼vÕ©Å (Ensuring service- education and health): B-KgvmÆ ev
AbjvBb cÉwKÌqvq eZÆgvb mgGq wkÞv^Æxiv NGi eGmB àMj KÑvmi‚Gg AbjvBb KÑvm wKsev Lvb
‰KvGWwgi gvaÅGg wewf®² welq RvbGZ cviGQ| ‰Qvov NGi eGmB AbjvBGb WvÚvGii mvG^
ˆhvMvGhvM KGi gvbyl Õ¼vÕ©ÅGmev wbGZ cviGQ|
DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK ejv hvq ˆh, B-KgvmÆ wek¼eÅvcx ‰K Acvi mÁ¿vebv ŠZwi KGiGQ hvi «¼viv
cÉwZÓ¤vb, ˆfvÚv I mgvR DcK‡Z nGœQ|
B-KgvmÆ-‰i Amyweav (Disadvantages of E-commerce)

weGk¼i D®²Z ˆ`Gki bÅvq AvgvGì wcÉq evsjvG`kI B-KgvmÆ KvhÆKÌGg axGi axGi ‰wMGq hvGœQ|
ZviciI B-KgvmÆ KvhÆKÌGgi cÉmvi I MÉnYGhvMÅZv ŠZwi KiGZ AvGiKUz mgq jvMGe| KwZcq AvMÉnx,
mvnmx I DG`ÅvMx gvbyl ‰ aiGbi AbjvBb eÅemvwqK KvhÆKÌGg mÁ·†Ú nGjI ‰LbI AGbK gvbyl
mvnm I eÅemvwqK cwiGeGki AfvGe B-KgvmÆ ˆ^GK `ƒGi AvGQ| ˆhGKvGbv bZzb eÅemvGq mdj nGZ
‰KUz êwk mgq jvGMB| B-KgvmÆ B´ŸviGbU wfwîK eÅemvq ZvB B´ŸviGbGUi MwZ mG¯¦vlRbK bv nGj
‰ eÅemvGqi cÉwZ AGbGKB AvMÉn cÉKvk KGi bv| BGZvgGaÅ AvgvGì ˆ`Gk mevi RbÅ B´ŸviGbU
mnRjfÅ Kivi cÉGqvRbxq me c`GÞcB ˆbIqv nGqGQ| ZviciI B´ŸviGbU wbGq eÅenviKvixiv m¯§Ó¡
bv| ‰Qvov ‘5G’ Pvjy nIqvi cGiI AGbK MÉvnKB ‰i eÅenvi DcGhvwMZv wbGq m¯§Ó¡ bv| wbGP B-
KgvmÆ-‰i AmyweavàGjv AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv@
1. wbøqZv I wbivcîvi Afve (Lack of security & safety): B-KgvmÆ-‰ wbivcîvi NvUwZ ^vKvq
AGbGKB ‰ aiGbi eÅemvGq mÁ·†Ú nGZ Pvq bv|
28 B-weRGbm
2. eÅwÚMZ Õ·kÆ ev mÁ·GKÆi Afve (Lack of personal touch and relationships): B-KgvmÆ-‰i
AbÅZg cÉavb Amyweav nGjv ‰LvGb mivmwi I eÅwÚMZfvGe ˆZgb ˆKvGbv KvhÆKÌg mÁ·KÆ m†wÓ¡ nq
bv| ‰Qvov cGYÅi Õ·kÆ Qvov cYÅ mÁ·GKÆ ˆZgb ˆKvGbv aviYvI jvf Kiv mÁ¿e nq bv| hvi dGj
cGYÅi cÉK‡Z Õ¼v` ev ŠewkÓ¡Å mÁ·GKÆ ˆKÌZviv ˆZgb ˆKvGbv aviYv jvf KiGZ cvGi bv|
3. wejGÁ¼ cYÅ mieivn (Delay in product delivery): B-KgvmÆ cÉwKÌqvq mivmwi ev mvG^ mvG^ cYÅ
ˆWwjfvwi Kiv mÁ¿e nq bv| Av¯¦RÆvwZK eÅemvGq cYÅ mieivGni ˆÞGò wejGÁ¼i gvòv AviI êwk|
4. mywbw`ÆÓ¡ MÉvnK wPwn×Z Kiv (Identifying specific customer): B-KgvmÆ cÉwKÌqvq mywbw`ÆÓ¡ MÉvnK ev
ˆKÌZv LyuGR cvIqv ZGZvUv mnR eÅvcvi bv| Avevi mÁ¿veÅ ˆKÌZv LyuGR ˆcGjI ˆm cÉK‡Z ˆKÌZvq
cwiYZ nGe wK-bv ZvI wePvi-weGkÏlGYi eÅvcvi|
5. AbvMÉn (Disinterest): AvgvGì ˆ`Gki KgvmÆ-‰i AvGiKwU eo mgmÅv nGjv ˆKÌZvGì AbvMÉn|
B´ŸviGbUwfwîK eÅemvq nIqvq AGbGKB B-KgvmÆ ˆ^GK `ƒGi ^vKGZ Pvq| ZGe axGi axGi ‰i
RbwcÉqZv evoGQ|
6. bKj cYÅ mieivn (Delivery of fake product): B-KgvmÆ-‰i ‰KwU eo Amyweav nGjv Avmj
cYÅ mieivn bv Kiv| AGbK mgq ˆKÌZviv ˆh cYÅ ev ˆmev AWÆvi KGi ZvGìGK ˆmwU ˆÌqv nq
bv| bKj ev AbÅ ‰KwU cYÅ mieivn Kiv nq| ‰GÞGò mivmvwi ˆhvMvGhvM eÅeÕ©v bv ^vKvq
AGbK mgq ˆKÌZv AwfGhvM RvbvGZ cvGi bv| ‰fvGe ˆKÌZv Õ¼v^Æ ÞzY² nq|
‰KK KvR: wbGPi QGK DwÍÏwLZ welqmgƒn ˆ^GK B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweav ev Amyweav wPwn×Z KGiv|
cÉ^gwUi ˆÌqv nGjv@
KÌwgK bs welq myweav/Amyweav
1. PvKwii myGhvM m†wÓ¡ myweav
2. wbivcîvi Afve
3. ˆKÌZvev®¬e cwiGlev
4. bKjcYÅ mieivn
5. ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgve«¬Zv `ƒi
1.2.7 B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj Kx (What is E-commerce Business model)

mvaviYfvGe ejGZ ˆMGj B-KgvmÆ weRGbm nGjv ‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vGb B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi wKfvGe ‰KwU
mywbw`ÆÓ¡ evRvGi cYÅ ev ˆmevi wewbgGq A^Æ ev mÁ·` ŠZwi KiGe Zvi P„ov¯¦ cwiKÍ¸bv|
AvGiKUz Õ·Õ¡ KGi ejGZ ˆMGj B-KgvmÆ weRGbm nGjv ‰KwU cwiKÍ¸bv hvi gvaÅGg B´ŸviGbU ev
AbjvBb cÉwKÌqvq cÉK‡Z ˆKÌZvGì fÅvjy ˆÌqvi gvaÅGg gybvdv ARÆGbi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nq|
B-KgvmÆ ev B-weRGbm gGWj ejGZ ‰KwU dvgÆ ev cÉwZÓ¤vb KxfvGe msMVb ŠZwi KGi, KxfvGe cYÅ
mieivn KGi ‰es KxfvGe fÅvjy AvqZ½ KGi Zvi ‰KwU MvBWjvBbGK êvSvq|
B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWjGK ‰K K^vq B-weRGbGmi AvUÆI ejv hvq| wbGPi wPGò ‰KwU B-KgvmÆ
weRGbm gGWGji bgybv DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv@
E-commerce Business Model
Market place Direct
B2B B2C Retailer Brand
Fulfilled by seller Traditional
Fulfilled by marketpalce Subscription
wPò: B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj

DcGii AvGjvPbv ˆ^GK mnGRB ejv hvq ˆh, B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj nGjv ‰gb ‰K aiGbi mywbw`ÆÓ¡
cwiKÍ¸bv hvi gvaÅGg ˆKÌZvGì fÅvjy cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg gybvdv ARÆGbi ˆPÓ¡v Kiv nq|
1.2.8 B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj ‰i cÉKviGf` (Types of E-commerce
Business Model)
B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉwZ evsjvG`Gki gvbylI B`vwbs AvMÉnx nGq DGVGQ| `vivR, iKgvwi, wcKvGev, AÅvgvRb
BZÅvwì mvG^ evsjvG`Gki gvbyl AvR IZGcÉvZfvGe RwoZ| chÆvqKÌGg B-KgvmÆ-‰i mdjZv
cwijwÞZ nGœQ wek¼RyGoB|
ˆhGKvGbv eÅemvq cwiPvjbvq ‰KwU mywbw`ÆÓ¡ KvVvGgv ^vKv cÉGqvRb| Avi B-weRGbm KvVvGgv nGjv
‰KwU mywbw`ÆÓ¡ `xNÆGgqvw` cwiKÍ¸bv| wbGP B-KgvmÆ weRGbGmi gGWjmgƒn DcÕ©vcb KGi msGÞGc
AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
1. eÅemvq ˆ^GK eÅemvq (Business to business-B2B): ‰wU ‰gb ‰KwU gGWj ˆhLvGb ‰KwU
eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vb AbÅ AvGiKwU eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvGQ cYÅ ev ˆmev wewKÌ KGi| Avwjevev ‰es
Bw´£qv gvGUÆi gGZv cvBKvwi weGKÌZvàGjv ‰i…c B2B c«¬wZGZ cYÅ ev ˆmev wewKÌ KGi ^vGK|
wbGPi wPGò B2B gGWjwU DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv@
eÅemvq msMVb
AWÆvi
AWÆvi IGqemvBU
cvBKvi
weKÌq
ˆKÌZv
wPò: B2B gGWj
30 B-weRGbm
2. eÅemvq ˆ^GK ˆfvÚv (Business to consumer-B2C): ‰Uv ‰gb ‰K aiGbi eÅemvq gGWj ˆhLvGb
‰KwU cÉwZÓ¤vb Zvi cYÅ ev ˆmevmgƒn mivmwi MÉvnGKi KvGQ wewKÌ KGi| ‰ gGWGji meGPGq fvGjv
w`K nGjv@ IGqemvBGU cÉ`wkÆZ wewf®² cGYÅi mgvnvi ˆ^GK ˆKÌZviv ZvGì cQG±ì cYÅwU evQvB
KiGZ cvGi ‰es AWÆvi w`GZ cvGi| IGqemvBUwU AZÅ¯¦ mnRfvGe ˆKÌZvGì AWÆvGii welqwU B-
ˆgBGji gvaÅGg cÉwZÓ¤vbGK RvwbGq ˆ`q| wbGP ‰ aiGbi B2C gGWjwUi bgybv wPGò ZzGj aiv nGjv:
ˆRGb ivGLv: B2B I B2C-‰ cYÅ
cYÅ ev ˆmev cÉÕ§ZKvix wecYb ˆKŒkj@
B2B B2C
Z^ÅgƒjK KG´Ÿ´Ÿ weGbv`bgƒjK KG´Ÿ´Ÿ
ˆfvÚv Þz`Ë gvGKÆU e†nr gvGKÆU
B-ˆgBj ˆmvkÅvj wgwWqv
wPò: B2C gGWj
3. ˆfvÚv ˆ^GK ˆfvÚv (Consumer to consumer-C2C): B-KgvmÆ IGqemvBGUi gvaÅGg `y’Rb ˆfvÚvi
gGaÅ ˆjbG`b mnRZi Kivi RbÅ C2C gGWjwU AZÅ¯¦ KvhÆKi| mvaviYZ AÅvcvUÆGg´Ÿ, Mvwo,
ˆgvUievBK BZÅvw` cGYÅi ˆÞGò ‰KRb ˆKÌZv AvGiKRb ˆKÌZvGK mnGhvwMZv KGi| Bikroy. com ‰
aiGbi gGWj AbymiY KGi| wbGPi wPGò ‰i…c C2C gGWGji ‰KwU bgybv ZzGj aiv nGjv:
weævcb
IGqemvBU
cYÅ weKÌq cYÅ KÌq
KiGZ Pvq KiGZ Pvq
cYÅ MÉnY
ˆKÌZv 1 A^Æ MÉnY ˆKÌZv 2
wPò: C2C gGWj

