THEORY OF MACHINE (II)

LECTURE ONE
 Definition of
Machine

 A machine is a device which receives

energy in some available form and
utilises it to do some particular type
of work.
Power Transmission Elements:

•Shafts & Couplings.

•Power screws.
•Gears & Gear trains.
•Brakes & Clutches.
•Belts, Ropes & Pulleys.
•Chains & sprockets
 BELTS, ROPES & PULLEYS

BELTS AND PULLEYS ARE

USED WHEN THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE SHAFTS IS TOO
FAR APART TO USE GEARS.
 Chain& Sprockets

Chains are used for lower speed

applications where the distance
between the shafts is too far apart
to use gear trains and belts are
going to support the torque that
needs transmitting. They are also a
good way of transmitting power
when exact speed ratios are
needed
 Brakes and Clutches

Theoretically, brakes and clutches are

nearly indistinguishable, though
functionally clutches are couplings that
are used to engage and disengage the
transmitted power between two
connecting shafts rotating at different
speeds on a common axis. The main
function of a clutch is to bring both
elements to a common angular velocity.
Gears and gear trains

Gear trains are multiple sets of gears that transmit

power. A gear train is a mechanical power
transmission system where gears are installed on
shafts, so the teeth of the mating gears engage and
each roll on each other on its pitch circle
diameter.
Power Screws

A Power screw also known as Leadscrew ( or lead

screw) and translation screw, is a screw used as a
power transmission linkage element in an
engineering product such as a machine to translate
rotational motion into linear motion. The large area
of sliding contact between the male and female
parts of the screw threads provides a large
mechanical advantage via the small wedge angle.

Couplings

Couplings also known as shaft couplings are used to

connect two shaft ends together to transmit both
angular rotation and torque. The main design
requirement for couplings and their retention
devices is that the rated torque must be transmitted
without slip, premature failure or in some cases it
needs to withstand misalignment.
Shafts
A mechanical shaft is a mechanical power
transmission element that conveys power and
rotational motion from one device to another.
Shaft design is critical to avoid any premature
failure and the designer should consider the
common failure modes.

Types of connections and components required

to be used along the shaft axis are dictated by
the functional requirements of the product and
depend on the following factors
– Magnitude of Torque
– Shaft size
– Rotation speed
– Direction of rotation

Difference Between Work and
Energy
There are basically several types
of energy such as potential, kinetic
or nuclear energy, solar energy or
electrical energy, etc. Kinetic is
when an object is at motion and
potential is when the object is at
rest. On the other hand, there are
is only one type of work. Both
these quantities are measured in
joules.
Difference Between Work and Energy
Work
The action did on the object causing
some displacement
Work = force X distance
The components of the force are
parallel to the displacement
If the applied force is in the same
direction of the displacement than
work is positive
It the applied force is in the opposite
direction of the displacement that
work is negative
Energy
It is described as a property of a
system or the ability to do work
There are various equations
depending upon the types of energy
Energy is the result of the work
performed
The is no direction component here
as it is a scalar quantity
WORK
Power
Types of Energy
It may be defined as the capacity to do work. The energy exists in many forms
e.g. mechanical, electrical, chemical, heat, light etc. But we are mainly concerned
with mechanical energy.