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XII ENGLISH STUDY MATERIAL – 2022-23

ONE MARK REVISION: (20 X 1 = 20 MARKS)

SYNONYMS: (Q.NO:1-3)

LESSON 1 LESSON 2
Cautious – careful Dispute –conflicts
disapprove – refuse Civilization – society in advanced social
Brisk – active development
engaging – employ Stimulated – motivated
humble – polite Stray – loose
eager – interesting Liable – responsible
resistance – opposition Curious – interesting
persuade – encourage Controversial – arguable
scarce – rare Virtues – good qualities
nobility - dignity Despised – hated
slackened – reduced Stimulation – excitement
deserted – uninhabited Optimistic – positive
vexation – annoyance Etiquette – socially acceptable behaviour
vestibule – lobby Profound – great
intrude – enter without permission Decency – nobility
Disfigured – spoiled appearance

LESSON – 3 LESSON 4
Profession – career Traverse – crossing a mountain slope
Sorrowful – gloomy Cornice – overhanging mass of snow
Destiny - fate Tantalize – tease
Hijacked – commandeered Crampon – climbing on ice wearing spikes
Motivation – encouragement Wriggled – twisted
Serious – severe Scrambling – climbing hurriedly
Significant – important Gauges – measuring devices
Consideration – careful thought Horizon – outlook
Prevalent – common Steep – sharp
Agony – pain Zest – enthusiasm
Perforated – damaged with holes
Sophisticated – well
advanced
Solace – comfort
Intrepid – bold
Malignant – harmful
Finale – climax
Amputated – cutoff by
operation

LESSON – 5
Portly – stocky
Spluttered – cackled
Impudent – disrespectful
Expounded – explained
Languorously – lethargically
Hordes – crowd
Exasperatedly – annoyingly
Splendour – magnificence
Paraphernalia – things, stuff
Bereavement – mourning, grief
Subsided – diminished
Sturdy – strong
Seasoned – garnished
Corpse – dead body
Gait – pace
ANTONYMS: (Q.NO: 4-6)
LESSON -1
Cautious X careless
Disapprove X approve
Brisk X inactive
Engaging X boring
Humble X impolite
Eager X uninterested
Resistance X compliance
Persuade X dissuade
Scarce X adequate
Nobility X dishonour
LESSON – 3
Rare X prevalent
Primitive X sophisticated
Fiction X fact
Fearful X intrepid
Benign X malignant
Diffidence X confidence
Boredom X amusement
Criticize X appreciate
Finale X beginning
Solace X discomfort
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LESSON – 6
Confusion – mess
Peril – risk
Pedestrians – persons who walk on the streets
Chaos – confusion
Anarchy – lawlessness
Preserved – maintained
Curtailed –reduced
Tyranny – autocracy
Insolence – rudeness
Interfere – hinder
Contract – commitment
Fancy – desire
Indifferent – unconcerned
Shandy – lemonade
Ridiculous – comical
Conventional – normal
Accommodate – fit in with
Consideration – scrutiny
LESSON 2
Despised X liked
Optimistic X pessimistic
Shallow X deep
Arrival X departure
Sufficient X inadequate
Curious X indifferent
Controversial X agreeable
Virtues X vices
Stimulation X discourage
Liable X irresponsible
LESSON 4
Traverse X confirm
Tiny X large
Crest X nadir
Fierce X dull
Concealed X open
Scrambled X organize
Delight X sorrow
Advantage X disadvantage
Descending X ascending
Frequent X irregular

