VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belagavi-590018

An Internship report on

“ EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN”

Submitted in partial fulfillment as per VTU curriculum for VII

semester for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

BY
AKASH PANDITH B
1EP20EC003

Internship Carried out

at
CRANES VARSITY PVT.LTD
MG Road, Bangalore
Internal Guide External Guide
Dr. Rajesh L Ms.N ReddyRani
Associate Professor Embedded Trainer
Department of ECE, EPCET Cranes Varsity Pvt Lt

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Jnana Prabha Campus, Virgo Nagar Post, Bidarahalli.
Bengaluru – 560049
2023-2024
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the internship report entitled “EMBEDDED SYSTEM

DESIGN” is a bonafide work carried out by “AKASH PANDITH B” bearing
USN: 1EP20EC003 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the fourth
semester for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi, during the academic year 2023-2024. The internship report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed by the university.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Dr. Rajesh L Dr. Yogesh. G. S,
Associate Professor, Vice-Principal & HOD
Dept of ECE, Dept of ECE,
EPCET EPCET
 DECLARATION

I, AKASH PANDITH B [USN: 1EP20EC003], student of VII Semester BE, in

Electronics and Communication Engineering, East Point College of Engineering and
Technology hereby declare that the Internship entitled “EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN”
has been carried out by me at CRANES VARSITY PVT.LTD and submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements of the VII Semester for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during academic year 2023-2024.

Date :
Place : Bengaluru

AKASH PANDITH B(1EP20EC003)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise doesn’t depend solely on the individual

efforts but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of the intellectuals, elders and
friends. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all.

First and foremost, I would like to thank Late Dr. S.M. Venkatpathi, Founder Chairman, East
Point Group of Institutions, Bengaluru, for providing necessary infrastructure and creating a
good environment.

I Express my sincere gratitude to our ChairPerson Smt. B. L Ramadevi Venkatpathi and our
CEO’s of East Point Group of Institutions Sri S.V. Pramod Gowda and Sri S.V. Rajiv
Gowda for supporting and motivating us in all aspects.

I express my gratitude to Dr. Prakash S, Senior Vice President, East Point Group of
Institutions who has always been a great source of inspiration.

I express my gratitude to Dr. Mrityunjaya V Latte, Principal, EPCET for his kind words of
support and encouragement.

I express our sincere regards and thanks to Dr. Yogesh G S, Vice Principal and Head of the
department, ECE, EPCET.

I’m grateful to acknowledge the guidance and encouragement that has been given to me by,
“Dr. Rajesh L” Associate Professor, ECE, EPCET, who has rendered valuable assistance.

I’m obliged to Dr.V.Navya & Mrs. Jaanaki S M, Department of ECE, Internship

Coordinators, who have helped us in several ways to learn and explore things by guiding us
with all the required support.

I extend my sincere thanks to the department of ECE, EPCET, who have encouraged us
throughout the course. I also express my deep sense of obligation to my parents and God for
their consistent blessings and encouragement.
CERTIFICATE
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.
1 ABOUT THE COMPANY. 1

2 OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP 3

3 INTERNSHIP SCHEDULE WEEK WISE 5

4 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN 7

4.1 INTRODUCTION 9
4.2 EMBEDDED CODING 10
5 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO UNO
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 ARDUINO SOFTWARE
6 APLLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
7 LEARNING OUTCOME
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 METHODOLOGY
7.3 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
7.4 APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES
7.5 PROJECT CODE
7.6 RESULT 29
8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 30
REFERENCES 32
 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE COMPANY

Cranes Varsity Pvt Ltd: Empowering Technological Excellence In the vibrant city of
Bangalore, known as the Silicon Valley of India, Cranes Varsity Pvt Ltd stands tall as a
beacon of technological education and innovation. Established with a vision to bridge the
gap between academia and industry, Cranes Varsity has cemented its position as a premier
training and consultancy organization in the domains of embedded systems, Internet of
Things (IoT), data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.

At the heart of Cranes Varsity's ethos lies a commitment to excellence and relevance in
education. The institution offers a diverse range of courses meticulously crafted to meet the
dynamic demands of the tech industry. Whether catering to fresh graduates looking to
kickstart their careers or seasoned professionals seeking to stay abreast of the latest
advancements, Cranes Varsity provides comprehensive and industry-aligned training
programs.What sets Cranes Varsity apart is its relentless focus on practical learning. With
state-of-the-art infrastructure and advanced laboratory facilities, students are provided with
hands-on experience, allowing them to translate theoretical knowledge into tangible skills.
The institution fosters an environment where creativity and innovation thrive, encouraging
students to push boundaries and explore new horizons in technology.

Moreover, Cranes Varsity's commitment to excellence extends beyond the classroom. The
institution has forged strategic partnerships with leading corporations and academic
institutions, opening doors to internships, projects, and placement opportunities with some of
the most esteemed names in the tech industry.

