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Bio molecules - mkin

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CLASS 12ᵗʰ -

Bio Molecules -

HANDWRITTEN NOTES

with **#¥¥
Panchal Sir
By -
Bharat

%•*⇐•_÷•⇐• •B•BDgBE¥GEÉ B. Karak Bannen at $

Mr.

GBAGBO Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji 2.0

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Introduction :

Biomolecules are the organic compound

which form the basis of life i. e
they build up
the
living system and responsible for their growth
and main fence
The sequence that relates bio molecule to living organism is

Biomolecules cells living

→
Organ ells → → Tissues →
Organs →

organism
living
→
systems are made up of various complex
biomolecules like carbohydrate proteins nucleic acids,
, ,

lipids ek
Proteins
.

and carbohydrates are essential

constituents of our food .

→ In addition , some simple molecules

like vitamins and mineral salts also play an
important role in the
function of organism .

Amino Acids & Proteins

The compounds containing amino group c- NII ) and
carboxylic group c- Coote ) are called amino acids .

where R=H ,

alkyl or

aryl grouts

F
→ except glycine (H -

G
-

Coote) ,
others are optically
"
active in nature .

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* Classification of amino acids

xp ,q - amino acids depending upon the position of

-

Mtg with respect to -

COOH group .

→ Neutral , having one -

NH
,
and one -
COOH group .

EG NH
,
E- COOH
- C glycine )
in

→ Acidic ,
having one -
NH, and two -
COOH
group .

" ,NH,
8h00 C- CH Coote ( Aspartic Acid
)
g-
-

→ Basic ,
having two or more -
NH
,
and one -
COOH
group .

,NH2
% ( lysine )
HAN CHI, f- Coote
-
-

he

* Essential and Non -

Essential Amino Acids :

Those amino acids which can be synthesized by

our body are known as non -
essential amino acids
while which cant be synthesized
by our
body so must be supplied through our

diet are called essential amino acids .

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configuration of ✗ amino acids

•
-

cool,
COOH

11N H H MH
,

R CL amino acid )
-

R [ D- amino acid )
( NH on LHS ) CNH on Ritts )
, ,

amino acids amino acids

→ Naturally
amino acids
occurringoccur ✗ -

in
are 1-

antibiotics and
D- some
bacterial cell walls .

twitter ion : when a proton is migrated from carboxyl

to amino group dual ion is formed
group , a

and this dual ion is called zwi Her ion .

a-

-1
µ

Isoelectric Point ( pI )
ion which is 2. witter
,

electrically neutral can only exist at a specific

pH , that pH is called isoelectric point
which is for all amino acids
different .

pI of leucine pH -6.0
e.g
-

pt of Arginine pH = to -8 .

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Structure of amino acids :

R
'
nite
{
COO
-

-
CH -

higher pH )
2
HIN
-1
-

H -
Coo
-

as anion c

twitter ion R
ite
( isoelectric point ) HIN -
-
COOH

as cation c low pH )

Pe . peptides condensation products of

•
are

two or more ✗ amino acids -

.

:-.
. . . . . -

HAN -
% -
COOH +
Han -
CIF -
COOH
# YN
- c%÷ .

- T -
-

l - \ 1
NH
, I / / \
/
H -
COOH

dipeptide
%
.

-
-
NH - is known as peptide linkage or peptide bond .

→ 2 molecules of 4- amino acid form dipeptide .

3 Molecules ✗ amino acid form bipebtide

of -
.

→ Dipeptide has only bektide bond

one .

fripeptide has only two peptide bond .

Polypeptide :
Condensation products of many amino acid
C- 10000 ) is known as polypeptide and those
polypeptide which have molecular mass above

than 10000 u are called boot eins .

•
Proteins they are linear polymers of ✗ -
amino
acid .

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Str .

of Proteins :

1.) Primary Structure :

It simply reveals the sequence
of amino acids .

2.) Secondary structure :

✗ -
helix Sir maintained.

by H Bond
-

or p -

pleated sheet Str .

when R is small
gsoub .

3.) Tertiary Structure :

The folding and superimposition
of polypeptide chains shake
forms a compact globular .

termed as tertiary Str .

It is stabilised by covalent, ionic , H Bond -

and disulphide bonds .