LESSON – 5
Impudent X respectful
Anticipation X ignorance
Fortuitously X unfortunately
Splendour X simplicity
Unmatched X inferior
Subsided X increased
Sturdy X weak
Bereavement X rejoice
Banter X flattery
Employed X unemployed
COMPOUND WORD:
(Q.NO:7)
Compound word may have
the combination of the
following:
N + N – School boy
N + V - Sun rise
V + N – Push button
N + Adj – Duty Free
Adj + N – Blueprint
Adj + V – White wash
N + G – Oil painting
G + N – Spinning wheel
Pre + N – Uphill
(NOUN- Naming word
VERB – Action word
ADJECTIVE – Qualifies
Noun
GERUND – Participle
form(v+ing)
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LESSON – 6
Confusion X calmness
Peril X safety
Liberty X constraints
Tyranny X freedom
Ridiculous X logical
Conventional X abnormal
Chaos X calmness
Insolence X respect
Anarchy X peace
Curtailed X enlarged
IDIOMS: (Q.NO: 8)
Cup of tea – favourite Fetch and carry – to do a lot of
To make good – to little jobs
compensate for wrong Do the math – to think
doing carefully before doing
Save one’s skin – to Round the corner – very near
protect oneself from The icing on the cake –
difficulty something extra and not
Make both ends meet – essential is added
manage one’s expenses Break the ice – to make
within one’s income people more relaxed
A bolt out of a sky – a Raise the devil – to complain
sudden unexpected event Black with anger – became
or news enraged
Go to grave – to exit the
world Have the whip hand
– to be the most powerful
Under a cloud – viewed
with suspicion and
distrust
Wait for the dust to settle –
wait for situation to
become clear
Get all your ducks in a row
– to be well organized
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PREPOSITION: (Q.NO: 9)

Words used before a noun, pronoun OVER ABOVE

Or a noun phrase.

ON
NN
BEHIND

AMONG IN BETWEEN
NEAR
FRONT
UNDER BELOW

IN ON AT
TIME - YEAR & MONTH TIME – DAYS (on Sunday) TIME – 24 HRS (at 6 PM)
(in 1980, in May)
PLACE – COUNTRY ( in PLACE – STREET (on PLACE – TOWN ( at
India) Bazaar street) Tamilnadu)
DIRECTION – TO (I went to the AGENT – BY (The work is
market) done by Ravi.)

AMERICAN ENGLISH: (Q.NO: 10)

BRITISH AMERICAN BRITISH AMERICAN

PAVEMENT SIDEWALK TIMETABLE SCHEDULE
PULLOVER SWEATER POST MAIL
WAISTCOAT VEST HOLIDAY VACATION
CHIPS FRENCH FRIES AUTUMN FALL
FLAT APARTMENT LIFT ELEVATOR
GROUND FIRST FLOOR NAPPY DIAPER
FLOOR
UNDERGROUND CELLAR FULLY FULL
QUEUE LINE LOO RESTROOM
WIND SCREEN WIND SHIELD SWEETS CANDIES
INDICATOR BLINLKER BIN TRASH CAN
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ABBREVIATIONS: (Q.NO: 11)

AIBA - Association Internationale de Boxe MBA – Master of Business Administration

Amateur
CBSE – Central Board of Secondary
Education
CCTV – Closed circuit Television
CPU – Central Processing Unit
ECG – Electro Cardio Gram
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
GPS – Global Positioning System
GST – Goods Service Tax
ICU – Intensive Care Unit
IELTS – International English Language
Testing System
IIM – Indian Institute of Management
IIT – Indian Institute of Technology
ISD – International Subscriber Dialing
ITI – Industrial Training Institute
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
LED – Light Emitting Diode
MHRD – Ministry of Human Resource
Development
MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NCC – National Cadet Corps
NRI – Non Resident Indian
NEET – National Eligibility cum Entrance Test
NGO – Non Governmental Organisation
PTA – Parent Teacher Association
RSC – Referee Stopped Contest
STD – Subscriber Trunk Dialing
TNPSC – Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission
USB – Universal Serial Bus
USA – United States of America

RELATIVE PRONOUN: (Q.NO:12)

Person WHO Verb Things THAT

Person WHOM Person (I, WE, YOU, THEY, HE Place WHERE
,SHE)
Person WHOSE Relations (father, mother, uncle….) Animals WHICH Verb
\ possessions (things of a person). Animals WHOSE Possessions

The Clock THAT you gave me

Eg: This is Ram WHO is I our leader.
is not working.

The man with WHOM I was speaking This is the school WHERE I
is a doctor. studied.

This is the girl WHOSE project got

the award. I saw a snake WHICH had
two heads.

