BEngineering Mathematics 1 (MAT 2018) Aug 2020

Unit 3 Multivariable Integration

3.4 Applications (Double Integrals)

3.4.1 Volume (under surface)

The Volume of the solid that lies below the surface given by 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and above the region
D in the xy-plane is given by 𝑉 = ∬𝐷 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴.

Note z = f ( x, y)  0 over the region D.

Example Calculate the volume of the solid that lies below the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and
above the xy-plane the bounded by the vertices (0, 0), (1, 1) and (1, 2) of a triangle.

Solution A sketch is always useful

(1,2)
the equation of the lines are:

𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥
(1,1)

To compute the volume, y-simple seems more efficient.

The limits are: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1; 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥

The volume may then be calculated using:

1
 1 2𝑥
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥
1 𝑦=2𝑥
2
𝑦3
= ∫ [𝑥 𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥
0 3 𝑦=𝑥
1 1 1
3
8𝑥 3 3
𝑥3 10𝑥 3 5𝑥 4
= ∫ (2𝑥 + ) − (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
0 3 3 0 3 6 0
5
= 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
6

3.4.2 Area of the region of integration

The Area of D may be found using double integrals. A =  1 dA

D

Example Using double integrals, find the area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the
graphs 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2.

Solution A sketch is always useful:

The points of intersection are (−1, 1) and (2, 4).

2
 Using y-simple, the limits are: −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2; 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 + 2

The volume of the above region is:

2 𝑥+2
𝑉=∫ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥 2
2 2
𝑥2 𝑥3 2
= ∫ [𝑦]𝑥𝑥+2
2
2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 2𝑥 − |−1
−1 −1 2 3
8 1 1 10 7 9
= (2 + 4 − ) − ( − 2 + ) = + = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 2 3 3 6 2

Example (Dec 2018)

Calculate the volume under the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 over the region D;

D is the triangular region bounded by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥. [4 marks]
The sketch:

The volume is found by

1 𝑥 1 𝑦=𝑥
𝑉 = ∬𝐷 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 ∫−𝑥 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑦)𝑦=−𝑥 =
1
1 𝑥4 7
∫0 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (
2
+ 3𝑥 ) =
2
2
0

3
3.4.3 To find the Mass and Centroid of a plane lamina.

The centroid is center of mass of a two-dimensional planar lamina or a three-dimensional solid.

The mass of a lamina with surface density function  ( x, y) is 𝑚 = ∬𝐷 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴.

The coordinates, (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) of the centroid, or centre of mass, are given by

1 1
𝑥̅ = ∬ 𝑥𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 𝑦̅ = ∬𝐷 𝑦𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴
𝑚 𝐷 𝑚

Example (Dec 2017)

The density function associated with a lamina has equation  ( x, y ) = x + y .

The lamina is described by the region Q = ( x, y ) : 0  x  2,0  y  1.

Find the mass of the lamina. [4 marks]

To find the mass: m =   ( x, y)dA

D

2
12 1
 x2  1
The region is rectangular, hence m =   ( x + y) dxdy =  
 + xy  dy =  (2 + 2 y ) dy

0 0
00
2 0

(
= 2y + y2 )
1
0 = 3units [1+2+1]

Prepared by T-A Russell (tarussell@utech.edu.jm) Aug 4, 2020