Chapter 1.1 - Communication Process, III.

Maintaining a healthy living

Principles and Ethics
Good communication
COMMUNICATION - founded in every good and lasting relationship

Understanding the role and function of communication

Communication
can help unfold some of the mysteries of human
- comes from Latin word (communicatio)
relationships.
- means “sharing/imparting”
- from the root word “communis” - common/public
Family communication
- a process of exchanging and action on information
- the largest single factor determining the kinds of
between 2 or more people
relationships (we make) with others. (Satir, 2008)
Hergie, 2011
Importance of communication
- process that involves exchange of verbal and/or
nonverbal messages within a continuous and dynamic
1. Helps build good relationships with others and
sequence of events
having a social support system
- can help make a difference in a person’s
Communication in Real World
overall health and quality of life.
- process of generating messages by sending and
receiving symbolic cues as influenced by multiple
2. Learning how to enrich quality of communication
contexts.
with others
- can make life more enjoyable and enhance
Oxford Dictionary
overall well-being.
- process of transmitting and sending of information,
knowledge, ideas through….to a person/large number
Five Forms of Communication
of audience.
I. Speaking
1. Intrapersonal communication
II. Writing
- with oneself using internal vocalization/reflective
III. Using pictures
thinking
IV. Using nonverbal language
- Triggers: some internal/external stimulus
- Location: only inside our heads
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- Example: Self-talk
- process by which information is exchanged between
individuals through common system of...
2. Interpersonal communication
I. Symbols
- between people who live mutually to influence one
II. Signs
another, usually in dyads (in pairs)
III. Behavior
- Triggers: occurs in various contexts
- interactive
Beebe & Ivy, 2013, p. 7
- more structured and influenced by social expectations
- process of making sense out of the world
- sharing that sense to others by creating meaning
3. Group communication
through the use of
- two or more people communicate to achieve a shared
I. verbal messages
goal
II. nonverbal messages
- more intentional and formal
- task focused
Human being put meaning into what they begin to
- members work together for explicit
interpret what is:
purpose/goal.
I. Seen
II. Touched
4. Public communication
III. Heard
- sender focused communication
IV. Smelled
- Triggers : a person conveys information to audience
V. Tasted with sensations, thoughts, feelings, and
- most consistently intentional, formal, and goal-
words.
oriented form of communication
Competence in communication and expertise with
5. Mass communication
skills
- when messages are sent to large audience using
- valuable in…:
print/electronic media
I. Strengthening and building relationships
- no immediate verbal and nonverbal feedback loop
II. Getting employed
 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Proponents of universal ethical code
Elements of Communication process
Universal moral code
1. Sender (Encodes the message) - ideal basis for evaluating right and wrong behavior,
2. Message including communication behavior.
3. Receiver (Decodes the message)
4. Response (Receiver) Ethical Communication
5. Feedback (Receiver to Sender) - fundamental to…. within and across contexts,
6. Medium (Platform for message) cultures, channels, and media.
I. Responsible thinking
PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OF II. Decision making
COMMUNICATION III. Development of relationships and communities
- enhances human worth and dignity by fostering..:
I. Truthfulness
1. Be aware of your communication with yourself and
II. Fairness
others.
III. Responsibility
2. Effectively use and interpret verbal messages.
IV. Personal integrity
3. Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages.
V. Respect for self and others
4. Listen and respond thoughtfully to others.
5. Appropriately adapt messages to others.
Ethical communicator
- must be sensitive to needs of others by giving them…
THE ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION I. the chance to choose instead of forcing people to
behave in a certain way
Ethics
II. Respect their privacy
- beliefs, values, and moral principles by which right
III. Not intentionally decreasing their feelings of self-
and wrong is determined.
worth
IV. Being honest in presenting information.
Critical Components of Human Behavior
I. Ethics
II. Ethical behavior
Chapter 1.2 - Elements of Communication
Process
Culture
- depends on its existence on norms that order human 1. Sender/Source
relationships and social institutions.•(Christians & - originator of an idea/emotion
Traber, 1997) - person who sends message
- shared traditions, values, norms, behaviors, and - forms and transmits messages using…
ideologies that a group of people shares I. Verbal symbols
II. Nonverbal behaviors
Elements of culture
I. Norms 2. Message(s)
II. Languages - written, spoken, and unspoken elements of
III. Non-material (practices, traditions..) communication
- carries meaning/which meaning is assigned.