QUESTION TAG: (Q.NO:13)
FACT
FORMATION: Tag is formed with the
auxiliary or modal verb and subject
(personal pronoun – I, WE, YOU, HE, SHE,
IT, and THEY) of the sentence.
AGREEMENT: PRONOUN should agree
with VERB
CONTRACTED FORM: “NOT” is always
used in contracted form.
TAG: Negative statement takes positive
tag. Positive statement takes negative tag.
Eg: Ravi is a student, ……………….?
FORMATION – is (auxiliary verb) RAVI –
(SUBJECT – forms personal pronoun – he)
AGREEMENT: is agrees with he.
CONTRACTED FORM - n’t
TAG: Positive statement takes negative tag.
Ravi is a student, isn’t he?
CLIPPED WORD: (Q.NO: 14)
Aero plane – plane
Examination – exam
Demarcate – mark
Omni bus – bus
Chimpanzee – chimp
Photograph – photo
Microphone – mike
Cafeteria – café
Gasoline – gas
Helicopter – copter
Pantaloons – pants
Zoological garden - zoo
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ISWA
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES: Subject “you” is
hidden and take the verb “will” as tag.
Eg: open the door, will you?
SINGULAR SUBJECTS: Such as somebody,
someone, everybody, everyone, anybody,
anyone, nobody, no one takes the plural
pronoun “they”.
Eg: Everyone was present, weren’t they?
Nobody has arrived yet, have they?
WORDS: Words such as hardly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, little, few are considered as
negative words and take positive tags.
Words such as “a little”, “a few” are
considered as positive words and take
negative tags.
Words “there” take as subject of the tag.
Words “let’s” take the tag as “shall we?”
“AM” Verb: takes “aren’t” as its negative
tag.
Telephone – phone
University – varsity
Memorandum – memo
Influenza – flu
Hippopotamus – hippo
Bride groom –groom
Fanatic – fan
Demonstration – demo
Perambulator – pram
Refrigerator – fridge
Introduction – intro
Fountain pen - pen

BLENDED WORDS: (Q.NO:15)
1. ADVERTISEMENT + EDITORIAL –
ADVERTORIAL
2. ALPHABETIC + NUMERIC –
ALPHANUMERIC
3. BIOLOGY + ELECTRONIC - BIONIC
4. BIOGRAPHY + PICTURE -BIOPIC
5. BINARY + DIGIT –BIT
6. BREAKFAST + LUNCH -BRUNCH
7. CAMERA + RECORDER - CAMCORDER
8. CHANNEL + TUNNEL - CHUNNEL
9. DOCUMENTARY + DRAMA -
DOCUDRAMA
10. EDUCATION + SATELLITE - EDUSAT
11. EDUCATION + ENTERTAINMENT -
EDUTAINMENT
12. ELECTRO + EXECUTE - ELECTROCUTE
13. ELECTRONIC + MAIL - EMAIL
14. EMOTION + ICON - EMOTICON
15. FOREIGN + EXCHANGE -FOREX
16. FOURTEEN + NIGHT -FORTNIGHT
17. FRIEND + ENEMY -FRENEMY
18. GLOBAL + ENGLISH -GLOBISH
19. HUNGRY + ANGER - HANGRY
20. HELICOPTER + AIRPORT - HELIPORT
21. HIGH + FIDELITY -HIFI
22. HIGH + TECHNOLOGY - HITECH
23. INFORMATION + COMMERCIAL -
INFOMERCIAL
24. INFORMATION + ENTERTAINMENT -
INFOTAINMENT
25. INTERNATIONAL + NETWORK -
INTERNET
26. KEYBOARD + GUITAR – KEYTAR
27. MAN + EXPLAINING - MANSPLAINING
28. MECHANICS + ELECTRONICS -
MECHATRONICS
29. MOTOR + BIKE -MOBIKE
30. MODULATOR + DEMODULATOR -
MODEM
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31. MOTOR + PEDAL - MOPED
32. MOTOR + HOTEL - MOTEL
33. MOTOR + CAVALCADE – MOTORCADE
34. INTERNET + CITIZEN - NETIZEN
35. NEWS + BROADCAST - NEWSCAST
36. OXFORD + CAMBRIDGE – OXBRIDGE
37. PARACHUTE + TROOP - PARATROOP
38. PHONE + TABLET - PHABLET
39. PICTURE + DICTIONARY - PICTIONARY
40. SCIENCE + FICTION - SCIFI
41. SITUATION + COMEDY – SITCOM
42. SMOKE + FOG - SMOG
43. SPLASH + SPUTTER - SPLUTTER
44. SPOON + FORK – SPORK
45. SPORTS + BROADCAST –
SPORTSCAST
46. STAY + VACATION - STAYCATION
47. TECHNOLOGY + WIZARD -
TECHNOWIZARD
48. TELEVISION + PHOTOGENIC -
TELEGENIC
49. TELEPRINTER + EXCHANGE - TELEX
50. TRAVEL + CATALOGUE –
TRAVELOGUE
51. VIDEO + BLOG – VLOG
52. WEB + SEMINAR – WEBINAR
53. WORK + ALCOHOLIC - WORKAHOLIC
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PREFIX / SUFFIX: (Q.NO: 16)

