DB Physics-I Lecture-6

Diploma in Electrical Engineering

First Semester

R.R. Mahto
Reflection and refraction through plane surfaces
The branch of physics which deals with the phenomenon of
light is called optics.
Ray :- The path along which light travels is called ray

Beam :- The collection of large number of rays is called beam

Beam

Parallel Beam Convergent Beam Divergent Beam

Reflection of light at plane surfaces.
Laws of reflection:-
1. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal dropped at
the point of incidence all lie on the same plane

2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

i.e., ir
Glancing angle

g
Deviation produced by plane mirror.
Consider a ray of light
incident on the mirror after
reflection goes along OB
direction. If the mirror were
not present then the path r
would be along AOA’
direction. So the deviation
produced is  is called angle
of deviation.
Fig. Deviation produced by plane
From the fig.
mirror.

OR,   BOA'  BOY  YOA'

OR,   BOA'  BOY  YOA'

  BOA '  900  i  g

  BOA '  g  g
  BOA '  2 g
g = glancing angle
  2g
S.Q. Show that when the mirror is rotated through certain angle,
the reflected ray is deviated through double angle .

Consider a ray of light incident on N

the mirror after reflection goes B’
along OB direction. If the mirror
were not present then the path
would be along AOH direction. So g
the deviation produced is . 

From the fig.

Fig. Rotation of reflected ray
  2g
If the mirror is rotated through an angle  then glancing angle
becomes g   From the fig
so the new deviation produced is

OR,    2g   
From the fig.

B' OB  B' OH  BOH

OR,   
OR,   2g     2g

OR,   2  2 g  2 g
OR,   2  2 g  2 g

  2
i.e when the mirror is rotated through an angle  then the
reflected ray rotated through the double of angle the angle of
rotation.
Reflection by spherical surfaces
Principal focus

The parallel beam of light incident on mirror after reflection

actually meet at a point or a appear to come from the point is
called principal focus. In the figure F is principal focus.

Focal length(f):- The distance between principal focus and

pole of the mirror is called focal length.
Show that the relation f=R/2, R is the radius of curvature and f
be focal length.
Consider a ray of light OA
incident on the mirror after
reflection passes through focus.
Now draw normal at A must
passes through centre of
curvature C of mirror.
From the figure, Fig. Show that the relation
f=R/2,
OAC  FAC …………………(1)
By Laws of reflection
OAC  ACF …………………(2)
By alternate angles
From 1 & 2 we get,
FAC  ACF
 Hence triangle AFC is isosceles triangle, Hence
AF  FC
If the aperture of the mirror is very small then the point A and P
are very close to each other then AF  PF
Now,
CP  FC  PF
AF  PF  FC
OR, CP  PF  PF
OR, R f  f 2f

OR, R2f
R
f  I.e. Focal length is half of radius of curvature
2
Sign convention of spherical(convex or concave) mirror
1. All distances are measured from the pole of the mirror.
2. Focal length of concave mirror is positive and convex mirror
is negative.
3. Distances of real object and images are taken as positive
while the distances of virtual object and images are taken
as negative.
 S.Q. Derive the mirror formula for concave mirror
Consider a ray of light AD incident on the mirror after reflection
passes through focus. Another ray incident normally on the
mirror at E after reflection return back along its own path. So
these two reflected ray meet at A. Similarly image of B formed
at B. Hence the final image of AB formed at AB.
The image formed is real
inverted and smaller in size
than object.

 ABC and  A’B’C are similar, P

N
so
AB BC
 …………………(1)
AB BC
Fig. Relation between u ,v and f
 Now draw perpendicular from D on principal axis at N
Again,  DNF and  A’B’F are similar, so

DN FN DN  AB
OR, 
AB BF

AB FN
OR,  …………………(2)
AB BF

From 1 & 2 we get

BC FN

BC BF
Since the point D is very close to P then FNFP
 BP  CP FP BP  u =Object distance
OR, 
CP  BP BP  FP BP  v =Image distance

u2f f CP  R  2 f =Radius of
OR,  curvature
2 f v v f
FP  f =focal length
OR, u  2 f v  f   f 2 f  v

OR, uv  uf  2vf  2 f 2
 2 f 2
 vf

OR, uv  uf  2vf  vf  0

OR, uv  uf  vf  0

On dividing both sides by uvf we get,

 uv uf vf
OR,   0
uvf uvf uvf

1 1 1
OR,   0
f v u
Therefore,

1 1 1
 
f v u
MAGNIFICATION OF MIRRORS
It is defined as the ratio of the height(size) of the image to the
height of the object and is denoted as m. The magnification, m
produced by a spherical mirror can be expressed as:
m=I/O
Here, I is the height of image and O is the height of the object.
Magnification is also equal to the ratio of image distance to
the object distance.
m=v/u​
CTEVT 2074 R/B
20. An object 20mm high is placed 10cm from a spherical mirror
and forms a virtual images which is 40mm high. What is the radius
of curvature of the mirror?
CTEVT 2076 R/B

21. An object is placed 12 cm in front of concave mirror of radius of

curvature 16 cm. find its image position, nature of image and
magnification
CTEVT 2075 R/B

22. An object 4 cm high is placed at a distance of 12 cm from a

concave mirror of radius 40 cm. Find the position, nature and size
of image.
CTEVT 2070 R/B
L.Q. Prove the relation for refractive index of glass prism,
 A  m 
sin  
 
2 
A
sin
2

Consider ABC is an A
equilateral prism of angle
A is shown in fig.1. Let a
ray PQ incident on the
face AB after refraction
goes along QR direction
and finally emerges along
RS direction . In the fig, i is B C
the angle of incidence and
e is angle of emergence. Fig.1. Refraction through prism
 If the prism were not present then the path of ray would
be along PQGH direction. So deviation produced is 
HGR   is called angle of deviation.
From the figure,
GQR  1  i  r1
  1  2
GRQ  2  e  r2
OR,   i r1e  r2
OR,   i  e  r1  r2  …………………(1)
From the quadrilateral AQFR

A  F  1800 …………………..………(2)
 From  QFR
r1  r2  F  1800……………………………………..……(3)
r1  r2  F  F  A
From 2 and 3 we get,

r1  r2  A ………………………………………..………..…...……(4)
From 1 and 4 we get,

  i  e  A ………………………………………….…....……(5)
Minimum deviation

As we increase the angle of incidence, the angle of deviation

will also increase but at a certain value of angle of incidence,
the deviation becomes minimum is called angle of minimum
deviation. It is denoted by m
Condition for minimum deviation
ie r1  r2  r
  m
From 4 we get,

rr  A
OR, 2r  A
A
OR, r 
2
Again From 5 we get,
Fig.2. Angle for minimum deviation
m  i  i  A
OR,  m  2i  A
OR, 2i  A   m
A  m
OR, i
2
If  be the refractive index of the glass prism medium then
from snell’s law, we have

sin i

sin r
Therefore,
 A  m 
sin  
  2 
A
sin
2
CTEVT 2074 R/B

23. Calculate the angle of Prism with refractive index 1.5,

which produces an angle of minimum deviation is 37.20