INDIA’S

EDUCATIONAL
HERITAGE
Imagining the Future by
Remembering the Past

Historic Varanasi city and its enchanting architecture on the banks of river Ganges.
 O.P. JINDAL GLOBAL UNIVERSITY (JGU) AT A GLANCE

INTERNATIONAL
COLLABORATIONS
375+
FACULTY TO COLLABORATIONS
STUDENT
RATIO 65+
10000+ 1000+ RESEARCH
COUNTRIES & REGION

5000+ 200+ 35
1:9
PUBLICATIONS FACULTY & STUDENT FORMS OF
51% 49% EXCHANGE GLOBAL
45% 55% COLLABORATIONS PARTNERSHIPS
60+
INTERDISCIPLINARY
80% 35 RESEARCH CENTRES
UNDERGRADUATE AVERAGE AGE
OF FACULTY ALUMNI 3
20%
MEMBERS NETWORK
WORLD-WIDE
45+
PROGRAMMES
RESEARCH &
CAPACITY BUILDING
INSTITUTES
POSTGRADUATE 45% 30+ UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES
FACULTY 15+ POST GRADUATE PROGRAMMES
MEMBERS ARE
28 ALUMNI OF THE DOCTORAL PROGRAMME
TOP 200 GLOBAL

4000
INDIAN STATES &
UTs REPRESENTED UNIVERSITIES
BY STUDENTS
ACCREDITATION & RANKINGS
115
35
COUNTRIES
REPRESENTED
INTERNATIONAL
FACULTY FROM
47 COUNTRIES Ranked 2nd
12
SCHOOLS
BY STUDENTS AND REGIONS Swachh Campus Ranking 2019
Government of India

www.jgu.edu.in
 MESSAGE FROM THE VICE CHANCELLOR
India has a long and abundant tradition of promoting knowledge creation and civilisational understanding through education.
It has a rich heritage of wisdom accumulated over several millennia translated into many streams of knowledge. This is best
reflected in the glorious legacy that the nation inherited in creating great monuments of learning suffused with creative and
intellectual spirit.
The Indian higher education system commanded awe and respect in the ancient world long before the emergence of the first
university in Europe. Important seats of learning such as Nalanda and Takshashila were just two of the many great universities that
flourished across the nation in its illustrious past. As shown in this calendar, they attracted the best students and academicians
from around the world to debate, deliberate and disseminate knowledge. These inspiring institutions represented the
fountainheads of Indian educational heritage, cultural diversity and civilisational values.
O.P. Jindal Global University’s 2023 calendar celebrates India’s educational heritage by offering fascinating glimpses of some of the
path-breaking centres of higher learning in ancient India. I sincerely hope that the acknowledgement of India’s storied educational
heritage will inspire and sensitise the nation towards reimagining the future of education to make it among the best in the world.
We are grateful to Ms. Sahana Singh for encouraging us to use excerpts from her book Revisiting the Educational Heritage of India
(Vitasta Publishing, 2022) in the calendar. We profoundly appreciate her thoughtful contributions towards curating this calendar.
O.P. Jindal Global University (JGU) was conferred with the status of an ‘Institution of Eminence’ by the Government of India in 2020
and was established in 2009 as a philanthropic initiative of Mr. Naveen Jindal, in memory of his father, Shri O.P. Jindal.

Our Founding Chancellor and benefactor,

Mr. Naveen Jindal, and I wish you a very Happy, Healthy and Prosperous New Year!

Professor (Dr.) C. Raj Kumar

 TAKSHASHILA
(APPROX. 10TH CENTURY BCE - 5TH CENTURY CE)

INCUBATOR OF INTELLECTUAL
CONSCIOUSNESS
A melting pot of cultures, the university of
Takshashila attracted scholarly minds from
the Indian kingdoms as well as Babylon,
China, Greece and Syria. Apart from the
Vedas, 18 Sippas (Arts) including technical
subjects such as medicine, law and military
sciences were taught. Amongst notable
alumni, Chanakya composed Arthashastra,
the famous manual on governance, strategy
and policy, at Takshashila. Jivaka, another
alumnus, is recorded to have cured
Emperor Bimbisara of fistula and King
Pradyota of Ujjayini of jaundice. Another
renowned professor was physician Charaka,
who wrote one of the world’s earliest
treatises on medicine called
Charakasamhita. Grammarian Panini,
author of the famous Ashtadhyayi not only
codified the complex rules of Sanskrit
grammar but showed how languages could
be approached in a scientific and structured
manner. Patanjali, another grammarian par
excellence and the compiler of Yoga Sutras,
was also an alumnus of Takshashila. The
rediscovery of Sanskrit grammar by the
Europeans in the 19th century
Takshashila, one of the oldest universities in the world and an intellectual powerhouse, has its origins revolutionised the study of languages.
prior to the 10th century BCE. After the partition of India, it became a part of Pakistan.