Beyond academic pursuits, Cranes Varsity nurtures a culture of continuous learning and
growth. With a team of experienced faculty members and industry experts, students are not
just imparted knowledge but are also mentored and guided throughout their educational
journey. The institution's emphasis on holistic development ensures that students emerge not
only as proficient technologists but also as well-rounded individuals poised to make
meaningful contributions to society.

In conclusion, Cranes Varsity Pvt Ltd stands as a testament to the transformative power of
education in the realm of technology. With its unwavering commitment to excellence,
industry relevance, and holistic development, Cranes Varsity continues to empower
individuals to realize their full potential and shape a future driven by innovation and
technological prowess.

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

Core Values:

1. Excellence: Striving for the highest standards of quality and professionalism in all
endeavors, whether it be in education, training, consultancy, or customer service.
2. Innovation: Fostering a culture of creativity and forward-thinking, encouraging students
and staff to explore new ideas, technologies, and methodologies to drive continuous
improvement and advancement.
3. Integrity: Conducting all activities with honesty, transparency, and ethical integrity,
maintaining trust and credibility with students, partners, and stakeholders.
4. Empowerment: Empowering individuals to reach their full potential by providing them
with the knowledge, skills, resources, and opportunities needed to succeed in their
academic and professional pursuits.
5. Collaboration: Emphasizing the value of teamwork and collaboration, both internally
among staff and externally with industry partners, to leverage collective expertise and
achieve common goals.
6. Continuous Learning: Promoting a culture of lifelong learning and development,
encouraging students and staff to stay curious, adapt to change, and continuously
upgrade their skills and knowledge.
Our Vision:
The vision of Cranes Varsity Pvt Ltd in Bangalore is to be a global leader in technological
education and innovation, bridging the gap between academia and industry. They aspire to
empower individuals with cutting-edge skills, foster innovation, and facilitate industry
partnerships to drive excellence and shape the future of technology

Our Mission:
The mission of Cranes Varsity Pvt Ltd in Bangalore is to deliver top-notch technological
education and training programs that are industry-relevant and future-focused. They aim to
cultivate a culture of innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning among students and
staff, while facilitating seamless integration into the ever-evolving tech landscape through
strategic industry partnerships.

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 2

OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP

Internships help us to connect the dots between theory and practical work experience. The
main objective of internship is to get handful of work experience during a limited time. The
main purpose is to familiarize on a particular Subject or a topic that we have learned from
the classrooms.The primary objective of this internship is to gain hands-on experience and
practical exposure in the field of embedded systems, a discipline that lies at the heart of
numerous modern-day innovations and technological advancements.

The overarching goal of the internship is to deepen understanding and proficiency in the
design, development, and implementation of embedded systems, which are ubiquitous in
various domains ranging from consumer electronics to automotive, healthcare, and beyond.
Through immersion in real-world projects and tasks, interns aim to augment their theoretical
knowledge with practical skills, honing their abilities to conceptualize, design, and
troubleshoot embedded systems effectively.

Furthermore, the internship seeks to foster holistic development by nurturing essential

competencies such as teamwork, communication, problem-solving, and time management.
Collaborating with peers and mentors on projects not only enhances technical prowess but
also cultivates interpersonal skills crucial for success in professional settings.

In addition to skill acquisition and personal growth, interns aspire to contribute meaningfully
to the projects they undertake, adding value through innovative solutions, efficient designs,
and meticulous attention to detail. By actively engaging with challenging assignments and
embracing a mindset of continuous improvement, interns endeavor to leave a lasting impact
and forge a reputation for excellence in embedded system design.

In essence, the internship in embedded system design represents a pivotal opportunity for
individuals to immerse themselves in a dynamic and rapidly evolving field, with the aim of
acquiring expertise, fostering personal and professional growth, and laying the foundation
for a successful and fulfilling career journey.The Student will be able to get Good moral
values on responsibility, commitment, teamwork, trustworthy during training among other
student.

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CHAPTER 3

SCHEDULE WEEK WISE

Week number DATE TOPICS

Introduction of Embedded system

WEEK 1 16/08/2023 - 23/08/2023 Embedded coding

Embedded Software

Brief Description of Arduino UNO

WEEK 2 24/08/2023 - 31/08/2023 Brief Description of ultrasonic sensor
Brief Description of Dht11 sensor