4. ˆfvÚv ˆ^GK eÅemvq (Consumer to business-C2B): ˆfvÚviv ˆKvGbv aiGbi weRGbm mvBU
ˆ^GK cYÅ wKGb bv| eis ˆfvÚviv wbGRivB AbÅvbÅ eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvGQ cYÅ ev ˆmev wewKÌ
KGi| ‰wUB nGjv C2B gGWGji gƒjK^v| wbGPi wPGò ‰ aiGbi gGWjwU ZzGj aiv nGjv:
IGqemvBU
wbw`ÆÓ¡ cYÅ ev ˆmev

AWÆvi cÉwKÌqv wewbgGqi cÉwKÌqv
cYÅ/ˆmev MÉnY
eÅemvq msMVb A^Æ MÉnY ˆKÌZv ev
MÉvnK
wPò: C2B gGWj

5. eÅemvq ˆ^GK miKvi (Business to government-B2G): ‰ gGWjwU B2B gGWGji weKÍ¸

wnGmGe KvR KGi| ‰ aiGbi IGqemvBUàGjv miKvi wewf®² aiGbi eÅemvq msMVGbi mvG^ Z^Å
evwYRÅ ‰es wewbgq KiGZ eÅenvi KGi| B2G gGWj mvaviYZ miKvi KZÆ†K Õ¼xK‡Z eÅemvq
gGWj| wbGP ‰ gGWGji ‰KwU bgybv ZzGj aiv nGjv@
eÅemvq msMVb IGqemvBU miKvi
wPò: B2G gGWj
6. miKvi ˆ^GK eÅemvq (Government to business-G2B): ‰KwU ˆ`Gki miKvi wewf®²
eÅemvwqK msÕ©vàGjvi wbKUeZÆx nIqvi RbÅ ‰ aiGbi gGWj IGqemvBUàGjv eÅenvi KGi ^vGK|
‰ RvZxq IGqemvBU wewf®² ài‚Z½cƒYÆ KvR Z^v wbjvg, ìcò BZÅvwì ˆÞGò eÅen†Z nGq ^vGK|
wbGPi wPGò ‰ gGWGji bgybv DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv@
miKvi IGqemvBU eÅemvq msMVb
wPò: G2B gGWj
7. miKvi ˆ^GK wmwUGRb ev bvMwiK (Government to citizen-G2C): miKvi Zvi ˆ`Gki wewf®²
‰jvKvi bvMwiKGì mvG^ mivmwi ˆhvMvGhvM Kivi RbÅ G2C gGWj eÅenvi KGi| wbGPi wPGò ‰
aiGbi gGWGji bgybv ZzGj aiv nGjv@
miKvi IGqemvBU RbMY ev wmwUGRb
wPò: G2C gGWj
8. miKvi ˆ^GK miKvi (Government to Government G2G): miKvi AbÅ ‰KwU ˆ`Gki
miKvGii mvG^ mivmwi ˆhvMvGhvM Kivi RbÅ G2G gGWj eÅenvi KGi| wbGPi wPGò ‰ aiGbi
gGWGji bgybv ZzGj aiv nGjv@
miKvi IGqemvBU miKvi
wPò: G2G gGWj
ˆkÉwYi KvR: B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj-‰i aiYàGjvi cÉavb ŠewkÓ¡Å DGÍÏL KGiv| ‰KwU KGi
ˆ`LvGbv nGjv|
B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj ŠewkÓ¡Å
B2B ‰K eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vb AbÅ eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi KvGQ cYÅ ev ˆmev wewKÌ KGi|
B2C
C2C
C2B
B2G
G2B
G2C
G2G
32 B-weRGbm
1.2.9 B-weRGbm gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ (E-business Model Framework)

B-weRGbm gGWj nGjv ‰gb ‰KwU c«¬wZ hvi gvaÅGg cÉwZÓ¤vbwU Z^Å cÉhywÚ weGkl KGi B´ŸviGbU
eÅenvi KGi `xNÆGgqvG` wbGRGK wUGKGq ivGL| hvi gGaÅ Askx`vi ‰es MÉvnKGì RbÅ gƒjÅ cÉÕ¦vGei
cvkvcvwk ‰i ivRÕ¼ Õ¡ÈxgI A¯¦fzÆÚ ^vGK|
cYÅ ev ˆmev
evRvi A^Ævqb mvµÏvB ˆPBb

eÅeÕ©vcbv clÆ`
weGkÏlY gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ
cYÅgƒjÅ wbaÆviY
wecYb ˆKŒkj
I
cwiGkva c«¬wZ
ˆKÌZv fÅvjy
wPò: B-weRGbm gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ
wKQy Dcv`vGbi mg®¼Gq ‰KwU B-weRGbm gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ MGo IGV| wbGP Dcv`vbàGjv DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@
1. cYÅ ev ˆmev (Products and Service): B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWGji ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ Ask ‰wU|
‰GÞGò cÉ^GgB ‰KwU B-KgvmÆ mvBU ŠZwi Kiv nq| ˆmLvGb wK cYÅ ev ˆmev weKÌq KiGeb,
ˆmUv ‰B AsGk wjwce«¬ KiGZ nq|
2. evRvi weGkÏlY (Market Analysis): evRvi weGkÏlY ˆhGKvGbv eÅemvi RbÅ AGbK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ,
weRGbGmi ˆÞGò ˆZv eGUB| ˆh cYÅ ev ˆmev wewKÌ Kiv nGe Zvi Pvwn`v, ˆfvÚv I ZvGì AeÕ©vb,
evRvGii AvqZb BZÅvw` welqàGjv evRvi weGkÏlGYi gGaÅ cGo|
3. A^Ævqb (Funding): B-weRGbGmi RbÅ Kx cwigvY wewbGqvM cÉGqvRb, KZUzKz wewbGqvM Kiv nGe,
mÁ·ƒYÆ A^Æ wbGRi KvGQ bv ^vKGj evwKUzKz KxfvGe gÅvGbR Kiv nGe, ‰B welqàGjv AvGMB wnmve
KiGZ nq|
4. fvimvgÅ we±`y weGkÏlY (Break-even Analysis): A^ÆbxwZ Avi eÅemv Dfq ˆÞGòB êËK-BGfb
welqwU mgvbfvGe ài‚Z½cƒYÆ| eÅemvGqi ˆÞGò `yB aiGbi eÅq ^vGK@ ‰KwU Õ©vqx LiP, AciwU
cwieZÆbkxj LiP| cYÅ ev ˆmevi gƒGjÅi «¼viv KZw`Gb I Kx cwigvY gybvdvq ‰B eÅq cƒiY Kiv
mÁ¿e ‰es eÅemv jvfRbK KiGZ mvG^ AbÅGKvGbv eÅeÕ©v ^vKGe wKbv ‰B welqàGjvB gƒjZ
êËK-BGfb weGkÏlGYi gGaÅ cGo|
5. wecYb ˆKŒkj (Marketing Strategy): eÅemvGqi ˆÞGò ‰KwU K^v AvGQ, ˆmUv nGjv ‘cÉPvGiB
cÉmvi| Avi ‰B RbÅ wecYGbi eÅvcvGi AGbK êwk mGPZb nGZ nq| B-KgvGmÆi ˆÞGò Online
Marketing êwk djcÉmƒ|
6. gƒjÅ wbaÆviY (Pricing): mvaviYZ ‰KwU B2C B-KgvmÆ eÅemvi AvGqi cÉavb Drm nGœQ cYÅ
weKÌq| ZvB ˆh cYÅ ev ˆmev weKÌq Kiv nGe Zvi Drcv`b eÅq + AbÅvbÅ eÅq + jvf wnmve KGi
gƒjÅ wbavÆiY KiGZ nGe|
7. eÅeÕ©vcbv clÆ` (Management Team): ‰KwU eÅemvi eÅeÕ©vcbv clÆ` Kx?

Õ©vwqZ½ I gybvdv AGbKUvB wbfÆi KGi Zvi eÅeÕ©vcbvi Ici| eÅeÕ©vcbv nGjv cƒeÆvbygvb I
mvfÆvi eÅeÕ©vcbv, ˆcvUvÆj eÅeÕ©vcbv, KvÓ¡gvi eÅeÕ©vcbv, cYÅ cwiKÍ¸bv, msMwVZKiY, wbG`Ækbv
msMÉn I mieivn eÅeÕ©vcbv BZÅvwì ˆÞGò ˆhvMÅ ˆjvK `vb, mg®¼qmvab ‰es wbq¯Ÿ
msKÌv¯¦ KvR| ‰me KvGR ˆhmKj
evQvB KiGZ nGe| eÅwÚeMÆ RwoZ ^vGK ZvGì wbGq
8. mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ (Supply Chain Management): eÅeÕ©vcbv clÆ` ev `j MwVZ nq|
AbjvBb kGci meGPGq ài‚Z½cƒYÆ welq nGœQ cYÅ mieivn ˆhgb@ ˆPqvigÅvb, mfvcwZ,
mwPe, Dc-eÅeÕ©vcK, mnKvix
eÅeÕ©vcbv| ˆfvÚvGK cYÅ ˆcuŒGQ ˆÌqvi RbÅ meGPGq eÅeÕ©vcK, eÅeÕ©vcK, Awdm mycvi
KvhÆKi I `Ë‚Z gvaÅgwU êGQ wbGZ nGe | ‰GÞGò Kx cÉf‡wZ eÅwÚeGMÆi mg®¼Gq eÅeÕ©vcbv
cwigvY LiP I mgq jvMGe Zv AvGM ˆ^GKB êi KiGZ nGe clÆ` MwVZ nq|
‰es cieZxÆGZ ˆmB mgGqi gGaÅ cYÅ mieivGni eÅvcvGi hðkxj nGZ nGe|
9. cwiGkva c«¬wZ (Payment System): ˆjbG`b c«¬wZ wbeÆvPGbi ˆÞGò mieivn eÅeÕ©v, evRvGii
AvqZb I AeÕ©vb, ˆjbG`b c«¬wZi DcGhvwMZv I cÉvcÅZv BZÅvw` welqàGjv wePvi weGkÏlY KiGZ
nq| mewKQz weGkÏlY KGi eÅemvGqi RbÅ ‰K ev ‰KvwaK ˆjbG`b c«¬wZ êGQ ˆbIqv ˆhGZ cvGi|
1.2.10 B-KgvmÆ-‰i mxgve«¬Zv (Limitations of E-commerce)

