‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿــﻢ و أﺟــﺰاؤه‬ ‫أھﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮات‬
‫‪1AC‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬

‫‪ – I‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪ -‬اﻟﻨﻘــﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‪ ,‬و ھﻮ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪود‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ و ﻗﺪ رﻣﺰﻧﺎ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. (D) :‬‬

‫)‪(D‬‬

‫‪ – (2‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ وﺣﯿـــﺪ‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫)‪. (AB‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﺰﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﻣﻼﺣــﻈـﺔ ھﺎﻣــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋــﺪة ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎت‬

 ‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ – (3‬اﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﯿﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫* ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬و ‪ C‬و ‪ D‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ‪ E‬و ‪ F‬و ‪ G‬ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ _ II‬اﻷوﺿﺎع اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎطﻌﺎن ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎطﻌﯿﻦ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ واﺣﺪة‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن )‪ (D‬و )‪ (L‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎطﻌﺎن ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (2‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎن ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﯿﻦ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ واﺣﺪة ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن )‪ (L‬و )‪ (K‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎن ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ – (3‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﯾﺎن ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﯿﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ أﯾﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫* ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن )‪ (D‬و )‪ (L‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺎن ﻗﻄﻌﺎ و ﻧﻜـــﺘﺐ ‪(D) // (L) :‬‬

‫و ﻧﻘﺮأ ‪ (D) :‬ﯾﻮازي )‪ (L‬أو )‪ (L‬ﯾﻮازي ‪.‬‬

‫‪ _ III‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪان ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﯾﻦ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﺤﺪدان زاوﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ (D‬ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ ( R‬و ﻧﻜــﺘﺐ ‪( R ) ⊥ (D) :‬‬

‫و ﻧﻘﺮأ ‪ (D) :‬ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ ( R‬أو ) ‪ ( R‬ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪(D‬‬

‫‪ – (2‬ﺧـﺎﺻﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﯾﻤﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ وﺣﯿــﺪ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬

‫‪ _ IV‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺰء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ (D‬اﻟﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ‪ :‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ أﺻﻠﮫ ‪ A‬و ﯾﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪. B‬‬
‫و ﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. [AB) :‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ : (D‬ﺣــﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪. [AB‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ – (2‬ﻧﺼﻔﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼن ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻧﺼﻔﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﻦ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ و ﻛﺎن ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻞ و ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤــﺎﻣﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻧﺼﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ [AB‬و )‪ [AC‬ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺮأس ‪ A‬و ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ )‪. (D‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن )‪ [AB‬و )‪ [AC‬ﻧﺼﻔﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – (3‬اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ E‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ (D‬ھﻲ ‪ H‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎطﻊ )‪(D‬‬
‫و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ ‪. H‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ EH‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ E‬و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪(D‬‬

‫‪ _ V‬اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (1‬ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :‬ﻗـﻄــﻌـﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿـﻤﯿــﺔ ‪ .‬و ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. [AB] :‬‬
‫‪ A‬و ‪ B‬ﯾﺴﻤﯿﺎن ‪ :‬طﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ]‪. [AB‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ (AB‬ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ]‪[AB‬‬

‫‪ – (2‬ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ھﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ و ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻦ طﺮﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻄﻌــﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻠﻣزﯾد زوروا ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻣﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ M‬ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﻌــﺔ ]‪. [AB‬‬

‫و ‪MA = MB‬‬ ‫‪ M‬ﻣﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ]‪ [AB‬ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ‪M ∈ [AB] :‬‬ ‫* ﺑﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ آﺧﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – (3‬اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﯾﺴﺘﺎن ‪:‬‬

‫* ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻄﻌﺘﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎﯾﺴﺘﯿﻦ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻄـــﻮل‬

‫* ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮل أن ]‪ [AB‬و ]‪ [CD‬ﻗﻄﻌﺘﺎن ﻣﺘﻘﺎﯾﺴﺘﺎن ‪ ,‬و ﻧﻜــﺘﺐ ‪AB = CD :‬‬

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