1.

Calcium:

It is done by EDTA Titrimetric Method.

Principle
When EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or its salts) is added to water containing both
calcium and magnesium, it combines first with the calcium. Calcium can be determined directly,
with EDTA, when the pH is made sufficiently high that the magnesium is largely precipitated as
the hydroxide and an indicator is used that combines with calcium only. Several indicators give
a color change when all of the calcium has been complexed by the EDTA .

Reagents
1. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 1N.

2. Murexide (ammonium purpurate) indicator

3. Standard EDTA titrant, 0.01M

Procedure
1. Take 1o ml of sample and dilute it to 50 ml by adding distilled water.
2. Add 2.0 mL NaOH solution.
3. Add 1 to 2 drops of indicator.
4. Add EDTA titrant slowly, with continuous stirring to the proper end point.

Calculation
A × B × 400.8
Mg Ca/L= sample (ml)

2.Alkalinity
Alkalinity of a water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the titratable bases. The
measured value may vary significantly with the end-point pH used

Alkalinity is significant in many uses and treatments of natural waters and wastewaters.
Because the alkalinity of many surface waters is primarily a function of carbonate, bicarbonate,
and hydroxide content, it is taken as an indication of the concentration of these constitutents.
The measured values also may include contributions from borates, phosphates, silicates, or
other bases if these are present.
Reagents
Sodium carbonate solution, approximately 0.05N

Standard hydrochloric acid, 0.1N

Phenolphthalein solution as an indicator

1 N sodium thiosulphate solution

Procedure
Took 25 ml of sample and add 25 ml of distilled water

Add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

Titrate against standard sulphuric acid in the burette, till the colour just disappears

Calculations
A × N ×50000
Mg Ca/L= sample (ml)

A = mL standard acid used and

N = normality of standard acid