There is also extensive global trade in different kinds of waste, mainly between developed and emerging

economies (Cotta, 2020). These issues related to “waste siege” and potential solutions, such as the
disposal of plastic debris (Rochman et al., 2013), solar-driven reforming of solid waste (Uekert et al.,
2021)

In the past few years, global governmental authorities and researchers have been grappling with the
challenges of waste management.

The government in China implemented a policy of “the integration of two networks” (Meng et al., 2018)
to provide an open channel for waste segregation and recycling.

The monitoring of each stage of waste segregation and recycling involves big data processing that is
difficult to handle without the assistance of advanced technologies, such as blockchain, cloud/edge
computing, and machine learning.

Amongst emerging technologies, blockchain, a technology that integrates smart contracts, distributed
ledgers, IoT, and big data, can be used to build smart waste management systems (Fatimah et al., 2020).
The whole process data of the waste management system handled by blockchain technology cannot be
falsified since the information is open and transparent, and each stage of the business or management
process is easier to monitor (Berdik et al., 2021). Combined with other digital technologies, blockchain
could solve the drawbacks of traditional waste management systems and have the potential to open up
new business models that could benefit society and the environment (Lamichhane, 2017).

After its first appearance in 2008 (Nakamoto, 2008), the theoretical research (Zheng et al., 2018) and
industrial applications (Zhao, 2019) of blockchain technology worldwide have grown exponentially in
various fields, such as the circular economy (Upadhyay et al., 2021), smart governance (Lumineau et al.,
2021), information sharing and research & development (R&D) (van der Waal et al., 2020), smart city
and society (Mora et al., 2021)

However, no systematic and comprehensive reviews have been published for the broader waste
management industry, with discussion on trends, challenges, and opportunities.

Meanwhile, based on field interviews, it was found that there are still considerable obstacles before the
participants in the industry are convinced to adopt associated research findings or local practices related
to blockchain-related waste management operations.

To partially address such concerns, Ahmad et al. (2021a) conducted a survey on blockchain for waste
management from the perspective of smart cities.

Because of the rapid development in this field, an updated survey of more recent articles should be
done. In addition, the combination of blockchain technologies and other advanced emerging
technologies used for waste management has been rarely reviewed and discussed comprehensively.

Issues and Problems in Solid Waste Management in the Philippines

The daily waste generation from 2012 to 2016 per region.

As found, NCR, Region 4A (Calabarzon), and Region 3 (Central Luzon) were the largest contributors, all
from Luzon, to the production of solid waste.
Large and industrialized cities were distributed among these regions, especially the NCR, where Manila,
the Philippine capital, is located. Also, according to a report, the current amount of waste produced in
the Philippine cities will increase by approximately 165% in 2025, from about 29,315 to 77,776 tons per
day (Ng, 2012).

After being discarded, plastic is often inefficiently managed and therefore leaks into the oceans.

This massive increase in plastic-waste leakage derives primarily from the increase in the use of plastics in
fast-growing economies with underdeveloped waste management systems.

Currently, there are no effective tools available to collect and clean up the accumulation of plastics
and microplastics once they have reached the oceans.

Based on different estimations and sources, the oceans could contain more than 150 metric tons of
plastic (Ocean Conservancy, 2015) or more than ca. 5 trillion plastic particles (macro and micro) (Eriksen
et al., 2014).

This figure is anticipated to reach ca. 12,000 Mt by 2050, unless immediate actions are taken (Geyer et
al., 2017).

is any contamination of water with chemicals or other foreign substances, such as fertilizers and
pesticides from agricultural runoff, sewage and food processing waste, lead, mercury, and other heavy
metals, chemical wastes from industrial discharges, and chemical contamination from hazardous waste
sites, that are detrimental to human, plant, or animal health.

Water waste is a major problem around the globe and can be classified as water pollution.

Kornei (2017) stated that millions of tons of garbage are produced by humans and end up in the ocean
by accident or illegal dumping.

The database of litter shows that more than 1200 marine animals are in contact with the trash by living,
eating, and becoming entangled in it.

The waste in the ocean comes from the smaller bodies of water.

The Philippines is a country that is surrounded by water. According to Marrone (October 2016), the
Philippines has a major problem with water pollution. The increase in population, urbanization, and
industrialization had affected the quality of water. Out of 421 rivers in the Philippines, 50 are considered
dead and unable to sustain marine life.

A simple waste disposal will make a difference in the environment.

The method they used increased the percent of recycled waste from 75 percent.

Claudio (2015) states that the major sources of pollution are inadequately treated domestic wastewater
or sewage, which is about 48%, agricultural water waste, which is about 37%, and industrial water
waste, which is about 15%. The areas of the country that are most affected are the regions that have
unsatisfactory ratings in terms of quality.

Human beings are very greedy creatures, and to satisfy their insatiable greed, they have destroyed
nature. They have given rise to concrete jungles and the modern-day giant problem known as pollution.
Pollution is spreading like wildfire, and waste management is the biggest concern in the modern-day
scenario (Chai et al., 2020).

The most significant danger arises when these are directly released into the environment without
proper treatment methods and disposal procedures (Fang et al., 2019). This paper focuses on producing
a short review of various innovative ways for appropriate waste disposal and efficient waste
management (Cremonez et al., 2021).

Every country has taken some or other measures to manage the vast amount of waste generated.

On the other hand, incineration has proved handy in managing vast solid waste volumes through
combustion techniques and producing ample energy (Solo-Gabriele et al., 2020). The development of
various inorganic ion exchange materials and vitrification techniques is highly beneficial for managing
radioactive waste (Han et al., 2018).

The earliest techniques involved simple landfill techniques, which suffered from many disadvantages.

Lately, several improved technologies have enlightened all waste management processes (Brancoli et
al., 2020).

Innovative technologies like Mr. Trash Wheel, newer landfilling techniques, MFC, and smart waste bin
concepts have revolutionized the waste management process (Xiao et al., 2020).

Sweden has demonstrated itself as a country that has done all the magic in managing waste, and it is
now a role model for all the other nations suffering from waste management problems (Uddin et al.,
2021).

and the latter is a stationary trash skimming device that is powered by a solar array or uses the river
current to control the conveyor belt that pulls up the trash.

In addition, this can also monitor and detect if the water contains chemical makeup and pH balance.