WEEK 1

Introduction
Biological
WEEK 2-3 to Biology Organism and
chemistry
[C1]
[C2] environment WEEK 13-14
[C9]
atom biosphere

Biology of the molecule ecosystem

WEEK 4-5 cell [C3]
organelle community
WEEK 6 Energy [C4] Reproduction
cell population and WEEK 12
development
Cellular tissue organism [C8]
reproduction
organ Biological
organ WEEK 9
system Diversity [C6]
Genetics
WEEK 7-8
Molecular Systems and
genetics their control
[C7]
[C5] WEEK 10-11
Connecting the concepts
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

C O N T E N T:
1.1 Characteristics of living things
1 . 2 H i e r a r c h y o f b i o l o g i c a l o r ga n i z at i o n
1.3 Scientific methods
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, you should be able to:

1.1-1.2
▪ Define the terms biology.
▪ List and describe the characteristics of living systems.
▪ Recognize the hierarchical organization of living
systems.
1.3
▪ Explain the concepts of inductive and deductive
reasoning.
▪ Describe the general steps of the scientific method.
▪ Explain the concepts of hypothesis.
 What is biology?

Biology is the science of life

“the study of ourselves and everything that

is alive around us”
 Characteristics of living systems

Living organisms:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
 Characteristics of living systems

Living organisms:
1. are composed of cells

▪ Organisms that exist as single cells are

called unicellular
▪ organisms that are made up of groups of
cells working together are called
multicellular.
The diversity of life
Popup 1

Fig 1.2: Cells are the smallest structural units that can sustain all the
required functions of life.
Popup 1

Fig 1.3 : Different types of organisms

 Characteristics of living systems

Living organisms:
1. are composed of cells
2. are complex and ordered

▪ Living things are highly organized, from the

smallest part to the largest.
Popup 1

organism

organ
system

Fig. 1.4: Living things are highly organ

organized, from the smallest part
(atom) to the largest (organism)
tissue

cell

molecule

atom
 Characteristics of living systems

Living organisms:
1. are composed of cells
2. are complex and ordered
3. respond to their stimuli

▪ All living things have an ability to

respond to their environment.
Popup 1

Fig 1.5: All living organisms have an ability to respond to their environment.
Humans avoid touching a hot object, or extending an arm beyond a safe
limit because it is dangerous, and thus hurts. Without pain, people could
do many dangerous things without being aware of the dangers.
 Characteristics of living systems

Living organisms:
1. are composed of cells
2. are complex and ordered
3. respond to their stimuli
4. can grow and reproduce

▪ All living things, even the smallest

bacteria, have a chromosome
containing DNA.
Popup 1

All living things, even the smallest Living organisms reproduce

bacteria, have a chromosome sexually or asexually
containing DNA.

Fig 1.7: Living organisms can grow and reproduce

7

Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
❖Asexual reproduction ❖Sexual reproduction is
is the formation of new the formation of new
individuals from the individuals from the
cell(s) of a single fusion of gametes.
parent.
❖Two parents
❖It is very common in
plants; less so in
animals.
 Characteristics of living systems

Living organisms:
1. are composed of cells
2. are complex and ordered
3. respond to their stimuli
4. can grow and reproduce
5. obtain and use energy

▪ Most of us call this eating!

Energy comes from food,
used to maintain body
Autotroph (Producer):
produces own food

Heterotroph (Consumer):
must consume food
Popup 1

Fig 1.6: All living organisms obtain and use energy

• METABOLISM – is the
combination of chemical
reactions through which
an organism builds up or
breaks down materials as
it carries out its life
processes.
 All living things…
grow and develop
• Growth: addition of mass to an organism

• Development:the process that occurs in an

organism's life that results in a more complex
organism.
 Characteristics of living systems

Living organisms:
1. are composed of cells
2. are complex and ordered
3. respond to their stimuli
4. can grow and reproduce
5. obtain and use energy
6. maintain internal balance
▪ In order to survive, organisms must be
able to achieve homeostasis.
A stable state of conditions in the
body that are necessary for life

