Class - VIII (Biology) Unit-2

Contents
Serial Page
UNIT - 2
BIOLOGY
No. No.
Class-VIII
1. Micro-organisms 1
2. Conservation of Plants & Animals 19

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CHAPTER
1 MICRO-ORGANISMS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 HISTORY
3.0 OCCURRENCE OF MICRO ORGANISMS
4.0 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICRO ORGANISMS
4.1 Bacteria
4.2 Fungi
4.3 Protozoa
4.4 Algae
4.5 Virus
5.0 MICRO ORGANISMS AS FRIENDS AND FOE
5.1 Microorganisms - as friends
5.2 Microorganisms - as foe
6.0 FOOD PRESERVATION
6.1 Methods of Food preservation
6.1 Advantages of Food preservation
EXERCISE - 1
EXERCISE - 2
EXERCISE - 3
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Micro-orga nisms
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A microorganism is a living organism that is very minute. It can only be seen with the aid of a
microscope. Bacterial cells are several times smaller than the size of a human cell and viruses are
much, smaller then bacteria.
Branch of science which deals with study of microorganisms is known as microbiology.
2.0 HISTORY
Name of the
Year Contribution
scientist
Robert Hooke 1665 He observed cork cells (dead) by using a simple microscope.
Leeuwenhoek 1674 Observed living cells like bacteria for the first time.
Edward Jenner 1798 Developed the vaccine for small pox.
He proved that fermentation is a biochemical process and that
Louis Pasteur 1857 air contains microorganisms. He gave the famous Germ
theory of diseases.
Established the Koch's Postulates, stating relationship

Robert Koch 1872 between the causative microbe and the disease. He discovered
the bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) which causes anthrax disease.
Obtained the first antibiotic-Penicillin from a fungus named

Alexander Fleming 1929
Penicillium notatum.
3.0 OCCURRENCE OF MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms are present every where in air, soil, water, foodstuffs, sewage waste as well as inside
animal and plant bodies.
They can survive in all types of environment even in extremely harsh environmental conditions
like hot springs, desert soil, saline water, ice-cold water and marshy lands.
They are also present in dead and decaying organic matter.
Some can live alone while others like bacteria and fungi may live in colonies.
Some microbes live as parasite either outside or inside the body of other organisms and cause
diseases.
4.0 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROORGANISMS
There are five major groups of microorganisms as bacteria, virus, protozoa, algae and fungi.
4.1 Bacteria
These are single celled prokaryotic organisms found in wide range of habitats ranging from glaciers
19\d\PN & CF 2019-20\Biology\VIII\MODULE\Unit-2\01-Microorganism
to deserts and hot springs.

There are different types of bacteria. Many bacteria are surrounded by a capsule. Beneath the
capsule is a cell wall which is made up of peptidoglycan which gives shape to the cell. Many
bacteria have filamentous appendages called fimbriae or pili. Some bacteria have one, two or
many flagella, which may arise from one or both ends of the cell, or may arise from all over the
cell (peritrichous). Beneath the cell wall is a fine plasma membrane. Folded invaginations of the
plasma membrane, called mesosomes, are present in many bacteria. The cytoplasm contains 70S
ribosomes. A well defined nucleus is absent. Instead, a highly folded circular DNA lies in the
cytoplasm without a nuclear envelope. It is called nucleoid. Besides it, an extra chromosomal
circular DNA called plasmid is also present in the cytoplasm.
Example-curd bacteria (Lactobacillus lactis).
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Class VIII : Biology
Shape- Bacteria occur in three main shapes- spherical, rod-like and spiral.
Figure-1 Shapes of bacteria

1. Spherical bacteria are called cocci (singular : coccus). The cells may occur in pairs
(diplococci), in groups of four (tetracocci), in bunches (staphylococci), in a bead like
chain (streptococci) or in a cubical arrangement of eight or more (sarcinae).
2. Rod like bacteria are called bacilli (singular bacillus). They generally occur singly, but may
occasionally be found in pairs (diplobacilli) or chains (streptobacilli).
3. Spiral shaped bacteria are called spirilla (singular ® spirillum), short incomplete spirals
are called vibrios or comma bacteria.
Figure-2 Bacterial Cell

4.2 Fungi
These are heterotrophic organisms which lack chlorophyll and are generally found in colonies.
Fungi may be unicellular (eg. Yeast) or multicellular (eg. Rhizopus, mushroom etc.). The cell wall
is made up of chitin.
Fungi cannot prepare their own food like green plants. Most of them depends on dead and decaying
organic matter and are known as saprotrophs. Some fungi are parasite and obtain their food
from other living organisms. Fungi store their reserved food material in the form of glycogen and
oil. Reproduction in fungi is via spores. However, yeast is a fungus that does not reproduce by
forming spores. Yeast reproduces by budding.
Branch of science which deals with study of fungi is known as Mycology.
Example-Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus.
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Micro-orga nisms
(a) Aspergillus (b) Penicillium (c) Yeast

Figure-3
Figure-3 Various types of fungi
4.3 Protozoa
These are unicellular eukaryotic, heterotrophic
organisms, usually found in water. They have
characteristics like animals. Cell wall is absent in
protozoa.
Protozoans are usually referred as 'immortal' as
they do not face death. Amoeba is a protozoan
that can change its shape. It has an irregular or
asymmetric body. To move it sends out false feet
or pseudopodia from its body. Amoeba is found
in fresh water having a lot of vegetation, decaying
matter and bacteria.
Example-Amoeba and Paramecium.
Figure-4 Various types of Protozoans
4.4 Algae
These are unicellular or multicellular autotrophic organisms which contain chlorophyll and carry
out photosynthesis. On the basis of presence of different types of chlorophyll and other pigments
algae may be of following types :
Green algae, Brown algae, Red algae etc.
Some algae are parasitic e.g. Cephaleuros which grows on tea, coffee, mango and guava.
Branch of science which deals with study of algae is known as Phycology.
Example-Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, volvox, kelp and chlorella.
(b) Anabaena Chlamydomonas

Volvox
(c) Nostoc
(a) Fucus– a brown alga
(e) Oscillatoria
Spirogyra Oscillatoria
Fucus
Figure-5 Various types of Algae
4.5 Virus
These are ultramicroscopic organisms, which require cells of host organism to reproduce. Credit
for the discovery of virus goes to the Russian botanist lvanovsky (1892), who found the cause of
mosaic disease of tobacco.
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A virus is a small particle, composed of two types of substances, protein and nucleic acid. A virus
is, in fact, a minute package of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat or capsid. They are
seen only with the help of electron microscope.
Viruses have an important position in comparative study of living and non-living because they share
characters of both. That's why virus is also known as connecting link between living and non-living.
(a) Non-living characteristics of virus
1. They do not have protoplasm.
2. They do not have enzyme system.
3. They do not respire.
4. They can be crystallized. (First crystallized by Stanley in 1935)
5. Attempts to culture viruses in different types of culture media (outside the cells) have
failed.
(b) Living characteristics of virus
1. They grow in number only inside the living cells.
2. Nucleic acid present in their body so they are capable of synthesizing protein for their
coat, although they use enzyme system of the host for the purpose.
3. They cause diseases, like bacteria and fungi does.
Examples : Influenza virus, polio virus. (m um p s)
Pa ram y x o v iru s H erp e s viru s Toba cco m o saic Bacterioph age

In fluenza v irus
(m um p s) v iru s
Figure-6 Various types of Viruses
Not all the algae and fungi species are microorganisms. For instance, relatively large as well as
smaller species of algae and fungi can be found but only the smaller types are considered to be
microorganisms. These are usually single-celled species.
1. Which of the following is unicellular fungi :

(A) Moulds (B) Mushroom (C) Mildews (D) Yeast
2. Difference between bacteria and fungi is :
(A) Bacterial cell wall contains peptidoglycan while fungal cell wall contains chitin.
(B) Bacteria may be heterotrophic or autotrophic but fungi are always heterotrophic
(C) Bacteria are decomposers of decaying matter while fungi are autotrophic.
(D) Both (A) and (B)
3. Viruses are made of :
(A) Lipoprotein (B) Glucose (C) Lipids (D) Nucleoprotein
4. What are microorganisms? Name major groups of microorganisms.
5. Define plasmid.
6. Why virus is considered as connecting link between living and non-living?
4
Micro-orga nisms
5.0 MICROORGANISMS AS FRIEND AND FOE