eZÆgvb eÅemvq gvGbB nGjv B-KgvmÆ| weGk¼i mKj ˆ`Gki gGZv evsjvG`GkI B-KgvmÆ-‰i RbwcÉqZv
evoGQ| ZviciI ‰i wKQy mxgve«¬Zv AvGQ hv wbGP AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv:
1. wbivcîv (Security): B-KgvGmÆ wewf®² aiGbi Awbivcîv ev Suwy K we`Ågvb AvGQ| ˆhgb@ KÑvB´Ÿ
ev mvfÆvi wiÕ•, WvUv UÇv´Ödvi I ˆjbG`Gbi wiÕ• ‰es fvBivm wiÕ•|
2. ˆMvcbxqZvi Afve (Lack of privacy): B-KgvGmÆ cYÅ ˆKbvi ˆÞGò ˆKÌZvGK wVKvbv, ˆdvb
bvÁ¼vi cÉf‡wZ eÅwÚMZ Z^Å weGKÌZvGK w`GZ nq| ‰GÞGò ZG^Åi AceÅenvi nIqvi Avkâv ^vGK|
3. AbjvBb cÉZviYv (Online fraud): ‰gb AGbGKB AvGQ hviv ‰ eÅemvq XzGK AbjvBGb
cÉZviYvi ˆPÓ¡v KGi|
4. eÅwÚMZ Õ·GkÆi Afve (Lack of Personal touch): B-KgvGmÆ mivmwi ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvi mvÞvZ
nq bv| hvi dGj ˆKbvi AvGM ˆKÌZv cYÅwU Õ·kÆ KiviI myGhvM cvq bv| dGj cYÅ cvIqv wbGq
ˆKÌZvi gGb fq KvR KGi|
5. mieivGni mgq (Supply time): B-KgvmÆ ‰i AvGiKwU mgmÅv nGjv cYÅ mieivGn wejÁ¼|
ˆKÌZviv cYÅ AWÆvi KiGjB mvG^ mvG^ Zviv cYÅwU cvq bv| ‰RbÅ wKQy mgq ev w`b wejÁ¼ nq|
6. LiP (Cost): B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq wewf®² LiP nGq ^vGK| ˆhgb-B´ŸviGbU LiP, KwÁ·DUvi LiP,
iÞYvGeÞY I cÅvGKwRs LiP BZÅvw`| ‰ KviGY AGbGKB ‰ eÅemvGq AvMÉnx nq bv|
7. MÉvnKGì mvG^ ˆhvMvGhvM nvivGbv (Loss of contact with customers): cÉvq mgq MÉvnKiv gGb
KGi ˆh ZvGì cÉwZ weGKÌZviv hG^Ó¡ gGbvGhvMx bq|
8. mvsÕ•‡wZK evav (Cultural obstacles): ‰GKK ˆ`Gki fvlv, msÕ•‡wZ, ˆKÌZvi gb-gvbwmKZv
‰GKK iKg nq| ‰me welq B-KgvGmÆ ˆKÌZv-weGKÌZvi gGaÅ mvsÕ•‡wZK evav ŠZwi KGi|
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU)-02K
34 B-weRGbm
9. `Þ RbkwÚi Afve (Lack of skilled personnel): wewf®² IGqemvBU I B´ŸviGbGUi eÅenvi

AGbGKB RvGb bv| Avevi hviv B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KiGZ cvGi ZvGì AGbGKB IGqemvBGU bv XzGK
ˆKej ˆdBReyK, gÅvGmévi ‰àGjvGZ eÅÕ¦ ^vGK| hvi dGj B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ AGbGKiB AvMÉn ŠZwi
nq bv| B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq KiGZ Pvq A^P chÆvµ¦ myGhvGMi AfvGe AGbGKB Zv KiGZ cviGQ bv|
10. cÉwkÞGYi Afve (Lack of training): B´ŸviGbU eÅenvGi AfÅÕ¦ ‰gb AGbGKB cÉwkÞGYi
AfvGe B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq cwiPvjbv KiGZ cviGQ bv|
ˆkÉwYi KvR: wbGP `ywU mvwii gvaÅGg B-KgvGmÆi wKQy mxgve«¬Zv ZzGj aiv nGjv| cÞ `ywUi gGaÅ
wgj LyuGR êi KGiv| ‰KwU Dîi KGi ˆÌqv nGjv@
B-KgvGmÆ ˆKÌwWU KvGWÆi Z^Å Pzwi mieivGni Amyweav
fvlvMZ mgmÅvi KviGY cYÅ AWÆvi KiGZ bv cviv AbjvBb cÉZviYv
mwVK mgGq cYÅ ˆWwjfvwi bv cvIqv wbivcîvi Afve
cGYÅi gƒjÅ Av`vq KGi cYÅ ˆWwjfvwi bv ˆÌqv mvsÕ•‡wZ evav
cÉwkÞGYi Afve
1.2.11 B-KgvmÆ -‰i cÉfveKmgƒn (Influencer of E-commerce)

mvaviY fvlvq BbdÑzGq´Övi ejGZ ‰gb eÅwÚGK êvSvq ˆh ev hviv wkGÍ¸ ev e†nîi RbGMvÓ¤xi KvGQ
mÁÃvwbZ| Zviv AbÅGì wek¼vm ev gZvgZGK weGkl ÞgZv ev eÅwÚK àYvewj w`Gq cÉfvweZ KiGZ cvGi|
wK¯§ B-KgvmÆ-‰i ˆÞGò ‰gb cÉfveK ev BbdÑzGq´Övi iGqGQ hviv B-KgvmÆ mvBGU hG^Ó¡ cÉfve weÕ¦vi
KGi| ‰i…c BbdÑzGq´Öviiv wewf®² ˆmvkÅvj wgwWqvq ‰KwU ˆcvÕ¡ w`Gq wKsev UzBU w`Gq ˆKvGbv BGfG´Ÿi
wbwøZ KiGZ ev cGYÅi wewKÌ wbwøZ evovGZ mnvqZv KGi|
B-KgvGmÆi BbdÑzGq´ÖviMY ‰KRb mvaviY B-KgvmÆ eÅenviKvixi gGZvI nGZ cvGi hvGì ˆmvkÅvj
wgwWqvGZ cÉPzi dGjvqvi AvGQ| ‰i…c cÉfveK ev BbdÑzGq´ÖviMY cÉK‡ZcGÞ AbjvBGb êwk mgq w`Gq
^vGK|
BbÕ¡vMÉvg Kx?
B-KgvmÆ cÉfveK ev BbdÑzGq´Öiiv mvaviYZ BbÕ¡vMÉvg nGjv ‰KwU webvgƒGjÅ AbjvBb
 AbjvBGb êwk mwKÌq ^vGK; dGUv ˆkqvwis ‰es ˆmvkÅvj wgwWqv µÏÅvUdgÆ|
 wewf®² cYÅ ev AvBGUGgi ˆcvÕ¡ KGi; BbÕ¡Åv´Ÿ KÅvGgiv I ÛwjMÉvg ‰B `ywU kõ wgwjGq
 êwk ˆkqvi KGi; nGqGQ BbÕ¡vMÉvg| ‰i gvaÅGg ˆjvGKiv wek¼RyGo
 UzBU I wiUzBU KGi; ˆhGKvGbv eÅwÚi mvG^ msGhvM Õ©vcb KiGZ cvGi|
Avevi BbÕ¡vMÉvGgi gvaÅGg weGk¼i wewf®² Lei
 jvBK I KGg´Ÿ KGi;
AvcGWUmgƒn wbGRi ˆgvevBGjB cvIqv hvq|
B-KgvmÆ-‰i gvGKÆwUsGq ˆhme RbwcÉq cÉfveK AvGQ
 UzBUvi Kx?
Zvi gGaÅ DGÍÏLGhvMÅ nGjv: UzBUvi nGjv ‰KwU AvGgwiKvb gvBGKÌv eÐwMs ‰es
 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq ˆmvkÅvj wgwWqv; ˆmvkÅvj ˆbUIqvwKÆs ˆmev| ‰i gvaÅGg ‰KRb
 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq cÉPviYvq ˆdBReyK; UzBUvi eÅenviKvix wewf®² Z^Å, K^v ev gGbi
 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq BbÕ¡ÈvMÉvg; fve AbÅvbÅ UzBUvi eÅenviKvixi mvG^ ˆkqvi
 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq UzBUvi; KiGZ cvGi| UzBUvi eÅenviKvixGì Kiv wewf®²
ˆcvÕ¡ (Post) àGjvGK ejv nq UzBUm& (Tweets)|
 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq wjsKWBb;
UzBUvGi AÅvKvD´Ÿ bv ^vKGjI AbÅGì ˆcvÕ¡ ev
 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq àMj AÅvW&m; UzBUm& ˆ`Lv hvq| ZGe UzBUm, wiUzBUm, jvBK,
 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq BDwUDe| ˆgGmR KiGZ UzBUvi AÅvKvD´Ÿ ‰i cÉGqvRb nq|
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU)-02L
1.2.12 cÉPwjZ evwYGRÅi mvG^ B-KgvmÆ-‰i cv^ÆKÅ

(Differences between Traditional Commerce and E-commerce)
cÉPwjZ evwYRÅ nGjv eÅwÚMZfvGe cYÅ I cwiGlev ˆKbv-êPvi ‰KwU cÉ^vMZ c«¬wZ hvi gGaÅ
gyGLvgywL ˆjbG`b RwoZ| AbÅw`GK B-KgvmÆ nGjv eZÆgvb mgGqi meGPGq AvGjvwPZ eÅemvq c«¬wZ
ˆhLvGb B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg cYÅ I ˆmevi êPv-ˆKbv nGq ^vGK| wbGP cÉPwjZ evwYRÅ I B-KgvGmÆi
gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`LvGbv nGjv@
cÉPwjZ evwYRÅ B-KgvmÆ
1. cÉGek ‰ eÅemvGq cÉGek mgqmvGcÞ| ˆhGKvGbv mgq ‰ eÅemvGq cÉGek Kiv hvq|
2. AvIZv wbw`ÆÓ¡ ‰jvKvq ‰ eÅemvq cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| wek¼eÅvcx ‰ eÅemvq cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|
3. gvGKÆwUs Iqvb IGq| Iqvb-Uz-Iqvb
4. eÅemvq mÁ·KÆ wjwbqvi (Linear) B´£ Uz B´£ (End-to-end)
5. ˆcGg´Ÿ bM`, ˆWweU I ˆKÌwWU KvWÆ| ˆWweU I ˆKÌwWU KvWÆ, NEFT Aêv
KÅvk Ab ˆWwjfvwi|
6. mieivGni mgq ZvrÞwYK| cYÅ mieivGn wejÁ¼ nGq ^vGK|
7. mgq ‰GÞGò mgq mxwgZ| Adzi¯¦ mgq (24  7  365)
8. ˆgvW (Mode) bb-BGjKUÇwbK I gÅvbyqvj| BGjKUÇwbK I wWwRUvj ˆgvW|
NEFT Kx?
NEFT ‰i cƒYÆi…c nGjv National Electronic Funds Transfer| AbjvBb dv´£ UÇv´ÖdvGii
AbÅZg gvaÅg nGjv NEFT| NEFT ‰i gvaÅGg dv´£ UÇv´ÖdvGii ˆÞGò UvKvi ˆKvGbv mGeÆvœP mxgv
wbaÆviY Kiv ^vGK bv| ˆhGKvGbv cwigvY UvKv Av`vb-cÉ`vb Kiv hvq| Avevi ˆh w`b UvKv cvVvGbv nq,
Hw`bB AÅvKvDG´Ÿ UvKv Rgv nGq hvq|
‰KK KvR: wbGP DwÍÏwLZ ŠewkÓ¡Å Abyhvqx eÅemvqwU wK cÉPwjZ evwYRÅ bvwK B-KgvmÆ Zv kbvÚ KGiv|
ŠewkÓ¡Å cÉPwjZ evwYRÅ ev B-KgvmÆ
1. wek¼eÅvcx eÅemvq cwiPvjbvi myGhvM AvGQ
2. Iqvb Uz Iqvb gvGKÆwUs AbymiY KGi
3. wjwbqvi eÅemvwqK mÁ·KÆ
4. wWwRUvj ˆgvGW eÅemvq cwiPvjbv
5. KÅvk Ab ˆWwjfvwii (COD) myweav we`Ågvb
6. ZvrÞwYK cYÅ mieivGni myweav we`Ågvb
Dc-AaÅvqwUi gƒjÅvqb
1. B2C Kx? 7. fvimvgÅ we±`y weGkÏlY Kx?
2. B2B Kx? 8. mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGgG´Ÿi cÉavb jÞÅ Kx?
3. C2C Kx? 9. B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq ˆKvb aiGbi ˆgvW
4. G2G Kx? (Mode) eÅenvi Kiv nq?
5. G2B Kx? 10. cÉPwjZ evwYRÅ Kx?
6. MY KvÕ¡gvBGRkb Kx?
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU)-02M
36 B-weRGbm
gwWDj 1: eÅenvwiK Ask

