Lecture5 Wave guides Sirte University

EE613 Electromagnetic Theory − Lecture Notes EEE- Communication Department

Hybrid (LSE and LSM) Modes

For some waveguide configurations, such as partially filled waveguides with the material
interface perpendicular to the x or y axis, TE or TMz modes cannot satisfy the boundary
z
conditions of the structure. Therefore, some other mode configurations may exist within such
a structure. It will be shown that field configurations that are combinations of TEz and TMz
modes can be solutions and satisfy the boundary conditions of such a partially filled waveguide.

These modes are referred to as hybrid modes, or longitudinal section electric (LSE) or
longitudinal section magnetic (LSM), or H or E modes.

✓ Partially Filled (Loaded) Waveguide

Partially filled waveguides with the material interface perpendicular to the y or x axis are
shown in Figure 3-a and 3-b respectively.

(a) (b)

Figure 3: Geometry of the dielectric loaded rectangular waveguide. (a) Slab along broad wall. (b) Slab along narrow wall.

For either waveguide configuration, neither TEz nor TMz modes individually can satisfy the
boundary conditions. In fact, for the configuration of Figure 3-a, 𝑻𝑬𝒚 ( 𝑳𝑺𝑬 𝒚) or 𝑻𝑴𝒚 (𝑳𝑺𝑴𝒚 )
are the appropriate modes, whereas 𝑻𝑬𝒙 (𝑳𝑺𝑬𝒙 ) or 𝑻𝑴𝒙 (𝑳𝑺𝑴𝒙 ) satisfy the boundary
conditions of Figure 3-b. For either configuration, the appropriate modes are LSE or LSM to a
direction that is perpendicular to the material interface.

1- Longitudinal Section Electric (𝑳𝑺𝑬 𝒚 ) or Transverse Electric (𝑻𝑬𝒚 )

In this configuration, there are two sets of fields:

- One for the dielectric region (0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ h, z), designated by superscript 𝒅.

- The other for the free-space region (0 ≤ x ≤ a, h ≤ y ≤ b, z), designated by superscript 0.
- 𝑴, 𝑵, and 𝑷 values vary as a function of frequency. Thus, for each frequency a new set
of values for M, N, and P will be determined.
𝑚𝜋
𝑀0 = 𝑀𝑑 = , 𝑚 = 0, 1, 2, …,
𝑎
- The range of 𝑃 will be 𝑃0 < 𝑃 < 𝑃𝑑 where 𝑃0 represents the values of the same mode
of an air-filled waveguide and 𝑃𝑑 represents the values of the same mode of a
waveguide completely filled with the dielectric.

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Lecture5 Wave guides Sirte University
EE613 Electromagnetic Theory − Lecture Notes EEE- Communication Department

- It must be remembered that for each value of 𝒎 there are infinite values of 𝒏 (n = 1, 2,
𝒚
3, . . .). Thus, the dominant mode is the one for which m = 0 and n = 1, i.e., 𝑻𝑬𝟎𝟏 .
- For 𝒎 = 𝟎, the modes will be denoted as 𝑻𝑬𝟎𝒏 .
- Cutoff occurs when 𝑷 = 𝟎.
𝒚
- The Equation. 1 are used to find the cutoff frequencies of the 𝑻𝑬𝟎𝒏 modes in a partially
filled waveguide.
-
𝜀0 𝜀𝑑
√ 𝑐𝑜𝑡[𝜔𝑐 √𝜀0 𝜇0 (𝑏 − ℎ)] = −√ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜔𝑐 √𝜀𝑑 𝜇𝑑 ℎ) ………………(1)
𝜇0 𝜇𝑑

- For a rectangular waveguide filled completely either with free space or with a dielectric
𝒚
material with 𝜺𝒅 , 𝝁𝒅 , the cutoff frequency of the 𝑻𝑬𝟎𝒏 mode is given, respectively,
according to Eq. 2 and Eq. 3, by:

………………(2)

………………(3)

- Use of perturbational techniques shows that, in general, the cutoff frequency of the
partially filled waveguide (part free space and part dielectric) is greater than the cutoff
frequency of the same mode in the same waveguide filled with a dielectric material
with 𝜺𝒅 , 𝝁𝒅 and is smaller than the cutoff frequency of the same waveguide filled with
𝒚
free space. Thus, the cutoff frequency of the 𝑻𝑬𝟎𝟏 mode of a partially filled waveguide
(part free space and part dielectric) is greater than (Eq. 3) and smaller than (Eq. 2), that
is,

………………(4)

………………(5)

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Lecture5 Wave guides Sirte University
EE613 Electromagnetic Theory − Lecture Notes EEE- Communication Department

Example 8-8 (Balanis Book – Page 398)

2- Longitudinal Section Magnetic (𝑳𝑺𝑴𝒚 ) or Transverse Magnetic (𝑻𝑴𝒚 )

𝒚
- The Equation 6 is used to find the cutoff frequencies of the 𝑻𝑴𝟏𝒏 modes in a partially
filled waveguide. 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, … …

………………(6)

- For a rectangular waveguide filled completely either with free space (𝜇0 , 𝜀0 ) or with a
𝒚
dielectric material (𝜺𝒅 , 𝝁𝒅 ), the cutoff frequency of the hybrid 𝑻𝑴𝟏𝒏 mode is given,
respectively, according to Eq. 7 and Eq. 8, by:

………………(7)

………………(8)

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Lecture5 Wave guides Sirte University
EE613 Electromagnetic Theory − Lecture Notes EEE- Communication Department

By using perturbational techniques, it can be shown that, in general, the cutoff frequency of
the partially filled waveguide (part free space and part dielectric) is greater than the cutoff
frequency of the same mode in the same waveguide filled with a dielectric material with 𝜺𝒅 ,
𝝁𝒅 and smaller than the cutoff frequency of the same waveguide filled with free space. Thus,
𝒚
the cutoff frequency of the 𝑻𝑴𝟏𝟎 mode of a partially filled waveguide (part free space and part
dielectric) is greater than (Eq. 8) and smaller than (Eq. 7), that is

………………(9)

………………(10)

DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDE