NCM 113 LEC
COPAR
SECONDARY DATA
• Important source of information
• Collecting information about different community
aspects
Types
• Demographics
• Health behaviors
• Social determinants of health
• Environmental factors
Sources
• Available for national, state, country, and sub-
country or local levels
• Public health records from governmental agencies
• Research organizations
• Health and human service organizations
• School systems and education departments
• Academic and similar institutions
• Business and industry national data
• Sources relevant to CHNA process often include
information on health outcomes and health factors
collected by government agencies and departments.
• Local and state data from national data sources,
depending on data collection methodology.
• Local data can be collected from variety of sources
• Collecting provides valuable information
Examples
• Public school systems
• Library
• Civic organizations
• Local employers
• Law enforcement agencies
• The key is to determine what local data will add to
the current CHNA data and current knowledge of
the community
Measures
• There are variety of measures to consider for the
CHNA process
• According to CDC, some of the most frequently
recommended health indicators and determinants
associated with analyzing a community health
needs assessment regarding chronic disease
include:
➢ Health outcomes: morbidity and mortality
➢ Health care: access and quality
➢ Health behavior: social and physical
environment
Data collected from primary health indicator and
secondary health indicator should be used to support
CHNA data collection process.
REGISTRY OF VITAL EVENTS
Civil Registration System
• Continuous, permanent, and compulsory recording
of occurrence of vital events like live births, deaths,
fetal deaths, marriage, divorces, annulments,
judicial separation, and adoption. Civil registration is
performed under a law and regulation to provide
legal basis to the records and certificate made from
system.
• Create permanent record of each event
• Surname: registered by central office for civil
registry and field offices. 10 districts with 42 field
offices across whole county
• Based on civil code of law of civil registration and
different regulations on civil registry
REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS
• Should be by place of occurrence
• Done in district where the child is born
• Mentioned in birth certificate. Residence of mother
is also mentioned in birth certificate
• 2 periods of time for registration
➢ 3 days in urban
➢ 16 days in rural
• The difference of time periods is because of the
long distance between the city, districts, and
interior
• No costs
• Late registration: mostly in rural (penalty)
• Delayed registration: need court approval for
registration (penalty)
REGISTRATION OF DEATH
• Should be by place of occurrence
• Mentioned in death certificate
• Residence of deceased is also mentioned in death
certificate
• 2 periods of time for registration
➢ 24 hours in urban (Paramaribo)
➢ 16 days in rural
• The difference of time periods is because of long
distance between the city, districts, and interior
• No costs
• Late registration: mostly in rural (penalty)
• Delayed registration: need court approval for
registration (penalty)
REGISTRATION OF MARRIAGE
2 ways
1. Civil registration
2. Appointed and sworn religious official
• Registered by place of occurrence and at the office
of civil registry (field office)
• Law doesn’t provide for specific time of registration
• Field offices register marriages as much as possible
within a day or 2 after marriage certificate is issued.
REGISTRATION OF DIVORCES
• After court gives the absolute, divorce needs to
register the divorce within 6 months at office for
civil registry in district where married was
celebrated.
• If divorce was not able to do and 6 months have
passed, marriage union is still valid and he or she
has to start procedure for divorce again.
• After registration, divorce is issued a divorce
certificate free.
FEE OR COSTS FOR REGISTRATION IF VITAL EVENTS
• Free: birth, stillbirth, death, divorce
• Not free: marriage
Community
Organizing
Participatory
Action
Research
• Social development approach aims to transform
apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor
dynamic, participatory, and politically responsive
community.
• Collective, participatory, transformative, liberate,
sustained, and systematic process of building
people’s organization by maximizing and enhancing
capabilities and resources of people for resolution
of their issues and concerns towards change in their
existing oppressive and exploitative conditions.
• Process by which community identifies its needs
and objectives, develops confidence to take action
in respect to them and in doing so, extends and
develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes
and practices in community.
• Continuous and sustained process of educating
people to understand and develop their critical
awareness on their existing condition, working with
people collectively and efficiently on their
immediate long-term problems and mobilizing
people to develop their capability and readiness to
respond and take action on their immediate needs
towards solving their long-term problems.
• Continuous and sustained process of:
➢ Educating the people: to understand and
develop their critical thinking
➢ Working with people: to work collectively and
effectively on their immediate and long-term
problem
➢ Mobilizing with people: to develop their
capability and readiness to respond and take
action on their immediate needs towards
solving their long-term problems.
IMPORTANCE
• Community development and people
empowerment as it helps community workers to
generate community participation in development
activities.
• Prepares people to eventually take over the
management of development programs in future.
• Maximizes community participation and
involvement; community resources are mobilized
for community service.
PRINCIPLES
• People especially most oppressed, exploited, and
deprived sectors are open to change, have capacity
to change, and are able to bring about change.
• COPAR should be based on interest of the poorest
sector of community.
• COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community and
society.
COPAR AS A PROCESS
• Progressive cycle of action reflection action which
begins with small, local, and concrete issues
identified by people and evaluation and the
reflection of and on action taken by them.
• Consciousness through experimental learning is
central to COPAR process because it places
emphasis on learning that emerges from concrete
action which enriches succeeding action.
• Participatory and mass-based because it is primarily
directed towards and unbiased in favor of the poor,
powerless, and oppressed.
• Group-centered and not leader-oriented. Leaders
are identified, emerged, and are tested through
action rather than appointed or selected by some
external force or entity.
CRITICAL STEPS OF COPAR