B-weRGbm ‰es B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj I cÉGqvM
‰ gwWDGji ReàGjv mÁ·®² KGi wkÞv^Æxiv
1.1 B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY KiGZ cviGe|
1.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM KiGZ cviGe|
1.3 wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe|
Re 1.1: B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY Kiv|

cvi`wkÆZv wbYÆvqK:
1.1.1 B-KgvmÆ-‰i RbÅ jÞÅ wbaÆviY KiGe;
1.1.2 B-weRGbm I B-KgvmÆ-‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wPwn×Z KiGe;
1.1.3 MZvbyMwZK evwYRÅ nGZ B-evwYGRÅ Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv wPwn×Z KiGe;
1.1.4 B-KgvmÆ-‰ eÅen†Z bZzb bZzb BGbvGfkbmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe;
1.1.5 cÉwZGhvMx B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb wPwn×Z KiGe|
K. Zî½:
B-weRGbm: B-weRGbm ev Electronic Business nGjv B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg eÅemvGqi hveZxq
KvR (ˆhgb- ˆKÌZv ˆmev, A^Æ Av`vb-cÉ`vb, cYÅ KÌq-weKÌq cÉf‡wZ) mÁ·®² Kivi cÉwKÌqv|
B-KgvmÆ (B-evwYRÅ): B-KgvmÆ ev Electronic Commerce nGjv B´ŸviGbU eÅenvi KGi cYÅ
ˆKbv-êPv Kivi cÉwKÌqv|
MZvbyMwZK evwYRÅ:ˆKÌZv- weGKÌZvi mkixGi DcwÕ©Z nGq cYÅ ˆKbv-êPv Kivi cÉwKÌqv|
BGbvGfkb: AvGM ˆ^GKB AwÕ¦Z½ wQj ‰gb ˆKvGbv aviYv ev welqeÕ§ AviI mg†«¬ ev D®²ZfvGe
DcÕ©vcb Kiv|
cÉwZGhvMx: mgRvZxq cYÅ Drcv`b I evRviRvZKvix cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒn, hviv ‰KB evRvGi jÞÅ
ARÆGbi RbÅ KvR KGi Zviv cÉGZÅGK ‰GK AGbÅi cÉwZGhvMx|
L. eÅwÚMZ myiÞv miévg:
gvÕ•, nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBRvi, ˆdm Kfvi|
B-weRGbm (we‰gwU)-02N
M. cÉGqvRbxq h¯¨cvwZ:
KwÁ·DUvi, ˆgvevBj, wcÉ´Ÿvi, Õ•Åvbvi, B´ŸviGbU cÉf‡wZ|
N. cÉGqvRbxq DcKiY:
KvMR, Kjg, ˆÕ•j, ˆcw´Öj, BGiRvi, wcb wigyfvi, Õ¡Åvcjvi, wbDR ˆccvi|
O. KvGRi aviv:
1.1.1 B-KgvmÆ-‰i RbÅ jÞÅ wbaÆviY Kiv|
1. cÉ^Gg wbGR DG`ÅvMx ev B-KgvmÆ eÅemvqx
nIqvi RbÅ gvbwmK cÉÕ§wZ MÉnY KGiv|
2. Zvici B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGq hviv mdj ZvGì
mÁ·GKÆ wewf®² Drm Z^v àMj, RvbÆvj, wbDR
ˆccvi, B-ˆccvi BZÅvw` ˆ^GK Z^Å msMÉn
KGiv|
wPò: wbDR ˆccvi ZG^Åi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ‰KwU Drm

3. ˆhme KviGY B-KgvmÆ eÅemvqxiv mdj nGqGQb ˆmme KviYàGjv wPwn×Z KGiv|
4. weGk¼i D®²Z ˆ`kàGjvi gGZv evsjvG`Gk ˆhme B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq AvGQ ZvGì (ˆhgb- `vivR,
iKgvwi.Kg) wewf®² aiGbi Z^Å ˆRGb bvI|
5. Zvici SWOT weGkÏlY KiGZ nGe| A^Ævr wbGRi cÉwZÓ¤vb Õ©vcGb Kx Kx kwÚ, `yeÆjZv,
myGhvM ‰es ügwK iGqGQ Zv wePvi-weGkÏlY KGiv|
38 B-weRGbm
6. wbGRi gGaÅ Avñwek¼vm ŠZwi KGiv|

7. Avñwek¼vm ŠZwi nevi ci B-KgvmÆ-‰i jÞÅ
wbaÆviGYi wm«¬v¯¦ bvI|
8. jÞÅ Abyhvqx cÉwZwbqZ AMÉMwZ cwigvc KGiv|
9. ˆQvU ˆQvU gvBjdjK ARÆb ‰es D`hvcb
KGiv|
1.1.2 B-weRGbm I B KgvmÆ-‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wPwn×Z Kiv|

1. B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ cÉv^wgK aviYv bvI|
2. DfGqi mvG^ mÁ·wKÆZ wewf®² KvRàGjv mÁ·GKÆ AeMZ nI|
3. B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbGm cYÅ KÌq-weKÌGqi aib wPwn×Z KGiv|
4. DfGqi cwiwa ev KvGRi AvIZv wPwn×Z KGiv|
5. B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbGmi gGaÅ cÉvmwãKZv hvPvB KGiv|
6. DfGqi ˆÞGò B´ŸviGbU eÅenvGii aib RvGbv|
7. B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbGmi gGaÅ ˆK Kvi Ask Zv RvGbv|
8. ‰evi IcGii wewf®² aviv Abyhvqx B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbm-‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wPwn×Z KGiv|
9. DfGqi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ wbYÆGq DcGii avivàGjv KÌg Abyhvqx mvRvI|
10. wbGPi QGKi Abyi…c ‰KwU QK cƒiY KGiv| (eÅenvwiK KvRwU mnGR mÁ·®² KiGZ 1wUi
mgvavb KGi ˆÌqv nGjv|)
KÌwgK bs B-KgvmÆ B-weRGbm
1 msæv wjLGZ nGe (w^Dwi ˆ^GK) msæv wjLGZ nGe (w^Dwi ˆ^GK)
2 B-weRGbGmi Ask ev mveGmU nGjv AbjvBb weRGbGmi cƒYÆvã i‚g nGjv
B-KgvmÆ B-weRGbm
3
4
5
6
1.1.3 MZvbyMwZK evwYRÅ nGZ B-evwYGRÅ Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv wPwn×Z Kiv|

1. MZvbyMwZK evwYRÅ I B-evwYGRÅi fvGjv w`K I Lvivc w`KàGjv wPwn×Z KGiv|
2. B-evwYRÅ cwiPvjbvq B´ŸviGbU I AbjvBb welGq wbGRGK `Þ KGi ˆZvGjv|
3. B-evwYGRÅ cÉGek KiGZ wbGRGK gvbwmKfvGe cÉÕ§Z ivGLv I P„ov¯¦ cwiKÍ¸bv ŠZwi KGiv|
4. evmvq eGmB B-evwYRÅ Kivi ‰KwU DchyÚ cwiGek ŠZwi KGiv|
5. AvDUGmvwmÆs ‰es wdÌjÅvw´Ös ‰i RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq ˆKvmÆ mÁ·®² KGiv|
6. bZzb bZzb wmGÕ¡g ˆhgb- cYÅ ˆWwjfvwi wmGÕ¡g, ˆcGg´Ÿ mÁ·GKÆ RvGbv| ‰KB mvG^ B-
evwYGRÅi ài‚Z½ mÁ·GKÆ weÕ¦vwiZ RvGbv|
7. MZvbyMwZK evwYRÅ nGZ B-evwYGRÅ Avmvi KGqKwU KviY wbGPi QKwUGZ wjwce«¬ KGiv|
MZvbyMwZK evwYRÅ nGZ B-evwYGRÅ Avmvi KviY
1 eZÆgvb mgGq B-evwYGRÅi RbwcÉqZv êwk|
2
3
4
5
8. jÞÅ evÕ¦evqGb AZÅ¯¦ Av¯¦wiKZvi mvG^ B-evwYRÅGK ˆckv wnGmGe wbGRGK RwoZ KGiv|
1.1.4 B-KgvmÆ-‰ eÅen†Z bZzb bZzb BGbvGfkbmgƒn wPwn×Z Kiv|

1. ˆgvevBGj ˆWUv Ab KGiv Aêv KwÁ·DUvGi ev jÅvcUGc B´ŸviGbU jvBb mshyÚ KGiv|
2. B-KgvGmÆ eÅen†Z meGPGq AvaywbK I RbwcÉq mdUIqÅvi mÁ·GKÆ RvGbv|
3. àMj mvPÆ AckGb wMGq B-KgvGmÆi wewf®² mvBU chÆGeÞY KGiv|
4. wek¼eÅvcx ‰Bgvò ˆKvb cYÅ evRvGi ‰GmGQ ‰es AvMvgxGZ AvmGZGQ ˆmme cYÅ mÁ·GKÆ Z^Å
msMÉn KGiv|
40 B-weRGbm
5. KÌq-weKÌq c«¬wZGZ bZzb ˆKvGbv wmGÕ¡g Pvjy nGjv wK-bv Zv RvGbv|
6. 2020 mvGj B-KgvGmÆi bZzb bZzb ˆh welqàGjv ‰GmGQ ˆm mÁ·GKÆ AeMZ nI| ˆhgb@
 Buy No Pay Later (BNPL)
 Loyalty Programs
 Rise of B2B in E-commerce
 Video Marketing
 Social influencer marketing
 Live Streaming Commerce
wPò: jvBf wÕ¡Èwgs
7. B-KgvGmÆi bZzb AvweÓ•vi Live streaming commerce cÉwKÌqvi meGPGq RbwcÉq `ywU Dcvq DGÍÏL
KGi ˆÌqv nGjv| ‰fvGe AbÅ BGbvGfkbmgƒn wPwn×Z KiGe|
1 Live Streaming Commerce Amazon live, TikTok
2
3
4
5
1.1.5 cÉwZGhvMx B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb wPwn×Z Kiv|

