1

Forces
Dynamics
 2
What causes things to move?
Forces

•What is a force?
•A push or a pull that one
body exerts on another.
3 •Balanced forces

Cause NO change in
motion
4
 5
Unbalanced forces
• If the forces acting on a body are
"unbalanced" this means that there is a "net"
or "resultant" force.
• The object will do one of the following:
1. Speed Up
2. Slow Down
3. Change the Direction of its Motion
• In other words
• The object will Accelerate
6
7
Newtons
• SI unit of force is the Newton
(N).
• Defined as the amount of force
that when acting on a 1 kg object
produces an acceleration of
1m/s2.
• Therefore, 1N = 1 kg • m
s2
8 Newton’s First Law
9
Newton’s First Law

• An object in motion will remain

in motion unless acted upon by
an outside, external, force. An
object at rest will remain at rest,
unless acted upon by an outside
force.
 10 Newton’s First Law
• What do you mean by “Net Force”?
• Net means: Final Sum, so net
external force is the sum of all the
forces acting on the object.
• What are the net forces in the
following?
 11 Newton’s First Law
•Newton’s First Law is also called the Law
of Inertia.
• Inertia is the tendency of an
object to resist any change in its
motion.
12

Why does the ladder

continue to move?
Inertia!
 13

Why does the person continue to move?

Inertia!
Clip
14
Newton’s Second Law
• The acceleration of an object
is directly proportional to the
net external force acting on
the object and inversely
proportional to the object’s
mass.
•F=ma
• Clip
15
16
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion:
•Force = mass x acceleration
F = (ma)
■ Mass is in kg
2
■ Acceleration is in m/s
2
■ Force is in kg x m/ s (or N)
17 Force Problems:
What force is needed to give an object
with a mass of 25.0 kg an acceleration
2
of 15.0 m/s ?
Formula

Given: F = ma Unknown:
m = 25.0 kg F=?
a = 15.0 m/sec²
F = (25 kg)(15 m/sec²)
F = 375 kg•m/sec² = 375 N
18
Forces
that
oppose
motion
1 -Friction is a force
9 that
opposes motion b
etween
two surfaces that
are
touching each othe
r.
f o r c e
i s t h e
st a nc e
r r e s i o v i n g
- A i o n a m
x e r t s
ai r e
c t .
obje
20 Friction
• What Causes Friction?
• Microscopic, electrostatic
interactions between contacting
surfaces
• Four types of friction:
1. Static Friction
2. Sliding Friction
3. Rolling Friction
4. Fluid Friction
21 Types of Friction
■ Types of friction:
1. Static – force required to
overcome inertia of a
stationary object
22 Static Friction (FS)
 23Types of Friction (cont’.)
2. Sliding – force required to keep an object
sliding at a constant speed

3. Rolling – force
required to keep an
object rolling at a
constant
•To decrease friction, speed-
surfaces can least
be lubricated
with a liquid such as oil. value
friction
 CLIP
24
The amount of force
required to overcome
static friction is always
greater than the force
required to overcome
sliding or rolling
friction.
25 GRAVITY!!
• The force of gravity is an attractive force
between objects.
• The amount of GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
between objects depends upon their:
• 1- Masses (greater mass means more gravity)
• 2- Distance apart (greater distance means
less gravity)

*All objects fall toward the earth at the same rate

of acceleration, regardless of their masses!
CLIP
26

Acceleration due to Gravity on earth is 9.8 m/s2

29Free fall and Terminal Velocity
• The opposing force of air resistance increases with
speed.
• Objects accelerate towards the Earth until the
force of gravity is cancelled or balanced by this air
resistance.
• This is the highest speed an object can reach.
• Different objects have different terminal velocities.
 30 Weight and Gravity
o r c e o f
is t h e f
• W e ig h t t h e
b e t w ee n
gr a v it y y o n i t s
d a b o d
a n
earth
f a c e .
sur m a s s !
e ig h t ≠ e d i n
•W m e a s u r
e i g h t is
• W N ) .
w t o n s (
N e
BECAUSE IT’S A FORCE!
31

w e i g h t
l d y o u r g
C ou ly g o i n
b y s im p
c h an g e f a
e t o p o
to th
u n t a in ?
mo
 32 Weight
• When the mass of an
object and the
acceleration due to
gravity are known, the
weight of an object can
be calculated. W = (g)(m)
Ex. Mass = 100kg
Acc.= 9.81 m/s2
Weight = 981 N
33
Example Problem
• What is your weight if your mass 4.52
kilograms?
Given: Unknown:
m = 4.52 kg W=?
g = a = 9.8 m/sec²
Formula: W = mg

⬥W = (4.52kg)(9.8 m/sec²)
⬥W = 44.296 kg•m/sec² = 44.296 N
34
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
…toevery action force
there is an equal and
opposite reaction force
35
Action-Reaction
forces act on
different objects
36
37
Projectile Motion
❖ Projectiles follow a curved path because of
the Earth’s gravitational pull.
They have 2 types of motion that are
independent of each other:
1. Horizontal motion 2. Vertical motion
38 Projectile Motion
Which will hit the ground first?
A ball that is dropped straight
down or a ball that is “shot”
out horizontally?

* An object launched horizontally

will land on the ground at the
same time as an object simply
dropped from the same height!!!!
39 Another Example of Projectile Motion