It is almost impossible to think of any place without microorganisms. Most microorganisms are
beneficial for example, there are microorganisms in our large intestine that synthesize vitamins and
allow them to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
However, some microorganisms are pathogens (disease causing agents). These pathogens, often
called germs, are a threat to all life forms.
5.1 Microorganisms - as friends
Microorganisms are used for a number of purposes such as:
(1) Preparation of curd, bread, cake, idli, dosa, cheese.
(2) In agriculture – to increase soil fertility
(3) In industry – to produce alcohol, wine and vinegar.
(4) In medicines – to produce antibiotics and vaccines.
(5) Cleaning the environment.
1. Preparation of curd, bread, cake, idli, dosa and cheese
(i) Formation of curd (dahi): Making of curd is a process in which the lactose (milk sugar)
of the milk is converted into lactic acid by the action of certain bacteria (mainly
Lactobacillus).This curd is further used in the preparation of idli-dosas and bhaturas.
ACTIVE BIOLOGY
Aim- To study Lactobacillus bacteria in curd
Method- Take some curd in a test tube and add water to it. Shake it thoroughly. Place one drop of
this solution on a clean glass slide and examine under a microscope.
Observation- You will see small rod-shaped bacteria floating in it. Observe these bacteria and
draw a neat diagram. This activity shows that curd contains Lactobacillus bacteria.
(ii) In bread making, yeast is added to the uncooked dough to make the dough "rise". The dough
rises due to the production of carbon dioxide (because of respiration of yeast) in the dough.
The bread is then baked. Heat of baking drives off the carbon dioxide, making the bread
porous and light.
ACTIVE BIOLOGY
Aim- To show fermentation of dough.
Method- Prepare some dough by mixing wheat flour, water, sugar and yeast. Keep it in a vessel
and mark its upper level. Put a lid on the vessel and keep it in a warm place for 2 to 3 hours.
Observation- You will find increase in volume of the dough. The increase in volume is because of
release of carbon dioxide gas in the dough which helps it in its expansion. Note the level in the vessel to
ensure increase in volume.
(iii) Some fungi (Aspergillus and Penicillium) are added to cheese to give a special flavour.
2. Agricultural use of microorganisms

All plants and animals need nitrogen, the gas that makes up 78% of the air. Some bacteria
and Blue green algae are the only organisms that can take nitrogen directly from air. These
microbes convert atmospheric nitrogen into compounds of nitrogen (which can be used by
plants) and so called as biological nitrogen fixers. Thus, they are very useful for agriculture,
as they enrich the soil with nitrogen.
Nitrogen Fixation: Refers to the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into a form
usable by plants and other organisms. It is conducted by a variety of bacteria, both as free
living organisms and in symbiotic association with plants .
For instance : The roots of leguminous plants like beans and pea, bear certain swollen structures
called root nodules. The bacterium Rhizobium lives in the root nodules. Bacteria fix nitrogen
for the plants, while the plants give food and shelter to the bacteria.
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ACTIVE BIOLOGY
Aim- To demonstrate that Rhizobium bacteria are present in root nodule of pea plant.
Method
Pull out a pea plant along with the roots from a field. Wash
the roots with clean water and observe the roots. You will find many
small outgrowths on the roots. These are called nodules. These nodules
contain nitrogen fixing bacteria called Rhizobium. With the help of a
blade, cut these nodules into very thin slices. Put one slice on a slide
and observe under a microscope.
Observation- You will see small bacteria. These are Rhizobium bacteria
which fix nitrogen in the soil.
Figure-7 Root Nodules
Figure-7 Root Nodules
Nitrogen cycle- Nitrogen is an essential element for all living organisms because it is a principle
component of proteins and nucleic acids. The circulation of nitrogen through the living and non-
living components of the biosphere (air, soil, water, plants and animals) is called nitrogen cycle.
Atmospheric Nitrogen Nitrogen fixation
Denitrification Nitrification Ammonification
Schematic representation of Nitrogen cycle
Steps involved in nitrogen cycle:
(1) Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed into nitrogenous compounds like ammonia and nitrates by
Rhizobium bacteria, Blue green algae, lightening or industrial method.
(2) The plants absorb nitrate compounds from the soil with water and convert them into plant
proteins.
(3) The plants are eaten up by animals and thus plant proteins are used for making animal
proteins.
(4) When the plants and animals die, the putrefying bacteria and fungi present in the soil
decompose the proteins of dead plants and animals into ammonia. This process is called
ammonification.
(5) Ammonia thus formed is converted first into nitrites and then to nitrates by the action of
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria respectively. The process is called nitrification. These
nitrates are again absorbed by plants.
(6) The soil contains denitrifying bacteria called Pseudomonas which convert nitrate form of
nitrogen into free nitrogen which goes back into the atmosphere. The process is called
denitrification.
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Micro-orga nisms
Atmospheric
Nitrogen
Lightning
fixes nitrogen
Some bacteria Plants take Animals
eat Bacteria release
& blue green algae nitrogen
nitrogen from
fix atmospheric from the soil plants
compounds of
nitrogen into
nitrogen into the
nitrogenous
atmosphere
compounds Nitrogenous
waste from
excretion
and death
Compounds of
nitrogen in
the soil
Nitrogen cycle in nature

3. Commercial use of microorganisms : In industry
The wine and beer (brewery) industries are important industries which make use of the
fungus yeast. Yeast is grown on natural sugars present in fruit juices and grains like barley
and rice. Yeast brings about conversion of sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
4. Medicinal use of micro-organisms
Microbes are being employed for the production of both antibiotics and vaccines.
Antibiotics: Antibiotics are produced by a number of micro-organisms and inhibit the
growth of other micro-organisms even at very low concentration.
Fungi and bacteria are important microbes producing a variety of antibiotics.
Antibiotics obtained from bacteria: Streptomycin, aureomycin and chloromycetin.
Antibiotics obtained from fungi : Penicillin and Griseofulvin.
These antibiotics are used to cure a variety of diseases in humans, plants and animals but
viral diseases can not be cured by antibiotics.
Vaccines- A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity for a particular
disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing
microorganisms, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its
toxins. At present, vaccines against several diseases have been produced such as diphtheria,
measles, mumps, rubella and polio.
5.2 Micro-organisms - as foe
Micro-organisms can cause harm in many ways. Many microbes are the causative agents of various
diseases that affect plants and animals. While others cause damage of clothes, leather and spoilage
of food.
Disease- causing micro-organisms
(a) In human: The micro-organisms that cause diseases in living organisms are known as
pathogens. Pathogens enter our body through various sources like air, water, food and infected
person.
The microbial diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person through
air, water, food, insects and physical contact are known as Communicable/Infectious diseases.
Examples-Cholera, Common cold, Chicken pox.
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Carriers/Vectors: Those organisms which help the microbes in the transmission of disease, are
known as carriers or vectors.
Carrier is not specific for a disease but vector carry only specific pathogen.
Examples : houseflies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats.
Houseflies are one of the most common among all disease carriers. They carry germs of diseases
from the infected person's excreta or the garbage to the food and drinking water of a healthy
person.
Cholera and typhoid spread through houseflies.
Another example of a vector is mosquito, Female Anopheles, which is the vector of the parasite,
that is the causative agent of malaria.
Similarly, Female Aedes mosquito is the vector of dengue virus which causes dengue fever.
Control measures of houseflies and mosquitoes
(i) Food must be kept covered.
(ii) Proper sanitation.
(iii) Garbage should be discharged properly.
(iv) Mosquitoes breed in water. So water must not be allowed to collect anywhere.
(v) Spraying of kerosene on the surface of water to form a thin film (this blocks oxygen and kills
larvae of mosquitoes).
Table : Bacterial disease in human
Disesase Mode of Transmission Symptoms
Through contaminated food Acute diarrhoea, Vomiting and

Food poisoning
and water dehydration
Through cuts or wounds in

Tetanus (Lock-jaw) Locking of the jaw due to muscle spasm
the skin
Through air, dust, sputum of Persistent cough, weight loss, bloody

Tuberculosis
infected person mucus, chest pain
Through contaminated water, High afternoon fever, acute headache,

Typhoid
food, through flies reddish eruption on body
Through contaminated water, Acute diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal

Cholera
food, spreaded by flies. pain, dehydration
Inflammation of lungs, cough, high fever,

Pneumonia Through air, droplet infection
difficulty in breathing
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Micro-orga nisms
Table : Viral disease in human
Disesase Mode of Transmission Symptoms
Through droplet infection, Running nose, headache, sneezing

Common Cold
sneezing, coughing . and fatigue.
Skin rashes, fluid filled bubbles

Chicken pox Contact, through clothes and
appear on skin which form crust,
articles of infected person
fever, headache
Exposed unhygienic food and High temperature, headache, loss of

Jaundice
drinks, contaminated syringes appetite, yellow urine and light
and sexual contact coloured stool.
Spreads through excreta,

Fever, sore throat, muscular pain,
secretion of nose, incubates in
Poliomyelitis paralysis of muscles, stiff back and
intestine, reach to brain through
neck.
blood vessels
Hydrophobia, attacks central nervous

Rabies By mad dog bite
system
AIDS (Acquired
Infected blood, needles, sexual Deficiency of immune system, loss of
immuno deficiency
contact. weight
syndrome)
Table: Protozoan disease in hum an
D isease Pathogen M ode of Transm ission

M alaria Plasm odium Fem ale anopheles Mosquito
Am oebiasis Enta moeba histolytica Contam inated food & water
A frica n sleeping sickness Trypanosom a gam biense Tsetse fly (vector)
Kala azar Leishm ania donovani S and fly (vector)
(b) In animals: Microbes not only cause disease in humans but also in other animals. The
following table shows the list of microorganisms affecting various animals.
Table : Common animal diseases
Microorganisms Name of animal diseases
Viruses Foot and mouth disease of cattle (FMDV), Ranikhet of poultry
Bacteria Anthrax disease of cattle
Protozoa Sleeping sickness (in cattle, pigs and horses)

(c) In plants : There are several microbes causing diseases in plants. The list of microoorganisms
affecting plants is shown below in the table.
Table : Common plant diseases
Microorganism s Nam e of plant diseases
V iruses Tobacco m osaic, Y ellow vein mosaic of bhindi (okra)
B acteria Citrus ca nker
Fungi Rusts and Sm ut disease
The diseases in plants result in decrease in crop yield. Therefore, the plants have to be treated by
chemicals to protect them from disease causing microorganisms.
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Microbes Causing food spoilage : The contamination of food by microorganisms results into
food spoilage. The consumption of this spoiled food by humans or animals result into food poisoning.
Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi are responsible for food poisoning. These microbes when
grow on food substances produce toxin. This makes the food poisonous causing vomiting, serious
illness and even death.
Therefore, there is a need to preserve food from being spoiled.
1. Lockjaw is an acute symptom in which the patient cannot open his jaw due to extreme stiffness of
the neck muscles. The disease is caused by:
(A) Virus (B) Bacteria (C) Protozoan (D) Algae
2. Acute diarrhoea and dehydration are symptoms of:
(A) Leprosy (B) Tetanus (C) Tuberculosis (D) Cholera
3. Name any micro-organism that is useful in nitrogen fixation.
4. How are microbes useful in the field of medicine?
5. Name the process used to convert milk into curd.
6. Why are children/infants given vaccination?
7. Sneezing can cause infection to a healthy person. Explain?
6.0 FOOD PRESERVATION

The food that we eat is either in raw or cooked form. All types of food can be targets of microbes
which result in food spoilage. Therefore, food preservation is required to prevent food spoilage.
6.1 Methods of Food Preservation
Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food with an aim to stop or slow down its
spoilage while maintaining its nutritional value, texture, and flavour.
(i) Heat and cold treatment: Boiling of milk and liquid food products kills many micro
organisms. Similarly low temperature inhibit the growth of microbes.
Pasteurisation: This method was developed by scientist Louis Pasteur, is used to preserve
milk and liquid food products. It is process of heating the food up to 62°C for 30 minutes or
72°C for 15 to 30 seconds and then suddenly chilled and stored.
Low temperature Storage: Microorganisms present in food products can not be destroyed
by low temperature but their metabolic activities can be arrested. So that they can't act on
food products at –10°C to –18°C temperature. Fruits, eggs and meat can be stored for long
time.
Refrigeration: Fresh fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, eggs, etc. can be stored by keeping the
temperature below 5°C.
(ii) Chemical Method: Salt, edible oils are the common chemicals generally used to check the
growth of microorganisms. Therefore they are called preservatives. The commonly used
preservatives are sodium benzoate and potassium metabisulphite. This method is employed
in the preservation of fruit juice, jams, fruits, etc.
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Micro-orga nisms
(iii) Preservation by common salt : Common salt has been used to preserve meat and fish for
ages. Concentrated solutions of common salt can kill microorganisms due to dehydration.
Salting is also used to preserve amla, raw mangoes.
(iv) Preservation by sugar: Sugar reduces the moisture content which inhibits the growth of
bacteria. Jams, jellies and squashes are preserved by sugar.
(v) Preservation by oil and vinegar: Use of oil and vinegar prevents spoilage of pickle because
bacteria cannot live in this environment. Vegetables, fruits, fish and meat are often preserved
by this method.
(vi) Preservation by radiation: In this method air tight packed food substances, are passed
through a radiation beam, microorganisms present in food substances get destroyed due to
radiation. This method is new and cheaper.
(vii) Storage and Packing: Dry fruits and vegetables are sold in sealed air tight packet to
prevent the attack of microbes.
6.2 Advantages of food preservation
(i) This prevents the food from being spoiled by the action of microorganisms.
(ii) It increases the storage period of food materials.
(iii) It helps in obtaining the off-season food materials.
(iv) It makes the transportation of food materials easier.
1. Why does the milk that comes in packet does not require boiling?
2. Mango gets spoiled at room temperature within few days but the mango pickle remains as such
for a long time. Explain.
l The first antibiotic isolated was penicillin from Penicillium notatum by Alexander Fleming in 1929.
l Fermentation is the process of breaking down of sugar into an acid or an alcohol by microbes.
Alcoholic beverages are major fermented foods in the diets of humans.
l The species of bacteria that causes food poisoning are Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella,
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus.
l The microbes used to increase soil fertility are referred as bio-fertilizers. Soil microorganisms are
one of the most important elements of a healthy soil.
l The conversion of dead organic matter into useful organic substance by the decomposing activity
of microorganisms is known as composting.
l Nitrogen cycle maintain the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere more or less constant.
l Some fungi are involved in symbiotic relationships for example Lichens and mycorrhiza.
l Lichen is symbiotic association between algae and fungi.
l Mycorrhiza is symbiotic association of fungi and roots of some higher plants.
l Citrus canker is a disease affecting citrus plants caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis.
l BCG (Bacillus calmette guerin) is vaccine for T.B.
11
LEVEL - 1
1. Bacteria differ from plants in that they do not have
(A) DNA (B) RNA
(C) Cell wall (D) A well defined nucleus
2. The bacterial genome is called

(A) Nucleus (B) Nucleolus (C) Nucleoid (D) None
3. Which one belongs to monera?

(A) Amoeba (B) Spirogyra (C) Yeast (D) Escherichia
4. Escherichia coli is a ___________ shaped bacteria.
(A) Spherical (B) Rod (C) Spiral (D) Comma
5. Fungal cell wall is composed of

(A) Chitin (B) Hemicellulose (C) Cellulose (D) None of these
6. Yeast are economically important because they

(A) Spread plant diseases (B) Spread animal diseases
(C) Are used in tea and tobacco industry (D) Are used in wine and baking industry
7. Saprotrophic and absorptive nutrition is exhibited by–
(A) All bacteria (B) All algae (C) Some fungi (D) Some virus
8. Choose the correct statement that correctly apply to fungi–
(A) Fungi are autotrophic (B) All fungi have cellulosic cell wall
(C) Fungi show saprotrophic nutrition (D) Yeast reproduce by gamete formation
9. Protozoan which shows characteristic of both plants and animals is–

(A) Amoeba (B) Paramecium (C) Euglena (D) Plasmodium
10. Protists obtain food by–

(A) Pseudopodia formation (B) Photosynthesis
(C) Holozoic (D) All of these
11. Genetic information in paramoecium is contained in–

(A) Nucleoid (B) Plasmid (C) Micronucleus (D) Macronucleus
12. Amoeba has–

(A) Nucleoid and 70S ribosome (B) Plasmid and 80S ribosome
(C) Nucleus and 80S ribosome (D) Cell wall and 70S ribosome
13. Virus possess

(A) DNA only (B) Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) only
(C) Protein only (D) Nucleic acid and protein
14. Which of the following fixes atmospheric N2?