4.) Quaternary Structure : The precise arrangement of

constituents
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Chemistry Guruji 2.0

the Basis
Classification on of Hydrolysis
•

simple Protein :

which
give only ✗ amino
- acid ubon
hydrolysis e.
g albumin
conjugated Protein :
These proteins give ✗ amino acid -
and

non protein part ,

called prosthetic
group
Protein Prosthetic Group

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Derived Proteins
These are obtained by partial hydrolysis
of simple or conjugated Proteins .

[ Proteins → Proteose → Pets tones → Polypeptides ]

On the Basis of Molecular shape

1

Fibrous Protein Globular Protein

Primary Str of Proteins

. :

proteins may have one or

more bolybebtide chains
→ each polypeptide in a protein has amino acids
linked with each other in a
specific sequence and
it is this amino acids is
sequence of that said
to be Slr that protein
the si of 0 1 ^

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Any change in this 1° Str .

i. e the sequence
of amino acid creates a different broken

secondary structure of Proteins :

The secondary Str .

of proteins refers to the shake in which a

long
polypeptide chain can exist .

They are found to exist in two different

types of Str .

✗ -

helix stir .

B- bleated sheet str .

most common ways In this Str .

all peptide
in which a bombe chains are stretched
btide chain form out to
nearly
-

all possible H Bond -

maximum extension
into and then laid side
by twisting held
handed by side are
a
right
screw ( helix )
together by intermolecular
with the NH H Bond
group
- -
-
.

of each amino acid residue

Tertiary Str Proteins

of :
.

the tertiary sto .

of proteins
represents overall folding of boy bebtide chains i. e

further folding of secondary structure

the
It gives rise to 2 major molecular

shapes i. e fibrous and Globular

The main forces which stabilize

the 2° and 3° Sto .

of proteins are H -
Bonds ,

disulphide linkage , van . der Waal and electrostatic

forces of attraction
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Quaternary stir of Proteins

.

some
of the proteins are

composed of two or more

polypeptide chains referred

to as sub .
units

spatial
arrangement
The

of these subunits
with respect to each

other is known as
quaternary structure
Denaturation of Proteins
The process that changes the

native proteins is
3- D Sto .

of
called denaturation of proteins .

It can be caused
by change in pH , change in tents .

addition of electrolyte addition

,
solvent like water
of ,
alcohol , acetone .

Nucleic Acids : These are the polymers which are

prepared by Nucleotide also known as boy nucleotide

a nucleotide contain .
. . .

Pentose *) Nitrogenous *) Phosphate

*7
sugar
Base group .

Pentose Sugar :
either ribose
sugar
•
or
g carbon
ribose
deoxy
( not contain

oxygen at →

2nd position )
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Nitrogenous Base
1

Purine Pyrimidine
→ Adenine →
Thymine
Uracil
Guanine
→

→
→
Cytosine
Two H Bonds
-
present between A&T
are CA =D
while three hydrogen bonds are present between
C & 9 C CIG)

structure of D. N.tt
consist
It poly nucleotide of two
each chain
chains form a ,

right handed helical spiral

with ten bases in one turn of
the spiral
The two chains coil
to double helix and run in
opposite direction These . are

held together by H -

bonding .

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Types of RNA
1.) Mess anger RNA (
M -
RNA )
is produced in the
It
nucleus and carries information for the synthesis
of protein .

2.) Transfer RNA

is found in cytoplasm
It .
Its function
is to collect amino acids from cytoplasm for
protein synthesis .

3.) Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA )

This provide site for
protein synthesis
'

functions of Nucleic Acid

Direct the synthesis of protein

•

•
transfer the genetic informations .

→
Replication :-[ in which
+ is a process a molecule can

duplicate .

→
Templates It means pattern ,
in the process of replication
of DNA , the parent strand serves as timbale .

Gene The portion of DNA carrying information about

specific protein is
a called gene .

Genetic code : The relation between the amino acid

and the the nucleotide triplet is called
genetic code .

Codons The nucleotide bases in RNA function

amino
in
group of three Cbiblet ) in coding
acid .

These bases triplets

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Vitamins
The organic compounds other than carbohydrates ,

proteins and fats which are required in the diet in

small amount to perform specific biological functions,
maintain normal health , growth and nutiritition are
called vitamins
basis of
classification on the
Solubility
Fat Soluble Vitamins
vitamins A , D, E , K are soluble In fat
and oils but insoluble in water .
They are stored in
liver and adipose ( fat
storing ) tissues .

