1 ACETONE 12914.

110)
2 AERYLONITIRILE 2926.1000
3 AMMONIUM NITRATE 3102..3000

With the With the exception of the

exception of the instructions provided by the
instructions fumigant manufacturers and
provided by the the US Department of
fumigant Agriculture’s (USDA)
manufacturers Fumigation Handbook, there
and the US are few other guidelines
Department of dealing with in-transit
Agriculture’s fumigation. The International
(USDA) Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Fumigation Code (IMSBC) provides
Handbook, there recommendations on
are few other fumigation of cargo holds,
guidelines dealing including in-transit, but offers
with in-transit no specific details of
fumigation. The fumigation periods or
International concentrations*.
Maritime Solid
Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC)
provides
recommendation
s on fumigation of
cargo holds,
including in-
transit, but offers
no specific details
of fumigation
periods or
concentrations*.
Manufacturers’ Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Guidelines
Fumigant Fumigant manufacturers
manufacturers provide details of the
provide details of minimum application time,
the minimum which is dependent on the
application time, ambient temperature.
which is However, often these
dependent on the guidelines do not apply to
ambient bulk shipments as they
temperature. assume the fumigant can be
However, often uniformly applied. The rate of
these guidelines phosphine gas generation
do not apply to slows in cooler conditions,
bulk shipments as leading to longer minimum
they assume the fumigation periods.
fumigant can be
uniformly
applied. The rate
of phosphine gas
generation slows
in cooler
conditions,
leading to longer
minimum
fumigation
periods.
Table 1 - A typical Table 1 - A typical
manufacturers’ manufacturers’ fumigation
fumigation time time guidelines, assuming
guidelines, uniform application.
assuming uniform
application.
Ambient Fumigation Period Ambient Temperature
Temperature
5°C Do not fumigate 5°C
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours) 5-12°C
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours) 12-15°C
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours) 16-20°C
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours) > 20°C

Application Application
Aluminium Aluminium phosphide is
phosphide is usually applied using belts,
usually applied ropes, blankets, strips or
using belts, ropes, sleeves, which are readily
blankets, strips or retrievable once fumigation
sleeves, which are is complete and leave little
readily retrievable physical residue. In surface
once fumigation application, the metal
is complete and phosphide packages are
leave little placed on top of the stow
physical residue. and the produced phosphine,
In surface which is slightly heavier than
application, the air, gradually permeates
metal phosphide through the stow. Trench-in
packages are application is practically the
placed on top of same, the only difference
the stow and the being that the fumigant
produced packages are buried
phosphine, which approximately 30 cm
is slightly heavier beneath the surface of the
than air, gradually stow. The advantages of
permeates using surface or trench-in
through the stow. methods are ease of
Trench-in application and lower costs.
application is Surface and trench-in
practically the applications are commonly
same, the only encountered on ships.
difference being
that the fumigant
packages are
buried
approximately 30
cm beneath the
surface of the
stow. The
advantages of
using surface or
trench-in
methods are ease
of application and
lower costs.
Surface and
trench-in
applications are
commonly
encountered on
ships.
J-System/ J-System/ Recirculation
Recirculation Application
Application
The principal The principal drawback of the
drawback of the first two methods is the slow
first two methods phosphine permeation
is the slow through the stow. This
phosphine becomes a limiting factor in
permeation deep stows and using a
through the stow. recirculation system, can
This becomes a increase the rate of
limiting factor in permeation and decrease the
deep stows and fumigation time. The
using a fumigant packages are placed
recirculation on the surface of the stow or
system, can trenched-in and, using
increase the rate electric fans and pipework,
of permeation the phosphine is piped from
and decrease the the headspace to the tank
fumigation time. top and released beneath the
The fumigant stow. This allows the
packages are phosphine to circulate
placed on the through the stow and halves
surface of the the minimum fumigation
stow or trenched- time.
in and, using
electric fans and
pipework, the
phosphine is
piped from the
headspace to the
tank top and
released beneath
the stow. This
allows the
phosphine to
circulate through
the stow and
halves the
minimum
fumigation time.

Available Available Guidelines/

Guidelines/ Regulations
Regulations
With the With the exception of the
exception of the instructions provided by the
instructions fumigant manufacturers and
provided by the the US Department of
fumigant Agriculture’s (USDA)
manufacturers Fumigation Handbook, there
and the US are few other guidelines
Department of dealing with in-transit
Agriculture’s fumigation. The International
(USDA) Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Fumigation Code (IMSBC) provides
Handbook, there recommendations on
are few other fumigation of cargo holds,
guidelines dealing including in-transit, but offers
with in-transit no specific details of
fumigation. The fumigation periods or
International concentrations*.
Maritime Solid
Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC)
provides
recommendation
s on fumigation of
cargo holds,
including in-
transit, but offers
no specific details
of fumigation
periods or
concentrations*.
Manufacturers’ Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Guidelines
Fumigant Fumigant manufacturers
manufacturers provide details of the
provide details of minimum application time,
the minimum which is dependent on the
application time, ambient temperature.
which is However, often these
dependent on the guidelines do not apply to
ambient bulk shipments as they
temperature. assume the fumigant can be
However, often uniformly applied. The rate of
these guidelines phosphine gas generation
do not apply to slows in cooler conditions,
bulk shipments as leading to longer minimum
they assume the fumigation periods.
fumigant can be
uniformly
applied. The rate
of phosphine gas
generation slows
in cooler
conditions,
leading to longer
minimum
fumigation
periods.
Table 1 - A typical Table 1 - A typical
manufacturers’ manufacturers’ fumigation
fumigation time time guidelines, assuming
guidelines, uniform application.
assuming uniform
application.
27 PETROLEUM ETHER 2710.0011
28 SODIUM NITRITE 2834.2900
29 SULPHUR 2802.0000
30 SULPHURIC ACID 2807.0000
31 TOLUOL 2707.2000
32 THINNER 3814.0000
33 TOLUENE 2902.3000
34 VINYL ACETATE 2915.3200
35 XYLENE MΕΤΑ 2902.4200
36 ISO-PROPYL ALCOHOL 2905.1200
37 METHYL ACRYLATE 2915.1200
38 METHYL ETHYL KETONE 2914.1200
39 TERT-BUTYL ACRALYATE 2916:1200
40 ISO-PROPYL ALCOHOL 2905.1200
41 METHACRYLONITRILE 292619000