(A) All algae (B) BGA (C) Viruses (D) All fungi
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Micro-orga nisms
15. Which of the following is used for increasing the yield of rice?
(A) Anabaena (B) Azotobacter (C) Rhizobium (D) Pseudomonas
16. The fixation of free nitrogen by bacteria in the soil is done by

(A) Azotobacter (B) Nitrosomonas (C) Nitrobacter (D) Thiobacillus
17. Nitrifying bacteria convert

(A) Nitrates into nitrites (B) Ammonium salts into nitrates
(C) Ammonium salts into amino acids. (D) All of the above
18. Fleming discovered penicillin from

(A) Penicillium notatum (B) Penicillium roqueforti
(C) Penicillium camemberti (D) Penicillium chrysogenum
19. Who discovered vaccination against small pox.

(A) Jenner (B) Pasteur (C) Lister (D) Mayer
20. The most common carrier of communicable diseases is

(A) Ant (B) Housefly (C) Dragonfly (D) Spider
21. Antibiotics are mostly obtained from

(A) Bacteria (B) Viruses (C) Angiosperms (D) Algae
22. Nitrates are converted into nitrogen by

(A) Denitrifying bacteria (B) Nitrifying bacteria
(C) Ammonifying bacteria (D) Nitrogen fixing bacteria
23. The following is an antibiotic

(A) Sodium bicarbonate (B) Streptomycin
(C) Alcohol (D) Yeast
24. Vector of malaria-causing protozoan is

(A) Female Anopheles mosquito (B) Cockroach
(C) Housefly (D) Butterfly
25. Food spoilage can be prevented by

(A) Heating of food (B) Using chemicals (C) Canning (D) All of these
13
LEVEL - 2
1. Majority of bacteria are :

(A) Autotrophic (B) Symbiotic (C) Heterotrophic (D) None of these
2. In bacteria enzymes for respiratory activity are found in–

(A) Episomes (B) Microsomes
(C) Ribosomes (D) Cell membrane/mesosome
3. Fungi resemble human beings in :

(A) The nature of food reserve (B) Presence of cell wall
(C) Having heterotrophic mode of nutrition (D) Both (A) and (C)
4. Yeast is :
(A) Multicellular (B) Unicellular (C) Eukaryote (D) both (B) & (C)
5. Which of these is a product of fermentation :

(A) Sugar (B) Ethyl alcohol (C) CO2 (D) Both (B) and (C)
6. In fungi :
(A) Chlorophyll is present (B) Chlorophyll is absent
(C) Stored food is starch (D) Nutrition is autotrophic
7. In fungi stored food material is–

(A) Glycogen (B) Starch (C) Sucrose (D) Maltose
8. Lichen is symbiotic association of :

(A) Algae & fern (B) Algae & fungi (C) Bacteria & fungi (D) Virus & fungi
9. Protein coat of virus is called :

(A) Envelop (B) Nucleoid (C) Capsid (D) Peplos
10. Viruses are :

(A) Parasites (B) Saprophytes (C) Autotroph (D) None of these
11. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) have–

(A) RNA and capsid (B) RNA and plasmid (C) DNA and capsid (D) DNA and plasmid
12. An edible fungus is–

(A) Aspergillus (B) Agaricus (C) Ustilago (D) Puccinia
13. Phycology is the study of–

(A) Algae (B) Fungi (C) Bacteria (D) Protozoans
14. Litmus is naturally extracted from–

(A) Algae (B) Fungi (C) Lichens (D) Protozoans
14
Micro-orga nisms
15. Diseases which spread from infected person to a healthy person are called :
(A) Non-communicable diseases (B) Communicable diseases
(C) Degenerative diseases (D) Congenital diseases
16. Malaria is caused by :

(A) Bacteria (B) Protozoan (C) Mosquitoe (D) Virus
17. AIDS cannot get transmitted to another person :

(A) By sharing hypodermic needles (B) By sexual contact
(C) By vectors like mosquitoe (D) By blood transfusion
18. BCG stands for

(A) Bacillus Carol Gram (B) Bacillus Calmette Guerin
(C) Bacteria Calmette Guerin (D) None of the above
19. Chemical substance secreted by microorganisms for inhibiting growth of another organisms is–
(A) Antibody (B) Antiallergic substance
(C) Afflatoxin (D) Antibiotics
20. A disease spread indirectly through a vector is–

(A) Sleeping sickness (B) Malaria (C) Kala-azar (D) All of these
21. A bacterial disease of plants is–

(A) Rust disease (B) Smut disease (C) Citrus canker (D) Anthrax
22. Entamoeba histolytica is–

(A) Ectoparasite (B) Intestinal parasite
(C) Blood parasite (D) Commensal in stomach
23. Pasteurization is a process, which means heating of milk. It is carried out, at what temperature and
for how much duration :
(A) 100º c and 60 min (B) 62º c and 30 min (C) 80º c and 30 min (D) 45º c and 60 min
24. Which of these food preservation method kills the microbes :

(A) Refrigeration (B) Safe storage (C) Deep freezing (D) Pasteurisation
25. Which microorganism is involved in recycling of materials :

(A) Algae (B) Bacteria (C) Fungi (D) Both (B) and (C)
15
Very short answer type questions

1. Name the device which has made the study of microorganisms successful.
2. Which organism helps us to make curd ?
3. What is sodium benzoate ?
4. Name the protozoan responsible for causing amoebic dysentery.
5. Name the microorganisms that are useful in nitrogen cycle ?
6. Give one example of the process of fermentation applied in our day-to-day life.
Short answer type questions

7. What hapens when yeast is added to dough ?
8. Name any one organism showing symbiotic relationship?
9. What are protozoans ?
10. Many fungi are of great use to us. Mention any two uses of fungi.
11. How does food go bad ?
12. How do we preserve food, and by what specific methods ?
Long answer type questions

13. Name some harmful bacteria and the harms due to them.
14. Explain pasteurization.
15. How and why are bacteria useful to us ?

16. Why does milk curdle ? Explain how one can set curd at home.
17. Why are sugar and salt useful for food preservation?
18. In what respect are fungi different from algae ?
19. Describe nitrogen cycle in nature.
20. What is the economic importance of fungi in agriculture and industry ?

16
Micro-orga nisms
Fill in the blanks

1. ________is used in the preparation of beverages by fermentation of barley.
2. Blue green algae fix _______ directly from air to enhance fertility of soil.
3. Micro-organisms can be seen with the help of a ________
4. Alcohol is produced with the help of ________
5. Algae can prepare their own food because they possess ________
6. Cholera is caused by ––––––––
7. ________ bacteria can grow in the absence of oxygen.
8. Viruses are ________ in size than bacteria.
9. The fungus that grows on bread is known as________
True or false
1. Viruses are useful for making breads.
2. Euglena can perform photosynthesis.
3. Protozoa are plant-like organisms.
4. Virus contains both type of nucleic acids i.e., DNA and RNA.
5. Bacteria cause foot and mouth disease.
6. Milk is preserved by pasteurization.
7. Moulds are a type of fungi.

