FLOWERS

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FLOWERS &
INFLORESCENCE
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MAJOR PARTS OF
A FLOWER
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VARIATIONS OF
A FLOWER
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COMPLETENESS
PERFECTNESS
DIOECY /
MONOECY
SYMMETRY
SYMMETRY
SYMMETRY
 OVARY
POSITION
 OVARY
POSITION
 OVARY
POSITION
MONOCOT
DICOTS
OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL PARTS
OF A FLOWER IMPORTANT FOR
IDENTIFICATION

▪ Stamen cohesion
▪ Placentation
COHESION OF
STAMENS

Adelphous/Monadelphous
fused into a single, compound structure
COHESION OF
STAMENS

Diadelphous
joined partially into two androecial structures
COHESION OF
STAMENS

Polyadelphous
fused into many compound structure
COHESION OF
STAMENS

Syngenesious
fused or united anthers with different filaments
COHESION OF
STAMENS

Synandrous
filaments and anthers are connate/fused
INFLORESCENCE
PARTS OF
INFLORESCENCE

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PARTS OF
INFLORESCENCE

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 TYPES OF
INFLORESCENCE
 TYPES OF
INFLORESCENCE
 A fruit is a matured ovary that
contains seeds.
 The fruit as an aid for
identification is somewhat limited,
for the fruiting season of different
species varies.
 Cluster of fruits is called
infrustescence.
 ( )

Ramiflory.
• Fruits (flowers) borne in
branches/twigs
Cauliflory.
• Fruits (flowers) borne in the main
trunk
 Based on pericarp
consistency.
a. Fleshy
• Berry
Based on composition. Hesperidium, Pepo
• Pome
a. Simple fruit • Drupe
b. Accessory fruit b. Dry
c. Compound fruit • Dehiscent
• Aggregate Follicle, Silique, Capsule,
Legume
• Multiple
• Indehiscent
Achene, Caryopsis/Grain,
Nut, Samara, Schizocarp
Based on composition.
a. Simple fruit – develop from
a single ovary of a single flower
b. Accessory fruit – form
from ovary together with the non-
essential part of the flower
Based on composition.
c. Compound fruit – develop
from several ovaries of one or
more flower.
➢ Aggregate fruit – develops from a
single flower with several ovaries
(e.g. Atis)

➢ Multiple/Collective – develop a
number of ovaries of several
flowers (e.g. noni, tibig)
Based on pericarp consistency.

I. Fleshy– fruit wall is juicy when

ripe

A. Berry/Bacca – fruit with soft, thick and

juicy pericarp

• Hespiridium – citrus type berry with thick leathery

rind and numerous oil glands in the exocarp and
mesocarp

• Special berry/Pepo – with slightly hard

exocarp with fleshy mesocarp (e.g. squash)
Based on pericarp consistency.

B. Pome – the outer portion is

formed by the receptacle, the inner
part is papery forming a core

C. Drupe – stone fruit with thin

exocarp fleshy mesocarp
and stony endocarp; often
single-seeded
Drupe.
Mesocarp

Hard Endocarp

Seed

Pometia pinnata
II. Dry – pericarp is dry when ripe
A. Dehiscent fruit – splitting or opening when ripe
to discharge seeds

Follicle – pod
like fruit opening
along one suture
 Silique –
splitting but leave
persistent partition
between carpets
Capsule –
splitting in more
than two
sutures
Legume –
dividing in two
sutures
B. Indehiscent fruit – fruits not dehiscing upon maturity

Achene – one seeded Nut – one seeded

fruit, the seed is attached fruit, with a thick, hard
to the pericarp at one stony pericarp
point only
Caryopsis/Grain – Achene
like but the pericarp and seed coat
are firmly united or adnated all the
way round

Schizocarp – paired fruit that

split into two indehiscent, one
seeded halves
Samara – winged fruit
• A small embryonic plant enclosed in a
covering called the seed coat
• product of the ripened ovule of
gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which
occurs after fertilization.
• formation of seed completes the process of
reproduction in seed plants.
• an important development in the
reproduction and spread of
flowering plants, relative to more
primitive plants which use other
means to propagate themselves
(spores)
 Seed Structure

Gymnosperms
(naked seed)
 Seed Structure

Angiosperms
(enclosed seed)
Seed Structure

• Angiosperms
• Basic Parts
▪ Embryo
▪ Endosperm
▪ Seed Coat
 Seed Structure

Embryo
contains the earliest forms of a plant's
roots, stem and leaves
• Epicotyl – embryonic shoot that eventually grows into
leaves (in dicots)
• Hypocotyl – embryonic stem
• Radicle – embryonic root
Seed Structure

Cotyledon
Food source of the embryo
 Seed Structure

Testa (Seed Coat)

Seed covering; protect the embryo
from mechanical injury, predators and
drying out
 Seed Structure

Endosperm
tissue that surrounds and nourishes
the embryo in the seeds of
angiosperms (flowering plants)
Dicot
Seeds
Monocot
Seeds
Seed Dispersal Patterns
Gravity
Water (Hydrochory)
Seed Dispersal
Wind (Anemochory)
• Animals (Zoochory)
• Epizoochory (outside)
• Endozoochory (inside)
• Myrmechory (by ants)
• Ballistic (Autochory)
• Self dispersal