HSPG: EFFICIENCY OF HYDRO-SOLAR POWERED

GENERATOR

Kate Yesabelle A. Taccad

Eli Joshua S. Juan

Noemie D. Agriam

Krishna Mae F. Camiguin

Gio Jose M. Dela Cruz

Franz Matteo A. Cornejo

Aeron Paul M. Mammuad

Cris Damaso D. Peralta

Grade 10-Polaris (STE)

Research teacher:

Mrs. Karen Grace B. Guetteng

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PROJECT PROFILE

Project Title: EFFICIENCY OF HYDRO-SOLAR POWERED

GENERATOR

Name of Proponent: Kate Yesabelle A. Taccad Eli Joshua S. Juan

Noemie D. Agriam Krishna Mae F. Camiguin Franz Matteo Cornejo

Gio Jose Dela Cruz Aeron Paul Mammuad Cris Damaso Peralta

Region: 02 Division: ISABELA

School: Luna National High School Grade Level: 10

Project Duration: Contact number:

Email:

(2) CATEGORY OF RESEARCH (4) THEME

__/___Physical Science ____Food Safety

______Life Science __/__Water Conservation

______Robotics and Intelligent Machines __/__Renewable Energy

______Mathematics and Computational Sciences ____Cyber Security

(3) ____Traffic /Road

Congestion

___ Individual ____Health

_/__Team __/__Disaster Mitigation

___Agriculture

____Others (please specify)

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ABSTRACT

HSPG: EFFICIENCY OF HYDRO-SOLAR POWERED GENERATOR

This research study entitled “Efficiency of Hydro-Solar Powered

Generator” was designed to provide electrical power when there is a lack of or

no access, with the help of solar and hydro turbine. This study address the

needs of residents in Luna, Isabela, particularly during blackouts. The research

focuses on investigating the benefits that the product can provide to the

citizens in that specific area.

The HSPG underwent a series of tests over a four-day period, which

involved measuring its runtime, solar and hydro inputs, as well as assessing its

overall efficiency. These experiments were conducted to determine the

performance and effectiveness of the generator in providing reliable electrical

power in the specified area.

Mean results revealed that the efficiency of the hydro-solar powered

generator depends on the amount of solar and hydro was convert to the

generator, it also revealed that the generator does not last for an average of 10

hours.

Based on the findings of this study, the conclusion drawn are: (1)

There is a significant relationship between the duration of solar radiation and

the amount of water and battery charging capacity of a HSPG, (2) the

generator does not last for an average of 10 hours (3) The efficiency of HSPG

is affected by varying solar and hydro input conditions.

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INTRODUCTION

Power interruption or locally known as brownout, is the loss of power

in a specific area. It is something we cannot avoid nor predict but is common

here in our country. Just a simple brownout can have a huge impact on our

economy and its citizens. Without electricity people cannot turn on the lights,

use the air conditioning units and use all equipment that are electricity

dependent. Short term power brown out is experienced frequently on a local or

regional level around the world (e.g., caused by natural events such as

earthquakes, storms, floods, and high waves). Traditional scenarios only

assume brownouts for a few days and losses seem to be moderate. Electricity

is the backbone of each industrialized society and economy. The increased

dependency on continuous power supply related to electronics, industrial

production, and daily life makes today's society much more vulnerable

concerning power supply interruptions.1 A brownout (reduced voltage) of

some minutes or similar blackout (complete failure of electricity supply) may

cause some inconvenience at home such as having the lights turned off. Power

outages or brownouts can become disastrous when it comes to life-support

systems in places like hospitals and nursing homes or in-coordination facilities

such as in airports, train stations, and traffic control. Electricity is one of the

most powerful sources of energy in our lives. As a matter of fact, it can even

kill you. We would be lost without electricity. Electricity is a necessity to

1
World Bank. “Electricity Availability and Economic Activity: Lessons from
Developing Countries,” September 22, 2020.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2020/09/22/electricity-availability-and-
economic-activity#:~:text=Electricity%20is%20critical%20to%20modern
%20economic%20activity%20and,the%20power%20supply%20is%20limited
%20and%20highly%20unreliable.
 3

modern civilization. It has invaded our lives and become vital in all aspects to

our society.