Photo Credit: Sasha Isachenko

JANUARY 2023
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01 02 03 041 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

2 3
22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31
1
World Braille Day
2
International Day of Education
3
Republic Day (India)
 SHARADA PEETH
(APPROX. 5TH CENTURY BCE - 14TH CENTURY CE)

WHERE SCHOLARS SOURCED

THEIR REFERENCE BOOKS
On the banks of the Kishanganga River
stood the Sharada Peeth in Kashmir, which,
in ancient times was known as Sharada
Desh or the land of Sharada, the Divine
Feminine associated with learning (also
known as Sarasvati). Thousands of devotees
visited the temple, but scholars were
additionally interested in referring to the
ancient texts that were preserved carefully
in the libraries. Ramanujacharya, the
exponent of the Vishishtadvaita school of
philosophy travelled all the way from Tamil
Nadu to Kashmir in the 11th century in order
to refer to the only available manuscript of
Baudhayana Vritti, the earliest
commentary on the Brahmasutras so that
he could write his own commentary. Yet
another scholar Hemachandra, when
commissioned to write a new grammar
book by the king of Gujarat requested for a
copy of all the earlier grammar books which
were only available in their complete form
at Sharada Peeth.
The ruins of Sharada Peeth, a renowned temple university in Kashmir which once attracted scholars
looking for authentic manuscripts.

Photo Credit: Umar Jamshaid

FEBRUARY 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

01 02 03 041

05 06 07 08 09 10 112

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28
1
International Day of Human Fraternity
2
International Day of Women and Girls in Science
3
World Day of Social Justice
 NALANDA
(APPROX. 5TH CENTURY CE - 12TH CENTURY CE)

THE UNIVERSITY WITH THE

TOUGHEST ENTRANCE EXAM
IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
Imagine an entrance examination for an
ancient university so difficult that only 20%
of students who applied got selected.
In order to secure admission into Nalanda,
students often enrolled in coaching schools
in the villages surrounding the university.
Students flocked from near and far to learn
from the acclaimed teachers and in its
prime, there were 8,500 students and 1,500
teachers. According to Yijing, a Chinese
student, there were 100 lectures held in a
day and students did not want to miss even
a minute of them. Under the tutelages of
Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu, Asanga and
Dharmapala, the intellectual tournaments
in Nalanda nourished the culture of open
debate in India. In addition to endowments
from emperors, the revenues of 100 villages
were allocated for the expenses of Nalanda
which included food, accommodation,
clothing and healthcare of the pupils.
The majestic library of Nalanda was housed
in three buildings, of which Ratnasagara
was nine-storeyed tall and stored some of
the rarest manuscripts.
The ruins of Nalanda (5th century CE to 12th century CE), one of the best endowed universities in the
ancient world, where securing admission was a matter of pride. *
Thomas Watters, On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in
India 629-645 AD, Forgotten Books (31 October
Photo Credit: Shutterstock | Thotsaporn.S 2018)
MARCH 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

011 02 03 04

05 06 07 082 09 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31
1
Zero Discrimination Day
2
International Women’s Day
3
World Poetry Day
 VIKRAMSHILA
(APPROX. 8TH CENTURY CE - 12TH CENTURY CE)

THE UNIVERSITY THAT

BUILT THE CULTURE OF TIBET
Vikramshila was built by King Dharampala
as a competitor to Nalanda, but was
managed by the same board of Nalanda.
In spite of the healthy rivalry, exchange
and collaboration between teachers was
common practice. There was complete
academic autonomy bestowed upon
instructors and administrators in their
respective departments. Admission tests
were conducted by erudite scholars called
Dvarapalas or gatekeepers. Students were
given diplomas at the end of their courses by
the reigning kings of Bengal. The university
had six colleges and a central hall with a
temple at the centre adorned with images of
Mahabodhi. The alumni of Vikramshila are
said to have practically built the culture and
civilization of Tibet. There is a fascinating
story of how the king of Tibet courted Atisa,
the head of Vikramshila University and sent
envoys to persuade Atisa to relocate to Tibet.
When Vikramshila was attacked by invaders,
it is to Tibet that the surviving scholars fled
Vikramshila University (8th century CE to 12th century CE) was built as a rival of Nalanda but eventually along with the manuscripts they could save.
the two universities found their synergies.