✓Body temperature
✓Blood volume
✓pH balance
✓Water balance
Living things maintain a stable
internal environment
HOMEOSTASIS: internal balance
Examples: sweating, panting, shivering,
etc.
Popup 1

Fig 1.8: Components of homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of an

organism to maintain its internal environment, despite changes to its
internal or external environment. Example of homeostasis such as body
temperature, blood pressure, blood pH, blood glucose, oxygen and
carbon dioxide concentration, water balance.
 Characteristics of living systems

Living organisms:
1. are composed of cells
2. are complex and ordered
3. respond to their stimuli
4. can grow and reproduce
5. obtain and use energy
6. maintain internal balance
7. Have an ability to adapt
Popup 1

Hair follicles are hollow so

White fur camouflages the warm air is trapped.
bear so it is seen less easily
when hunting.

Paws have thick hairs so it

does not freeze.

Fig 1.9: Polar bear adaptation for extreme cold

Desert plants have succulent waxy leaves
and stems to store water and reduce
water loss
 Levels of biological organization
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Biosphere
Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere inhabited
by living things

Ecosystem
A community plus the physical environment

Community
Interacting populations in a particular area

Population
Organisms of the same species
in a particular area

Organism
An individual; complex individuals
contain organ systems
 Levels of biological organization (Cont.)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Organism
An individual; complex individuals
contain organ systems

Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together

Organ
Composed of tissues functioning
together for a specific task

Tissue
A group of cells with a common
structure and function

Cell
The structural and functional
unit of all living things

Molecule
Union of two or more atoms
of the same or different elements

Atom
Smallest unit of an element composed of
electrons, protons, and neutrons

1 - 30
HIERARCHY ACRONYM
Atom Aku
Molecule Makan
Organelle Otak
Cell Cicak
Tissue Takut
Organ Organ
Organ system Organ
Organism Obes
Population Pasti
Community Cari
Ecosystem Emak
Biosphere Baru
32
 Scientific method

Process which outlines a series

of steps used to answer
questions
 Key ingredient of scientific process

Asking a Use deductive

question and reasoning to
formulating a make prediction
tentative answer from the
or hypothesis by hypothesis and
inductive then testing the
reasoning validity of those
prediction
 Inductive and deductive reasoning

Inductive and deductive reasoning are

two methods of logic used to arrive at a
conclusion based on information
assumed to be true.

Both are used in research to establish

hypotheses.
 Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning

Use specific Apply general

observations to principles to predict
construct general specific results.
scientific principles.
If organisms are
If animals are composed composed of cells and
of cells and plants are humans are organisms,
composed of cells, then… then…

All living things are Humans are composed of

composed of cells cells
 Scientific method

Process which outlines a series

of steps used to answer
questions
Scientific method

38
Flow diagram for the scientific method
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Observation

New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.

Hypothesis

Input from various sources

is used to formulate a
testable statement.

Experiment/Observations Conclusion

The hypothesis is The results are analyzed,

tested by experiment and the hypothesis is
or further observations. supported or rejected.

Scientific Theory

Many experiments and

observations support a
theory.
OBSERVATION
John watches his
grandmother bake
bread. He ask his
grandmother what
makes the bread
rise.
She explains that
yeast releases a
gas as it feeds on
sugar.
QUESTION

John wonders if the

amount of sugar
used in the recipe
will affect the size of
the bread loaf?
 John researches the
areas of baking and
fermentation and tries
to come up with a way
to test his question.

He keeps all of his

information on this
topic in a journal.
John talks with his
teacher and she
gives him an
Experimental
Design Diagram to
help him set up his
investigation.
 HYPOTHESIS
After talking with his
teacher and conducting
further research, he
comes up with a
hypothesis.
“If more sugar is added,
then the bread will rise
higher.”
 Hypothesis
A hypothesis is best described
as a possible explanation of an
observation

A hypothesis is an educated
guess about the relationship
between the independent and
dependent variables.
Do you know the dif ference
between the independent
and dependent variables?
 Independent Variable

The independent, or manipulated

variable, is a factor that’s
intentionally varied by the
experimenter.