According to the national corporation republic of the Philippines, there

are two types of energy sources: renewable and non-renewable. With

renewable, this source can be replaced or gathered repeatedly to power certain

energy-based products, this energy source contains five classifications (wind,

hydroelectric, solar, biomass, and geothermal) while non-renewable can’t be

use repeatedly and has a negative impact on the environment since every

classification requires collecting from nature which can lead to the destruction

and depletion of all the worlds natural resources, this type of source has four

classifications(coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear).2

With all of these varied energy sources available in the Philippines,

hydroelectric power is by far the most prevalent here in the Isabela region.

One example that can be discussed is the dam located in Ramon, Isabela

named magat dam which is by far one of the most known hydroelectric

producers here in the Philippines, The dam also has many advantages

including it being the source of irrigation to as many as 85,000 hectares of

farmland, it produces 360MW/h of electricity which is equivalent to

360,000W/h of electricity which is enough to supply electricity to the whole

province of Isabela.3

Water to electricity converters can have a huge benefit or impact to the

economy and its citizens. Electricity is the key component to modern

2
Energy.gov. “Energy Sources,” n.d. https://www.energy.gov/energy-sources.
3
The Magat Dam - One of the Largest. (n.d.). Golden Isabela.
https://goldenisabela.weebly.com
 4

technology and without it most of the things that we use every day simply

could not work and would never have been created.4

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment

facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a

dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows

through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce

electricity.5

Hydroelectric energy, also called hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity,

is a form of energy that harnesses the power of water in motion—such as

water flowing over a waterfall—to generate electricity. People have used this

force for millennia.6

Hydroelectric power captures the energy released from falling water. In

the most simplistic terms, water falls due to gravity, which causes kinetic

energy to be converted into mechanical energy, which in turn can be converted

into a usable form of electrical energy.

Hydro-power, or hydroelectric power, is a renewable source of energy

that generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter Hydro-

power, or hydroelectric power, is a renewable source of energy that generates

power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural flow of a river

or other body of water.

4
Energy.gov. “Benefits of Hydropower,” n.d.
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/benefits-hydropower.
5
“Conventional Hydroelectric Dams,” n.d. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/.

6
“Hydroelectric Power,”
n.d. https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power.
 5

Hydro-power or hydro-power is a renewable energy source that uses

water stored in dams as well as water from rivers to generate electricity in

hydroelectric plants. The falling water spins the blades of the turbine, which

then spins a generator that converts the mechanical energy of the spinning

turbine into electricity. Hydro-power is an important component of global

electricity production.7

Solar energy the radiation from the Sun is capable of producing heat

that causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. In the 21st century,

solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as a renewable

energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting

character, in contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

The potential for solar energy is enormous, about 200,000 times the

world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day

in the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free,

the high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its usage in

many places. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat)

or into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.8

Solar energy is converted into electricity through a process known as

photovoltaic (PV) conversion. Photovoltaic (PV) conversion is the process by

which solar energy is converted into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells,

commonly known as solar cells. These cells are made of semiconductor

7
Energy.gov. “How Hydropower Works,” n.d.
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/how-hydropower-works.
8
Ashok, S. 2023. “Solar Energy | Definition, Uses, Advantages, &
Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica. April 20, 2023.
https://www.britannica.com/science/solar-energy.
 6

materials, typically silicon, with specific properties that enable the

photovoltaic effect.9

The photovoltaic effect is the fundamental principle behind PV

conversion. When photons from sunlight strike the surface of a solar cell, they

transfer their energy to the electrons in the semiconductor material. This

energy absorption causes the electrons to be excited and break free from their

atoms, creating electron-hole pairs.

The semiconductor material in the solar cell is doped with impurities to

create a p-n junction. The p-side has an excess of positively charged carriers

(holes), while the n-side has an excess of negatively charged carriers

(electrons). As a result, the separated electrons and holes are driven towards

opposite sides of the cell.

The next step is to create an electric field within the solar cell. This is

accomplished by the arrangement of different layers and doping of the

semiconductor material. The electric field directs the movement of electrons

and holes, creating a potential difference across the cell.10

When an external circuit is connected to the solar cell, the separated

charges are forced to flow through it. Electrons flow through the circuit,

creating an electric current that can be utilized for various applications. This

flow of electrons is a direct current (DC) since it only flows in one direction.