PREFIX SUFFIX
Uninhabited Infertile Impatiently Malignant
Unoccupied Indifferent differently fertility
Unrestrained Encourage Friendly obedient
Unfriendly Ennoble Successfully Hopeful
Unhappy Discourage Proudly Cheerful
Undying Disfigured honourable Manhood
Unconcerned Dishonour Respectable Artless
Impatient Disrespect Management Hopeless
Incomprehensible Disobey Amusement lawlessness
Inadequate Mismanage commitment conventional
Incredible Misappropriate optional

SYLLABIFICATION: (Q.NO: 17)

a , e, i, o , u – Mono syllabic Di syllabic Tri syllabic

vowel (V) ( y – semi M i s t– L a u g h t e r - E n t e r t a i n -
vowel (V) ) C v c c C v v c c c v c V c c v c c v v c
1. v v
b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p, Mono syllabic
q,r,s,t,v,w,x,z – word. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3.
CONSONANTS ( C
) D r e a m– Di syllabic word Tri syllabic word
C c v v c
SYLLABLE v a u c t i o n– C o m p u t e r -
PATTERN: 1. v v c c v v c C v c c v c v c
1. CVC; v v
2. CV; Mono syllabic 1. (wrong – vc syllable
3. VC (BEGINNING word. 1. 2. cannot form at end.)
OF A WORD)
L o v e - Di syllabic word 2.
NOTES:
C v c 3.
Two adjacent
1.
vowels can be
Mono syllabic Tri syllabic word
considered as one
word
vowel sound.
If the last letter of a
word is “e” – may
not consider it.
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PHRASAL VERBS: (Q.NO:18)

Bank on – to depend Get away – to go for Run away – flee

Draw up - prepare
Call on – pay a short visit
Call out - summon
Call up - invite
Cut off – disconnect
Come upon – to meet
unexpectedly
check in – arrive at
airport\hotel check out –
pay the bill when leaving a
hotel
Get in – enter a bus
Get off – leave a bus\train
Get on – arrive inside
bus\train
vacation
Get through - pass
Give up – abandon
Look into – investigate
Look at – view
Look through - scan
Look after – take care
Put on – wear
Put up – to tolerate
Put off – postpone
Put out – stop something
burning
Pass out – come out
successful Run over- hit by
vehicle
Run into – meet accidently
Set off - to begin the journey
See off – to go to station to
say goodbye
Stand up – raising position
Stand for – represent
Stand by - support
Took over – assume charge
Take off – left the ground
/depart
Take away - remove
Take on - accept
Turn away – to disperse
Turn on – to open

FOREIGN WORDS: (Q.NO: 19)

En famille – as a family En route – during a journey

Bons mots – witty remarks
Viva-voce – a spoken examination
Sine die – without a date being fixed
Resume – a brief summary
Rapport – close relationship with good
understand
Bonafide – genuine
Bon voyage – have a nice trip
In toto – totally
In cognito – in disguise
Liaison – contact
Tete-a-tete – private conversation
between two
Status quo – existing situation
Exgratia – out in good will
En masse – in a group
Magnum opus – great work
of art
Adieu – goodbye
Guru - master
Coir – rope
Bamboo – wood
Faux pas – blunder
Verses – against
Bandicoot – kind of rat
Ad hoc – created for a particular purpose
Veranda – roofed platform outside a house
Bungalow – house in the Bengal style
Chutney – a ground or mashed relish
Chettah – uniquely marked
Catamaran – multi hulled watercrafts