Norm(s) - verbal/nonverbal content being conveyed from sender
- principle of right action binding upon members of to receiver
group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper - verbal utterances and nonverbal behavior(s) that
and acceptable behavior. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) senders utilize to convey their meanings.
- for messages to be understood, these need to be
Universal norms clarified:
- beliefs and behaviors that describe what is normal,
appropriate or inappropriate. I. Meaning
- combination of ideas and feelings that exist in
Three Universal Cultural Norms sender’s mind
By Christians & Traber, 1997 Ex. Opinions, ideas, feelings (anger, happiness,
sadness, etc.)
1. Value of truth - to share meaning, they must be transformed into
2. Respect for another person’s dignity messages.
3. Expectation that innocent people should not suffer
harm.
II. Symbols II. Social context
- words, sounds, and actions - expressed purpose of event
- recognized by others as representatives of - nature of relationships between and among
specific content meaning. participants.
- to share meanings, people form messages which Ex. Family dinner, wedding, business meetings, etc.
contains verbal and nonverbal symbols.
III. Historical context
III. Process of encoding and decoding - background provided by previous communication
episodes between communicators
Encoding (Sender) - influence their comprehension/understanding
- translation of ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have in current encounter.
been translated into code
- process of turning thoughts into communication IV. Psychological context
- cognitive thinking process of transforming ideas and - includes and encompasses moods and feelings that
feelings into symbols and organizing them into a person (sender/receiver) brings to conversation.
message.
V. Cultural context
Decoding (Receiver) - refers to beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social
- interpretation of ideas, feelings, thoughts that have hierarchies, religion, notions of time, and roles of
been translated into a code group of people that help participants (Communicators)
- process of turning communication into thoughts form and interpret messages. (Samovar & Porter, 2003)
- process of transforming messages from another back
into one’s own ideas and feelings. 6. Noise
- any literal/psychological interference with clear
IV. Form/organization encoding/decoding of message
- meaning being shared is complex, people need to - anything that interferes with message being sent
organize it in sections/in a certain order. - any internal/external/semantic stimulus that interferes
and hinders with sharing meaning.
3. Receiver
- person/group of persons toward whom sender/source Types of Noise
directs messages
- decodes the message I. Physical (environmental) noise
- person who receives message - any physical noise present in communication
- one who process messages and behaviors that have encounter
been transmitted to them Ex. Loud sound, people talking in crowded
area
4. Channel(s) - interferes with transmission of message
-.pathway/,means through which messages pass - sights, sounds, and other stimuli that distracts
between source and receiver. attention causing to draw away from what is being
- means on how message is transmitted said/done.
- sensory route used to transmit messages
- messages that use multiple channels are more likely II. Internal noise
to be understood. - refers to unrelated thoughts and feelings that distracts
attention and to draw away from what is being
5. Context said/done.
- physical, social, historical, psychological, and
cultural settings/environment in which communication III. Semantic noise
takes place - occurs in encoding and decoding process when
sender and receiver do not understand a symbol
Types of Context Ex. Poor signal, language, barrier
- unintended meanings aroused by certain symbols and
I. Physical context behaviors that interferes/distracts attention
includes: Ex. Use of ethnic slurs, profanity, and vulgar
- location speech.
- environment conditions (temperature, lighting, noise
level) 7. Feedback
- physical distance between communicators - verbal and nonverbal responses to message
- setting arrangement - messages sent in response to other messages
- time of day
- indicates sender whether and how message was heard, - a complex and multifaceted phenomenon
seen, and understood. - has been credited with a wide range of
powers and effects.
Chapter 1.3 - Functions of Communication - both “natural” and an inevitable outcome of
(Verderber & Verderber, 2005) technological progress, and it can create
positive economic and political convergences.
1. To meet our social needs
2. To enhance and maintain our sense of self - Today, has changed way people see world.
3. To develop relationships - has become a road people can tread to
4. To exchange information discover many possibilities.
5. To influence others
- interactive co-evolution of millions of technological,
Chapter 1.4 - Six Crucial Characteristics of cultural, economic, social, and environmental trends at
Communication (Gamble & Gamble, 2005) all conceivable spatiotemporal scales.