Brief Description of Keypad and

Servo Motor Interfacing

WEEK 3 01/08/2023 - 07/09/2023 Brief of RFID RC522

Brief Description of Bluetooth Sensor

Technical Seminar

WEEK 4 08/09/2023 - 15/09/2023 Developing of project with Arduino UNO

Project Presentation

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CHAPTER 4

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Embedded system design encompasses the fundamental principles and methodologies
behind creating efficient, reliable, and cost-effective embedded systems. Embedded systems,
which are specialized computing systems designed to perform dedicated functions within
larger systems or devices, are ubiquitous in modern technology, powering everything from
consumer electronics to industrial machinery. Understanding embedded system design
involves grasping concepts such as microcontroller architectures, sensor integration, power
management, communication protocols, and system optimization techniques. By mastering
these foundational elements, designers can create innovative embedded solutions tailored to
diverse application domains, driving advancements in areas like IoT (Internet of Things),
automotive systems, medical devices, and beyond.
At its core, an embedded system is a computing device integrated into a larger system with
dedicated functions and constraints. Unlike general-purpose computers, embedded systems
are designed to perform predefined tasks efficiently and reliably, often in real-time and
resource-constrained environments. This necessitates a holistic approach to system design,
where engineers carefully consider factors such as power consumption, size, cost, reliability,
and performance. Embedded system design finds applications in a wide range of industries
and domains, including consumer electronics, automotive, healthcare, industrial automation,
aerospace, and IoT (Internet of Things). The increasing complexity and connectivity of
embedded systems present both opportunities and challenges for designers, requiring
expertise in hardware design, software development, real-time systems, and domain-specific
knowledge. In conclusion, embedded system design plays a pivotal role in shaping the
functionality, efficiency, and reliability of modern technology. By leveraging principles
from hardware and software engineering, designers can create innovative embedded
solutions that power the devices and systems shaping our interconnected world.

4.2 EMBEDDED CODING

Embedded coding is the art and science of programming software for embedded systems,
which are specialized computing systems designed to perform dedicated functions within
larger devices or systems. This field encompasses a wide range of programming languages,
with C and C++ being two of the most commonly used languages for embedded
development.

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Embedded C Coding:

Embedded C is a variant of the C programming language tailored specifically for embedded

systems. It retains many features of standard C but includes additional features and
restrictions to better support the unique constraints and requirements of embedded
environments. Embedded C is characterized by its emphasis on efficiency, low-level control,
and direct interaction with hardware peripherals. Programmers working with embedded C
must have a deep understanding of the target hardware architecture, memory constraints,
real-time considerations, and other system-specific factors. Embedded C is widely used in
industries such as automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, and industrial automation
due to its performance, reliability, and portability.

C and C++ Coding in Embedded Systems:

While Embedded C is commonly used for its simplicity and direct control over hardware,
C++ is also utilized in embedded development, especially in projects where object-oriented
programming paradigms and higher-level abstractions are beneficial. C++ brings features
like classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and templates, which can enhance code
organization, reusability, and maintainability in complex embedded projects. However, the
use of C++ in embedded systems requires careful consideration of resource constraints and
runtime performance overhead, as certain language features may introduce additional
memory usage or runtime penalties.

In summary, embedded coding involves leveraging programming languages like Embedded

C, C, and C++ to develop software for embedded systems, catering to diverse requirements
ranging from low-level hardware interaction to higher-level software abstractions. The
choice between these languages depends on factors such as performance constraints, system
complexity, development environment, and programmer expertise.

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 5
INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO UNO

4.1 ARDUINO BOARD

Arduino is a project made by the largest technical community of engineers, developers and
hobbyists whose goal is to develop ideas and interactive control projects around the world,
based on different types of electronic panels but programmed in a language Single
programming and free. Sure, Arduino is not the only electronic controller in the market, but
there are many microcontrollers available in the market such as Parallax, Basic Stamp and
the most powerful competitor, Raspberry Pi, all with powerful capabilities and the ability to
work. Full projects, of course depending on the needs of your project, but what distinguishes
the following Arduino Open source platform Open Source Hardware and Software. Arduino
is made primarily of ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168 controllers, and all its designs are
licensed under the Creative Commons license. This is the most important feature for
electronic circuit designers because it makes it easier for them to design anything they want,
The software is written in C ++, and is available to everyone to download and programmers
can modify it according to their needs.

Fig 1.1 ARDUINO UNO R3

It is the most widely used and widely used one of the many Arduino's. It is the first choice
for beginners. It is easy to learn. It operates with an ATmega328 controller. This type has
14 digital ports (I / O), 6 of which can be used as ports to control the " PWM Outputs ", the
most important feature of this type is that the control chip" ATMEGA328 "is not fixed in the
board, but installed on the holder of the integrated circuit" IC ". This feature makes it the best
option for beginners so that if burned the slide while working on your project by mistake,
you can Restore your work on the board as soon as you change the slide.The ATmega328

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

controller is similar to the same model. The first-ever type of Arduino's motherboard is the
ATmega32u4 controller, which has a unique feature that contains a built-in USB connection,
eliminating the need to use a secondary processor. The feature allows the panel as soon as it
is connected to your device to appear as a keyboard and mouse, which makes it ideally suited
to build various applications that enable you to control your PC.
Advantages of Arduino:

1. Simplicity : Arduino's paintings are designed to suit the needs of all engineers, designers,
professors, students, and interactive electronics enthusiasts around the world.

