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"THE PHILOSOPHY OF LOGICALISM AND ITS INFLUENCE IN

MATH EDUCATION"

By Group 3 (Three):
Nur Inayah Azizah (230101510005)
Dea Dewanti Aprilia (230101511014)
Tri Wiwit Enjel (230101511009)
Miftah Nurrazzaq (230101512001)
Nur Syazwana (230101512010)
Andi Fahrul Ar (230101512011)

Class C

ICP BILLINGUAL MATHEMATICS EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
MACASSAR STATE UNIVERSITY
FEBRUARY 2024

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER I.............................................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................3

Background..........................................................................................................................................3

Problem Formulation...........................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER II............................................................................................................................................4

DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................................4

Logicism..............................................................................................................................................4

Logic....................................................................................................................................................4

Figure Biography.................................................................................................................................4

Thought Leader Results.......................................................................................................................7

Influence of Thought Leaders on Mathematics Education..................................................................8

CHAPTER III........................................................................................................................................10

CLOSING..............................................................................................................................................10

Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................10

Advice................................................................................................................................................10

OVERVIEW...........................................................................................................................................11

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The word philosophy comes from the Greek word philosophia, which comes from the verb
philosofein meaning to love wisdom. The word also comes from the Greek word philosophis
which comes from the verb philein which means to love, or philia which means love, and shopia
which means wisdom. From this word was born the English word philosophy which is usually
translated as "love of wisdom", Philosophy is divided into several fields, one of which is the
philosophy of mathematics.
Philosophy of Mathematics is a branch of philosophy that studies the philosophical
assumptions, foundations, and effects of mathematics. The purpose of the philosophy of
mathematics is to provide a record of the nature and methodology of mathematics and to
understand the place of mathematics in human life. In understanding the Philosophy of
Mathematics, there are three popular schools, one of which is logicalism.
Logicism is a school of thought that considers pure mathematics as part of logic. The main
proponents of this view are G. Leibniz, G. Frege (1893), B. Russell (1919), A.M. Whitehead and
R. Carnap (1931).

B. Problem Formulation
a. What is the biography of a logical thinker?
b. How do they think about math?
c. How has their thinking influenced mathematics education?

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION
A. Logicism
Logicism is a philosophy of mathematics that considers mathematics as part of logic. Its
adherents include G. Leibniz, G. Frege (1893), B. Russell (1919), A.N. Whitehead and R. Carnap
(1931). Logism was pioneered by an English philosopher named Bertrand Arthur William Russell.
And the form of logicalism that it puts forward is that all mathematical concepts can absolutely be
simplified to logical concepts and all mathematical truths can be proven from axioms and rules
through logical inference alone.
Thus, logic and mathematics are the same field because all mathematical concepts and
propositions can be derived from logic.

B. Logic
In ancient Greek (logos), logic means the result of reasoning that is expressed through words
and expressed in language.According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), logic is a
meaningful way of thinking. Another meaning of logic in KBBI is knowledge of the rules of
thinking. The definition of logic according to experts, namely:
1. According to Aristotle, the definition of logic according to Aristotle is the teaching of thinking
which scientifically speaks of the form of thought itself and the laws that govern it.
2. According to John Dewey, logic is the science of methodology in which there are five issues
related to the logical process, namely awareness of the problem, clarification of the subject matter,
survey of various possibilities, deducing the consequences of hypotheses, and verification through
experience.

C. Figure Biography
1. Bertrand Arthur William Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell,
OM (May 18, 1872 - February 2, 1970) was a
renowned British philosopher and mathematician. He
wrote numerous books and brochures on a variety of
subjects, including philosophy, morals, education,
history, religion and politics. His greatest scientific
contribution was in the field of mathematical logic.
The life history of Bertrand Arthur William Russell is,

Figure 1: Bertrand Arthur

Bertrand Russell was born the grandson of Lord John
William Russel Russell, Prime Minister of Great Britain during the
time of Queen Victoria. After the death of his mother (in 1874) and father (1876), Russell and