Match the column
Column-I Column-II
(1) Measles (a) Plasmodium
(2) Bacteria (b) A disease
(3) Malaria causing protozoan (c) Jam, jelly, etc.
(4) Sodium metabisulphite (d) Prokaryote
(5) Rabies (e) Fermentation of molasses
(6) Ethyl alcohol (f) Viral disease
17
ANSWERS
CHECK POST-1
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (D)
CHECK POST-2
1. (B) 2. (D)
EXERCISE-1
LEVEL-1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D C D B A D C C C D C C D B A
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. A B A A B A A B A D
LEVEL-2
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C D D D D B A B C A A B A C B
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. B C B D D C B B D D
EXERCISE -3
Fill in the blanks
1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast) 2. Nitrogen 3. Microscope
4. Yeast 5. Chlorophyll 6. A bacterium 7. Anaerobic
8. Smaller 9. Bread mould (Rhizopus)
True or false
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False
6. True 7. True
Match the column
ANSWER KEY
(1) ® b/f ; (2) ® d ; (3) ® a ; (4) ® c ; (5) ® f/b ; (6) ® e
18
CONSERVATION OF
CHAPTER
2
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 FOREST
3.0 DEFORESTATION
3.1 Causes of deforestation
3.2 Consequences of deforestation
4.0 RED DATA BOOK
5.0 CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY (FOREST AND WILDLIFE)
5.1 In situ conservation strategies
5.2 Ex situ conservation strategies
6.0 PROJECT TIGER
7.0 FLORA AND FAUNA
8.0 ENDEMIC SPECIES
9.0 MIGRATION
10.0 RECYCLING OF PAPER
11.0 REFORESTATION
EXERCISE - 1
EXERCISE - 2
EXERCISE - 3
AFKL;A JDKL;F
Conser vation of Plants and Animals
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity is the existence of a wide variety of species of plants, animals and microorganisms
in a natural habitat within a particular environment. Biodiversity of an area is the number of species
or range of different life forms found there. Due to nature or human intervention this biodiversity
is being reduced, so many measures have been adopted to protect biodiversity.
2.0 FOREST
Forest is one of the most useful renewable resource. They are our national wealth. In India about
19.44% of the country's total area consists of forest land.
Forest is the home of several kinds of plants, animals and microorganisms. The number and types
of plants and animals found in forest depends on soil and climatic conditions.
Silviculture : It is a branch of science which deals with management & development of forest
trees.
Importance of forests :
(i) They maintain the ecological balance, prevent pollution, flood and soil erosion.
(ii) They provide the natural habitat for wild animals. Forests are biodiversity hotspots.
(iii)Maintain CO2 and O2 concentration in the atmosphere.
(iv) Provide us some useful products such as gum, timber, medicines, dye, rubber, latex, resin.
(v) They influence climate and water cycle.
3.0 DEFORESTATION
The cutting of trees (clearing of forest) and using the cleared land for other purposes is called
deforestation. This degradation of forest habitat may be natural or anthropogenic.
3.1 Causes of deforestation :
1. Procuring land for agriculture use.
2. Procuring timber for building houses, roads, railway tracks, dams etc.
3. Procuring land for setting up industries and mining.
4. Using wood as fuel and for making furniture.
5. To obtain forest products like food, rubber, resins etc.
Some natural causes of deforestation are :
(i) Forest fire (ii) Severe drought
3.2 Consequences of deforestation
(1) Increase in temperature and pollution level
Due to excessive cutting of trees concentration of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere
increases which may lead to an increase in the temperature of the earth as carbon dioxide
19\d\PN & CF 2019-20\Biology\VIII\MODULE\Unit-2\02-Conservation
is a greenhouse gas which allows sun's infrared radiations to reach the earth but stops them
from going out of the atmosphere. Hence, it results in an increase in temperature. This is known
as Green house effect which results in global warming. Global warming in turn results in
melting of polar ice caps which leads to rise in the level of water in the oceans.
Greenhouses are the covered areas where the temperature is artificially kept higher than the
surrounding cold environment for the growth of plants. The gases that contribute to global
warming are called greenhouse gases.
(2) Floods
Trees check the flow of rain water as it helps in holding soil along with water. When mountain
slopes and uplands are deforested, the water rushes down and cause river to overflow resulting
in flood in lower lands. The silt carried by water from denuded slope chokes rivers and aggravates
the problem of flooding.
19
(3) Drought and desertification
Deforestation can lead to drought and desertification. Due to deforestation soil erosion takes
place which means removal of top fertile soil which helps in growth of vegetation and due to
lack of vegetation land gets converted to desert in long period of time.
Increased temperature on earth would disturb the water cycle and may reduce rainfall due to
which drought may occur.
(4) Reducing water table
In the absence of tree cover, rain water cannot filter into the lower level of ground to charge
the ground water. It leads to the lowering of ground water level in the absence of replenishment.
(5) Effect on soil
Soil is formed as a result of weathering of rocks. There are also many living organisms in the
soil. Soil is, in fact a product of the interaction of living organisms with rocks. Soil has many
layers. The removal of topsoil which is rich in humus and nutrients is called soil erosion.
Soil erosion results in the loss of soil fertility and makes the land barren. There are more than
25 million hectares of barren lands in the world now.
1. Deforestation generally decreases

(A) Rainfall (B) Soil erosion (C) Drought (D) Global warming
2. Chipko movement is concerned with

(A) forest conservation (B) plant breeding
(C) conservation of natural resources (D) project tiger
3. Wildlife is destroyed mostly by

(A) Lack of proper care (B) Mass scale hunting
(C) Destruction of natural habitats (D) Natural calamity
4. What is meant by desertification ?
5. What is meant by habitat ?
6. How does deforestation reduce rainfall on the one hand and lead to flood on the other ?
4.0 RED DATA BOOK
It is a source book which gives a list of all the endangered plants and animals. There are different
Red Data Books for Plants and animals.
The International union for the conservation of nature and natural resource (IUCN). Red list of
threatened species also called the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book was created in 1963. It is
considered the world's most comprehensive inventory status of plants and animal species.
This book is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction. The main purpose of the IUCN
Red list is to catalogue and highlight those species that are listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered
and Vulnerable. It also includes information on species that are categorized as Extinct.
On the basis of degree of threat following red list categories have been given.
20
1. Extinct – An organism or species is considered extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that its
last individual has died. For example, some extinct animal and bird species are dinosaur, wooly
mammoth, the pink - headed duck and Dodo. The most recent plant extinction is that of St. Helena
Olive (Nesiota elliptica).
Fig. 1 : Extinct organisms

2. Extinct in the Wild – A species is considered extinct in the wild when it is known to survive only
in cultivation, captivity or an artificial ecosystem. The exhaustive surveys in known or expected
habitats fail to record these individuals. Some examples of species that are extinct in wild include
Barbary Lion.
3. Endangered
A species is considered endangered when it faces a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the
immediate future. Indian rhinoceros, crocodile, blue whale, musk deer, Indian bison, white-winged
duck, yellow-eyed penguin, the Mexican cactus and the Malaysian slipper orchid are some examples
of endangered species.
4. Vulnerable – A species is considered vulnerable when it contains insufficient number of individuals

in its habitat. It may become an endangered species if unfavourable conditions continue to operate
in its habitat. Crab-eating macaque, Golden langur and Chinkara have been listed as vulnerable.
Fig. 2 : Vulnerable animals

5. Rare – The species which are very less in number and confined in a specific area are called as rare
species. e.g. Slow loris, Wild Yak, Gharial etc.
Along with these following categories are also included in red data book - Critically endangered,
Data deficient, Not evaluated.
5.0 CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY (FOREST AND WILDLIFE)
(1) Biodiversity : Biodiversity is the sum total of all varieties of living organisms to be found
in an ecosystem. Biodiversity differs from place to place but sometimes some species are found
similar in two areas.
21
(2) Wild life : Wild life refer to all plants, animals and microorganisms that are non domesticated
i.e. any living organism found in its natural habitat. The term refers to animals and plants that
are undisturbed by human beings. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Desert, rainforest,
plains and other areas including the most developed urban areas all have distinct form of wildlife.
(3) Conservation : Conservation means to save, protect, preserve and restore our natural
resources. It is necessary to conserve biodiversity. The term conservation refers to management
of natural resources such as mineral, fish, timber, topsoil and also to the preservation of forest
and wildlife. In 1970's many national, international and governmental agencies became more
active in the conservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity conservation deals with maintenance
and restoration of different plant and animal species.
In order to conserve wildlife, some remedial measures or strategies can be adopted. One such
measure is to develop protected areas. These are the areas developed to protect and maintain
biodiversity. The lands are allotted by government through legal processes. They include national
park, wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve etc.
Bio-Diversity Conservation
In Situ Ex Situ
Conservation Conservation
National Wild life Biosphere Sacred Botanical Zoological Seed banks,

Parks Sanctuaries Reserves Forests & Lakes Gardens Parks Gene banks,
Tissue culture
5.1 In situ conservation strategies -
These strategies deal with the conservation of living organisms within their natural habitat.
(i) National park
A National park is a reserve of land declared and owned by a national government. It is protected
from most human developments and pollution. A National park is an area which is strictly
reserved for the protection of wild life. National parks preserve flora, fauna, landscape and
historic objects of an area. Activities like grazing and cultivation are not allowed in national
park.
Satpura National Park is the first Reserve forest of India. The finest Indian teak is found in this
forest. Rock shelters and rock paintings are found in this park which includes figures of animals
hunting, playing and man with musical instruments etc.
S.No. National Park City/State