2. The Price : The Arduino Plate is less expensive than any competitor of the same type. The
most expensive painting is not more than $ 50.

3. Multi - Platform : The Arduino program has the ability to work with all the different
operating systems of Windows, Mac and Linux, while most other boards run on Windows
only.

4. Easy and Simple Software Environment : The "Environment" programming environment

is designed to be easy for beginners and powerful professionals and its programming
language "Arduino C" is easy to learn.

4.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE

Fig 1.2 Arduino IDE

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• Arduino IDE is an open-source software, designed by Arduino.cc and mainly used for
writing, compiling & uploading code to almost all Arduino Modules.
• It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.
• It is available for all operating systems i.e. MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java
Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role in
debugging, editing and compiling the code.
• A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more. Each of them contains a microcontroller on the
board that is actually programmed and accepts the information in the form of code.
• The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former is
used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code
into the given Arduino Module.

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CHAPTER 6

APLLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

Embedded systems play a pivotal role in various industries and domains, enabling the
creation of specialized computing solutions tailored to specific tasks and environments.
These systems are ubiquitous, powering a diverse range of devices and applications across
numerous sectors. The applications of embedded system design are extensive and continue
to grow as technology advances. Below are some prominent examples of how embedded
systems are utilized in different fields:

1. Consumer Electronics: Embedded systems are prevalent in consumer electronics,

including smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, digital cameras, and home appliances. In
smartphones, for instance, embedded systems manage tasks such as touchscreen input,
wireless communication, multimedia playback, and power management. In home
appliances, embedded systems control functions such as temperature regulation in
refrigerators, washing machine cycles, and automated vacuum cleaners.

2. Automotive Systems: Embedded systems are integral to modern vehicles, where they
control various functions ranging from engine management and fuel injection to
advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and infotainment systems. In-car embedded
systems manage tasks such as navigation, collision avoidance, adaptive cruise control,
and entertainment features, enhancing safety, comfort, and convenience for drivers and
passengers.

3. Industrial Automation: Embedded systems play a crucial role in industrial automation

and control systems, where they monitor and control machinery, processes, and
production lines. These systems ensure efficient operation, optimize resource utilization,
and enhance productivity in manufacturing, energy, and process industries. Embedded
controllers, PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers), and SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition) systems are commonly used in industrial automation applications.

4. Medical Devices: Embedded systems are pervasive in medical devices and healthcare
systems, where they enable diagnostic, monitoring, therapeutic, and assistive
functionalities. Examples include wearable health monitors, infusion pumps, implantable
devices, medical imaging systems, and diagnostic equipment. Embedded systems in

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

medical devices must meet stringent regulatory requirements for safety, reliability, and
interoperability to ensure patient well-being.

5. Aerospace and Defense: Embedded systems are critical in aerospace and defense
applications, where they control avionics, navigation systems, weapon systems,
communication systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These systems must
operate reliably in harsh environmental conditions and meet stringent performance and
safety standards to ensure mission success and personnel safety.

6. Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT ecosystem relies heavily on embedded systems to
enable connectivity and intelligence in everyday objects and environments. Embedded
systems in IoT devices collect data from sensors, communicate wirelessly with other
devices or cloud services, and perform local processing and decision-making. IoT
applications span diverse domains, including smart homes, industrial monitoring,
agriculture, healthcare, transportation, and environmental monitoring.

7. Embedded Vision and Robotics: Embedded systems with vision capabilities are
increasingly used in robotics, surveillance systems, autonomous vehicles, and industrial
automation for tasks such as object detection, recognition, tracking, and navigation.
These systems often integrate specialized sensors, cameras, and image processing
algorithms to interpret visual information and make informed decisions in real-time.

These examples illustrate the breadth and significance of embedded system design across
various industries and applications. As technology continues to evolve, embedded systems
will play an increasingly vital role in shaping the future of innovation and enhancing
efficiency, safety, and convenience in our interconnected world

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CHAPTER 7
LEARNING OUTCOME
7.1 INTRODUCTION
The RFID-Based Smart Electronic Voting Machine is a pioneering innovation poised to
reshape the landscape of democratic elections. At its core, this system harnesses the power
of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to deliver a secure, efficient, and
inclusive voting experience. Each eligible voter is issued an RFID card, a unique identifier
that, when presented to the electronic voting machine (EVM), swiftly and accurately
authenticates their eligibility, thus significantly reducing the likelihood of unauthorized or
fraudulent voting. In its pursuit of enhancing the democratic process, this project places a
strong emphasis on inclusivity, designing the system to be user-friendly and accessible to all
citizens, including those with disabilities. The elimination of time-consuming manual
verification steps makes voting quicker and more efficient, potentially increasing voter
turnout. Furthermore, the system prioritizes data integrity through advanced encryption and
authentication measures, ensuring the confidentiality and security of votes
7.2 METHODOLOGY
BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Fig 1.3: Block Diagram of RFID-based Smart Electronic Voting Machine