DEFINITIONS: (Q.NO:20)
Ambidextrous – ability to use both hands
Archaeologist – studies artefacts and physical
remains
Amateurism – participating in sports as a
hobby Absenteeism – habitual failure at work
Aesthetics – study of beauty
Aeronautics – study of air craft
Barbarism – a brutal, savage act
Bibliophile – lover of books
Criticism – a serious examination and
judgement
Cardiologist – treats heart problems
Cynology – study of dog training
Dentist – treats dental problems
Dermatologist – treats skin problems
Egocentrism – concern for your own interests
and welfare
Ecology – study of organisms in environment
Entomologist – study of insect
Electrodynamics – study of electric currents
and fields
Feminism – equal rights for women
Gastroenterologist – treats stomach disorders
Geologist – studies matter of Earth
Globetrotter – travels all over the world
Gynecologist – treats diseases of women
Genetics – study of genes
Heroism – exceptional courage when facing
danger
Herpetologist – studies reptiles and
amphibians Ichthyology – study of fish
Informatics – study of data storage and
retrieval
Idealism – belief that the best possible
concepts should be pursued
Linguist – studies language and its structure
Linguistics – study of language
Misanthrope – keeps aloof and avoids all
social activities
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Meteorologist – studies weather and climate
Neonatologist – treats critical infants
Nephrologists – treats kidney diseases
Numismatics – study of money and coins
Neurologist – treats nervous disorders
Nonagenarian – people in their nineties
Nationalism – doctrine that your country’s
interests’ are superior
Oology – study of bird’s eggs
Ophthalmologist – treat vision problems
Optimist – person who’s hopeful and looks
brightside of future
Ornithologist – studies birds
Otolaryngologist – treats the problems of ear,
nose, tongue
Patriotism – love for country
Phonetics – study of speech sounds
Pathologist – studies diseases
Philanthrologist – person who seeks welfare of
mankind by donating money
Polyglot –person who speaks multiple
languages Pulmonologist – treats lung
problems
Politics – Study of Government
Sadist –person who derives pleasure by
hurting others
Statistics – study of analyzing numerals
Seismologist – studies earthquakes
Sociologist – studies functioning of human
society Teetotaler – person who never drinks
alcohol Thespian – gifted theatre art

ADDITIONALS FROM TEXTBOOK
NOUN PHRASE
Muscle + pain = muscular pain
Skeleton + system – skeletal system
Nerve + disorder – nervous disorder
Digestion + enzymes – digestive enzymes
Surgery + instruments – surgical instruments
EUPHEMISM
Died – passed away
Earning person – bread winner
Unemployed – in between jobs
Firing an employee –early retirement
Cheap – economical
Blind – visually challenged
Someone with disability – differently abled Deaf – hearing impaired
Second hand car – pre owned car
PART II (2 MARKS)
APPRECIATION QUESTIONS: (Q.NO: 21-26) ANSWER ANY FOUR – 4 X 2 = 8)
Poem 1
1. Who does “we” refer to?
“We” refers to soldiers.
2. How does the soldier spend the summer
days?
The soldiers of the castle were stress
free and relaxed.
3. What cold they watch from turret wall?
From the turret wall, they watched the
mowers and no enemy were found from
a kilometer.
4. How safe was the castle?
The gates of the castle are strong and
the walls are thick and high.
5. What was the firm belief of soldiers?
The soldiers believed that no one could
enter the castle by any trick.
6. What was challenging?
Entering the castle is challenging.
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Agony + experience – agonized experience
Glory + victory – glorious victory
Fancy + idea – fanciful idea
Emotion + song – emotional song
Sense + issue – sensitive issue
Fibre + tissue – fibrous tissue
Debt – negative cash flow
Rich – wealthy
Overweight – well fed
Slow learners – late bloomers
Jail/prison – correctional facility
Sick – under the weather
Stupid – intellectually challenged
Homeless – on the streets
7. What aspect of the castle’s strength is
conveyed?
The castle’s strong foothold is
conveyed.
8. Bring out the contrast in “Our maze of
tunneled stone grew thin”?
Stone walls of the underground
passage grew thin as air.
9. What happened to the castle?
The castle was captured by enemies
10. Why couldn’t they do anything?
They couldn’t do anything against
human greed for gold.
11. Why did they feel helpless?
They had no weapon to fight against
human greed for gold.