Photo Credit: Alamy | Tushar Singh

 APRIL 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

01
1
02 03 04 05 06 07 08

09 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 242 25 263 27 28 29

30
1
World Health Day
2
Photo Credit: World Immunisation Week (24th - 30th April)
3
Alamy | Alexander Scheible World Intellectual Property Day
 UJJAIN
(APPROX. 8TH CENTURY BCE - 13TH CENTURY CE)

THE UNIVERSITY THAT STOOD

ON THE ZERO MERIDIAN OF
THE PRE-COLONIAL WORLD
The ancient university of Ujjain that stood
on the zero meridian attracted the finest
mathematical astronomers who made use
of the well-equipped observatory in the
institute. Some of the most celebrated
mathematicians of India taught at Ujjain, such
as Varahamihira (6th century), Brahmagupta
(7th century) and Bhaskaracharya (12th century).
Varahamihira was a noted polymath, whose
treatises on mathematical astronomy and
encyclopedic text of Brihatsamhita have
contributed immensely to Indian knowledge
systems. Brahmagupta was the first to treat
zero as a number in its own right, rather than
simply as a placeholder digit. His works such
as Brahmasphuta Siddhanta and
Khandakhadyaka, reached the Khalifa’s court
in Baghdad and revolutionized mathematics
and astronomy in the Arab world and
eventually Europe. The biggest jewel that
emerged from Ujjain is Bhaskaracharya, who
is credited for his work in differential calculus,
The city of Ujjain once had a university that was equipped with an elaborate observatory and stood on decimal number system and trigonometry.
the zero meridian of the pre-colonial world.

Photo Credit: Shutterstock | Dmitry

MAY 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

01 02 031 04 05 06

07 08 09 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

2 3
21 22 23 24 25 26 27

28 29 30 31
1
World Press Freedom Day
2
World Day of Cultural Diversity for Dialogue & Development
3
International Day for Biological Diversity
 MITHILA
(APPROX. 10TH CENTURY BCE - 20TH CENTURY CE)

WHERE TRUTH, LOGIC AND

DEBATE HELD SWAY
The origins of Mithila university are
cloaked in antiquity, but the city was
associated with learning from the Vedic
period- when King Janaka held
philosophical conferences and debates.
Several disciplines such as language,
literature, astronomy and political
sciences flourished in Mithila, but
it was the school of Logic that earned
Mithila a special distinction from the
12th century and attracted multitudes of
students. Mithila also introduced a new
method of examination which became
popular. Gangesa Upadhyaya, a prominent
logician, re-examined the existing
concepts and limitations of Nyaya and
propounded a new sophisticated
framework called Navya Nyaya or New
Logic. Soon, the new framework became
widespread in other schools of philosophy.
Prominent women Vedic scholars of
ancient India, Gargi and Maitreyi, have
Mithila was an ancient seat of learning which nurtured excellence and from the 12th century onwards, also been associated with Mithila.
became well-known for its renowned logicians. The location of Mithila is claimed by sites in Bihar, India
as well as Nepal. The picture shows Janakpur in Nepal.

Photo Credit: Freepik | stockfoo

JUNE 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

01 02 03

04 051 06 07 08 09 10

11 122 13 14 15 16 17

3
18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30
1
World Environment Day
2
World Day Against Child Labour
3
World Refugee Day
 NABADWIP
(APPROX. 15TH CENTURY CE - 19TH CENTURY CE)

A RIVAL OF MITHILA WHERE

PROFESSORS WERE APPOINTED
AFTER ASSESSING THEIR
PERFORMANCE IN DEBATES
The university of Mithila guarded its
knowledge so zealously that it did not allow
students to copy any manuscripts. Students
could only leave with their degrees and
were not allowed to take any books or notes.
The story goes that when Vasudeva
Sarvabhauma (of Nabadwip), who studied in
Mithila, was not allowed to copy two critical
texts, he memorized them and after
returning to Nabadwip, he reproduced the
texts from memory. He founded an academy
for Navya Nyaya, that used the new
frameworks invented in Mithila, and soon
Nabadwip began to be known for its
outstanding scholarship in logic.
An interesting manner of selecting chairs
and professors at Nabadwip was that
applicants had to show proof of their
original works and also had to hold their
own against opponents in an open debate
observed and judged by an assembly of
scholars. At its peak, the university had
4,000 students and 600 teachers. The
classes were conducted like seminars or
Nabadwip flowered from its rivalry with Mithila and its school of logic became renowned for exemplary colloquiums in which teachers would start
scholarship in the 15th century CE. with a debate and students could join in.
Photo Credit: Prahlad Banerjee
JULY 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