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

The related system is implemented to make the election process more effective and secure.
To avoid electoral fraud, we implemented the EVM Machine by using RFID, LCD display,
Arduino UNO, Buzzer. It reduces the manual work on the ballot. If the voter has cast a vote
already then, the buzzer alarm is activated. If not, then the voter can cast his/her vote in
EVM. This system is much better protected and works with higher efficiency than the system
that is already present. If the Voter ID is not matched with the IDs that are stored in the
electronic voting machine database, then the buzzer will alert the electoral officers, and the
person will not be permitted to access the machine. The information can be displayed on the
LCD.

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT :

Fig 1.4: Electronic Circuit of RFID-based Smart Electronic Voting Machine

1. Connect the Keypad to the Digital pins of the microcontroller (Arduino Uno) using jumper
wires. Make sure to connect the rows and columns of the keypad to the appropriate digital
pins.
2. Connect the Buzzer to one of the digital pins of the microcontroller using a jumper wire.
3. Connect the Servo Motor to one of the digital pins of the microcontroller using a jumper
wire. Make sure to connect the signal wire (usually orange or yellow) of the servo motor to
the digital pin.
4. Connect the GREEN LED and RED LED to two different digital pins of the
microcontroller using jumper wires and resistors. Make sure to connect the anode (longer
leg) of each LED to the digital pin through a resistor, and connect the cathode to ground.

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

FLOW CHART :

Fig 1.5: Flow Chart of RFID-based Smart Electronic Voting Machine

As the Fig 1.5 represents the Flow chart of the process of voting using an ID card. The
process begins with the user scanning their ID card. If the ID card is authorized, the user is
allowed to cast their vote. However, if the ID card is not authorized, access is denied and the
user is not able to vote. If the same ID card is scanned again, the system informs the user that
they have already voted. The process ends with the user stopping the voting process. This
flowchart can be used to explain various scenarios such as a user with an authorized ID card
successfully casting their vote, a user with an unauthorized ID card being denied access, and
a user who has already voted being informed that they cannot vote again. It can also be used
to demonstrate the importance of having a secure and reliable system for verifying voter
identity and preventing voter fraud. Overall, this flowchart provides a clear and concise
visual representation of the voting process using an ID card and can be a valuable tool for
researchers studying voting systems and election security.

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

7.2 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

1. Arduino Board

Fig 1.6 Arduino Board

It is the most widely used and widely used one of the many Arduino's. It is the first choice
for beginners. It is easy to learn. It operates with an ATmega328 controller. This type has 14
digital ports (I / O), 6 of which can be used as ports to control the " PWM Outputs ", the most
important feature of this type is that the control chip" ATMEGA328 "is not fixed in the
board, but installed on the holder of the integrated circuit" IC ". This feature makes it the best
option for beginners so that if burned the slide while working on your project by mistake,
you can Restore your work on the board as soon as you change the slide.The ATmega328
controller is similar to the same model. The first-ever type of Arduino's motherboard is the
ATmega32u4 controller, which has a unique feature that contains a built-in USB connection,
eliminating the need to use a secondary processor. The feature allows the panel as soon as it
is connected to your device to appear as a keyboard and mouse.
2. LCD Display (16x2)

Fig 1.7 LCD Display

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A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated

optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with
polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to
produce images in color or monochrome. 16×2 LCD is one kind of electronic device used to
display the message and data. The term LCD full form is Liquid Crystal Display. The display
is named 16×2 LCD because it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. it can be displayed (16×2=32)
32 characters in total and each character will be made of 5×8 Pixel Dots. These displays are
mainly based on multi-segment light-emitting diodes. There are a lot of combinations of
display available in the market like 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. But the 16×2 LCD is widely
used. These LCD modules are low cost, and programmer-friendly, therefore, is used in
various DIY circuits, devices, and embedded projects.