POEM -2
1. What is creeper compared to?
The creeper is compared to a python.
2. How does the creeper appear on the
tree?
The creeper with its flowers appears like
a scarf.
3. Name the bird that sings in the poet’s
garden.
The bird is kokila which welcomes the
day with her song.
4. What has wordsworth sanctified in his
poem?
Wordsworth has sanctified the solitary
Yew tree.
5. Which tree is referred to in the above
lines?
Casuarina tree is referred.
POEM – 3
1. What is the world compared to?
The world is compared to a stage.
2. What do the words ‘exits’ and entrance’
mean? ‘Exits’ means death and
‘entrance’ means births.
3. What is the first stage of a human’s life?
Infant is the first stage of human life.
4. Which stage of life is being referred to
here by the poet?
The second stage of the school boy is
being referred.
5. What are the characteristics of his
stage?
The boy goes to school unwillingly.
Poem 4
1. What does Ulysses do?
Ulysses is making laws for people who
don’t even know him.
2. Did he enjoy what he was doing? Give
reason. No, he did not enjoy what he was
doing. He yearns for adventurous travel.
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6. How does the tree survive the tight hold
of the creeper?
The tree is strong and– hold of the
creeper
7. Why does Toru Dutt use the expression
‘a creeper climbs’?
A creeper always needs a support to
hold on and climb up.
8. Who is the giant here?
The Casuarina tree is the giant.
9. Why is the scarf colourful?
The scarf is colourful as the creeper has
crimson flowers.
10. What does the expression ‘fain’ convey?
‘Fain’ means willingness, eagerness and
joy.
6. How does the boy go to school?
The boy goes to school unwillingly.
7. What is the solider ready to do?
The solider is ready to quarrel for his
country.
8. Explain ‘bubble reputation.
‘Bubble reputation’ refers to glory that is
short lived like a bubble.
9. Whom does justice refer to?
Justice refers to the judge, the man in his
fifth stage of life.
10. Describe his appearance.
He has a fat and round belly. He says
modern instances.
3. What is experience compared to?
Experience is compared to an arch.
4. How do the lines convey that the experience
is endless?
When we see through the arch, the end
fades away and immediately a new sight
emerges. So the experience is endless.

5. How is every hour important to the speaker?
As every hour passes, Ulysses gains
experience. So every hour is important to
him.
6. What does the term ‘Little remain’ convey?
He is old and left with a few more days of
life.
7. Who does Ulysses entrust his kingdom to, in
his absence?
Ulysses entrusts his kingdom to his son
Telemachus.
8. Bring out the significances of the ‘sceptre’.
Sceptre is the staff carried by kings. It is a
symbol of kingly power.
Poem 5
1. How should one face life?
One should face life like steel and hard
rock.
2. Why does the poet suggest to take life
easy? Life is like a fertile soil. If one is
gentle and easy, he too can succeed.
3. Can being is solitude help a strong human
being? How?
Being in solitude help a man. He becomes
creative and strong in solitude.
4. Why does the poet suggest that time can be
wasted?
Poem 6
1. Whose action is described here?
Napoleon’s action is described here.
2. What is meant by prone brow?
‘Prone brow’ means inclined brow as he
was seriously thinking.
3. What is his state of mind?
He was seriously thinking of capturing
Ratisbon.
4. Why did the boy contradict Napoleon’s
words?
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9. What do ‘thunder’ and ‘sunshine’ refer
to? “Thunder and sunshine” refer to the
easy and difficult situations in their
travel.
10. What do we infer about the attitude of
the sailors?
The sailors have good and bad times
with an undying spirit of adventure.
11. What was Ulysses’ purpose in life?
Ulysses’ purpose in life was to travel to
unknown lands.
12. How long would his venture last?
His venture would last till his death.
Time can be wasted in learning new
things and learning from one’s
mistakes.
5. Is it shame to be a fool at times?
No it is not shame to be a fool.
6. What does one learn from every folly?
One does learn something from every
failure.
7. How does free imagination help the
world?
Free imagination helps to bring
changes into the world.
Napoleon’s words underrated his valour.
So the boy contradicted Napoleon’s words.
5. Why was his pride touched?
His pride was touched because Napoleon
asked him if he was wounded.
6. Who is compared to the mother eagle in the
above lines?
Napoleon is compared to the mother eagle.
7. Explain the comparison.
On seeing the boy, Napoleon felt like a
mother eagle which looked at its eaglet in a
helpless manner.
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1.FIGURE OF SPEECH 2. FIGURE OF SPEECH 3. FIGURE OF SPEECH