9
How Does Solar Work? (n.d.). Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov

10
Photovoltaics and electricity - U.S. Energy Information

Administration (EIA). (n.d.). https://www.eia.gov

 7

To convert the DC generated by the solar cell into the alternating current

(AC) used in most electrical systems, an inverter is employed. The inverter

converts the DC into AC by periodically reversing the direction of the current.

This AC can be used to power appliances, lighting, and other electrical devices

in homes, businesses, and industries.

It’s hard to overstate the environmental advantages of solar energy and

how crucial it is to both curbing and preparing for the effects of climate

change.In terms of curbing climate change, solar is a renewable energy source

with a fraction of the emissions of natural gas or coal. In fact, the small

amount of emissions required to manufacture a solar panel are offset within its

first two years of production. That leaves 2-3 decades of emission-free energy

production.11

While solar energy is a renewable and clean source of energy, the

production of solar panels can have an environmental impact. For example,

the mining of raw materials such as silicon and the manufacturing of solar

panels can generate greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants.

The main focus of this study is to explore the utilization of water and sunlight

as sources of energy for the production of electricity. However, there is always

11
Wigness, Sam. 2023. “5 Advantages of Solar Energy.” Solar.Com,
January. https://www.solar.com/learn/advantages-of-solar-energy/.
 8

a problem to be addressed in order to acquire its overall significance in power

shortage issues. Specifically, the researchers will be focusing on the following

statements:

1. Minimum duration of solar radiation and amount of water required to fully

charge the battery of a HSPG.

2. Generator run time.

3. Efficiency of the HSPG under varying solar and hydro input conditions?

And from these statements the following hypotheses can be formulated:

1. Ha: There is no significant relationship between the duration of solar

radiation and the amount of water and battery charging capacity of a HSPG.

Ho: There is a significant relationship between the duration of solar

radiation and the amount of water and battery charging capacity of a HSPG

2. Ha: The generator lasts for an average of 10 hours.

Ho: The generator does not last for an average of 10 hours.

3. Ha: The efficiency of HSPG is affected by varying solar and hydro

input conditions.

Ho: The efficiency of HSPG is not affected by varying solar and hydro

input conditions
 9

The study will help everyone (especially those who are affected by

disasters) to have a deeper understanding and how efficient this study and this

product is to people experiencing blackouts.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the product

HSPG to the residents of Luna, Isabela. We want to focus on investigating the

benefits that the product will give to the citizens. It limits the study's

generalizability or particularly on the Luna, Isabela.

Hydroelectric power (hydro power) is a renewable energy source where

electrical power is derived from energy of water moving from higher to lower

elevation. According to USBR (2005), hydro power is an efficient form of

energy generation. Usually, the efficiency of modern hydro power is about

90%.12 Hydro power can provide both energy and water management services

and also help to support other variable renewable energy sources.

Hydroelectric power has played an important part in the development of the

world's power industry. Because of its flexibility, they can provide essential

backup power during major electricity outages or disruptions. 13 In 2012,

renewable energy sources accounted for approximately 19% of world's total

energy consumption In the past decade, international funding agencies such as

the World Bank have started to increase their lending for hydro power

schemes from the low levels recorded in the late 1990s and 2000s. This has

been driven by the demand from developing countries and hydro power's

multidimensional role in poverty alleviation and sustainable development

12
Bureau of Reclamation. “Hydropower Program | Bureau of Reclamation,”
n.d. https://usbr.gov/power/.
13
“2021 Hydropower Status Report,” n.d.
https://www.hydropower.org/publications/2021-hydropower-status-report.
 10

(World Bank, 2009). The studies about international hydro power potential,

concluded that developing the entire world's remaining hydro power potential

could not hope to meet the future world demand.14 According to Bartle (2002),

hydro power is the resource with the greatest capability to provide renewable

energy to the parts of the world which at present have the greatest need. 15 The

use of hydro power and its capability for expansion varies between countries.

China, Russia, USA, Brazil and Canada are the countries with the greatest

potential for power expansion. Between 2009 and 2010, the global use of

hydro power increased by around 5.3% reaching 3,427 Tw by the end of 2010

(Lucky, 2012). The world consumption of hydro power increased each year

between 2003 and 2010. It also increased by at least 3.5% annually during five

of the seven years between 2003 and 2010 (Lucky, 2012). Paper published by

S.U.Patel, Prashant.N.Pakale, Mechanical Engineering Department, D.N.Patel

COE shahada-425409, Maharashtra, India : Study on power generation by

using cross flow water turbines in micro hydro power plants. According to

S.U.Patel, Prashant.N.Pakale, increasing demand of power can be efficiently

and ecologically fulfilled by the use of micro hydel power generation system,

as human civilization can be seen near water reservoirs and there increasing

power demand due to population growth can be fulfilled by this ecologically

renewable hydel power project method. Basic principle in this system is

energy generation from flowing water, even if it is low in pressure. Force

produced on blades of turbines due to direction of water diverted on turbines.

