COLLAPSE

MECHANISM
 PLASTIC ELASTIC
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC ANALYSIS
 PLASTIC ELASTIC
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
ELASTIC AND PLASTIC ANALYSIS
THEORY OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS
THEORY OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS
THEORY OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS
THE PLASTIC HINGE
THE PLASTIC HINGE
THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM

• The load may be further increased until the moment at some

point reaches the plastic moment.
• Additional load will cause the beam to collapse.
• The mechanism is defined as the arrangement of plastic hinges
and perhaps real hinges which permit the collapse in a
structure.
THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM
o STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAM
• A statically determinate beam will fail if one plastic hinge
developed.
• Consider the simply-supported beam that has a constant
cross section and loaded with a concentrated load P at
midspan.
• Ip P is increased until a plastic hinge is developed at the
point of maximum moment (just underneath P), an unstable
structure will be created.
THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM
o STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAM

• Any further increase in the load will cause collapse.

• Pn represents the nominal or theoretical maximum load that
the beam can support.
THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM
o STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAM
• For statically indeterminate beam to fail, it is necessary for
more than one plastic hinge to form.
• The number of plastic hinges required for failure of statically
indeterminate structure will be shown to vary from structure
to structure, but never be less than two.
• The fixed-end beam cannot fail unless the three hinges are
developed.
THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM
o STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAM
• Although a plastic hinge may have formed in a statically
indeterminate structure, the load can still be increased
without causing failure if the geometry of the structure
permits.
• The plastic hinge will act like a real hinge as far as the
increase loading is concerned.
• As the load is increased, there is a redistribution of moment
because the plastic hinge can resist no more moment.
• As more plastic hinges are formed in the structure, there
will eventually be a sufficient number of them to cause
collapse.
THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM
o STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAM
• The propped beam is an example of a structure that will fail
after two plastic hinges develop.
• Three hinges are required for collapse, but there is a real
hinge on the right end.
• In this beam, the largest elastic moment caused by the
design concentrated load is at the fixed end.
• As the magnitude of the load is increased, a plastic hinge
will form at that point.
THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM
o STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAM
• The propped beam is an example of a structure that will fail
after two plastic hinges develop.
• Three hinges are required for collapse, but there is a real
hinge on the right end.
• In this beam, the largest elastic moment caused by the
design concentrated load is at the fixed end.
• As the magnitude of the load is increased, a plastic hinge
will form at that point.
THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM
THE VIRTUAL-WORK METHOD
• One very satisfactory method used for the plastic
analysis of structures.
• The structure under consideration is assumed to be
loaded to its nominal capacity, Mn, then it is assumed to
deflect through a small additional displacement after the
ultimate load is reached.
• The work performed by the external loads during this
displacement is equated to internal work absorbed by
the hinges.
THE VIRTUAL-WORK METHOD
LOCATION OF PLASTIC HINGE FOR
UNIFORM LOADINGS
• For a uniformly loaded fixed-end beam, the location of
the plastic hinge along the length of the beam is at the
midspan of the beam.
• This was concluded due to the fact that beam is
symmetrical in terms of both the uniform loading and the
end supports.
LOCATION OF PLASTIC HINGE FOR
UNIFORM LOADINGS
• For other beams with uniform loads, such as propped or
continuous beams, the determination of the location of
plastic hinge may be rather difficult.
• For this reason, a value, expressed as fraction of the
length L, that determines the location of the plastic
hinge is needed for the analysis of both the propped and
continuous beams.
LOCATION OF PLASTIC HINGE FOR
UNIFORM LOADINGS
• Consider the propped beam and the elastic moment
diagram is shown.

ELASTIC ANALYSIS
LOCATION OF PLASTIC HINGE FOR
UNIFORM LOADINGS
• As the uniform load is increased
in magnitude, a plastic hinge
will first form at the fixed end.
• At this time, the beam will, in
effect, be a simple beam with a
plastic hinge on one end and a
real hinge on the other.
• Subsequent increases in the
load will cause the moment to
change.
• The process will continue until
the moment at some other
point (a distance x from the
right support) reaches Mn and
create another plastic hinge.
LOCATION OF PLASTIC HINGE FOR
UNIFORM LOADINGS
PLASTIC ANALYSIS

By squared property of parabola

This value is applicable to uniformly

loaded end spans of both propped and
continuous beams with simple supports.
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
• Continuous beams are very common in engineering
structures.
• They can be analyzed by both the elastic and plastic
theories however, the plastic analysis can be more
complicated.
• Plastic analysis can be applied to continuous beams as it
is to one-span beams.
• The resulting values definitely give a more realistic
picture of the limiting strength of a structure than can be
obtained by elastic analysis.
• Continuous, statically indeterminate beams can be
handled by the virtual-work procedure as they were for
the single-span statically indeterminate beams.
CONTINUOUS BEAMS

• In the continuous beams to follow, virtual-work

expressions are written separately for each span.
• From the resulting expressions, it is possible to
determine the limiting or maximum loads that the beams
can support.
Sample Problem 1

A 7m simply supported beam carries an ultimate

live load of 50 kN at the midspan.

a. Determine the location of plastic hinge.

b. Determine the plastic moment of the beam.
c. Determine the plastic section modulus
required if Fy=248 MPa.
Sample Problem 2

A fixed ended structural steel beam is used to

carry an ultimate concentrated load located at
8m from the left support. The beam has a span
of 18m and a plastic moment capacity of
222.22KN-m.

a. Determine the concentrated load it can carry

at collapse load.
Sample Problem 3
A W18x57 (Zx = 1835.35 x 103 mm3) has been
selected for the beam shown. Using 345MPa
steel and assuming full lateral support,

a. Determine the value of the nominal or

theoretical, maximum uniform load that the
beam can carry, wn.
 END OF
PRESENTATION.