1 Kanha Mandla, Madhya Pradesh
2 Corbett Nainital, Uttarakhand
3 Simplipal Mayurbhanj, Orissa
4 Gir Junagarh, Gujarat
5 Bandipur Mysore, Karnataka
6 Ranthambore Sawai-Madhopur, Rajasthan
7 Kaziranga Jorhat, Assam
22
(ii) Wildlife sanctuary

A sanctuary is a protected environment where animals are brought to live and enjoy protection
for the rest of their lives. Wildlife sanctuaries provide protection and suitable living conditions
to wild animals. Indian sanctuaries have unique landscapes, broad level forest, mountain forest
and bush land in deltas of big river.
(i) The sanctuaries aim at preserving animal life in their natural habitat.
(ii) They are allowed to breed and multiply with the basic aim of increasing their number.
(iii) Cutting down trees and hunting animals in these areas are strictly prohibited but human
activities up to a certain extent without adversely affecting wild life is allowed in these areas.
Name of the Sancturay Location
Annamalai Tamil Nadu
Keoladeo Ghana bird Sanctuary Bhartpur, Rajasthan
Dachigam Sanctuary Jammu & Kashmir
Mudumalai Tamil Nadu
Periyar Sanctuary Kerala
Manas Barpeta, Assam
Sariska Alwar, Rajasthan
(iii) Biosphere reserve
A biosphere reserve is a large protected area for ecological conservation which consist of core,
buffer and transition zones. In the core zone no human activity is permitted. In the buffer zone
limited human activity is allowed whereas in the transition zone (or Manipulation zone) a
large number of human activities go on. Biosphere reserve often include one or more national
parks along with expanded areas that are open to some economic uses.
Core area - Legally protected for conservation
Buffer zone- Research, monitoring, education training
Transition area - Sustainable development
Fig. 3 : Biosphere reserve

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserves (MP) consists of one national park named Satpura National Park
and two wildlife sanctuaries named Bori and Pachmarhi sanctuary. Some other biosphere reserves
are
Nilgiri biosphere reserve (Western ghat, Nilgiri hills, Tamil Nadu)

Nanda Devi biosphere reserve (Uttarakhand)
Sundarbans biosphere reserve (West Bengal)
Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve (Tamil Nadu)
(iv) Sacred Forest and Sacred Lakes
Even our ancestors were well aware of the importance of biodiversity and its conservation.
In India, the traditional method for the protection of biodiversity has been – making the people
consider the forests as sacred. Human had refrained from entering and destroying these virgin
forests with rare varieties of plants and animals. Sacred forests are located in various parts
of India, eg. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Meghalaya. Similarly many lakes and other
water bodies are considered sacred, eg. Khecheopalri Lake in Sikkim. Thus the aquatic flora
and fauna of these water bodies are being protected.
23
5.2 Ex situ conservation strategies -

These strategies deal with the conservation of living resources outside their natural habitat.
(i) Botanical Gardens
These play an important role in conservation of plant species. They have different living
plants for reference.
Plant species are grown for identification purposes and each plant is labelled to indicate its
scientific name, common name or vernacular name.
Indian Botanical Garden situated at Kolkata is a famous botanical garden.
National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) at Lucknow also have a good collection of
plants.
(ii) Zoological parks
These zoological parks or zoos are places where the wild animals are kept in protected
environment under human care for public display. They are provided similar natural habitats
as far as possible.
In India, there are 15 large zoos, 17 medium zoos, 32 small and many mini zoos.
The Central Zoo Authority of India provides financial assistance to zoos and approves donation
of both domestic and foreign animals for breeding programmes.
(iii) Gene Banks : Gene banks are established for the conservation of species. Seeds, pollen
grains and vegetatively propagated parts (corm, bulb, tubers) are collected and stored in gene
banks under special conditions. Some of these collections are kept dry.
1. The animal that has recently become extinct is

(A) Dinosaur (B) Dodo (C) Woolly mammoth (D) Archaeopteryx
2. Kaziranga National Park is famous for

(A) Tiger (B) Musk Deer (C) Elephant (D) Rhinoceros
3. Which of the following is endangered species :

(A) Indian Rhinoceros (B) Indian Bison (C) Blue whale (D) All the above
4. What is the purpose of making national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves?
5. What is meant by extinction ?
6. What is ex-situ conservation?

6.0 PROJECT TIGER

Project Tiger is one of the successful operation launched by Government of India to protect Tiger
in the country. The objective of the project was to ensure the survival and maintenance of the Tiger
population in the country.
There were about 40,000 Bengal Tigers in 1910. There was a sharp decline in their numbers to
1827 in 1972. The main reasons for the extinction of Tiger were hunting, deforestation and taming
of rivers for human needs. Realising this decline, a project named "Project Tiger" was initiated in
1973. The project was funded by WWF.
Satpura Tiger Reserve is unique due to a significant increase in the population of tiger. Animals
like lions, elephant, wild buffalo and barasingha were also found in this reserve.
24
7.0 FLORA AND FAUNA

Plant of all the species found in a particular habitat or region are collectively referred to as 'flora'.
Similarly the term 'fauna' refers to animals. We depend greatly on the flora and fauna of a natural
habitat, as they constitute an important natural resource.
Evergreen forest have different ecosystem sheltering unique forms of plants and animals. India is
known for its fauna like chinkara, blue bull, barking deer, cheetah, leopard, wild dog, wolf etc.
8.0 ENDEMIC SPECIES
Endemic species are those species of plants and animals which are found exclusively in a particular
area. They are not found anywhere else. The place is usually an isolated geographical unit, either
an island or a group of islands. Sometimes it may be a country habitat or other defined area or
zone.
Sal and Wild mango are the endemic flora and Bison, Indian giant squirrel and flying squirrel are
the endemic fauna of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve.
Destruction of endemic species
(i) Deforestation : Many organisms are supported by forests. Forest being cut and destroyed
forever are causing the disappearance of many plant and animal species from the earth.
(ii) Urbanisation: Urbanisation has tremendously affected the wild life on the earth. There has
been great reduction in forest cover, grassland and pastures which supports many wild lives.
Exploitation of natural resources for human use have directly resulted in the disappearance of
wild varieties of organisms.
(iii) Introduction of new species : Replacing Indigenous varieties of plants and animals with
new breeds and varieties are resulting in the loss of certain indigenous varieties.
9.0 MIGRATION
Migration refers to regular and systematic movement of a group of organisms in search of suitable
temporary shelter. It is more clearly referred as regular periodic movement of population of animals
in large numbers from one place to another and back to their place of origin.
For e.g., Siberian Crane is endemic to Siberia. They travel large distance and come to India in groups
during winter to escape the cold and unfavorable conditions of Siberia.
Migration often provides :
(i) Favorable conditions of temperature, food or water.