3. MFRC 522 and RFID Tags

Fig 1.8 MFRC 522 and RFID Tags

The MFRC522 is a popular RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) module commonly used

in electronic projects and access control systems. It operates in the 13.56 MHz frequency
range and communicates with RFID tags through electromagnetic fields. The MFRC522 can
read and write data to RFID tags, making it useful for applications such as keyless entry
systems, inventory management, and identification purposes. RFID tags are small, passive
devices that store information and can be attached to objects or embedded in cards. These
tags contain a unique identifier and can hold additional data. When brought into the
proximity of an RFID reader, like the MFRC522, the tags respond by transmitting their
information wirelessly. This technology finds applications in tracking assets, inventory
control, contactless payments, and access control. RFID is preferred for its convenience and
efficiency in automating tasks and improving security

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4. 4x3 KEYPAD

Fig 1.8 4x3 KEYPAD

A 4x3 keypad is a compact input device with twelve buttons arranged in a grid format,
typically organized in four rows and three columns. Each button represents a specific
numeric digit (0-9), along with additional symbols or functions like '*', '#', and sometimes
'A', 'B', 'C', and 'D'. These keypads are commonly used in electronic devices and security
systems for user input. To operate a 4x3 keypad, users press the appropriate button to input
numeric data, PIN codes, or perform specific actions. They are often interfaced with
microcontrollers or embedded systems, allowing them to capture and process user inputs for
various applications. For instance, they are utilized in security systems for PIN entry, in
appliances for setting parameters, or in vending machines for selecting products. The
simplicity, compact size, and ease of integration make 4x3 keypads a versatile input solution
for a wide range of electronic and embedded systems.

5. BUZZER

Fig 1.9 BUZZER

A buzzer is a simple and versatile electro-acoustic device used to produce audible sound
signals. It consists of a vibrating element, typically a diaphragm or a piezoelectric crystal,
and an electronic circuit that drives it to create sound waves. When an electrical current is

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applied to the buzzer, the vibrating element rapidly moves back and forth, generating
vibrations in the air that produce sound. Buzzer applications are widespread, serving various
purposes. They are commonly used in alarm systems to alert individuals to emergencies or
security breaches, in electronic gadgets and appliances to provide user feedback or indicate
certain states (e.g., a microwave finishing cooking), and in industrial machinery to signal the
completion of tasks or the presence of errors. Buzzer sounds can vary in tone, frequency, and
volume, allowing them to convey different messages or warnings. Due to their simplicity,
reliability, and cost-effectiveness, buzzers play a crucial role in everyday life and numerous
industries, making them an integral component in many electronic devices and systems.

SOFTWARE TOOL

Fig 1.10 Arduino IDE Software

Arduino IDE is an open-source software, designed by Arduino.cc and mainly used for
writing, compiling & uploading code to almost all Arduino Modules. It is an official Arduino
software, making code compilation too easy that even a common person with no prior
technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process. It is available for all
operating systems i.e. MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java Platform that comes with
inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role in debugging, editing and compiling the
code. A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega,
Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more. Each of them contains a microcontroller
on the board that is actually programmed and accepts the information in the form of code.
The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former is
used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code into

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

the given Arduino Module.

7.3 APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES

APPLICATIONS

1.Improves the election process by avoiding electoral fraud and ensuring safety, security,
reliability, guarantee, and transparency in the conduct of elections .

2.Uses RFID technology and biometric sensors to replace the traditional voter ID card with a
RFID tag (card), where the required information of an individual is stored.

3.Has been practically implemented in a laboratory, and the experimental data shows that this
system can be widely used by the election commission at voting centers to maintain
confidentiality.

4.Designed to reduce manual work on the ballot and if a voter has already cast a vote, then a
buzzer alarm is activated.

5.Provides a more secure and flexible system for voting.

ADVANTAGES

1. Secures the complete voting procedure: The system will secure the complete voting
procedure and from the experimental outcome, it has been observed that it can provide a
layer-wise security and data verification.

2. Speed and Convenience: RFID is one of the types of automatic identification and data
capture or AIDC technology that provides a convenient, faster, and efficient way for
identifying, recording, and tracking objects or items.

3. Wider Range: Compared to a barcode printed on an object or item, a tag does not need to
be within the line of sight of a reader because radio waves have a longer range and
electromagnetic radiation propagates in different directions by default.

4. Simultaneous Scanning: Unlike barcoding that involves running individual barcode scans
on each item, an RFID system can scan multiple items simultaneously. Items contained in a
box or placed on shelves could be scanned at once without moving them from their storage
as long as they are within the range.

5. Data Security: The data on tags are more secured than visually represented data on
barcodes because they are hidden from plain sight and are represented by digital signals. It
also takes specialized equipment to read these tags. Added security is possible through
different data encryption techniques.

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

6. Versatility: Another advantage of RFID is its wider application due to its versatility. Tags
can be embedded into different items or objects such as plastic cards.

7.5 PROJECT CODE

#include <SPI.h>

#include <MFRC522.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

#include <Keypad.h>

#include <Wire.h>

int a=0,b=0,c=0,d=0;

const int buzzerPin = 8;

#define SS_PIN 10

#define RST_PIN 9

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance.