1. cÉwZGhvMx B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb wPwn×Z KiGZ ‰KwU myÓy¤ cwiKÍ¸bv KGiv|
2. wek¼eÅvcx mdj B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ‰KwU Lmov ZvwjKv cÉYqb KGiv|
3. ˆKvb B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi evRvi ˆkqvi ev evRvi cwiwa KZ Zv RvGbv|
4. ‰KB mvG^ ˆKvb ˆKvb B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi evRvi cÉe†w«¬i nvi êwk ZvI RvGbv|
5. D®²Z ˆ`kàGjvi cvkvcvwk evsjvG`GkI ˆKvb ˆKvb B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vb iGqGQ Zv wPwn×Z KGiv|
6. B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi gGaÅ cÉwZGhvMx cÉwZÓ¤vb wPwn×Z
KiGZ wewf®² IGqemvBGU cÉGek KGi cÉGZÅK B-KgvmÆ
cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mvweÆK cwiwÕ©wZ RvGbv|
7. KGqKwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ cÉwZGhvMx B-KgvmÆ cÉwZÓ¤vGbi bvg wbGP QGK wPwn×Z KGiv| wbGP `ywU
D`vniY DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv@
cÉwZÓ¤vGbi bvg cÉwZGhvMx cÉwZÓ¤vb
1. `vivR Pvj-Wvj.Kg
2. Avjxevev ebay
P. djvdj:
ewYÆZ KvGRi aviv Abyhvqx B-KgvmÆ-‰i ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY Kiv nGjv|
Q. mZKÆZv:
 gvÕ• civ I nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBR Kiv ‰es AbÅvbÅ myiÞv mvgMÉx eÅenvi Kiv|
 wkÍ¸ KviLvbv cwi`kÆGbi cÉGqvRb nGj ˆmdwU myÅ, ˆdm Kfvi eÅenvi Kiv|
 B´ŸviGbU ˆ^GK Z^Å msMÉGni ˆÞGò mwVK Drm ˆ^GK Z^Å msMÉn Kiv|
 wbw`ÆÓ¡ QK/LvZv ev ˆWUvGeBGR Z^Å msMÉGni ci mwVKfvGe msiÞY Kiv|
R. AvZÄcÉwZdjb:
 Zî½xq AsGki ci eÅenvwiK KvR KGi Avgvi Lye fvGjv ˆjGMGQ| ‰fvGe nvGZ-KjGg KvR
KiGj wkLb Avb±``vqK nq|
 B-KgvGmÆi bZzb bZzb ˆKŒkj mÁ·GKÆ RvbGZ ˆcGiwQ|
 KgÆGÞGò B-KgvmÆ cwiKÍ¸bv Kivi Avñwek¼vm ARÆb KGiwQ|
42 B-weRGbm
Re 1.2: B-KgvmÆ-‰i wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb-‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv

I cÉGqvM Kiv|
1.2.1 B-KgvmÆ ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö ‰i RbÅ AvGe`b KiGe;
1.2.2 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi meÆvwaK cÉPwjZ aib wPwn×Z KiGZ cviGe (tangible/physical
goods, service oriented and digital products);
1.2.3 B-KÅve ˆgÁ¼vikxGci RbÅ AvGe`b KiGe;
1.2.4 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi AwRÆZ gybvdvi Dci RvZxq ivRÕ¼ êvWÆ KZ‡ÆK AvGivwcZ fÅvU wbYÆq KiGe;
1.2.5 weRGbm µÏÅvb I ˆcÉvGcvRvj ŠZwiGZ mnvqZv KiGe|
K. Zî½:
ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö: ‰wU nGjv evwYRÅ Kivi AbygwZcò, hvi gvaÅGg miKvi ˆKvGbv eÅwÚGK eÅemv-
evwYRÅ cwiPvjbvi AbygwZ w`Gq ^vGK|
B-KÅve: B-KgvmÆ AÅvGmvwmGqkb Ae evsjvG`k ev B-KÅve evsjvG`Gki B-KgvmÆ LvGZ mgmÅv
wbimGb ˆcvÕ¡ Awdm ‰es A2I (Access to Information) KgÆmƒwPi gvaÅGg mviv ˆ`Gk B-KgvGmÆi
cYÅ ˆcuŒQvGbvi jGÞÅ KvR KGi|
weRGbm µÏÅvb: weRGbm µÏÅvb ev eÅemvq cwiKÍ¸bv nGjv fwelÅGZ eÅemvGqi ˆKvb KvR, KxfvGe,
KLb KiGZ nGe Zvi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ w`K-wbG`Ækbv|
weRGbm cÉGcvRvj: ‰KRb wewbGqvMKvixi KvGQ eÅemvGqi AvBwWqvGK wjwLZfvGe DcÕ©vcGbi
cÉwKÌqv|
B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi aib: Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C), Consumer
to Consumer (C2C), Consumer to Business (C2B), Business to Government (B2G),
Consumer to government (C2G)|

gvÕ•, nÅv´£ mÅvwbUvBRvi, ˆdm Kfvi|
KwÁ·DUvi, ˆgvevBj, wcÉ´Ÿvi, Õ•Åvbvi B´ŸviGbU|
KvMR, Kjg, ˆÕ•j, BGiRvi, wcb wigyfvi, Õ¡Åvcjvi|
ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö-‰i RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq WKzGg´Ÿm:

i. DG`ÅvÚvi RvZxq cwiPqcò|
ii. ˆnvwÎ£s UÅvÝ ˆcGg´Ÿ iwk`|
iii. DG`ÅvÚvi m`Å ˆZvjv wZb (3) Kwc iwOb cvmGcvUÆ mvBGRi Qwe|
iv. wmwU KGcÆvGikGbi wbqg-Kvbyb ˆgGb Pjvi RbÅ bb-RywWwkqvj Õ¡ÅvGÁ·i ˆNvlYv|
v. ˆgGgvGi´£vg (ÕÃviKwjwc) ‰es AvwUÆKÅvj Ae AÅvGmvwmGqkb ‰i cÉZÅvwqZ Abywjwc|
vi. BbKGcÆvGikb mvwUÆwdGKU ‰i ‰KwU Kwc|
vii. Askx`vwi PzwÚcò (cÉGhvRÅ ˆÞGò)|
viii. UÅvÝ AvBGWw´ŸwdGKkb bvÁ¼vi|
ix. wbew®¬Z AwdGmi ‰KwU BRviv PzwÚi Abywjwc|
x. evsjvG`k wewbGqvM D®²qb KZ‡ÆcGÞi IqvKÆ cviwgU|
xi. eÅvsK ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i Kwc|
B-KÅve ‰i RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq WKzGg´Ÿm: B-KÅvGei ˆgÁ¼vi nGZ ˆh welqàGjv AvekÅK Zv wbGP
DGÍÏL Kiv nGjv:
 ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆjvGMv|  Õ¼vÞi|
 ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö|  eÅvsK ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ ‰i Kwc|
 TIN mvwUÆwdGKU|  Õ¼vÞi I wmjGgvnimn ˆÕ¡UGg´Ÿ|
 bÅvkbvj AvBwW KvWÆ (NID)|  wjwgGUW ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆÞGò wgwUs îàGjkb I
 BIN mvwUÆwdGKU| ˆgGgvGi´£vg Ae AvwUÆKÅvj|
 cvmGcvUÆ mvBGRi Qwe|  BbKGcÆvGikb mvwUÆwdGKU|
 cÉwZwbwai bÅvkbvj AvBwW KvWÆ,  AbjvBb weGkl mvwUÆwdGKU|
Qwe I cvmGcvUÆ Kwc|  AbjvBb WÈvM jvBGm´Ö di AbjvBb dvGgÆwm|
 AwdGmi AfÅ¯¦Gii Qwe|  ˆcvÕ¡vj jvBGm´Ö di jwRwÕ¡Km I Kzwiqvi mvwfÆm|
 AwdGmi evwnGii Qwe|  IRC & ERC mvwUÆwdGKU di BgGcvUÆ-‰ÝGcvUÆ|
 BDwUwjwU wej (ˆhgb- MÅvm,  BSTI-‰i mvwUÆwdGKU di dzW ‰´£ KmGgwUÝ|
cvwb BZÅvw`) ‰i Kwc|
O. KvGRi aviv:
1.2.1 B-KgvmÆ ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö ‰i RbÅ AvGe`b Kiv|
1. KwÁ·DUvi IGcb KGiv I B´ŸviGbU jvBb ‰wÙf KGiv|
2. ˆhGKvGbv B´ŸviGbU eËvDRvi eÅenvi KGi "etradelicense.gov.bd"-‰i IGqemvBGU cÉGek KGiv|
Zvici wbGPi QwewU wÕ˜Gb ˆfGm DVGe|
44 B-weRGbm
3. Qwei wÕ˜Gb wbGPi AsGk "Click for new registration" ‰ wKÑK KGiv|
4. Zvici wÕ˜Gb Avevi bZzb AvGiKwU (wbGP Qwei wÕ˜bkU) AvmGe hv h^vh^fvGe cƒiY KGiv|
5. diGg cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å w`Gq 'Login' KGiv|

6. 'Login' Kivi ci weÕ¦vwiZ Z^Å cÉ`vGbi ‰KwU ˆcBR AvmGe| ˆmLvGb cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å ‰es
WKzGg´Ÿ DcÕ©vcb KGiv|
7. cÉGqvRbxq wd Rgv w`Gq ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö AvGe`b cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² KGiv|
 gÅvbyqvwj ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö msMÉGni ˆÞGò wbGPi c«¬wZ AejÁ¼b KGiv|
1. wmwU KGcÆvGikb/wgDwbwmcÅvj KGcÆvGikb/BDwbqb cwilGì Awdm ˆ^GK wbaÆvwiZ
AvGe`bcò msMÉn KGiv| ‰KwU bgybv AvGe`b cò mshyÚ Kiv nGjv@
2. cÉGqvRbxq WKzGg´Ÿmn mswkÏÓ¡ wefvGM AvGe`bcòwU Rgv `vI|
3. jvBGmw´Ös mycvifvBRvi «¼viv cwi`kÆb KvhÆKÌg mÁ·®² KGiv|
4. cÉGqvRbxq wd mswkÏÓ¡ AwdGm Rgv `vI|

5. wmwU KGcÆvGikb/wgDwbwmcÅvj KGcÆvGikb/BDwbqb cwil` Awdm ˆ^GK ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö msMÉn KGiv|
XvKv Dîi wmwU KGcÆvGikb, XvKv
(dig-‘ˆK’)
cÅvW bs ...................... KÌwgK
bs..................
1986 mGbi wgDwbwmcÅvj KGcÆvGikb UÅvGÝkb wewagvjvi 44 (1) wewa AbymvGi cÉGdkb,
ÛÇW I Kwjs-‰i jvBGm´Ö-‰i RbÅ ìLvÕ¦|
1| ìLvÕ¦Kvixi bvg t
Name of applicant
2| wcZv/Õ¼vgxi bvg t
Name of Father/Husband
3| gvZvi bvg t
Name of Mother
4| eZÆgvb wVKvbv t
Present Address
5| Õ©vqx wVKvbv t
Permanent Address
6| eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi bvg t
Name of Business
7| eÅemvGqi Õ©vb t
Place of Business
8| eÅemvq AviÁ¿ Kivi ZvwiL t
Date of commencement of Business
9| eÅemvi aib t
Type of Business
10| AbyGgvw`Z/cwiGkvwaZ gƒjab (wj. cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ˆÞGò cÉGhvRÅ)t
Sanctioned/Approved paid of capital
11| eÅemvGqi Õ©vb wbGRi ev fvovq t
Business place (Rental/Own)
12. eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mvBb êvGWÆi weeiY t
Description of Sign-Board of Business
Avwg ˆNvlYv KwiGZwQ ˆh, DGÍÏwLZ weeiY Avgvi ævbgGZ wbfzÆj I mZÅ| DcGivÚ weeiGYi gGaÅ hw`
ˆKvGbv AmZÅ ˆ^GK ^vGK Aêv AmÁ·ƒYÆ weeiY cÉgvwYZ nq ZGe DÚ jvBGm´Ö evwZGji ˆhGKvGbv eÅeÕ©v
wmwU KGcÆvGikb MÉnY KwiGZ cvwiGe| Avwg AãxKvi KwiGZwQ ˆh, wmwU KGcÆvGikGbi AvBb wewa cÉwewa ‰es
wbG`Æk gvwbGZ evaÅ ^vwKe| Avwg wmwU KGcÆvGikGbi ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö mÁ·wKÆZ cÉ`î kZÆvejx gvwbqv PwjGZ
evaÅ ^vwKe|
ìLvÕ¦Kvixi Õ¼vÞi
ZvwiLt
wPò: ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö dig
46 B-weRGbm
1.2.2: B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi meÆvwaK cÉPwjZ aiY wPwn×Z Kiv|