14
“Status Report: International Hydropower Association,” n.d.
https://www.hydropower.org/status-report.
15
Bartle, Alison. “Hydropower Potential and Development Activities.” Energy
Policy 30, no. 14 (November 1, 2002): 1231–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00084-8.
 11

This process in turn moves the generator in circular motion to produce

electricity. The basic objective of this research topic is to study the outcome,

after introduction of cross movement of water streams in turbines installed in

micro level hydroelectric plants [MHP] for power generation. [2] 2.One

literature review done by Department of Electrical and electronics, Karunya

University, Coimbatore by professor Prawin Angel Michael and , C.P.

Tawahar : Design of 15 kW Micro Hydro Power Plant for Rural Electrification

at Valara. This topic has been taken up for rural electrification of Valara

village in Idukki, India. In Valara around 120 families reside without the

facility of electric supply, as there is absence of a grid connected distribution

network. This project was a pilot prototype to do research on the economics

involved and techniques which can be implemented with respect to hydro

projects as there was water available at the current site and water being a free

resource can be utilized for low cost micro scale hydro projects and

accordingly suitable electro mechanical components can be studied and used.

[3] For this 15kW micro scale hydroelectric system was designed, installed

and tested in rural distribution type of conditions. This plant is not only

fulfilling the power needs of tribal families but also providing a source of

livelihood to them by the means of maintenance and daily working of the

plant. This is also developing tribal skills in tribal areas by means of practical

knowledge of hydro power systems. [3]

https://www.ripublication.com/ijaer19/ijaerv14n13_08.pdf

The study by Hayat et al. (2018) builds upon previous research on

solar energy technology and its potential for sustainable energy. 16 For

Hayat, T., Iqbal, M., and Alharthi, N. H. "A Review of Energy and
16

Economic Analysis of Solar Drying Systems." Renewable and Sustainable

Energy Reviews 82 (2018): 2747-2762.
 12

example, the International Energy Agency's (IEA) 2017 report on renewable

energy sources highlighted the significant growth of solar energy in recent

years and its potential to provide a large share of the world's electricity in the

future (IEA, 2017).17

In addition, the study by Telle et al. (2017) provides an assessment of

the economic viability of solar energy technologies in different regions of the

world. The authors found that solar energy is becoming increasingly

competitive with traditional fossil fuels in many regions, particularly in areas

with high solar irradiation.18

The study by Li et al. (2018) examines the use of advanced materials

for solar cells, a key enabling technology discussed in the study by Hayat et al.

Li et al. highlight the potential of perovskite solar cells as a low-cost and

efficient alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells.19

Furthermore, the study by Khatib et al. (2018) discusses the

importance of energy storage systems for the growth and development of solar

energy. The authors provide an assessment of the different types of energy

storage systems, including batteries, pumped hydro, and compressed air

energy storage, and their potential impact on the solar energy market.20

17
International Energy Agency. Renewables 2017: Analysis and Forecasts to
2022. Paris: OECD/IEA, 2017.
18
Telle, K., Petrova, M., and Fthenakis, V. "The Economics of Solar Energy."
Annual Review of Environment and Resources 42 (2017): 269-298.
19
Li, Dawei, Wenjie Li, and Yadong Li. "Advanced Materials for Solar Cells."
Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 20 (2018): 1800429.
20
Khatib, H., A. Mohamed, A. Elhadidy, and A. Abu-Nada. "Energy Storage
Systems for Concentrated Solar Power Plants." Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews 82 (2018): 3981-4000.
 13

These studies, among others, provide important insights into the

current state of solar energy technology and the challenges and opportunities

associated with its growth and development. The study by Hayat et al. builds

upon this research and provides a comprehensive overview of current trends

and advancements in solar energy technology, as well as the enabling

technologies critical for its success. The study is a valuable resource for

researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals interested in the field of

solar energy.