(ii) Suitable place for reproduction.
An interesting aspect of this bird's migratory behaviour is that because of the distance it travels,
these birds see more daylight than any other creature on the planet!
Types of migration-
(i) Seasonal Migration : The animals leave their original homes in particular season and return
back. This occurs for food, breeding, favourable climatic conditions and variation in day time,
e.g. Siberian cranes, salmons and sea lions.
(ii) Permanent Migration : Due to unfavorable climatic factors or scarcity of water, shelter and
food animals permanently migrate to other parts where conditions are favourable, e.g. some
species of butterfly.
25
10.0 RECYCLING OF PAPER

Paper is a part of everyday life. Paper takes up over 40% of our waste stream, making it the top
material that we throw away. 17 full grown trees are used to make one tonne of paper. If we could
recycle one morning newspaper everyday, we could save thousands of trees from being cut down.
Paper recycling is the process of using old paper products to produce new reusable paper products.
The best thing about paper recycling is that it uses less chemicals and bleaches, which is safer for
the environment.
Paper is made of cellulose fibre, the main source of cellulose is wood pulp which is the soft, spongy
part of a tree.
The process of recycling involves following steps.
(i) First, contaminants like plastics are removed from paper as they make recycling difficult. The
paper is then sorted into different types as each type of paper creates different kind of recycled
paper.
(ii) The sorted paper is passed through a pulper, which contains warm water and chemicals. It breaks
the paper into tiny strands of cellulose called fibres and slowly into pulp.
(iii)The pulp is then filtered through a number of sieves to remove impurities such as coatings,
additives, fillers, and other contaminants. The pulp may also be cleaned by spinning it around
in cone-shaped cylinders that helps in throwing off the heavy contaminants outside the cylinder
and the lighter ones collect at the centre.
(iv) Sometimes the pulp have to undergo de-inking in a floatation chamber to remove printing ink
from the paper.
(v) The de-inked pulp is then bleached to make white paper.
(vi) The pulp is now ready to be made into paper is either used as such or mixed with wood fibres
called virgin fibres to give it strength and smoothness. Water is drained out of the pulp by passing
it through a wire screen. The fibres begin to form a sheet which passes through press rollers
to squeeze out more water. The paper obtained is wound into a roll and removed from the
machine.
Fig. 4 : Recycling of paper

26
11.0 REFORESTATION
Reforestation is the restocking of existing forest and wood lands which have been depleted due to
deforestation. If the forest is replaced with only one species of trees and all other vegetation is
prevented from growing back, a monoculture forest similar to agriculture crops would be the result.
We should plant at least as many trees as we cut. Reforestation can take place naturally once the
forests get deforested so it is naturally regenerated by wide variety of plant and animal species.
Tremendous damage to our forest disturb the wild life habitat. It is necessary to retain our green
wealth for future generation. Plantation of more trees is the only option.
The government of India passed the Forest (Conservation) Act in 1927 and wild life (Protection)
Act in 1972 under which protected areas like national parks and wildlife Sanctuaries have been
created. Biosphere reserve have been created since 1986.
1. The concept of ‘Biosphere reserve’ was evolved by

(A) UNESCO (B) Government of India
(C) Botanical survey of India (D) Zoological survey of India
2. The cause of extinction of species is :

(A) Man made forest fire (B) Excessive grazing
(C) Introduction of exotic species (D) All of the above
3. Which of the following is a wildlife sanctuary in Rajasthan?

(A) Keoladeo ghana bird sanctuary (B) Periyar
(C) Kaziranga (D) Bandhavgarh
4. When was Project Tiger Scheme Launched ?
5. Write two endemic flora species.
6. Why some of the endemic species may vanish ?
l Protected Areas
Protected areas are areas of land or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of
biodiversity. These are managed through legal means and have been setup within the legal framework
of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Examples of protected areas are biosphere reserves,
national parks and wildlife sanctuaries etc.
l Main tiger reserves in India
1. Jim Corbett National Park (Uttaranchal)
2. Periyar National Park (Kerala)
3. Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan)
4. Kanha National Park (Madhya Pradesh)
5. Sariska Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan)
6. Sunderbans National Park (West Bengal)
27
l The Chipko Movement was launched in 1973 by Chandi Prasad Bhatt and and Sunderlal Bahuguna
as a major afforestation drive.
l In 1971 the UNESCO began the man and biosphere programme (MAB) to establish at least one
biosphere reserve in each of the earth's 193 bio-geographical zones.
l Biosphere is that part of earth in which living organisms exists or which support life.
l The Great Indian Bustard endemic to India and possibly Pakistan has been classified it as endangered
because of its small declining population. The existence of this bird has been threatened mainly due
to poaching and destruction of habitat.
l Some of the threatened wild animal like black buck, white eyed duck, elephant, golden cat, gharials,
marsh crocodile, python, rhinoceros etc are protected in wild life sanctuaries.
l The Tibetan antelope, also known as chiru is mainly killed for its fine fleece, which is popularly
known as shahtoosh. Shahtoosh shawls are very expensive, and considered a fashion statement by
many. To check the population of the Tibetan antelope a ban has been declared in India on the sale
and usage of Shahtoosh shawls.
l Rainforest cover less than 6% of the earth's total land surface, but are homes for up to almost three
forth of all known species of plants and animals.
l The total forest area in India is 19.44% but according to national forest policy it should be 33%.
l The Arctic Tern is a seabird. It breeds abundantly in the arctic and the sub-arctic regions of Europe,
Asia, and North America. Known to be strongly migratory, this bird spends its winter in the Antarctic
(a journey of whooping 19,000 km!).
l Recycling old Paper Products uses 60 % less energy than manufacturing it from new material.
l India's first national park was established in 1936 as Hailey national park, now known as Jim
corbet national park, Uttarakhand.
l Red Data Book listed about 11096 species in 2000. Animal species - 5485, Plant species - 5611. 19\d\PN & CF 2019-20\Biology\VIII\MODULE\Unit-2\02-Conservation
28
LEVEL-1
1. Antilope cervicapra/Black Buck is–
(A) Vulnerable (B) Endangered
(C) Critically endangered (D) Extinct in the wild
2. Biodiversity is determined by–

(A) Number of individuals in an area (B) Species richness
(C) Evenness (D) Both (B) and (C)
3. Dodo, an extinct flightless bird, belonged to–

(A) Mauritius (B) Lakshadweep (C) Canada (D) Iceland
4. National Wildlife (Protection) Act was formulated during–

(A) 1972 (B) 1974 (C) 1976 (D) 1978
5. Wildlife is conserved–
(A) In situ (B) Ex situ
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) Selective hunting of predators
6. 'Red Data Book' provides information of

(A) Threatened species (B) Biota of Red Sea (C) World flora (D) World fauna
7. Plants and animals are best protected in

(A) Sanctuaries (B) Botanical gardens (C) Zoological parks (D) National parks
8. A National Park provides protection to

(A) Flora only (B) Fauna only (C) Flora and fauna (D) Entire ecosystem
9. Organization responsible for maintaining Red Data Book is :

(A) IUCN (B) BNHS (C) IBWL (D) WWF
10. Conservation refers to

(A) Management of natural resources (B) Judicious use of natural resources
(C) Protection of natural ecosystems (D) All of the above
11. More soil erosion occurs where there is

(A) More use of manure (B) More plants
(C) High rainfall (D) None of the above
12. Soil conservation is

(A) Aeration of soil (B) Erosion of soil
(C) Protection of soil against loss (D) Conversion of sterile soil into fertile soil
13. Removal of top fertile layer of soil by wind or water is called

(A) Leaching (B) Erosion (C) Siltation (D) Weathering
14. Soil erosion can be prevented by

(A) Increase in bird population (B) Afforestation
(C) Over-grazing (D) Removal of vegetation
29
15. MAB stands for

(A) Man and Biodiversity (B) Mammals and Biosphere
(C) Man and Biosphere (D) Man and Biology
16. What is/are the cause of extinction of wild life?

(A) Urbanisation (B) Poaching (C) Falling of trees (D) All of the above
17. Deforestation is the major cause of

(A) Environmental pollution (B) High rainfall
(C) Desertification (D) Depletion of natural resources
18. Forests
(A) Maintain natural balance (B) Control atmospheric pollution
(C) Prevent soil erosion (D) All of the above
19. 5th June is

(A) World population day (B) World health day
(C) World environment day (D) World animal day
20. 'Chipko movement' was launched by

(A) A.K. Banerjee (B) Govt. of India (C) Sunderlal Bahuguna (D) W.W.F.
LEVEL-2
1. Wildlife refers to
(A) Any living organism kept in cage (B) Any living organism present in sanctuary
(C) Any plant species growing in garden (D) Any living organism in its natural habitat
2. A threatened species is
(A) Rare (B) Endangered (C) Vulnerable (D) All of the above
3. We can conserve biodiversity by

(A) Planting of trees
(B) Strictly enforcing the bann on hunting of threatened animals
(C) Protected areas like National Parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves should be
established
(D) All of the above
4. Which one is endangered species of India–

(A) Horse (B) Elephant (C) Indian Wild Ass (D) Tortoise
5. Which endangered animal is the source of world's finest, lightest, warmest and most expensive
wool–the shahtoosh–
(A) Nilgai (B) Cheetal (C) Kashmiri Goat (D) Chiru
6. Rare endangered and endemic taxa can be found intact and flourishing in–
(A) Sacred groves (B) Tropical forests
(C) Oases (D) Buffer zone of biosphere reserves
7. Which one is correctly matched?