1. B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi aibàGjv wPwn×Z KGiv| ˆhgb@ B2B, B2C, C2B cÉf‡wZ|
2. wewf®² B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi aibàGjvi ŠewkÓ¡Å, myweav-Amyweavi wfwîGZ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY KGiv|
3. wewf®² cYÅ, ˆmev weGkl KGi wWwRUvj cGYÅi ˆÞGò Zi‚Y DG`ÅvÚvGì RbÅ B-KgvmÆ
eÅemvGqi ˆKvb aibwU jvfRbK ev myweavRbK Zv wPwn×Z KGiv|
4. B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi wewf®² aib DGÍÏL KGiv ‰es ˆKvb cGYÅi ˆÞGò ˆKvb aibwU meGPGq
êwk RbwcÉq Zv wPwn×Z KGiv| `y’wUi Dîi mÁ·®² KGi ˆ`qv nGqGQ@
Types of e-commerce Tangible/physical goods, service oriented and digital
business products
B2B Electronic product, chemical
B2C Physical goods, tangible goods like rice, oil etc.
C2B
C2C
B2G
C2G
1.2.3 B-KÅve ˆgÁ¼viwkGci RbÅ AvGe`b Kiv|

1. KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy KGi B-KÅve ‰i Awdwmqvj IGqe mvBU "www.e-cab.net"-‰ cÉGek KGiv|
2. IGqe ˆcBGR Wvbw`GK DcGii KYÆvGi "To be a Member"-‰ wKÑK KGiv|

3. ‰KwU dig AvmGe, ˆmLvGb cÉGqvRbxq Z^Å w`Gq "Submit" eGÝ wKÑK KGiv|
4. ˆKvÁ·vwbi Z^Å ‰es ˆcGg´Ÿ Z^Å mÁ¼wjZ ‰KwU ˆcBR AvmGe| ˆcBGRi evg w`GK
"Registration Form" ‰ wKÑK KGiv|
5. Zvici QqwU avGc cÉGqvRbxq WKzGg´Ÿ DcÕ©vcb KGiv|
6. meGkGl "Submit" evUGb wKÑK KGi AvGe`b cÉwKÌqv mgvµ¦ KGiv|
1.2.4 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi AwRÆZ gybvdvi Dci RvZxq ivRÕ¼ êvWÆ KZ‡ÆK AvGivwcZ fÅvU
wbYÆq Kiv|
1. RvZxq ivRÕ¼ êvWÆ KZ‡ÆK AvGivwcZ fÅvU cÉ`vGb wbGRGK Drmvnx KGiv|
2. NGi eGm AbjvBGb fÅvU cÉ`vGbi RbÅ cÉÕ§wZ MÉnY KGiv|
3. KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy KGi B´ŸviGbU eËvDRvGii ‰GWÈmevGi "vat.gov.bd" wjGL ‰´Ÿvi PvGcv|
4. ‰ ˆcBGR IGqemvBGU Login AckGb wMGq Username ‰es Password `vI|
48 B-weRGbm
5. Login Kivi ci ˆh wÕ˜bwU ˆ`Lv hvGe Zvi DcGii WvbcvGk V-‰B Ackb AsGk wKÑK KGi
(WÈc WvDb gÅvbyGZ) bvg wmGjÙ KGi Filling obligation-‰ wKÑK KGiv|
6. Zvici ˆKvb eQGii vat w`Ge Zv cƒiY KGiv|

7. ‰fvGe AbÅvbÅ Section h^vh^fvGe cƒiY KGi Rgv `vI|
1.2.5 weRGbm µÏÅvb I ˆcÉvGcvRvj ŠZwiGZ mnvqZv Kiv|

1. weRGbm µÏÅvb Kivi RbÅ MfxifvGe wP¯¦v KGiv|
2. ˆmÍ¹ AwWU Z^v wbGRi cÉÕ§wZ iGqGQ wK-bv Zv wbGq fvGev|
3. ‰ici SWOT weGkÏlY KiGZ nGe| A^Ævr weRGbm µÏÅvb Kivi RbÅ wbGRi kwÚ, `yeÆjZv,
myGhvM I ˆ^ËU weGkÏlY KGiv|
4. B-weRGbGmi DGókÅ, jÞÅ, wfkb, wgkb wVK KGiv|
5. IcGii welqàGjv wbwøZ nIqvi cGi wbGPi ˆÕ¡c AbymvGi B-weRGbm µÏÅvb ŠZwi KGiv|
6. wbeÆvnx mvimsGÞc (Executive summary) wVK KGiv|
7. weRGbm ˆWmwKÌckb (Business description) wVK KGiv, ˆhLvGb eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vb mÁ·wKÆZ
me Z^Å weÕ¦vwiZfvGe ˆÌqv ^vGK| eÅemvGqi KvVvGgv, aib, ˆjvGKkb, cYÅ I ˆmev mÁ·GKÆ
mKjGK RvbvI|
8. AcvGikb ev cwiPvjbvMZ cwiKÍ¸bv (Operation plan) wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGiv| wKfvGe weRGbmwU
cwiPvwjZ nGe Zvi weÕ¦vwiZ MvBWjvBb ŠZwi KGiv|
9. eÅemvq msMVb I ‰i eÅeÕ©vcbv c«¬wZ (Organization & Managent System) ˆKgb nGe
Zv wVK KGiv|
50 B-weRGbm
10. eÅemvGqi wjMÅvj KvVvGgv (Legal business strncture) wVK KGiv| A^Ævr weRGbmwU wK ‰KK
gvwjKvbv bvwK Askx`vwi Zv wVK KGiv|
11. eÅemvGqi cYÅ ev ˆmev (Product & Services) wK wK nGe Zv wVK KGiv|
12. gvGKÆwUs ‰es ˆmjm ˆKŒkj (Marketing & Sales Strategs) wVK KGiv|
13. jwRwÕ¡Km mvGcvUÆ mÁ·GKÆ wP¯¦v KGiv|

14. eÅemvGq cÉwZGhvMx weGkÏlY (Competitor analysis) KGiv|
15. Avw^ÆK µÏÅvb (Financial plan) KGiv|
16. meGkGl weRGbm µÏÅvb I cÉGcvRvGji cÉwZwU welq weGePbv KGi ‰KwU cƒYÆvã cÉwZGe`b
AvKvGi ŠZwi KGiv|
P. djvdj:
B-KgvGmÆi wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´ŸkGbi cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM DcÕ©vcb Kiv nGjv|
mZKÆZv:
 ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö Aêv B-KÅve ˆgÁ¼viwkGci AvGe`Gb ˆKvGbv fzj Z^Å bv ˆÌqv|
 mZKÆZvi mwnZ Z^Å BbcyU ˆÌqv|
AvZÄcÉwZdjb:
 Zî½xq AsGki ci eÅenvwiGK KvR KGi ˆZvgvi Kx Abyf„wZ nGqGQ Zv ˆjGLv|
 ‰B ævb KvhÆGÞGò eÅenvi KiGZ Avñwek¼vmx nGe wKbv Zv ˆjGLv|
 B-KgvGmÆi wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´ŸkGbi cÉGqvM mÁ·GKÆ bZzb wKQy RvbGZ
ˆcGiGQv wKbv Zv ˆjGLv|
Re 1.3: wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z Kiv

1.3.1 wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z KiGe;
1.3.2 cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx meGPGq KvhÆKix weRGbm gGWj cQ±` KiGe;
1.3.3 B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi iÞvq mnvqZv KiGe;
1.3.4 wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvGmÆ eÅemvq ˆjGfj ‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv wPwn×Z KiGe|
K. Zî½:
B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj: ‰KwU B-KgvmÆ weRGbm cÉwZÓ¤vb KxfvGe msMVb ŠZwi, cYÅ mieivn,
fÅvjy AvqZ½ KiGe Zvi ‰KwU MvBWjvBb|
ˆgavÕ¼Z½: ˆgavÕ¼Z½ ev KwcivBU nGjv ˆKvGbv ˆgŒwjK m†wÓ¡KGgÆi Ici ‰i D«¿veK ev cÉGYZvGK
ˆÌqv Õ©vqx I ‰KK AvBbMZ AwaKvi|
B-KgvGmÆi myweav: ˆKÌZvev®¬e, 24/7 ˆmev, mgq I eÅq nËvm, mnR ˆKbv-êPv, ˆfŒGMvwjK myweav
cÉf‡wZ|
B-KgvGmÆi Amyweav: AwbøqZv, ˆMvcbxqZvi Afve, wejGÁ¼ mieivn, ˆKÌZv AbvMÉn cÉf‡wZ|
gvÕ•, nÅv´£ ˆmwbUvBRvi, ˆdm Kfvi|
KwÁ·DUvi, ˆgvevBj, B´ŸviGbU, Õ•Åvbvi, wcÉ´Ÿvi cÉf‡wZ|
KvMR, Kjg, Õ•Åvj ˆcw´Öj, BGiRvi, wcb wigyfvi, Õ¡Åvcjvi|
O. KvGRi aviv:
1.3.1: wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z Kiv|
1. B-KgvmÆ weRGbm-‰i gGWj wPwn×Z Kivi RbÅ ˆgvevBj/jÅvcUc ev KwÁ·DUvi Ab KGiv ‰es
B´ŸviGbU jvBb mshyÚ KGiv|
2. ˆhGKvGbv B´ŸviGbU eËvDRvi IGcb KGi Google Search Engine-‰ cÉGek KGiv| Zvici
Types of e-commerce business wjGL mvPÆ `vI|
3. ‰ici B-KgvGmÆi wewf®² gGWjàGjv ˆgvevBj/jÅvcUc ev KwÁ·DUvi wÕ˜Gb ˆfGm DVGe|
4. ‰evi LvZvq wewf®² gGWGji wPò DcÕ©vcb KGiv ‰es wPòàGjv B-KgvmÆ weRGbGmi ˆKvb
gGWj Zv mswÞµ¦ eÅvLÅvmn ˆjGLv| ‰KwU KGi ˆ`LvGbv nGjv
52 B-weRGbm
(i)
eÅemvq msMVb
AWÆvi cÉGmwms
AWÆvi IGqemvBU
cvBKvi
weKÌq
ˆKÌZv
gGWGji bvg: Business to Business (B2B)

eÅvLÅv: ‰ gGWGj ‰KwU eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vb AbÅ AvGiKwU eÅemvq cÉwZÓ¤vGbi mvG^ cYÅ ˆKbv-êPv KGi|
(ii)
IGqemvBU
cYÅ weKÌq cYÅ KÌq
KiGZ Pvq KiGZ Pvq
cYÅ MÉnY
A^Æ MÉnY ˆKÌZv-2
ˆKÌZv-1
ˆZvgvi Dîi:
(iii)
IGqemvBU
AWÆvi wbw`ÆÓ¡ ˆmevi RbÅ
cÉGmwms A^Æ cÉ`vb
cYÅ MÉnY
eÅemvq A^Æ MÉnY ˆKÌZv
msMVb
ˆZvgvi Dîi:
(iv)
eÅemvq msMVb IGqemvBU miKvi
ˆZvgvi Dîi:
(v)
miKvi IGqemvBU eÅemvq msMVb
ˆZvgvi Dîi:
5. KvR ˆkGl mKj miévg h^vÕ©vGb ivGLv ‰es LvZvwU msiÞY KGiv|
1.3.2: cÉGqvRb Abyhvqx meGPGq KvhÆKix weRGbm gGWj cQ±` Kiv|