METHODOLOGY

A. RESEARCH DESIGN
 14

The research study aims to identify the benefits that can help the students

and residents of Luna, Isabela and discuss how the product works.

The researchers will employ the quantitative method of research to

determine the effectiveness of the product.

B. RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

The research study will be conducted and tested at Cento 2, Luna,

Isabela.

C. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

The following supplies were required to construct the HSPG:

4 cm micro water turbine, star mini stator, circuit board with six diode bridge

rectifier, capacitor, 78l05 voltage regulator, 5cm casing, DC12V 2 wires,

20 watts solar panel, plywood, inverter, battery, wires, door hinge, door

handle. Nails, screws, ball caster wheels, ss coupling ½, rosco teflon tape

1/2x10m, shrinkable tube, socket protection cover ,1/4 liter black boysen,

varnish

 equipment

Hammer, electric saw, screwdriver, electrical tape, and safety gears, 7 litre

bucket, and multimeter.

 15

Factors that must be considered in choosing the right parts for the
portable hydro-powered generator

In choosing the right parts for the hydro-solar powered generator, we

need to consider these factors. A factor that must be considered is choosing the

right battery, considering the usage of the gadgets that can be plugged in,

household materials that need electricity in order to work a 12 volts 123

ampere hour battery is enough to provide the needs of these devices.

Another factor that must be considered is the inverter. Is the inverter a

fit for the battery? Can the inverter carry enough electricity in order to charge

the electrical gadgets? These are the questions that must be answered in our

research study

D. PROCEDURE

The materials in this study will be collected at authorized online shop (turbine

and other important materials)

1. Prepare the materials needed.

2. In constructing the hydro turbine, connect it to the casing together with

the mini water wheel, mini stator, circuit board with the capacitor and voltage

regulator attach on it and then put the lid and lock it using a screw.

3. For the box of the battery and inverter, we use a four (4) pieces of 53x30

cm and two (2) 33x30 cm piece plywood and wood to create a box for them.

4. To attach the wood and plywood we use a 2 inches nail after attaching it

we put two (2) 3.6 cm door hinge and a 96mm door handle.
 16

5. After finishing the box for battery and inverter, we made a hole in each

side of the box (left, right, and back side).

6. After creating the hole, the wires for the outlet will go through the right

hole, the wires for the solar charge controller will go through the left hole, and

the wires for the hydro-powered turbine will go through the hole on the rear

side then paint the HSPG using 1/4 liter black boysen paint and cover it with

varnish.

7. The solar charge controller should be screwed to the left side, where the

necessary wires should be placed the outlet should be screwed to the right side

then cover it with socket protection cover.

8. Then the solar panel and the hydro powered turbine will then be all

connected to the solar charge controller.

9. Check if everything is in place and working. Use the solar charge

controller to check the electricity that was stored in the battery.

10. In testing our product, the researchers will test the voltage. Manual
observation will be used in the collection of the generator runtime and a meter
tester will be used in testing the watt per hour of the product.
11. Different amount of appliances will be connected to the product while
testing the runtime.

Building the
generator casing
Prepare the Constructing the
that will contain
materials needed. hydro turbine
the battery and
 17

Figure 1. Flowchart of the procedure

STATISTICAL TOOL

Mean will be used to test the efficiency of the hydro-powered generator.

Formula used

Efficiency = (Total Output Power / Total Input Power) x 100%

Experimental design table

Table 1. Minimum duration of solar radiation and amount of water required

to fully charge the battery of a HSPG and the efficiency of the HSPG under

varying solar and hydro input conditions.

Solar Radiation Water Required (Liters)

(hours)
Date
 18

The table above show the minimum amount of solar radiation (hours)

and water Required (Liters) to fully charged the battery.

Table 2. Generator run time.

Number of Runtime Number of Runtime Number of Runtime

Bars Lost (minutes) Bars Lost (minutes) Bars Lost (minutes)
(One (Two (Three
appliance) appliances) appliances
)

The table above provides information on the generator runtime of the battery

under different conditions.

 19

Table 3. The efficiency of the HSPG under varying solar and hydro input

conditions.

DATE Solar Input Hydro Input Hydro-Solar Efficiency

(Watt-hours)x (Watt-hours) Output

The table above shows the Solar Input (Watt-hours), Hydro Input (Watt-

Hours), Hydro-Solar Output (Watt-hours) and the Efficiency of the HSPG.