Water Soluble Vitamins

group vitamins
-

B and C are
soluble in water . water soluble vitamins must be
subblied regularly in diet because they are readily
excreted in urine and can not be stored in
our body ( except vitamin B12 )
bun vitamin K is responsible for coagulation of blood .

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ENZYMES
Enzymes are biocatalyst almost all the enzymes ,
are
globular proteins They are generally named after the
.

compound or class of compound upon which they work

e.
g the enzyme that catalyse hydrolysis of maltose
into
glucose is named as maltase
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Maltose Glucose
Some Common Example
Substrate Name Product
Urea Urease coat NH]

Maltose Maltase Glucose

Sucrose Invertase Glucose + Fructose

Starch Amylase Maltose

Proteins Amino Acids
Trypsin
Mechanism Of Enzyme Action -

Characteristic feature of Enzyme :

•
Rate of Reaction :
They increase the rate of reaction
upto 106 to 107 times .

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•
Specific Nature -

urease catalyse the hydrolysis of Urea

and not methyl urea , so these are specific in nature .

•
Optimum Temperature -

It is active at 20 -30%
•

pH of medium -

it is about 7
,
for bebsin 18-2-21
for trypsin 7.5-8.3
•
Concentration -
Dilute solutions are more effective
•
Amount of enzyme -

Very small amount can accelerate

the reaction
•

Enzyme Inhibitors -
These compound inhibit the enzyme
action , with the help such
of
compounds , the reaction can be controlled .

HARMONIES
These the chemical substance which are
are
produced by endocrine C.ductless ) in the
glands body .

Harmonies acts as chemical messengers .

Some examples of ductless ( endocrine ] glands are

thyroid , pitutary ,
adrenal , pancreas , testes and ovaries .

Hormones are divided into three types :

is steroids &; proteins Ciii, Amines

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Carbohydrates These are

optically active bowl hydro -

✗y aldehydes / Ketones or the substance which

give these on hydrolysis are called carbohydrates .

General formula cx(Hao )y

Classification on the basis
of Hydrolysis
•
Monosaccharides -
can not be hydrolysed further eg
Glucose '

fructose
Oligosaccharides 2- Lo molecules
•
-

give of monosaccharides
g
e. Glucose ,
fructose
•

Polysaccharides give monosaccharides

large of
-

no .

e.
g starch ,
cellulose .

•
Preparation of Glucose :

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glucose fructose
from starch
↳ Hid 06 glucose
( ↳ HMOs )n -1 NHAO n

structure
( Ho ← one aldehyde 900Mt

( ( HOH )
2° alcohol
&
← four

ÉH ,
OH ← one 1° alcohol

Sir
Glyceraldehyde
.

D- Glyceraldehyde 1-

CHO CHO

H -1011 HO -1 H

CH OH CHIH
,

2 means OH in 1. His
D means OH in R.MS
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Str .

of Glucose

is known
{
carbon
}
The G as anomeric
Str of fructose :
compounds called
.

and these are another

six membered cyclic

ring
fire membered cyclic ring
ce. µ

Reducing Sugar Non Reducing Sugar

free Do not have any free
Aldehyde'C or
•
•

ke tonic aldehyde or ketone grouts

group
.

so in
Do not reduce to liens
fencing
-

Reduce
Reagent and f- ehling Solh
or Totten 's Reagent
Maltose & Fructose sucrose
e.
g
e.
g
•

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Chemical Properties of Glucose

CHO
CHO
•
7 ◦

( { Hotel,
Acetic
>
( { H -

O
-
É -
CH
] )
,
1 Anhydride I °

CH -0 É CH]
CHIH
- -

,
Glucose Penta acetate

CHO COOH

(ÉHOHL
•
)
( OHH + [ 0] Glyconic
↳° '
acid
CHIH agon

CHO ( OOH

•
) ( { HOH )q
"
N°37 ( { HOH] , saccharic
1 ' acid
CH OH
CHIH
,

N OH
-

{ GHO
"°
•
)
µ, GH] •
)
"A- ° "
( CHOH )q ( HOH )q ( CHOHI
I
> ( Clg )
1
, { >
1
,

CHI Chao
CHIH CHIH
n -
Hexane Ghlcoxine

HO
•
) CHO
'
_ (N
CH
' HCN Glucose
,
(C
,H0H↳ 7 (C
,HoH↳ Cyanohydrin
CHIH CHIH
Mutarotation when either the two forms
of of glucose
is dissolved in water there is . a spontaneous
change in specific rotation till the equilibrium
value of +52.5° .
This is known as mutarotation .