1. B-KgvmÆ weRGbm-‰i gGWj wPwn×Z Kivi RbÅ ˆgvevBj/jÅvcUc ev KwÁ·DUvi Ab KGiv ‰es
B´ŸviGbU jvBb mshyÚ KGiv|
2. wewf®² Drm nGZ cÉvµ¦ B-KgvGmÆi gGWjàGjvGK msævwqZ KGiv|
3. B-KgvmÆ weRGbGmi gGWjàGjvi ŠewkÓ¡Å, myweav, Amyweav I ài‚Z½ wPwn×Z KGiv|
4. me gGWj ‰i gGaÅ ZzjbvgƒjK weGkÏlY KGiv|
5. ˆKvb gGWGji gvaÅGg KxfvGe `Ë‚Z mgGq ˆKÌZvGì mG¯¦vlRbK DcvGq cYÅ mieivn Kiv hvq
ˆm welqwU weGePbv KGiv|
6. wbGPi QGK B-KgvmÆ weRGbGmi wewf®² gGWGji mswÞµ¦ eYÆbv ˆjGLv| ˆm Abyhvqx ‰Lb
meGPGq KvhÆKix gGWj wbYÆq Kiv mnR nGe| msæv weGkÏlY KGi ‰evi ˆZvgvGK wPwn×Z
KiGZ nGe ˆKvb gGWjwU B-KgvmÆ weRGbm-‰i RbÅ RbwcÉq ‰es ˆKb?
B-KgvmÆ evwYGRÅi wewf®² gGWj ˆKvb gGWjwU meGPGq RbwcÉqZvi KviY
êwk RbwcÉq
1. B2B gGWj: AbjvBb eÅemvqxGì gGaÅ
mÁ·KÆ Õ©vcGbi gvaÅGg cGYÅi ˆKbv-êPv|
2. B2C gGWj: eÅemvq ˆ^GK mivmwi ˆKvGbv
gaÅÕ©eÅemvqx eÅwZZ cGYÅi ˆKbv-êPv|
3. C2C gGWj: ‰KRb ˆfvÚv AvGiKRb
ˆfvÚvi KvGQ AbjvBGb cGYÅi ˆKbv-êPv|
4. C2B gGWj: ˆKÌZvGì wbKU ˆ^GK cYÅ
KÌGqi RbÅ ˆKvÁ·vwbGZ Avg¯Ÿcò cvVvGbv|
7. ‰ici bZzb DG`ÅvÚvGì RbÅ meGPGq KvhÆKix gGWj evQvB KGiv|
1.3.3: B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi iÞvq mnvqZv Kiv|

1. B-KgvGmÆi ˆcGU´Ÿ, ˆgavÕ¼GZ½i AwaKviàGjv Google Search Engine-‰ mvPÆ KGi RvGbv|
2. ˆcGU´Ÿ, ˆgavÕ¼GZ½i ŠewkÓ¡Å, myweav-Amyweav I PÅvGjémgƒn mÁ·GKÆ AeMZ nI|
3. ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi myiÞvq wek¼eÅvcx B-KgvmÆ eÅemvqxiv wK wK c`GÞc wbGqGQ ˆmàGjv
RvGbv|
54 B-weRGbm
4. evsjvG`Gk ˆhme mdj B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq AvGQ ˆhgb- `vivR, iKgvwi WU Kg KxfvGe
ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi wbwøZ KiGQ Zv RvGbv|
5. mdj I mycwiwPZ B-KgvmÆ eÅemvqxiv ˆhfvGe ZvGì ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi myiÞv wbwøZ KiGQ
ˆm Abyhvqx cÉGqvRbxq c`GÞc MÉnY KGiv|
6. ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi myiÞvi cÉ^g c`GÞc wnGmGe mZKÆZvi mvG^ KwcivBU cÅvGU´Ÿ PzwÚ KGiv|
7. IGqemvBU KG´Ÿ´Ÿ wmwKDiW KGiv|
8. wewf®² ZG^Åi wmwKDwiwU wbwøZ KGiv|
9. ˆhŒ^ gvwjKvbv ‰woGq PGjv|
10. KvGiv «¼viv ˆgavÕ¼Z½ AwaKvi jw›NZ nGj ˆcGU´Ÿ I wWRvBb AvBb 1911 Abyhvqx AvBbvbyM
eÅeÕ©v bvI|
1.3.4: wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvGmÆ eÅemvq ˆjGfj-‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv wPwn×Z Kiv|
1. wbGR wÕ©i nGq B-KgvmÆ eÅemvGqi wewf®² Õ¦iàGjv wbGq wP¯¦v KGiv|
2. ˆgvevBj, jÅvcUc Aêv KwÁ·DUvi Pvjy KGi B´ŸviGbU jvBb ‰wÙf KGiv|
3. B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq KiGZ ˆMGj wK wK myweav cvIqv ˆhGZ cvGi Zv mvPÆ KGi ‰KwU LvZvq ˆbvU
KGi bvI|
4. B-KgvmÆ eÅemv cwiPvjbvq Kx Kx PÅvGjé ˆgvKvwejv KiGZ nGe Zv wPwn×Z KGiv|
5. B-KgvmÆ weRGbm-‰i cÉGZÅKwU ˆjGfGji myGhvM-myweav, kwÚ, `yeÆjZv I ˆ^ËUàGjv
h^vh^fvGe weGkÏlY KGiv|
6. B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq KiGZ wMGq we`Ågvb eÅemvqxiv Kx Kx myweav cvGœQ I Kx Kx PÅvGjé
ˆgvKvwejv KiGQ Zv h^vh^ eÅwÚi wbKU ˆ^GK RvGbv|
7. B-KgvmÆ eÅemvq gGWj ev ˆjGfGji wKQy myweav I mxgve«¬Zv LvZvq QK AvKvGi ZzGj aiv
nGjv| `yB eGÝi Lvwj AskàGjv ˆZvgiv wbGRiv ˆPÓ¡v KGi cƒiY KGiv|
K. B2B ˆjGfj ‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv
myweav mxgve«¬Zv
AmsLÅ ˆKÌZv wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGY wejÁ¼
wewKÌi cwigvY êwk RwUj KÌq cÉwKÌqv
eÅwZKÌg MÉvnK ˆmev jÅvK Ae wnDgÅvb UvP&
(eÅwÚK ˆmev bv ^vKv)
L. B2C ˆjGfj ‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv

myweav mxgve«¬Zv
LiP Kg mxwgZ cGYÅi mgvGivn
wekvj gvGKÆU ˆµÏm Kg eÅenviKvix
`Þ eÅemvwqK mÁ·KÆ ‰KB mvG^ cÉPzi AWÆvi
ˆgvKvwejv KiGZ nq
M. C2B ˆjGfj ‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv

myweav mxgve«¬Zv
N. C2C ˆjGfj ‰i myweav I mxgve«¬Zv

myweav mxgve«¬Zv
8. meGkGl mKj miévg h^vÕ©vGb ivGLv ‰es LvZvwU msiÞY KGiv|

P. djvdj:
wewf®² aiGbi B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj wPwn×Z Kiv nGjv|
mZKÆZv:
AvñcÉwZdjb:
 Zî½xq AsGki ci eÅenvwiGK KvR KGi ˆZvgvi ˆKgb Abyf„wZ nGqGQ Zv eÅÚ KGiv|
 `je«¬fvGe KvR Kivi ˆÞGò ‰B eÅenvwiK ˆKvGbv KvGR jvMGe wK?
 AwRÆZ ævb KgÆGÞGò cÉGqvM KiGZ Avñwek¼vmx nGe wKbv Zv ˆjGLv|
56 B-weRGbm
‰ AaÅvGqi cÉavb kõwfwîK mvimsGÞc
kõmgƒn weeiY
eÅemvGqi me KvhÆKÌg B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg mÁ·v`b Kiv nGj ZvGK B-weRGbm
B-weRGbm
ev Electronic Business eGj|
KgvmÆ Z^v eÅemvGqi KÌq-weKÌq msKÌv¯¦ KvRàGjv hLb B´ŸviGbUwfwîK nq
B-KgvmÆ
ZLb ZvGK B-KgvmÆ ev Electronic Commerce eGj|
cYÅ evRviRvZKiY ev wecYGbi me KvhÆKÌg B´ŸviGbGUi mnvqZvq mÁ·®² Kiv
B-gvGKÆwUs
nGj ZvGK B-gvGKÆwUs ev Electronic Marketing ejv nq|
1969 mvGj B´ŸviGbGUi eÅenvi evovi KviGY wkÍ¸ Drcv`Gbi gvòv KGqKàY
PZz^Æ wkÍ¸ weµÏe êGo hvq| B´ŸviGbGUi ‰ weµÏe weMZ wZb wkÍ¸ weµÏeGK QvwoGq hvq| ZvB
‰GK 4^Æ wkÍ¸ weµÏe ejv nq|
ˆfvÚv ˆh ev hviv cYÅ ev ˆmev ˆfvM KGib ZvGìGK ˆfvÚv eGj|
ˆh bvg, wPn×, Õ¼vÞi, bKkv cÉf‡wZ eÅenvGii dGj ˆKvGbv ˆKvÁ·vwbi ‰KwU
eËÅv´£
cYÅ AbÅvbÅ cYÅ ˆ^GK c†^K nq ZvGK eËÅv´£ (Brand) ejv nq|
KvÕ¡gvBGRkb gvGb nGjv ˆKÌZvGKw±`ÊKZv, eÅemvGqi me KvhÆKÌGg hLb ˆKÌZv
KvÕ¡gvBGRkb
Pvwn`vGK cÉvavbÅ w`Gq mÁ·v`b Kiv nq ZvGK KvÕ¡gvBGRkb eGj|
5G (5th Generation) nGjv cçg cÉRG¯Ãi IqÅviGjm ˆgvevBj ˆbUIqvKÆ| 5G
5G
B´ŸviGbU Mo MwZ nGZ cvGi 100 mbps ‰i ˆPGq êwk|
Computer Aided Manufacturing ev CAM nGjv ‰K aiGbi mdUIqÅvi hv
CAM Drcv`b cÉwKÌqvq eÅen†Z h¯¨cvwZ wbq¯¨GY mnvqZv KGi|
Enterprise Resource Planning ev ERP nGjv ‰KwU mdUIqÅvi hv eÅemvGqi