1. Dynamic - Even though it is economic in structure, it is equally a

2. Unrepeatable and irreversible political phenomenon, shaped by negotiations and
3. Affected by culture interactions between institutions of transactional
4. Influenced by ethics capital, nation-states, and international corporations.
5. Competence-based
6. Being transformed by media and technology - equated with economic growth and recognition.

Chapter 2 - Communication and Globalization 2.2 - Origins of Globalization

GLOBALIZATION Great Britain

- has taken a long stride after its first potent spark in
2.1 - Definitions of Globalization the heart of the once mighty Great Britain.
- started placing value on English
- The Old World in the shape.
National Geographic.Org
- Form, and power of Great Britain seized and
- term used to describe how trade and technology have
established territories and empires.
made the world into a more connected and
- was through communication, transportation, and trade
interdependent place.
that globalization took its speed and presence.
- captures in its scope the economic and social
changes that have come about as a result
English
- Today, known to be the ‘lingua franca’ or a universal
Wallstreetmojo.com
language
- Extension of trade, commerce and culture of an
- evident in the areas of education, governance,
economy across different nations.
communication, entertainment, and business.
- allows economies to exchange domestic
products, services, technologies, ideas and
other resources globally. 2.3 - Globalization and Communication

Stief, 2019 Globalization

- process of increased interconnectedness among - evidenced as a structural phenomenon of growing and
countries most notably in the areas of economics, interfacing interdependence among different countries
politics, and culture. of the world.
- emergence of digital breakthroughs and scientific
Cambridge dictionary development.
- a situation in which available goods and services, or - swift communications and more accessible and
social and cultural influences, gradually become shareable information.
similar in all parts of the world
- development of closer economic, cultural, 2.4 - Effects of Globalization
and political relations among all countries of
world as result of travel and communication Nikolay Daney, 2017
becoming easy. “Easy access to information is a major effect of the
process of globalization.”
- spectrum of scientific , economic, linguistic, cultural,
social, and political changes that have been shaped the Edutainment
world over the past 50-odd years. - in connection with education
- an integration of education and entertainment which
is a fun way of teaching and learning .
- The Internet is tool that brings in edutainment.
2.5 - Entrepreneurial Marvels
Daney, 2017
- globalization had influenced global communication
by implementing new technique for business conduct
among workers at international corporations.
Internet Technology
- makes it possible to exchange business information
and conduct video conferences.
- so long-distance travels are no longer necessary for
business people with a partner overseas
- enhanced communication allows businesses to
promote products more efficiently on international
market.
John Thompson
- U.S. economist
- concludes advanced means of communication have
enabled international organizations to take faster and
more adequate decisions.
Metro Iloilo
- one of the premier hubs in terms of Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) industry or offshore outshoring
these days.
2.6 - Increase in Social Awareness
1. Availability of information has a direct effect of
development of global communications systems
- led to increased social awareness of people
across the world
2. Information technology and networks enables to
share opinions, views, work on projects and research
different areas.
These are among the main reasons why the process of
globalization is creating a sense of global society.
2.7 - The Challenge
Global communication fails to reach many people in
all corners of the world.
World Health Organization (WHO)
- indicated at least 70% of majority of people in Africa
have never made a single phone call/accessed the
Internet.
Chapter 3 - Local and Global Communication
in Multicultural Setting
COMMUNICATION
Communication
- primary goal : to understand information being
conveyed or shared and at the same, also to be
understood.
- not just the mere sending and receiving of messages,
may involve interaction between people that come
from different backgrounds and culture.
- crucial to understand that what is defined is
appropriate in terms of communication can
differ from person to person or from culture to
culture.
Communication in Culturally appropriate way
- one would require finding ways to impart and receive
messages with respect to the cultural differences
between individuals involved in the communication
process.
Effective Communication in local and global
setting
- must be able to understand that there are internal and
external differences that should be taken into
consideration before engaging into the communication
process.
3.1 - Effective communication
Effective communication
- is crucial in any interaction one gets involved in.
- involves a complex comprehension of how symbols
and signs are presented based on the cultures and
environment of the communicators.
3.2 - Culture
Definitions of Culture
Martin & Nakayama, 2010
- is the learned patterns and attitudes shared by group
of people.
Geert Hosftede, 1984
- noted social psychologist
- “is the programming of the mind”
“Every person carries within him or herself patterns of
thinking feeling, and potential acting which were
learned throughout [his or her] lifetime. Much of
[these patterns are] acquired in early childhood
because at that time a person is most susceptible to
learning and assimilating.”
- shapes one’s perceptions and ideas, which in turn,
would shape how one interacts, gives meaning to and
draws meanings from the signs, symbols, and
messages he or she encounter every day.
3.3 - Intercultural Communication
Definitions of Intercultural Communication
Chen & Starosta, 1998
- refers to the communication between people from
two different cultures.
Lustig & Koester, 2007
- a symbolic, interpretative, transactional, contextual
process, in which people from different cultures create
shared meanings.
Arasaratnam, 2013
- refers to the effects on communication behavior,
when different cultures interact together.
- Hence, one way of viewing it is as communication
that unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces.
Intercultural Communication
Communication
- affected by differences of cultures and backgrounds.
Culture
- becomes a significant determiner of how people
approach any form of communication.
People from different backgrounds often encounter
difficulties in processing meanings and understanding
messages because of the difficulties in understanding
certain factors like language, context, and meaning
Problems in communication
- often happen when there is a lack of comprehension
about how certain cultures “work.”
3.4 - How to Lessen Miscommunication in an
Intercultural Context.
1. Understand that no two individuals are alike
- every person comes from a different
background that may be different from the
other.
2. Observing and learning the cultures of other people
that can possibly lessen the gap created by cultural
differences.
3.5 - High-context Cultures vs Low-context
Cultures
Framework of understanding intercultural
communication
- is the concept of high-context and low-context
cultures.
Neese, 2016
- this concept refers to the values cultures place upon
direct and indirect communication.
Both high-context and low-context cultures rely on the
verbal and non-verbal cues present in the interaction to
draw meaning from the message.
HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE
High-context Culture
- meaning of a message is primarily drawn from the
surroundings.
- people in such cultures do not need to say much when
communicating because there is a high degree of
similarity among members.
- takes into account the background information of the
sender and receiver when comprehending messages.
- people typically read nonverbal cues with high degree
of accuracy because they share the same structure of
meaning.
Examples of High-context culture
1. Asian (Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean)
2. African
3. Arab
4. Central European
5. Latin American Cultures
- for these cultures, tend to put a premium on the
relationships they have with the people they interact
with.
- productivity would depend on how these
relationships work within and among the members of
the group.
Halverson & Tirmizi, 2008
- Nonverbal cues are very crucial and more often
control how the message is understood more than the
verbal cues which may be more indirect than direct
Sagepub.com
- On a more fundamental level, high-context
communities are less formal and relational harmony is
valued and maintained as decisions are made.
LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE
Sagepub.com
- In low context-cultures, communicators find meaning
primarily in the words in messages, not the
surroundings.
Meanings are communicated explicitly or clearly; very
little of the conversation is left open to interpretation.
- as a result, nonverbal communication is not
easily comprehended.
Self-expression becomes relational value.
 - Moreover, such culture prefer direct - giving immediate response can be seen as a challenge
communication. or humiliation.