Grew thin and treacherous as air –
Simile.
Oh then our maze of tunneled
stone – Metaphor
A little wicket wicked gate –
Personification
Our only enemy was gold –
Personification
How can this Shameful tale be
told?
- Rhetorical question
Like a huge python, winding round
and round – Simile
The giant wears the scarf, and
flowers are hung – Personification
A gray baboon sits statue – like
alone - Simile
The water lilies spring, like snow
enmassed – simile
Like the sea breaking on a shingle
breach? - Simile
All the world’s a stage – Metaphor
And all the men and women ,
merely players– Metaphor
And shining morning face,
creeping like a snail - Simile
Full of strange oaths and bearded
like pard – Simile
Seeking the bubble reputation -
Metaphor
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful
ballad - Simile

4. FIGURE OF SPEECH 5. FIGURE OF SPEECH 6. FIGURE OF SPEECH

Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy
Hyades\ vext the dim sea –
Personification
For always roaming with hungry
heart – Metaphor And drunk
delight of battle with my peers -
Metaphor
Moans round with many voices –
Personification To follow
knowledge like a sinking star -
Simile There lies the port, the
vessel puffs her sail -
Personification
Life is hard; be steel; be a rock – You know, we French stormed
Metaphor Ratisbon. – SYNECDOCHE (a
Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go
part is made to represent the
easy - Metaphor
whole)
(French refers to the country,
The growth of frail flower in a path not the army)
up
Has sometimes shattered and split
a rock– Antithesis
Brutes have been gentled where
lashes failed - Antithesis

Let him have lazy days seeking his

deeper motives – Transferred
epithet
Free imaginations \ Bringing
changes into a world resenting
change - Transferred epithet

Tell him solitude if he is strong –

Repetition
Tell him to be a fool ever so often -
Repetition
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GRAMMAR: (Q.NO:27-30) ANSWER ANY THREE – 3 X 2 = 6)

REPORT THE DIALOGUE:

TYPES OF REPORTING CONJUNCTION CHANGE OF CHANGE OF CHANGE OF

SENTENCES VERB PERSON TENSE WORDS
STATEMENT told that 1. SUBJECT: Pre –past Now –then
(SVO.) (SPEAKER) I – Am – was Here – there
he /she Is – was This – that
Are – were
(LISTENER)YOU These – those
INTERROGATIVE asked “Wh-“ / – he /she Have- had
Has – had Today – that day
(?) If (polar We – they
questions) Past – past Yesterday – the
2.OBJECT:
perf. previous day
(SPEAKER) me Was – had Tomorrow – the
– him /her Had – had
IMPERATIVE Requested/ to next day
(please - VO. / ordered (LISTENER)you been
VO.) – him /her
us – them Go – went
3.POSSESSIVE: Have gone –
EXCLAMATORY told that (SPEAKER) my had gone
(!) – his /her Went – had
(LISTENER)your gone
– his /her Had gone –
our – their had been gone

IF CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:

ZERO CLAUSE FIRST COND.CLAUSE/ SECOND COND.CLAUSE/ THIRD COND.CLAUSE/

POSSIBLE COND.CLAUSE IMAGINARY IMPOSSIBLE
COND.CLAUSE COND.CLAUSE
IF S + PRE .., S + PRE. IF S + PRE, S + WILL IF S + PAST, S + IF S + PAST.PERF, S +
If we heat ice, it melts. (V). WOULD (V). WOULD HAVE (V3).
If you work hard, you If you were an angel, If you had worked hard,
will pass. you would fly in sky. you would have passed
the exam.
MODEL 1: BEGIN WITH “WERE / HAD”:
1. If you were an angel, you would fly in sky. (begin with were)
Were you an angel, you would fly in sky.
2. If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. (begin with had)
Had you worked hard, you would have passed the exam.
MODEL 2 : REWRITE USING “IF”:
1. Save money. You can build a house.(use if)
If you save money, you can build a house.
2. Raju did not sleep well. He did not play well. (use if)
If Raju had slept well, he would have played well.
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SIMPLE, COMPOUND & COMPLEX SENTENCES: (clue word: SOBYA)