PROJECT PLAN
 20

Hydro-Solar Powered Generator

Figure 2. Measurements of the box and the front view.

 21

Figure 3. The inside View of HSPG.

Figure 4. The SideView of HSPG.

 22

Figure 5. The Front View of HPSG

Figure 6. The Hydro-powered generator blueprint.

 23

Figure 7. Generator Blueprint

RESULTS

Table 1. Minimum duration of solar radiation and amount of water required

to fully charge the battery of HSPG and the efficiency of the HSPG under

varying solar and hydro input conditions.

Solar Radiation Water Required (Liters)

(hours)
Date

2023-04-28 9 650

2023-04-29 12.5 550

2023-04-30 10 500
 24

2023-05-01 10.5 600

To gather this data, the system was set up to collect information on the
amount of solar radiation and water (liters) received, the solar radiation was
observed under different time of day and the water that the turbine produced
was observed each time the battery bars increases. The data was then compiled
into the table presented above, which provides a clear record of the system's
performance over the course of four days.

Table 2. Generator run time.

Number of Runtime Number of Runtime Number of Runtime

Bars Lost (minutes) Bars Lost (minutes) Bars Lost (minutes)
(One (Two (Three
appliance) appliances) appliances)

1 60 1 45 1 30

2 120 2 100 2 95

3 270 3 250 3 230

4 360 4 320 4 295

5 420 5 400 5 380

 25

The table above provides information on the generator runtime of the

battery under different conditions. Specifically, the table shows the results of
HSPG runtime per bars, where the number of bars on the battery was full and
tested by manual observation (waiting until the specified number of bars was
lost) and by having differing number of appliances attached.
This is a record that shows the approximate runtime of the HSPG to
the corresponding number of bars is according to the appliances that were used
to test how long the different number of bars will last.
It's important to note that the values provided in the table are just
examples based on the appliances used (electric fan, phone charger, light bulb)
and actual results may vary depending on various factors such as the load on
the generator, temperature, and other conditions. Therefore, it's recommended
to conduct multiple experiments and calculate the mean and standard deviation
to obtain more reliable results. Overall, the table serves as a useful reference
for individuals who need to estimate the runtime of the battery under different
conditions.
Note: The Generator runtime was gathered using a manual observation
by manually recording the start and stop times of the generator. Start a timer
or note down the time when the generator is turned on and stop the timer or
record the time when the generator is turned off. The difference between the
start and stop times will give you the generator's runtime.

DATE Solar Input Hydro Input Hydro-Solar Efficiency

(Watt-hours)x (Watt-hours) Output

2023-04-28 680 600 870 68%

2023-04-29 700 600 1300 100%

2023-04-30 520 600 952 85%

2023-05-01 755 600 1355 100%

Table 3. The efficiency of the HSPG under varying solar and hydro input

conditions.
 26

To gather this data, the system was set up to collect information on the amount
of solar radiation and hydro input received, as well as the output. The solar
input and the hydro input was measured using a multimeter. The Hydro-Solar
output was measured by connecting the generator to a load and measuring the
power output using a multi tester also while using it with different types of
appliances depending on the appliances watts. Over the course of four (4)
days, the system was observed, and data was recorded at regular intervals. The
output was observed at the end of each day. The data was then compiled into
the table presented above, which provides a clear record of the system's
performance over the course of four (4) days. By analysing this data, it is
possible to gain insights into the efficiency of the system, and the amount of
power generated by each source. Note that the amount of water produce is not
the same amount of energy converted to the battery, the higher the pressure is
the higher the energy produced to the battery. As well as the solar, it depends
on the amount of sunlight. The total input we had on the 1 st day was 1280, and
for the total output was 870, here we have gathered 68% efficiency of the
Hydro-Solar.

DISCUSSION

The results of the study show that HSPG is almost efficient, Despite

the fact that the HSPG performed well in the study, it's important to note that

there were still some conditions that weren't met, such as the availability of

water for the hydro portion of the generator and also, since the average amount

of water used in a household is approximately 400 liters and the solar radiation

is not always the same, the battery cannot be 100% fully charged and it can be
 27

charged over the course of 1-3 days. Additionally, the study was conducted

over a relatively short period of time, so it's possible that the HSPG's

efficiency may vary over longer periods of time. Regarding the expenses of

the research, while they weren't as low as initially expected due to the cost of

the necessary hardware equipment, the team was able to reduce costs by

negotiating for a spare solar panel from another group and by receiving help

from a relative who is an electrical engineering graduate. Despite the initial

cost of the equipment, the HSPG has the potential to be a cost-effective and

sustainable alternative to traditional power generators in the long run. It has

the advantage of using renewable energy sources, which can significantly

reduce operating costs in the long term, while also having less environmental

impact.