1. Integration. Incorporation or joining of different
groups in the whole process.
2. Social Investigation. Systematic process of
collecting, collating, analyzing data to draw clear
picture of community.
3. Tentative Program Planning. Community
organizers to choose 1 issue to work on in order
to begin organizing the people.
4. Ground Work. Going around and motivating the
people on one-on-one basis to do something on
issue that has been chosen.
5. Meeting. People collectively ratify what they have
already decided individually. The meeting gives
people the collective power and confidence.
Problems and issues are discussed.
6. Role Play. Acting out meeting that will take place
between leaders of people and government. A
 way of training people to anticipate what will
happen and prepare them for such eventuality.
7. Mobilization or Action. “People power”
8. Evaluation. To determine whether they were
successful on their objectives.
9. Reflection. Compare previous to new existing.
10. Organization. Final organizational structure is set
up with elected officers and supporting members.
PHASES OF COPAR
I. Pre-entry Phase
• Initial phase of organizing process where the
community or organizer looks for communities to
serve or help.
• Considered simplest phase in terms of actual
outputs, activities, and strategies and time spent.
Preparation of Institution
• Train faculty and students in COPAR
• Formulate plans for institutionalizing COPAR
• Revise or enrich curriculum and immersion
program.
• Coordinate participants to other departments.
Site Selection
• Initial networking with local government
• Conduct preliminary special investigation
• Make long or short list of potential communities
• Do ocular survey of listed communities
Criteria for Initial Site Selection
• Must have population of 100-200 families
• Economically depressed
• No strong resistance from the community
• No serious peace and order problem
• No similar group or organization holding same
program to prevent overlapping
Identifying Potential Municipalities
• Make long or short list of potential municipalities
Identifying Potential Barangay
• Do same process as selecting municipality
• Consult key informants and residents
• Coordinate with local government and NGOs for
future activities
Choosing Final Barangay
• Conduct formal interview with community residents
and key informants
• Determine the need of program in community
• Take note of political development
• Develop community profiles for secondary data
• Develop survey tools
• Pay courtesy call to community leaders
• Choose foster family based or guidelines
Identifying Host Family
• House is strategically located in community
• Should not belong to rich segment
• Respected by both formal and informal leaders
• Neighbors are not hesitant to enter the house
• No member should be moving out of the
community
Key Activities
• Conduct preliminary social investigation
• Initial consultation with government NGOs - General
Secondary Data
• Make list of potential communities
• Ocular survey of short-listed communities
• Interview barangay officials, leaders, key informants
- Identify project site
• Coordinate with LGU or NGOs for assistance
• Develop survey tools
• Orientation on baseline survey
• Courtesy call to community leaders
• Conduct community assembly
• Conduct baseline survey (spot map necessary)
• Develop materials for information dissemination
• Conduct staff planning or strategizing for entry
phase
II. Entry Phase
• AKA social preparation phase
• Crucial in determining which strategies for
organizing would suit the chosen community
• Success of activities depend on how much
community organizers has integrated with
community
Guidelines
• Recognize role of local authorities by paying them
visits to inform their presence and activities.
• Appearance, speech, behavior, and lifestyle should
be in keeping with those of community residents
without disregard of their being role model.
• Avoid raising consciousness of community
residents; adopt low-key profile.
Key Activities
A. Integration
• Establishing rapport with people in continuing effort
to imbibe community life.
• Understand deeply culture, economy, leaders,
history, rhythms, and lifestyle in community.
Methods:
➢ Participation in direct production activities of
people
➢ Conduct of house-to-house visits
➢ Participation in activities like birthdays,
fiestas, wakes, etc.
 ➢ Conversing with people where they usually
gather such as stores, water wells, etc.
➢ Avoid gambling and drinking
B. Deepening Social Investigation or Community
Study Verification and Enrichment of Data
Collected from Initial Survey
• Conduct baseline survey by students, results relayed
through community assembly
C. Define Roles and Function of Core Group Members
Core group formation:
• Leader spotting through sociogram
• Key persons: approached by most people
• Opinion leader: approached by key persons
• Isolates: never or hardly consulted
Activities
• Organizing community research team
• Set-up community health organization
• Identify potential community workers
• Disseminate information on program and PHC
(house-to-house, informal gatherings, washing
streams)
• Formulate criteria selection of core group member
(with participation of residents)
• Mobilizing community to act on their health needs
continue social investigation
• Conduct team building acts
• Present baseline survey results for the community
• Conduct Self-Awareness Leadership Training (SALT)
among core group members.
IV. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase
• Occurs when community organization has already
been established and community members are
already actively participating in community-wide
undertakings.
• Different communities set up in organization
building phase are already expected to be
functioning by way of planning, implementing, and
evaluating their own programs with overall
guidance from community-wide organization.
Strategies
• Education and training
• Networking and linkaging
• Conduct of mobilization on health and development
concerns
• Implementing of livelihood projects
• Developing secondary leaders
Key Activities
• Training of CHO for monitoring and implementing of
community health program
• Identification of secondary leaders
• Linkaging and networking
• Conduct of mobilization on health and development
concerns
• Implementation of livelihood projects

III. Organization Building Phase

• Entails formation for more formal structures and
inclusion of more formal procedures of planning,
implementation, and evaluating community-wide
activities.
• Organized leaders/groups are being given trainings
(formal, informal, OJT) to develop their skills and in
managing their own concerns or programs.

Key Activities
• Community Health Organization (CHO)
➢ Preparation of legal requirements
➢ Guidelines in organization of CHO by core
group
➢ Election of officers
• Research team committee
• Planning Committee
• Health Committee Organization
• Others
• Formation of by-laws by CHO