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);

const byte ROWS = 4;

const byte COLS = 3;

char Keys[ROWS][COLS] =

{'1','2','3'},

{'4','5','6'},

{'7','8','9'},

{'*','0','#'}

};

byte rowPins[ROWS] = {2,3,4,5};

byte colPins[COLS] = {6,7};

Keypad customKeypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(Keys), rowPins, colPins, ROWS, COLS);

void setup()

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);

lcd.init();

lcd.backlight();

lcd.clear();

Serial.begin(9600); // Initiate a serial communication

SPI.begin(); // Initiate SPI bus

mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Initiate MFRC522

Serial.println("Scan your ID Card");

Serial.println();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Scan your ID Card");

String inputString = "";

void loop()

{ // Look for new cards

if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())

return;

// Select one of the cards

if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial())

return;

//Show UID on serial monitor

Serial.print("UID tag :");

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

String content= "";

byte letter;

for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++)

Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");

Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);

content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " "));

content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX));

Serial.println();

content.toUpperCase();

if (content.substring(1) == "04 61 A6 27 72 00 00") //change here the UID of the card/cards

that you want to give access

if(a==1)

Serial.println("ALready Voted");

Serial.println();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Already Voted");

delay(1000);

else {

Serial.println("Name : Akash ");

Serial.println("DOB : 18/11/2002");

Serial.println("You can Vote");

Serial.println();

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Name : Akash");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("DOB : 18/11/2002");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("You can Vote");

delay(3000);

lcd.clear();

a++;

else if (content.substring(1) == "81 D1 EE 20") //change here the UID of the card/cards that
you want to give access

if(b==1)

Serial.println("ALready Voted");

Serial.println();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Already Voted");

delay(1000);

else

Serial.println("Name : Bhavana N ");

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

Serial.println("DOB : 10/07/2002");

Serial.println("You can Vote");

Serial.println();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Name : Bhavana N ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("DOB : 10/07/2002");

lcd.clear();

delay(1000);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("You can Vote");

lcd.clear();

delay(3000);

b++;

else if (content.substring(1) == "04 61 A5 27 72 00 00") //change here the UID of the

card/cards that you want to give access

if(c==1)

Serial.println("ALready Voted");

Serial.println();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Already Voted");

delay(1000);

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

else

Serial.println("Name : Siddu ");

Serial.println("DOB : 22/08/2002");

Serial.println("You can Vote");

Serial.println();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Name : Siddu ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("DOB : 22/08/2002");

lcd.clear();

delay(1000);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("You can Vote");

lcd.clear();

delay(3000);

c++;

else if (content.substring(1) == "04 8B 90 DF 60 00 00") //change here the UID of the

card/cards that you want to give access

if(d==1)

Serial.println("ALready Voted");

Serial.println();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

lcd.print("Already Voted");

delay(1000);

else

Serial.println("Name : Nikhil ");

Serial.println("DOB : 1/11/2002");

Serial.println("You can Vote");

Serial.println();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Name : Nikhil ");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("DOB : 1/1/2002");

delay(3000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("You can Vote");

delay(3000);

lcd.clear();

d++;

else {

Serial.println("Access denied, You cannot Vote");

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Access denied, You cannot Vote");

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

char customKey = customKeypad.getKey();

if(customKey)

Serial.println(customKey);

if(customKey=='1')

Serial.println("Voted for BJP");

lcd.println(customKey);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.println("Voted for BJP");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

tone(buzzerPin, 1000);

delay(1000);

noTone(buzzerPin);

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

else if(customKey=='2')

Serial.println("Voted for CONGRESS");

lcd.println(customKey);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.println("Voted for CONGRESS");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

tone(buzzerPin, 1000);

delay(1000);

noTone(buzzerPin);

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

else if(customKey=='3')

Serial.println(" Voted for JDS");

lcd.print("Voted for JDS");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

tone(buzzerPin, 1000);

delay(1000);

noTone(buzzerPin);

delay(1000);

else

Serial.println("INVALID");

lcd.print("INVALID");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

7.6 RESULT

1.A customized and highly secured EVM system has been designed using RFID to achieve a
reliable high-end communication system for the purpose of election and voting.

2.The system secures the complete voting procedure and provides a layer-wise security and
data verification.

3.The system has been practically implemented in a laboratory, and the experimental data
shows that this system can be widely used by the election commission at voting centers to
maintain confidentiality.

4.The system uses low frequency RFID technology and biometric sensors.

5.The system is designed to provide a more secure and flexible system for voting.

6.The system uses an RFID tag for the first step of verification and a biometric characteristic
of the human body, which is nothing but the fingerprint, for the second step of verification.