011

02 03 04 05 06 07 08
2
09 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 183 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31
1
International Day of Cooperatives
2
World Population Day
3
Nelson Mandela International Day
 KANTHALLOOR
SHALA
(APPROX. 8TH CENTURY CE - 10TH CENTURY CE)

WHERE STUDENTS
LEARNED MARTIAL ARTS
ALONGSIDE PHILOSOPHY
More than a thousand years ago, in the city
of Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, a temple
university was established that came to be
known as the “Nalanda of the South”,
offering a spread of subjects that exceeded
Nalanda. Students came from far-off regions
seeking a well-rounded education, which
honed their analytical, debating and artistic
skills. A travelling Jain monk from Rajasthan
wrote a work titled Kuvalamayala in the
8th century in which he mentioned
Kanthalloor Shala as a centre of higher
learning. Along with the Vedas and the usual
subjects such as grammar, the curriculum
also included heterodox philosophies such
as Charvaka or Lokayata, also known as the
school of Indian materialism. Kanthalloor
Shala strived to create an environment for
holistic development of mind and body of
its pupils by providing training in other
We do not know the exact location of Kanthaloor Shala, which was once a thriving temple university in disciplines such as martial arts, music
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and which was called the “Nalanda of the South”. According to many, it was and painting.
in the Valiyasala Mahadeva Temple shown in this picture.

Photo Credit: Leo Radhakrishnan

AUGUST 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

011 02 03 04 05

06 072 08 09 10 11 12

13 14 153 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31
1
New Academic Year at JGU
2
JGU Founder’s Day
3
Independence Day (India)
 KANCHIPURAM
(APPROX. 5TH CENTURY BCE - 17TH CENTURY CE)

A HUB OF VEDIC STUDIES

THAT ALSO INFLUENCED
POLITICAL FUTURES
Temples in ancient India went beyond the
primary role of connecting devotees to
deities via ritualistic worship. They had
annexes for holding classes, debates and
conferences. They also had libraries called
Sarasvati Bhandaras which attracted many
scholars and eventually led to the
establishment of temple universities.
The temple town of Kanchipuram was hailed
by the great poet Kalidasa as a gem amongst
cities and it was also sought out by Chinese
traveller Xuanzang during his iconic sojourn
at educational centres in India. The city had
a famous Ghatika (meaning pursuit of
knowledge) attached to a temple which was
known for its rigorous examination system
and high quality of scholars. They were
establishments of learned Acharyas and
were considered a hub of Vedic discourse.
The Ghatika played a pivotal role in the
accession of kings. Many poet-scholars and
saint-philosophers, who produced fine
Kanchipuram in the state of Tamil Nadu, was an important centre of education churning out high quality literary works, were associated with Kanchi.
scholars who authored significant works which are still being studied today.

Photo Credit: iStock | Manas Ranadive

 SEPTEMBER 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

01 02

03 04 051 06 07 08 09

10 11 12 13 14 152 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

3
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1
Teachers’ Day (India)
2
International Day of Democracy
Photo Credit: 3
JGU University Day
iStock | Chandra Dhas
 VALLABHI
(APPROX. 7TH CENTURY CE - 12TH CENTURY CE)

A UNIVERSITY WHERE
STUDENTS FLOCKED TO
STUDY ADMINISTRATION
AND GOVERNANCE
Vallabhi, a capital of the Maitraka dynasty
was situated at the seashore and was an
important port for international trade.
There is a collection of stories from the
11th century called Kathasaritsagara, in
which a father is determined to send his son
to study at Vallabhi in distant Gujarat rather
than Nalanda or Varanasi, which were
nearer to the Ganga plains where he lived.
Vallabhi University was in fact established
by professors from Nalanda in the
6th century CE. When Xuanzang visited the
university in the 7th century, there were
6,000 students studying at the university.
Its courses in Neeti (Public Administration/
Political Sciences) and Vaarta (Business/
Economics/Accountancy) provided training
in holding important public administration
positions. Graduates would present
themselves in royal courts to demonstrate
their worthiness for civil service. Under the
patronage of Maitraka dynasty, the
From the 7th century to the 12th century, Vallabhi University in Gujarat was noted for its courses in
Administration, Political Science, Law, Economics and Accountancy. university flourished and had a well-
endowed library.
Photo Credit: Shutterstock | Mazur Travel
 OCTOBER 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

01 021 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 102 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