ERP
wewf®² Dcv`vb ‰es cÉwKÌqvàGjvGK ‰KwU mgw®¼Z wmGÕ¡Gg ‰KwòZ KiGZ cvGi|
gvbemÁ·` KgÆÞg gvbyl Aêv kÉgkwÚGK mvaviY AG^Æ gvbemÁ·` eGj|
ˆKÌZv cYÅ ev ˆmevi myweav MÉnY Kivi ci Zv mÁ·GKÆ ˆh g¯¦eÅ KGi ZvGK
ˆKÌZv wdWeÅvK
ˆKÌZv wdWeÅvK eGj|
ˆKvGbv wKQyi evRvi gƒGjÅi ˆPGq KGg mieivn KivB nGjv fZzÆwK| ˆh cwigvY
fZzÆwK KGg mieivn Kiv nq Zv mswkÏÓ¡ KZ‡ÆcÞ enb KGi| ˆhgb- miKvi we`yÅr
LvGZ fZzÆwK w`GœQ|
kõmgƒn weeiY
hLb `yB ev Zvi AwaK cvUÆbvi (Askx`vi) ‰i gGaÅ ˆKvGbv mÁÃwZ mÁ·®² nq
cvUÆbviwkc PzwÚ
ZvGK cvUÆbviwkc PzwÚ eGj|
eÅenviKvixGì cÉ`vbK‡Z ZG^Åi ˆMvcbxqZv iÞv ‰es eÅeÕ©vcbvGK cÉvBGfwm
cÉvBGfwm cwjwm
cwjwm eGj|
eÅemvwqK KvhÆKÌg cwiPvjbvi RbÅ h^vh^ KZ‡ÆcGÞi ˆ^GK AbygwZcò wbGZ
ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö
nq hvGK ÛÇW jvBGm´Ö eGj|
ˆgvevBj cÉhywÚi mvnvGhÅ KgvmÆ wiGjGUW KvhÆKÌg mÁ·v`b KivGK ‰g-KgvmÆ
‰g-KgvmÆ
ev Mobile Commerce eGj|
EFT ev Electronic Fund Transfer nGjv KwÁ·DUvi wfwîK ˆcGg´Ÿ wmGÕ¡Ggi
EFT gvaÅGg ‰K ev ‰KvwaK Avw^ÆK cÉwZÓ¤vGbi ‰KvwaK wnmvGei gGaÅ A^Æ Õ©vbv¯¦i
Kivi eÅeÕ©v|
COD ev Cash On Delivery nGjv ‰K aiGbi ˆjbG`b ˆhLvGb cGYÅi
COD
AWÆviKvix cYÅ mivmwi MÉnY Kivi mgq A^Æ cÉ`vb KGi ^vGK|
Abykxjbx
K. mswÞµ¦ cÉk²
1. B-weRGbm ejGZ Kx êvS?
2. ˆfvÚvi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B-weRGbm-‰i myweavàGjv Kx Kx? eÅvLÅv KGiv|
3. cÉwZÓ¤vGbi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B-weRGbm-‰i myweavàGjv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
4. mgvGRi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B-weRGbm-‰i AmyweavàGjv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
5. B-weRGbm-‰i AmyweavàGjv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
6. B-weRGbm-‰i ˆKŒkjàGjv mswÞµ¦vKvGi ˆjGLv|
7. B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbm-‰i gaÅKvi 5wU cv^ÆKÅ ˆjGLv|
8. B-weRGbm-‰i ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv ˆjGLv|
9. ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ejGZ Kx êvS?
10. ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq I B-eÅemvGqi gaÅKvi 5wU cv^ÆKÅ ˆjGLv|
58 B-weRGbm
11. “ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK B-eÅemvq Avmv jvfRbK” DwÚwU eÅvLÅv KGiv|
12. weRGbm WKzGgG´ŸkGbi cÉGqvRbxqZv msGÞGc ˆjGLv|
13. B-KgvmÆ-‰i ejGZ Kx êvS?
14. B-KgvmÆ-‰i B2C ‰es B2B mÁ·GKÆ msGÞGc ˆjGLv|
15. B-KgvmÆ C2C ‰es C2B mÁ·GKÆ mswÞµ¦ aviYv `vI|
16. B-KgvmÆ-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å I KvhÆvewj msGÞGc eÅvLÅv KGiv|
17. ˆfvÚvi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweavàGjv ˆjGLv|
18. cÉwZÓ¤vGbi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweavàGjv ˆjGLv|
19. mgvGRi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweavàGjv ˆjGLv|
20. B-KgvmÆ-‰i AmyweavàGjv msGÞGc eÅvLÅv KGiv|
21. B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj ejGZ Kx êvS?
22. B-KgvmÆ-‰i `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B2G ‰es G2B mÁ·GKÆ msGÞGc aviYv `vI|
23. B-KgvmÆ-‰i mxgve«¬ZvàGjv eÅvLÅv KGiv|
L. iPbvgƒjK cÉk²
1. ˆfvÚv, cÉwZÓ¤vb ‰es mgvGRi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B-weRGbm-‰i myweavmgƒn eYÆbv KGiv|
2. B-weRGbm-‰i AmyweavàGjv eYÆbv KGiv|
3. B-KgvmÆ I B-weRGbm-‰i gaÅKvi cv^ÆKÅàGjv weGkÏlY KGiv|
4. ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq I B-eÅemvGqi gaÅKvi cv^ÆKÅàGjv weGkÏlY KGiv|
5. ÛÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK B-eÅemvGq Avmv ˆKb cÉGqvRb? weÕ¦vwiZ AvGjvPbv KGiv|
6. B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv KGiv|
7. B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉKviGf`àGjv weGkÏlY KGiv|
8. B-KgvmÆ-‰i BwZnvm AvGjvPbv KGiv|
9. B-weRGbm-‰i ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv eYÆbv KGiv|
10. ˆfvÚv, cÉwZÓ¤vb I mgvGRi `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK B-KgvmÆ-‰i myweav mÁ·GKÆ AvGjvPbv KGiv|
11. B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWjàGjv weGkÏlY KGiv|
12. B-KgvmÆ-‰i mxgve«¬Zv wek`fvGe weGkÏlY KGiv|
13. B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉfveKmgƒn eYÆbv KGiv|

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‰BP‰mwm weRGbm gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ AÅv´£ ˆUKGbvjwR (we‰gwU) wkÞvKÌg I cvVÅmƒwP Abyhvqx cÉYxZ ‰es

43, wkÍ¸vPvhÆ Rqbyj AvGew`b moK

gwWDj-1: B-weRGbm ‰es B-KgvmÆ ˆKŒkj I cÉGqvM

gwWDj-3: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) cwiPvjbv

gwWDj-4: AbjvBb ˆcGg´Ÿ ˆMUIGq KbwdMvGikb I B-KgvmÆ wmwKDwiwU wbwøZKiY

gwWDj-5: BGbvGfkb I DG`ÅvÚv D®²qb mÁ·v`bv

gwWDj-7: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ I jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ mÁ·v`b

avivevwnK gƒjÅvqb: 40 bÁ¼i

cÉk² cÉYqGbi aviv (eÅenvwiK)

AaÅvq 3: B-KgvmÆ wmGÕ¡g (mvBU) cwiPvjbv............................................................. 105-168

AaÅvq 5: BGbvGfkb I DG`ÅvÚv D®²qb mÁ·v`bv ..................................................... 205-258

AaÅvq 6: KvÕ¡gvi wiGjkbwkc gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ .............................................................. 259-294

AaÅvq 7: mvµÏvB ˆPBb gÅvGbRGg´Ÿ I jwRwÕ¡K mvGcvUÆ ........................................ 295-336

1.1 B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ

‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.1.1 B-weRGbm cwiwPwZ (Introduction to E-business)

AbjvBb gvGKÆU ˆµÏm

AbjvBb KwgDwbwUm ejGZ Kx ˆevSvq?

1.1.2 B-weRGbm-‰i msæv (Defination of E-business)

1.1.3 B-weRGbm-‰i myweav ‰es Amyweav (Advantages and Disadvantages of E-

B-weRGbm-‰i myweav (Advantages of E-business)

ˆfvÚvi myweav cÉwZÓ¤vGbi myweav mgvGRi myweav

K. B-weRGbGmi ˆÞGò ˆfvÚvi myweavmgƒn (Consumer benefits in e-business):

B-weRGbm-‰i Amyweavmgƒn (Disadvantages of E-business)

5. AbvMÉn (Disinterest): AvgvG`i ˆ`Gki B-weRGbGmi AvGiKwU eo mgmÅv nGjv AbvMÉn|

1.1.4 B-weRGbm-‰i ˆKŒkj wbaÆviY (Determining the Strategy of E-business)

eÅemvq Õ¦Gii eÅemvq eÅemvq eÅemvq

wPò: B-weRGbm ˆKŒkGji Õ¦i

1.1.5 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm mÁ·GKÆ aviYv (Concept of E-commerce and

B-weRGbm ev AbjvBb weRGbm gƒjZ ‰K aiGbi

1.1.6 B-KgvmÆ ‰es B-weRGbm-‰i gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ (Differences between E-

cv^ÆGKÅi welq B-KgvmÆ B-weRGbm

1.1.7 ˆUÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ‰es B-eÅemvq mÁ·GKÆ aviYv (Concept of

ˆUÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ‰es B-eÅemvGqi gGaÅ cv^ÆKÅ àGjv Kx Kx?

1.1.8 ˆUÇwWkbvj eÅemvq ˆ^GK B-eÅemvGq Avmvi cÉGqvRbxqZv (Necessity of

1.1.9 wjMÅvj BmyÅ ‰es weRGbm WKzGgG´Ÿkb ‰i cÉGqvRbxqZv I cÉGqvM

eÅemvGqi WKzGg´Ÿm ^vKv ‰GZvUvB Ri‚wi mvÞxMGYi Õ¼vÞi Askx`viG`i Õ¼vÞi

2. bZzb myGhvM DG¯ÃvPb KGi

wPò: KÌq-weKÌq PzwÚcGòi bgybv

1.2 B-KgvmÆ cwiwPwZ I gGWj

‰ Dc-AaÅvq cvV ˆkGl hv wkLe

1.2.1 B-KgvmÆ mÁ·GKÆ aviYv (Concept of E-commerce)

DGÍÏLÅ ˆh, AvaywbK B-KgvmÆ-‰Lb IqvÎ£Æ IqvBW IGqeGK WWW Kx?

Kiv nGjv: ‰wU ‘IGqe’ ev 'W3' bvGgI cwiwPZ| ‰wU

1.2.2 B-KgvmÆ-‰i cÉKviGf` (Types of E-commerce)

K. B 2 C (Business to Consumer): B-weRGbGmi B 2 C

ˆRGb ivGLv: B2C I B2B ‰i cv^ÆKÅ nGjv@

M. C 2 C (Consumer to Consumer): ‰ gGWGji

ˆRGb ivGLv: C2C I C2B ‰i cv^ÆKÅ nGjv@

O. G2G (Government to Government): ‰ aiGbi weRGbGm ‰K ˆ`Gki miKvi AbÅ ˆ`Gki

1.2.3 B-KgvmÆ-‰i BwZnvm (History of E-commerce)

1.2.4 B-weRGbm-‰i ŠewkÓ¡Å I KvhÆvewj (Features & Function of E-business)

6. fvPÆqy vj ˆhvMvGhvM (Virtual communication): ‰GÞGò AbjvBb Z^v B´ŸviGbGUi gvaÅGg

1.2.5 B-KgvmÆ gGWj ˆdÌgIqvKÆ (E-commerce Model Framework)

ˆfvÚvi myweav cÉwZÓ¤vGbi myweav mgvGRi myweav

M. B-KgvmÆ-‰i ˆÞGò mgvGRi myweav (Society's Advantages in E-commerce):

B-KgvmÆ-‰i Amyweav (Disadvantages of E-commerce)

1.2.7 B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj Kx (What is E-commerce Business model)

E-commerce Business Model

Market place Direct

B2B B2C Retailer Brand

Fulfilled by seller Traditional

Fulfilled by marketpalce Subscription

wPò: B-KgvmÆ weRGbm gGWj