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his brother were raised by both grandparents. After the death of John Russell in 1878, little
Russell was raised entirely by his grandmother, Lady Russell. Bertrand Russell was educated
privately in his home, before attending Trinity College, Cambridge University. There he
earned degrees in mathematics and moral sciences. Russell was elected to the Royal Society
in 1908.
Bertrand Russell was born the grandson of Lord John Russell, Prime Minister of
Great Britain under Queen Victoria. After the death of his mother (in 1874) and father (1876),
Russell and his brother were raised by both grandparents. After the death of John Russell in
1878, little Russell was raised entirely by his grandmother, Lady Russell. Bertrand Russell
was educated privately in his home, before attending Trinity College, Cambridge University.
There he earned degrees in mathematics and moral sciences. Russell was elected to the Royal
Society in 1908.
Russell's career at Trinity College came to a halt in 1916 due to his anti-war activities,
for which he was convicted and fined. Russell was dismissed from Trinity College in the
aftermath of his conviction. Two years later he was convicted again, this time imprisoned for
six months. While in prison, Russell wrote the book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy.
He only returned to Trinity in 1944.
Russell was awarded the Order of Merit in 1949, and received the Nobel Prize in
Literature in 1950. During the 1950s and 1960s he became an inspiration to young people for
his anti-war and anti-nuclear activities. Together with Albert Einstein, he promulgated the
Russell-Einstein Manifesto in 1955, which called for the limitation of nuclear weapons. He
was also the main organizer of the Pugwash I Conference, which brought together scientists
concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons. In 1961, he was again imprisoned for anti-
nuclear demonstrations, and sentenced to two months in prison. However, an appeal of his
sentence was later reduced to one week in a prison hospital. He remained a public figure until
his death in 1970.

2. Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege was a
German mathematician, logician, and
philosopher born on November 8, 1848 in
Wismar, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany.
Frege is known as one of the founders of
modern logic and made major contributions to
the field of mathematics. He is dubbed as the

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 father of analytic philosophers because of his writings related to the philosophy of
language and mathematics.
Frege started the revolution in analytic logic with his view that logic could be reduced to
mathematics. He distinguished between propositional "sense" and "reference", and argued
that proofs should be presented in the form of clear deductive steps. Frege died at the age
of 76 on July 26, 1925 in Bad Kleinen, Germany. His contributions to logic and
philosophy of language remain influential to this
Figure 2 : Friedrich Ludwig
Gootlob frege day.
Frege continued his university studies by
studying mathematics, physics, chemistry, and philosophy at the University of Jena in
1869. In 1871, Frege entered the University of Göttingen to take further training in
mathematics. He received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen in 1873 with a
dissertation on section geometry.
After working as a teacher independently for two years, Frege began working as a
professor of mathematics at the University of Jena in 1874. In his academic career, Frege
published several important works, including "Begriffsschrift" (1879) and "Die
Grundlagen der Arithmetik" (1884).

3. Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap, a German philosopher born
on May 18, 1891 in Wuppertal, Germany, was
one of the propagators of positivist logic and
one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th
century. He died on September 14, 1970 in
Pasadena, California, USA. Carnap had his
early education at home by his mother, a group
of teachers, and was influenced by the
Herbartian pedagogical approach of his father,
Friedrich Wilhelm Dorpfeld.
He studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy at the University of Jena and the
Figure 3 : Rudolf Carnap University of Freiburg. In 1926, Moritz Schlick,
founder of the Vienna Circle invited Carnap to join his faculty at the University of
Vienna. There, he became an influential member. In 1928, Carnap published his major
work on the logical structure of the world entitled "Der logische Aufbau der Welt."
In his academic career, Carnap focused on logic, philosophy of language, and
philosophy of science. He chose to pursue an academic career after deciding that his
desired work projects did not fit into the existing academic system.

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 Carnap enhanced philosophical perspectives and language development techniques in
the context of logic, such as "rational reconstruction" and "explanation". He also had an
influence on inductive logic, statistics, and semantics.

