Lesson #

Page # 153
Topic : optical instruments
1. Optical instruments are the devices that process light waves
to enhance an image for a more clear view
2a . reflecting telescope
2b . digital camera
3.Prism binoculars employ prisms in the optical system to rectify
an inverted image projected by the objective.
4. Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to help astronomers see
more clearly far-away objects in space.
5. The eye forms images of the visual world onto the retina.
Chapter # 9
Lesson # 1
Page # 159
Topic :electricity
1. An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as
electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or
space.
2. The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current.
3. Voltage is the pressure from an electrical
circuit's power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting loop,
enabling them to do work such as illuminating a
light.
 4. it is measured in volts (V)
5. voltage is called potential difference because it is a measure
of the difference in potential energy between two points in a
circuit.
6. a voltmeter is connected in parallel with a circuit and an
ammeter is connected in series with a circuit to measure its
voltage and current respectively.
Lesson # 2
Page # 161
Topic :resistance and power
1. The ohm is the SI unit of electrical resistance. Its symbol is Ω.
2. Resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to the area of cross
section. Hence thicker wire will have less resistance.
3. Given data :
Voltage = 12V
Current = 4A
Required data :
Resistance = ?
Formula:
Resistance = Voltage /current
Solution :
=12/4
=3 ohm
4.power of electric appliance tells us about how many joules
of energy are consumed in one second
5. watt or one joule per second.
6.given data :
Power = 24W
Voltage = 2v
Required data :
Current = ?
Formula
Current = power / voltage
Solution :
= 24 W / 2 V
= 12 A

Lesson # 3
Page #
Topic :
1. The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to
one kilowatt (kW) sustained for (multiplied by) one hour.
2. while the microwave oven has a higher power rating
(800W) compared to the table lamp (100W), the key factor
in determining energy consumption and cost is the
amount of time the appliances are in use. If the microwave
oven is used for shorter durations, it may end up costing
less to run than a table lamp
3. a.3A b.13A c.13A
4. The main difference between fuse and circuit breakers is
that fuses cannot be reused while circuit breakers can be
reused over and over again. Circuit breakers are used to
protect homes and devices against overloading and short-
circuiting while fuses protect devices and homes against
overloading only.
5. the earth wire is a particular wire with low resistance and a
high melting point that avoids live wire overloading and
current leakage through the ground.
6. Double insulated appliances do not require an earth wire
because they have an additional layer of insulation or
other safety measures that provide a second level of
protection against electric shock.
Lesson # 4
Page # 165
Topic : electricity do’s and don’ts
1. Human body consists of 70 %of water , the food we
consume has salts this creates a electrolyte medium to
conduct electricity, as earth has near zero potential
current will flow from a higher potential to earth , greater
the potential difference higher the flow.
2. Depending on the length and severity the electric
shock, injuries can include: burns to the skin. burns to
internal tissues. electrical interference or damage (or
both) to the heart, which could cause the heart to stop
or beat erratically.
3. It can result in severe electrical shock
4. Sticking a metal object into a toaster extends the
toaster's electrical circuit to include you. which can
result in severe electric shock
Lesson # 5
Page #167
Topic # electromagnetism
1. magnetic field lines around a straight wire carrying
current forms concentric circles around the wire
2. the magnetic field can be made stronger
by: Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil.
Increasing the current flowing through the coil.
3. the direction of magnetic field is also reversed.
4. a cylindrical coil of wire acting as a magnet when
carrying electric current
4b.An electromagnet is an electrically induced magnet.
Iron, mostly soft iron ( magnetic material ) surrounded
by a coil of wire through which an electric current is
passed to magnetize the core. A solenoid is a
cylindrical coil of wire acting as a magnet when carrying
an electric current.
5. When a plotting compass is placed in the Earth's
magnetic field, the north pole of the compass will line up
with the Earth's magnetic field lines and point to
magnetic south.

Lesson # 6
Page #168
Topic :uses of electromagnetism
1. Moving cone in speaker
2. A)The soft iron bar acquires the magnetic properties
only when an electric current flows through the
solenoid and loses the magnetic properties as soon
as the current is switched off. That's why soft iron is
used as the core of the electromagnet in an electric
bell.
2b) Pressing the bell-push closes a circuit, causing
current to flow from a battery or mains step-down
transformer through an electromagnet.
3. A) to prevent damage to components, overheating,
and fires should an overload or short circuit occur.
3b).circuit breaker Responds quicker than fuses
4. Electromagnetic coils are made from materials of
high electrical conductivity like copper, copper-
 beryllium, copper coated aluminium, brass and
aluminium alloy.

Chapter # 11
Lesson 1
Page # 177
Topic : galaxy
1. A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and
billions of stars and their solar systems, all held
together by gravity.
2. A galaxy is held together by gravity
3. A.)The supermassive black hole at the center of our
galaxy,
3b). The current value of its mass is 4.297±0.012 million
solar masses.
4. Galaxies are classified based on their shape as
observed from Earth
5. A) What spiral and elliptical galaxies have in common
is that they are both large structures that consist of
stars, planets, black holes, asteroids, comets, dust,
and gas all bound together by the force due to
gravity, and orbiting around a central point in the
galaxy that is most likely a supermassive black hole.
5b) elliptical galaxies are characterized by a spherical or
cucumber-like shape, while spiral galaxies have a
central disk surrounded by spiral arms. Moreover,
elliptical galaxies contain older, dimmer stars, while
spiral galaxies are solar nurseries containing younger,
brighter stars.
6. Clusters are portions of space where many
galaxies, sometimes thousands, are
concentrated. These clusters are
themselves contained within colossal
superclusters.