John is going to use 25g., 50g.,

100g., 250g., 500g. of sugar in his
experiment.
 Dependent Variable
The dependent, or responding
variable, is the factor that may
change as a result of changes
made in the independent variable.

In this case, it would be the size of

the loaf of bread.
 EXPERIMENT
His teacher helps him
come up with a
procedure and list
of needed
materials.
She discusses with
John how to
determine the
control group.
 C o n t ro l G ro u p
In a scientific experiment, the
control is the group that serves as
the standard of comparison.

The control group may be a “no

treatment" or an “experimenter
selected” group.
 C o n t ro l G ro u p
The control group is exposed to
the same conditions as the
experimental group, except for
the variable being tested.

All experiments should have a

control group.
 C o n t ro l G ro u p

Because his grandmother always

used 50g. of sugar in her recipe,
John is going to use that amount in
his control group.
 Constants
John’s teacher
reminds him to keep
all other factors the
same so that any
observed changes in
the bread can be
attributed to the
variation in the
amount of sugar.
Constants

The constants in
an experiment are
all the factors that
the experimenter
attempts to keep
the same.
 Constants
They might include:
Other ingredients to the
bread recipe, oven used,
rise time, brand of
ingredients, cooking
time, type of pan used,
air temperature and
humidity where the
bread was rising, oven
temperature, age of the
yeast…
 Experiment
John writes out his
procedure for his
experiment along with a
materials list in his
journal.

He has both of these

checked by his teacher
where she checks for any
safety concerns.
 Tr i a l s
Trials refer to
replicate groups that
are exposed to the
same conditions in
an experiment.

John is going to test

each sugar variable
3 times.
 Collect and Analyze
Results

John comes up with a

table he can use to
record his data.

John gets all his

materials together
and carries out his
experiment.
Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm3

Amt. of Trials
Sugar (g) Size of Bread Loaf (cm3) Average
1 2 3 Size (cm3)
25 768 744 761 758
50* 1296 1188 1296 1260
100 1188 1080 1080 1116
250 672 576 588 612
500 432 504 360 432
Collect and Analyze Results

John examines his

data and notices that
his control worked
the best in this
experiment, but not
significantly better
than 100g. of sugar.
 CONCLUSION

John rejects his

hypothesis, but
decides to re-test
using sugar
amounts between
50g. and 100g.
 Experiment

Once again, John

gathers his materials
and carries out his
experiment.
 Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm3

Amt. of Trials Average

Sugar (g) Size of Bread Loaf (cm3) Size
1 2 3 (cm3)
50 1296 1440 1296 1344
60 1404 1296 1440 1380
70* 1638 1638 1560 1612
80 1404 1296 1296 1332
90 1080 1200 972 1084
 Conclusion

John finds that 70g. of

sugar produces the
largest loaf.
His hypothesis is
accepted.

“If more sugar is added, then the

bread will rise higher.”
It is a way to solve problems.

• Any big or any small ones?

Do you have any problems to solve?

Think you can name all
steps?

1. Observation
2. Ask Question
3. Hypothesis formation
4. Experimentation
5. Conclusion
Which deodorant works the longest?
 THE END…

Dear Mom,
I know we haven’t officially met yet but
I thought I would say hi from inside your
womb. I am not sure how I arrived, I
just know that I am glad I am here.
Though the place I am in is very dark, it
is also very warm and comforting.
There is not much to do here but I am
constantly entertained by the sound of
your voice. Oh, how I love the sound of
your voice! Every time you talk, I feel
safe. Every time you speak, I feel loved.
I don’t understand everything you are
saying yet – but I can’t wait to
comprehend it. The best is your laugh.
You don’t do it often and I have no idea
what causes it but when it happens, it
feels amazing.

Thank you very much for all of your hard work and attention
END OF LECTURE

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