D. Thought Leaders
a. Bertrand Arthur William Russell
Bertrand Russell promoted the concept of logical atomism, which is thinking that
analyzes facts and propositions in simple and atomic logical circles. Russell combined the
principles of logic with logical analysis to describe the facts of reality in language that
conforms to the structure of logic. This logical atomism is based on the isomorphism
between facts and language, with the totality of simple facts as the object of study. Russell
also extended this concept by integrating mathematics into logic, refining the new logical
system into the basis for modern symbolic logic.

b. Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege

Gottlob Frege applied logical philosophy in the context of mathematics by raising the
concept of logicalism, which views mathematics as part of logic. In logicalism,
mathematics is seen as analytic, and all mathematical statements can be defined or
formulated using logic. Frege helped establish the school of logical positivism, which
considers logic, mathematics, and natural science as central to philosophical thinking.
This school rejects metaphysics and promotes an empirical approach in logical analysis.
Frege's logicalism promotes the concept that any mathematical entity can be defined
using logical concepts, including values, arithmetic operations, and geometry. This
allowed mathematics to be constructed equivalently to logic, without the need to invoke
references to entities outside of logic. This logicalism influenced the more abstract and
formal approach to mathematics, which is now commonly used in modern mathematics.
c. Rudolf Carnap
R. Carnap did not mention his thoughts as a logicalist specifically, but R. Carnap
participated in the development of logicalism related to logic along with Bertrand Russel
and Gottlob Frege.

E. Influence of Thought Leaders on Mathematics Education

a. Bertrand Arthur William Russell
Bertrand Russell has had a significant influence on the philosophy of mathematics
and education in general. Russell, a renowned British analytical philosopher and
mathematician, made considerable contributions to mathematics, logic, set theory,

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 linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and computer science. Russell's
thoughts on education facilitate the use of reason in education, including Islamic education,
with a focus on comparative and inclusive education. Russell encouraged the use of reason
in education as a primary measure to prevent fanaticism and promote a more refined and
objective understanding.
Russell's influence on mathematics education directly may be more related to his
mathematical logic and systematics than to mathematics learning techniques alone.
However, Russell's thoughts on the use of reason and an objective and inclusive education
can influence the way in which mathematics is delivered and completed in an educational
setting.

b. Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege

Several studies have shown the effect of various learning models on mathematics
education. For example, the Giving Question and Getting Answer (G. frage) Learning
Model can affect students' intelligence. In addition, the Survey, Question, Read, Recite,
Review (SQ3R) Learning Model can also have a positive impact on students' concept
understanding and mathematical procedural skills. Other research shows that perceptions
of mathematics learning can significantly affect students' motivation to learn in
mathematics.
Thus, different learning models and perceptions of mathematics learning can have a
significant impact on students' ability and motivation to learn in mathematics.

c. Rudolf Carnap
The influence of R. Carnap's thinking on mathematics education which introduces the
dissertation of logicians consisting of two parts:
1. Mathematical concepts can be derived from logical concepts through gambling / clear
definitions
2. Mathematical theorems can be derived from the axioms of logic through pure
inference.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING
A. Conclusion
1. Logicism views mathematics as a branch of logic, with major figures such as Bertrand
Russell, Gottlob Frege, and Rudolf Carnap reinforcing the intrinsic connection between
logic and mathematics through their works.
2. Bertrand Russell, Gottlob Frege, and Rudolf Carnap made significant contributions to the
development of mathematical logic, philosophy of language, and analysis of
mathematical concepts, which influenced the basic structure of modern mathematical
thought.
3. Logical thinking has provided the basis for a more analytical and logical approach to
teaching mathematics, emphasizing the importance of understanding basic mathematical
concepts through logic.
4. The awareness of the importance of logic in understanding and developing mathematical
concepts, shows that logic is not only a tool but also the foundation of the entire
mathematical structure.

B. Advice
For readers who want to delve into mathematics or the philosophy of mathematics, it is highly
recommended to study the basic concepts of logicalism and the contributions of its luminaries. A
solid understanding of how logic underlies mathematics will enrich the way we understand, teach
and apply mathematics in various other fields. This will not only help in solving complex
mathematical problems but also in applying logical thinking to everyday life and in making
rational decisions. As a first step, reading more about the works and ideas of Bertrand Russell,
Gottlob Frege, and Rudolf Carnap will provide a solid foundation for further exploring the
relationship between logic and mathematics.

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