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Chemistry Guruji 2.0

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✗ DC -11 Glucose f- Equilibrium B- DH Glucose

-

mixture +19.5°
+ 111.5°

Importance of carbohydrate
•

carbohydrates are essential for life in both plants and

animals
•
They are major portion of our food .

carbohydrates are used as storage molecule as starch

in plants and in animals
glycogen .

cell wall
of bacteria and blunts is made up of cellulose
•

Honey has been used for a

long time as an instant
source of energy .

Ebimers monosaccharides
°

differing in configuration at

a carbon other than anomeric carbon are called ebimers

g glucose and galactose differ in
e.
configuration at 14 ,

hence called epimers .

Non
Sugars and -

Sugars
monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides having sweet
•

taste , soluble in water are known as

sugars
•

Polysaccharides which are insoluble in water and not

sweet in taste are known as non -

sugars

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DISACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES -

CARBOHYDRATES Hydrolysis Linkage Reducing

Product Probert
sucrose x-D Glucose & C- I @ lucose)& Non -

C Disaccharide ) B D fructose
-
C- 2 (fructose ] Reducing
Maltose
Cpi saccharide )
✗ D- Glucose
- C- 1 Glucose &
Reducing
C- 4 Glucose
lactose B- D- Galactose
( Disaccharide) & B- D- Glucose
c- 1 ( Galactose) &
c- 4 ( Glucose ]
Reducing
Cellulose C- 1 ( Glucose] & Non
B- D- Glucose
Polysaccharide)
-

C.
C- 4C Glucose
] Reducing
Glycogen ✗ D- Glucose c-I Clelucose ) &
mon
-

(Polysaccharide)
,

c-4 ccelulose] Reducing

BAGGA Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
MUTA ROTATION
when is dissolved in water
glucose
then its specific rotation changes into an equilibrium
,

value This spontaneous change in specific rotation of

.

an
optically active substance to an equilibrium value
is called mutarotation
The two
anomersq glucose i. e x-D glucose &

p D Glucose in changes their specific rotation

-
solution

to an equilibrium value which is the rotation of a

chain str
straight .

X-D Glucose 7-
Obenchain F- B- D- Glucose
Csp .
rotation Str .
Csbeaefic
= -1110 )
.
C. Sp rotation
. rotation
-152.5° ) -119.2 ]
.
= =

DISACCHARIDES
Disaccharides are the carbohydrates
which on hydrolysis with dilute acids or with
enzyme give two molecules of either same or
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The two monosaccharides are joined together by an

oxide linkage formed by loss
of a water molecule
This is is called
actually an ether
group and

glycosidic linkage .

& o -

& -
→ -

& -0 -

& -

+140

SUCROSE

✗ D- Glucose
-

+
P D
- -

Glucose

MALTOSE

B- D- Galactose
+

B- D Glucose

LACTOSE

B- D- Galactose
+

B- D- Glucose

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INVERSION OF SUCROSE -

sucrose on dextro -

rotatory
but on hydrolysis either with dilute acid or with
enzyme invertase ,
the solution is changed into
laevo -

rotatory solution .

As dextro rotatory sucrose is changed

to lack rotatory solution after hydrolysis
The sucrose is called a invert sugar "

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DC-1) Glucose
-
DG ) fructose
-

1- 66.5°
+52.5° -92.4°

since the laevo rotation of fructose C- 92.4° ) is

more than dextro rotation of glucose C -152.5° ) ,
the

mixture is laevis
rotatory .

Polysaccharides GaB@G-GBharatPanehal-ChemistryGuruji2.o
starch it is a
polymer of ✗ glucose units and it consist -

two components -

Amylose and Amylopectin

Amylose

Amylopectin

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Cellulose
It is a
straight chain polysaccharide of B D
-
-

glucose units in which glucose unit

↳ of one and
Ca of the next unit is linked together by
glucose
glycosidic linkage

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Glycogen -

It is called animal in
starch as stored
animal body and its resemblance with the Str .

of amylopectin . It is highly branched and is

present in liver ,
muscles and brain .
is broken
It
down to to bro ride energy
glucose by the enzyme

of the body .

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