COMPLEX (฀฀฀฀฀฀฀) COMPOUND ( ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀) SIMPLE RNCPP

As So Because of REASONS
Unless Or In case of ----not NEGATIVE
Though But Inspite of CONTRAST
Although despite
Even though
Yet
If (can/will) And In case of POSITIVE
When /while V+ing / on PAST ACTIONS
MODEL 1: COMPOUND TO COMPLEX / COMPLEX TO COMPOUND:
1. As he is poor, he can’t help others. ( change into compound)
He is poor so he can’t help others.
2. He is rich but he never helps others. (change into complex)
Though he is rich, he never helps others.
MODEL 2: USE COMPOUND / COMPLEX PHRASES:
1. Plan well. You will succeed. (use if)
If you plan well, you will succeed.
2. I saw a snake. I killed it. (use when)
When I saw a snake, I killed it.
MODEL 3: CHANGE INTO SIMPLE SENTENCES: (one subject + infinite verb)
1. Raj had completed his work and he went to play. (change into simple)
Having completed his work, Raj went to play.
2. He bought a car which was old. (change into simple)
He bought an old car.
VOICE:

1. SVO: 2. S +V-ING+O.
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
S +V + O O +*BE V3 + BY +S VOICE VOICE
S +V-ING + O + BEING
O + V3 +BY+
*BE PRE PAST
O
SIN IS WAS
I am A novel is
PLU ARE WERE reading a being read
Ravi read the novel. by me.
book. The book was read by Ravi.
S + WILL V +O O + WILL BE +V3 +BY +S.

Ravi will read The book will be read by Ravi.

the book.
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3. S +HAVE/HAS/HAD V3+ O: 4. V + O

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

S + HAVE/HAS/HAD O+ HAVE/HAS/HAD V + O. LET O +BE+V3.
V3+ O BEEN V3 +BY+ S

We had completed Our homework had Close the book. Let the book be
our homework. been completed by closed.
us.

5. WH- + BE + S + V + O ?/ 6. S + V+IO + DO
BE + S + V + O ?
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
WH + BE +S +V + O ? WH + BE + O + V3 +BY S +V+IO + DO. IO +BE+V3+DO +BY +S
Where do you keep +S ? (OR)
your books? ( SVO: DO +BE +V3+ to IO
1. You keep your +BY +S.
books.
2. Your books are kept I gave her a book. She was given a book
by you.) by me.
Where are your books (or)
kept by you? A book was given to
her by me.

PART III: SECTION -1: ERC (POETRY) : (Q.NO:31-33) ANSWER ANY TWO: 2 X 3 =6

1. THE CASTLE – Edwin Muir

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4. ULYSSES – Tennyson
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6.INCIDENT OF THE FRENCH CAMP – Robert Browning

SECTION -2: PROSE QUESTION & ANSWERS: (Q.NO 34-36) ANSWER ANY TWO: 2 X 3 =6

SECTION -3 (Q.NO: 37-40) ANSWER ANY THREE : 3 X 3 = 9

PIE CHART/ BAR DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATIONS; DESCRIBING A PROCESS; ROAD MAP; DIALOGUE WRITING;
FILL UPS – PROVERBS; EXPANDING HEADLINES; REARRANGE JUMBLED SENTENCES; NOTICE MAKING;
EMAIL WRITING.

PART – IV

Q.NO : ( 41-47) : 7 X 5 = 35 MARKS

41. Prose paragraph;

42. Poem paragraph;
43. S.reader paragraph
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44. SUMMARY WRITING/NOTE MAKING OR PARAGRAPH WRITING;

NOTE MAKING SUMMARY WRITING

Title – 1 mark Rough copy – 1 mark
Sub titles – 2 marks Title – 1 mark
Key points under each sub title – 2 mark Fair copy – 3 marks

45. LETTER WRITING (FORMAL / INFORMAL LETTERS);

46. SPOT THE ERRORS (OR) FILL UPS: HOMOPHONES, MODALS / SEMI MODALS, TENSES & LINKERS

47. PASSAGE COMPREHENSION / POETRY COMPREHENSION;