Fig 1.11 Result

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
During my internship in embedded system design, I have gained invaluable hands-on
experience and insights into the intricate world of developing embedded systems. Over the
course of my internship, I have had the opportunity to work on various projects, collaborate
with experienced engineers, and expand my knowledge in this field. As I reflect on my
journey, several key takeaways stand out:
1. Practical Application of Theoretical Knowledge:
One of the most significant aspects of my internship was the chance to apply the theoretical
knowledge gained from academic studies to real-world projects. From understanding the
fundamentals of microcontroller programming to implementing complex algorithms for
embedded systems, I witnessed how theory translates into practice. This experience has
reinforced my understanding of core concepts and enhanced my problem-solving skills.
2. Hands-On Experience with Embedded Systems Development Tools:
Throughout the internship, I had the opportunity to work with a variety of embedded systems
development tools and platforms. Whether it was programming microcontrollers using IDEs
like Keil or debugging firmware with JTAG interfaces, I gained proficiency in using these
tools effectively. Learning to navigate through hardware datasheets, schematics, and
debugging tools has equipped me with essential skills for future endeavors in embedded
system design.
3. Collaborative Work Environment:
Working alongside experienced engineers and cross-functional teams provided me with
valuable insights into the collaborative nature of embedded system design. I had the privilege
to contribute to team projects, participate in design reviews, and engage in brainstorming
sessions. Collaborating with peers and mentors not only enriched my learning experience but
also exposed me to different perspectives and approaches to problem-solving.
4. Exposure to Industry Best Practices:
During my internship, I had the opportunity to observe and adopt industry best practices in
embedded system design. From adhering to coding standards and version control practices to
conducting thorough testing and validation procedures, I learned the importance of
maintaining quality throughout the development lifecycle. Understanding the significance of
documentation, code reviews, and compliance standards has instilled in me a disciplined
approach towards engineering practices.

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

5. Continuous Learning and Adaptability:

The dynamic nature of embedded system design demands continuous learning and
adaptability. Throughout my internship, I embraced challenges with a growth mindset,
seeking opportunities to learn new technologies and methodologies. Whether it was
exploring emerging trends in IoT devices or experimenting with low-power optimization
techniques, I demonstrated a willingness to expand my skill set and adapt to evolving
requirements.
6. Personal and Professional Growth:
Beyond technical skills, my internship experience has contributed to my personal and
professional growth in profound ways. I have developed strong communication skills
through interactions with team members and stakeholders. Moreover, I have honed my time
management and organizational abilities by juggling multiple tasks and meeting project
deadlines. The internship has empowered me with confidence and resilience to tackle
complex problems and navigate the dynamic landscape of embedded system design.
In conclusion, my internship in embedded system design has been a transformative journey
filled with learning, growth, and valuable experiences. I am grateful for the opportunity to
have immersed myself in this field, and I am excited to apply the knowledge and skills
gained to future endeavors. As I embark on the next chapter of my career, I carry with me the
lessons learned and the memories cherished during this enriching internship experience.

FUTURE SCOPE
The field of embedded system design is poised for significant growth and innovation in the
coming years, driven by advancements in technology and increasing integration of
embedded systems into various applications. As we look ahead, several key trends and
opportunities shape the future scope of embedded system design. Edge Computing and AI
Integration, As the demand for real-time processing and decision-making grows, embedded
systems are increasingly incorporating edge computing capabilities. By leveraging artificial
intelligence (AI) algorithms at the edge, embedded systems can perform complex tasks such
as image recognition, natural language processing, and predictive analytics. The fusion of
embedded system design with AI opens up new avenues for intelligent and autonomous
devices across industries.Low-Power and Energy-Efficient Solutions,With the rise of
battery-powered and energy-constrained devices in applications like wearable technology,
smart home devices, and remote sensors, the focus on low-power embedded system design
becomes paramount. Future advancements in embedded system design will prioritize
energy-efficient architectures, optimized algorithms, and power management techniques to
prolong battery life and reduce environmental impact.In conclusion, the future of embedded

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 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

system design is marked by innovation, integration, and adaptation to emerging technologies

and market trends.

REFERENCES
1. Michael Barr. "Embedded Systems Glossary". Neutrino Technical Library.
Retrieved 2007-04-21.
2. Heath, Steve (2003). Embedded systems design. EDN series for design engineers (2 ed.).
Newnes. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7506-5546-0. An embedded system is a microprocessor based
system that is built to control a function or a range of functions.
3. Jump up to:a b Michael Barr; Anthony J. Massa (2006). "Introduction". Programming
embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools. O'Reilly. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-
596-00983-0.
4. Barr, Michael (1 August 2009). "Real men program in C". Embedded Systems Design.
TechInsights (United Business Media). p. 2. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
5. Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016). "The Surprising Story of the First
Microprocessors". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers. 53 (9): 48–54. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353. S2CID 32003640.
Retrieved 13 October 2019.
6. "1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip". The Silicon
Engine. Computer History Museum. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
7. "Electronic Frontier Foundation". Electronic Frontier Foundation.
8. Embedded Systems Dell OEM Solutions | Dell. Content.dell.com (2011-01-04).
Retrieved on 2013-02-06.
9. David Carey (2008-04-22). "Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds
autotuning". Embedded Systems Design. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08.

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