The efficiency of the HSPG is a measure of how much of the input

power is converted into useful output power. It can be calculated by dividing

the output power by the total input power and multiplying the result by 100.

The efficiency of the HSPG varied between 68% and 100% depending on the

solar and water flow.

On 2023-04-28, the HSPG system received 680 watt-hours of solar

input and 600 watt-hours of hydro input. The total hydro-solar output was 870

watt-hours, resulting in an efficiency of 68%.

On 2023-04-29, the solar input remained the same at 700 watt-hours, while the

hydro input remained at 600 watt-hours. However, the hydro-solar output

increased significantly to 1300 watt-hours, leading to a higher efficiency of

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100%. This indicates that the system was able to generate more output energy

without increasing the input energy, resulting in better efficiency.

On 2023-04-30, the solar input decreased to 520 watt-hours, while the hydro

input remained at 600 watt-hours. The hydro-solar output was 952 watt-hours,

and the system's efficiency was 85%.

On 2023-05-01, the solar input increased to 755 watt-hours, and the hydro

input remained at 600 watt-hours. The hydro-solar output was 1355 watt-

hours, resulting in an efficiency of 100%.

These efficiency values indicate the performance of the HSPG system in

converting the input energy (solar and hydro) into usable output energy. The

variations in solar and hydro inputs directly impact the overall output and,

subsequently, the system's efficiency. Higher efficiency signifies that the

system is utilizing the input energy more effectively, maximizing the energy

conversion process.

It's worth noting that the efficiency values in this table are specific to the given

dates and input conditions. The efficiency may vary on different dates or with

different input parameters.

These results demonstrate that the efficiency of the HSPG is highly

dependent on the availability of solar radiation and water flow. Higher levels

of solar radiation and water flow result in higher input power, which leads to

higher output power and efficiency. However, the efficiency can also be
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affected by other factors, such as the efficiency of the solar panel and hydro

turbine, as well as losses in the wiring and battery.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, while there are still some challenges to be addressed, the

study shows that HSPG has the potential to be an effective and efficient power

generation solution. With further development and testing, it could potentially

become a viable alternative to traditional power generators in many

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applications. This will also help the residents of Luna, Isabela, when

experiencing some power outages or those who live in disaster prone areas.

RECOMMENDATION

To achieve higher efficiency and greater potential for the HSPG

system, future researchers may need to use stronger and more capable hydro

turbines, solar panels, and batteries. These upgrades will enable further

improvements in the system's performance. If researchers want to add another

power source for the generator, a wind turbine would likely be a

recommended option. Another factor that must be considered is improving the

generator casing or the design of the HSPG in order to maximize the potential

of the product.

APPENDICES

To calculate the efficiency for each row, we used the same formula as before:

Efficiency = (Total Output Power / Total Input Power) x 100%

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where:

Total Output Power = Already given by the multi-tester.

Total Input Power = Solar Input Power + Hydro Input Power

To calculate the Total Input Power, we used the Solar Input and Hydro Input

values provided in the table:

Total Input Power = Solar Input Power + Hydro Input Power

For example, for the same row with Solar Radiation of 9 hours and Water

Required of 850 liters, we have:

Solar Input Power = 9 hours x 80 watts = 720 Watt-hours

Hydro Input Power = 850 liters x 0.706 watt-hours/liter = 600 Watt-hours

Total Input Power = 720 Watt-hours + 600 Watt-hours = 1320 Watt-hours

Finally, we can calculate the efficiency using the formula mentioned earlier:

Efficiency = (Total Output Power / Total Input Power) x 100%

For the same row with Solar Radiation of 9 hours and Water required of 850

liters, we have:

Efficiency = (1333.33 Watt-hours / 1320 Watt-hours) x 100% = 56%

Similarly, we can calculate the efficiency for the other rows using the same

method.
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Note: The efficiency percentage is calculated as (Output / Total Input) * 100.

The battery bars are based on the assumption that a fully charged 12V battery

has 5 bars and each bar represents 20% of battery life.