Nonverbal cues present in the communication don’t 3. Interrupting

have too value. - interruption can be accepted when within context of
interaction
Relationships do not seem to have an important role in - interrupting in middle of conversation, regardless of
the communication process. point being made, can be viewed as impolite

Halverson & Tirmizi, 2008 4. Using silence

- Ideas and information are sent and received explicitly - use of and amount of silence in communication can
be interpreted in many ways
Examples of low-context culture - silence before response give impression of
1. Western cultures with European roots (Germany, thoughtfulness and consideration
Switzerland, France, UK) - silence can come off as sign of hostility/indifference
2. US
3. Canada 5. Using appropriate topics of conversation
4. Australia - appropriateness of topics depend on situation one is
in and culture one belongs to
Cultural differences - not only determined by where one is from but
- shape how people interact and communicate with one also:
another. I. Religion
- oftentimes, there are misinterpretations of messages II. Educational background
that are sent between cultures. Etc.
- most of the time, misinterpretations are a result of - in some cultures, talking about money can be seen as
differences in cultural values (Spring, 2000). unethical and embarrassing.
- in other cultures, can easily talk and ask
DIFFERENCES OF HIGH & LOW CONTEXT about how much a person earns
CULTURES - in Asian cultures, talking about family issues with
those who are not part of the family can be constructed
HIGH- LOW- as inappropriate.
CONTEXT CULTURE - many Asian cultures protect family issues
CULTURE CULTURE fiercely.
Cues Non-Verbal Verbal
Meaning of from the in the words of 6. Using humor
message surroundings message - in western culture, often used as icebreaker to help
Type of Indirect Direct establish rapport
communication - used to make atmosphere less stifling and more
Relationships plays a role do not play a relaxed.
role - may seem disrespectful for other cultures and
situation.

3.6 - Potential areas for misinterpretation in 7. Knowing how much to say

Intercultural Communication - knowing how much to say and when to say it can
by AJ Schuler, 2003 determine success of communication
- Western cultures prefer straight-to-the-point manner
1. Opening and closing conversations - Asian cultures are less confrontational, utilizing a
- different ways of going about addressing someone more indirect approach
- In terms:
I. Whom 8. Sequencing elements during conversation
II. How - speaker should always consider the timing in which
III. When they should introduce a topic, negotiate, or ask for
- addressing someone in a manner that is not common directions.
may be often seen as rude and disrespectful. - often, people struggle when they should change
direction or how far into conversation would be
2. Taking turns during conversations appropriate to ask questions.
- turn-taking is often welcomed
- listening and reserving comment after
conversation is preferred.
3.7 - skill set for Intercultural understanding

1.Know your biases and stereotypes

2.Tolerate the unknown
3.Practice cultural respect
4.Educate yourself
5.Be prepared for consequences
6.Relate to the individual, not the culture

Important to note that culture is not merely limited to

geographics.

Culture differences
- may be determined by:
I. Gender
II. Age
III. Religion
IV. Education
V. Position
VI. Political affiliation
Etc.

Intercultural communication
- is an ever-evolving process.

As cultures continue to grow, change, adapt, and

interact with each other, how people communicate will
continue to change over time.

No culture is better than the other and no culture is

perfect.
- only when people understand this concept
that they can learn to adapt and interact with
one another in a harmonious way.