(A) Rhinoceros – Kaziranga National Park (B) Great Indian Bustard – keoladeo National park
(C) Lion – Corbett National Park (D) Wild Ass – Dudhwa National Park
30
8. Green house effect is due to the accumulation of–

(A) O3 and depletion of CO2 (B) O3 and CO2
(C) CO2 and depletion of O3 (D) Green plants
9. Which of the following is the site of project tiger:

(A) Jim Corbett National Park, Uttaranchal (B) Periyar National Park, Kerala
(C) Kanha National Park, Madhya Pradesh (D) All of the above
10. Which of the following is a National park in Rajasthan?

(A) Ranthambore (B) Periyar (C) Kaziranga (D) Bandhavgarh
11. Which of the following is a bird sanctuary ?

(A) Ranthambore (B) Periyar (C) Keoladeo (D) All of these
12. Man–made extinction is known as :

(A) Anthropogenic extinction (B) Natural extinction
(C) Erosion (D) None of these
13. In which zone of biosphere reserve limited human activity is permitted -

(A) Core zone (B) Buffer zone (C) Manipulation zone (D) Restoration zone
14. What is true for National Park -

(A) Tourism is allowed (B) All human activities are allowed
(C) Cattle grazing is allowed (D) Hunting is allowed in core zone
15. Sariska wild life sanctuary is famous for -

(A) Elephant (B) Birds (C) Tiger (D) Leopard
16. Ex - situ conservation is carried out in -

(A) Sanctuary (B) National park (C) Biosphere reserve (D) Zoo
17. National Botanical Research Institute is located in -

(A) Lucknow (B) Kolkata (C) Chennai (D) New Delhi
18. Which of the following statement is incorrect

(A) Project tiger was initiated on 1st April 1973
(B) Biosphere reserves are multipurpose protected areas.
(C) Sanctuaries are special protected areas for protection of wild animals.
(D) None of these
19. The main object of Man and Biosphere programme is to

(A) Conserve representative samples of ecosystem
(B) Provide opportunities for education and training
(C) Provide appropriate sustainable management of the living resources.
(D) All of the above
20. Which of the following is killed for oil and blubber?

(A) Tiger (B) Blue whale (C) Chiru (D) All of these
31
Very short answer type questions

1. Write definition of National Park.
2. Why should we conserve biodiversity?
3. Protected forests are also not completely safe for wild animals. Why?
4. What are the causes and consequences of deforestation?
5. What is Red Data Book?
6. Where is head office of IUCN located ?
7. What do you mean by Global warming ?
Short answer type questions

8. What do you mean by biodiversity ?
9. How biodiversity is useful to modern agriculture ?
10. What do you mean by Endemic species ? Give any three examples.
11. What are categories of different species on the basis of degree of threat ?
12. Define Rare species. Give any three examples.
13. Write a short note on migration.
14. How wild life can be conserved ?
15. Mention some human activities that cause deforestation.
16. What impact does deforestation have on the climate ?
17. Explain how deforestation leads to reduced rainfall.
18. Why should paper be saved? Prepare a list of ways by which you can save paper.
Long answer type questions

19. "Forests are also known as natural home of wild species" why ?
20. In reforestation trees should be of the same species which were found in that forest why ?
21. How deforestation affect increasing concentration of CO2 , Land-slides and floods ?
22. How increased carbondioxide concentration is responsible for increase in temperature of earth ?
23. What is importance of forests ? Write a note on it.
32
True or false
1. The Headquarter of IUCN is located in New-York.
2. The main leader of chipko movement was Pandurang Hegde.
3. Dachigam sanctuary is famous for Siberian crane.
4. Rare species are usually localised within restricted geographical area or habitat.
Fill in the blanks

1. The rare species are usually localised within restricted .............................
2. The species whose populations are abundant at present but they may become endangered in
future are called..............................
3. Endangered species in Satpura National park are .......................... and ............................. (write
any two)
4. Red Data Book listed about ............................. species in 2000.
5. The ............................. maintains Red Data Book.
6. Head office of IUCN located at ............................. in Switzerland.
7. In Red data book, on the basis of degree of threat ............................. categories have been given.
8. Project tiger running since............................. by central government.
9. A group of organisms which are capable of ............................. is called species.
10. Species of plants and animals which are found exclusively in a particular area are called
.............................
11. World's first national park is ..................located in kew [England]

12. Kaziranga national park is located in ..................
13. Keoladeo Ghana Bird Sanctuary is famous for .................. birds.
14. The concept of Biosphere reserve was launched by .................. programme in ..................
15. The places where rare and threatened species of plants are reared and conserved are called
..................
33
ANSWERS
CHECK POST-1
1. (A) 2. (A) 3.(C)
CHECK POST-2
1. (B) 2. (D) 3.(D)
CHECK POST-3
1. (A) 2. (D) 3.(A)
EXERCISE-1
LEVEL-1
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A D A A C A D D A D C C B B C D C D C C
LEVEL-2
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D D D C D A A C D A C A B A C D A D B B
EXERCISE-3
True or False
1. False 2. False 3. False 4. True
Fill in the blanks
1. Geographical area or habitat 2. Vulnerable species
3. Lion, Elephants, Wild buffaloes & Barasingha 4. 11096
5. IUCN-International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural resources
6. Gland 7. Nine 8. 1 April 1973 9. Interbreeding
10. Endemic species. 11. Yellow stone national park 12. Assam
13. Migratory birds/Siberian crane 14. MAB, 1971 15. Botanical Garden
*****
34

Class - VIII (Biology) Unit-2

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Class - VIII (Biology) Unit-2

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Contents

2. Conservation of Plants & Animals 19

3.0 OCCURRENCE OF MICRO ORGANISMS

4.0 MAJOR GROUPS OF MICRO ORGANISMS

5.0 MICRO ORGANISMS AS FRIENDS AND FOE

5.1 Microorganisms - as friends

5.2 Microorganisms - as foe

6.0 FOOD PRESERVATION

6.1 Methods of Food preservation

6.1 Advantages of Food preservation

Established the Koch's Postulates, stating relationship

Obtained the first antibiotic-Penicillin from a fungus named

3.0 OCCURRENCE OF MICROORGANISMS

to deserts and hot springs.

Figure-1 Shapes of bacteria

Figure-2 Bacterial Cell

(a) Aspergillus (b) Penicillium (c) Yeast

(b) Anabaena Chlamydomonas

(a) Fucus– a brown alga

Pa ram y x o v iru s H erp e s viru s Toba cco m o saic Bacterioph age

1. Which of the following is unicellular fungi :

4. What are microorganisms? Name major groups of microorganisms.

6. Why virus is considered as connecting link between living and non-living?

5.0 MICROORGANISMS AS FRIEND AND FOE

2. Agricultural use of microorganisms

Atmospheric Nitrogen Nitrogen fixation

Denitrification Nitrification Ammonification

Schematic representation of Nitrogen cycle

Steps involved in nitrogen cycle:

Nitrogen cycle in nature

Table : Bacterial disease in human

Disesase Mode of Transmission Symptoms

Through contaminated food Acute diarrhoea, Vomiting and

Through cuts or wounds in

Through air, dust, sputum of Persistent cough, weight loss, bloody

Through contaminated water, High afternoon fever, acute headache,

Through contaminated water, Acute diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal

Inflammation of lungs, cough, high fever,

Disesase Mode of Transmission Symptoms

Through droplet infection, Running nose, headache, sneezing

Skin rashes, fluid filled bubbles

Exposed unhygienic food and High temperature, headache, loss of

Spreads through excreta,

Hydrophobia, attacks central nervous

Table: Protozoan disease in hum an

D isease Pathogen M ode of Transm ission

Protozoa Sleeping sickness (in cattle, pigs and horses)

6.0 FOOD PRESERVATION

2. The bacterial genome is called

3. Which one belongs to monera?

5. Fungal cell wall is composed of

6. Yeast are economically important because they

9. Protozoan which shows characteristic of both plants and animals is–

10. Protists obtain food by–

11. Genetic information in paramoecium is contained in–

12. Amoeba has–

13. Virus possess

14. Which of the following fixes atmospheric N2?

16. The fixation of free nitrogen by bacteria in the soil is done by

17. Nitrifying bacteria convert

18. Fleming discovered penicillin from

19. Who discovered vaccination against small pox.