3
22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31
1
Gandhi Jayanti & International Day of Non-Violence
2
Photo Credit: World Mental Health Day
Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. 3
United Nations Day
 VARANASI
(APPROX. 10TH CENTURY BCE - CURRENT TIMES)

WHERE SCHOLARS
WENT TO PROVE THEIR
CREDENTIALS
One of the oldest continuously inhabited
cities of the world, Kashi or Varanasi,
became the hub where scholars went to
prove their scholastic credentials.
Even when Takshashila was the reigning
university, many students went to Kashi to
study special courses in different schools of
philosophies. It was the dream of scholars
from every corner of India to travel to Kashi
and engage in debates with learned Gurus
on Vedic philosophy. Debates held at Kashi
were often held in full public view and
judged by a panel of acclaimed scholars.
Important works of literature were
composed on the banks of the Ganga, which
are read to this day. The 17th century
traveller Bernier stated that ‘the whole city
is a university’. He observed that the houses
of teachers, where the students gathered,
were like centres of education. Logicians,
astronomers and Ayurveda acharayas were
among the various subject-matter experts
From time immemorial, Varanasi/Kashi/Banaras was synonymous with advanced learning of not just who made Kashi their home.
the Vedas but an array of disciplines including astronomy, logic, poetry, philosophy, music and more.

Photo Credit: iStock | Narvikk

 NOVEMBER 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

011 02 03 04

05 06 07 08 09 10 112

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

3
26 27 28 29 30
1
Haryana Day (India)
2
National Education Day (India)
3
Photo Credit: iStock | Prabhjits Constitution Day (India)
 SOMAPURA
(APPROX. 8TH CENTURY CE - 12TH CENTURY CE)

A SPECTACULAR UNIVERSITY
THAT INSPIRED ARCHITECTURE
IN LANDS FAR AWAY
Somapura Mahavihara was a renowned
centre of education from the 8th century,
under the rule of the Pala kings. It was
interlinked with the universities at Nalanda,
Vikramshila, Odantapura and Jagaddala and
the faculty members often moved from one
institution to another. Against common
misunderstanding that their syllabi was
limited to Buddhist doctrines, they taught
a variety of courses on logic, grammar,
medicine and Vedic literature. Spread over 27
acres, making it one of the largest campuses
of ancient India, the architecture of
Somapura was striking in form. It influenced
the architecture of temples in faraway lands
such as Myanmar, Java and Cambodia.
Compared to its contemporaries, Somapura
has the most intact structure which has
withstood years of pillage and destruction.
Paharpur, where the university is situated,
became a part of Bangladesh after the
partition of India. UNESCO has hailed
Somapura for its “symmetrical layout and
Somapura or Paharpur now in Bangladesh, was a part of the interlinked group of universities that
massively built single unit of the monastery”,
included Nalanda, Vikramshila, Odantapura and Jagaddala which flourished from the 8th century to the
12th century. its “simple, harmonious lines and its
profusion of carved decoration”.
Photo Credit: Alamy | Abdul Momin
 DECEMBER 2023
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

01 02
1 2
03 04 05 06 07 08 09
3
10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31
1
International Day of Persons with Disabilities
2
International Anti-Corruption Day
3
Photo Credit: Wikimedia Human Rights Day
 CALENDAR 2024
JANUARY 2024 FEBRUARY 2024 MARCH 2024 APRIL 2024
S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S
01 02 03 04 05 06 01 02 03 01 02 01 02 03 04 05 06
03 04 05 06 07 08 09
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31 25 26 28 28 29 31 28 29 30

MAY 2024 JUNE 2024 JULY 2024 AUGUST 2024

S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S
01 02 03 04 01 01 02 03 04 05 06 01 02 03
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
09 10 11 12 13 14 15
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
26 27 28 29 30 31 30 28 29 30 31 25 26 28 28 29 30 31

SEPTEMBER 2024 OCTOBER 2024 NOVEMBER 2024 DECEMBER 2024

S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 01 02 03 04 05 01 02 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
08 09 10 11 12 13 14 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31

Disclaimer: We respect the creative efforts and intellectual property that underlie all images that have been used here. We have made substantial efforts in identifying, contacting and seeking consent from all
owners where permission, rights and/or agreement were required. We declare that we have no intention to infringe any intellectual property right. This is a not-for-profit endeavour of the university which will be
used solely for educational purposes.
Note: With the emergence of newer historical evidence from archaeology, indigenous texts, archaeoastronomy, genetics and various other fields, the chronology of Indian history is undergoing considerable
revision. The universities mentioned in this calendar might be of greater antiquity than indicated.