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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TCSII.2021.3125575, IEEE
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JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. 6, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 1

Constant Absolute Bandwidth Tunable Symmetric

and Asymmetric Bandpass Responses Based on
Reconfigurable Transmission Zeros and Bandwidth
Nagendra Kumar, Shriman Narayana and Yatendra Kumar Singh

Abstract—A two-pole reconfigurable and tunable bandpass

filter (BPF) with constant absolute bandwidth (CABW) and
tunable transmission zeros (TZs) is presented in this paper. The
BPF consists of asymmetrical spiral resonators having open ends
on one side and capacitor loaded on the other side. The varactor
loaded coupled-feed scheme is used at input and output. The two
coupling feed-lines are also coupled to each other. It is shown that
the control over TZs using the coupling-capacitor loaded between
the two resonators leads to two different symmetric frequency
responses − first with one TZ on each side of the passband,
second with no TZ on either side of the passband. Further,
asymmetrical frequency responses having single TZ either on
lower or upper side of the passband are achieved by varying the
capacitors loaded to the end of coupling-line. CABW while tuning (a) (b)
as well as tunable bandwidth (BW) are achieved in all type of
Fig. 1. (a) Proposed Second-order BPF. (b) Capacitor loaded resonator.
responses by using the coupling-capacitor. While tuning, quality
factor is maintained by varying the capacitor loaded at the end
of the coupled-feed. For the demonstration of the concept, a two-
pole tunable BPF is designed and fabricated. The fabricated BPF
having size of 13.1 mm × 9.4 mm, shows four different responses
based on the position of TZs. All four CABW responses of the lower side (LTZ), only on the upper side (UTZ), on both the
BPF have a tuning range of 300 MHz. Also, a tunable bandwidth sides (BTZ) or no transmission zeros (NTZ) - will give user
is achieved in every response of the BPF. a flexibility in deciding the level of suppression on any side
Index Terms—Constant absolute bandwidth, tunable BPF, of the passband.
reconfigurable BPF, quality factor, coupling-coefficient.
Bandwidth reconfigurability is also an important desirable
feature in BPFs. In [7], a quadruple-mode stub-loaded res-
I. I NTRODUCTION onator based BPF is presented to achieve a tunable bandwidth.
Switchable bandwidth using stepped-impedance stubs loaded
R Econfigurable and tunable BPFs play significant role in
communication system by reducing size and cost of the
circuit [1]. In tunable filters transmission zeros around a pass-
ring resonator is presented in [8]. Dual-mode resonators with
tunable bandwidth is proposed in [9]. PIN diodes has been
band are responsible for determining the level of suppression used to achieve three different states of reconfigurable band-
in both the lower and upper stop bands. width in [10]. In some previous works, bandwidth reconfig-
In past, there has been significant research in attaining TZs urability has been achieved along with tunable TZs. For ex.
across the passband. Stub-loaded dual-mode open loop and E- in [5] and [6], bandwidth reconfigurability has been achieved
shaped resonators are presented in [2] and [3] respectively in addition to tunable asymmetric responses but having TZs
with tunable transmission zeros either on lower or upper only on one side of the passband.
side of the passband. But the TZs didn’t tune across the With reconfigurability, tunable passband with constant band-
passband. In [4], modified coupled lines are presented with width is also highly desirable. Varactor based dual-mode
tunable passbands and TZs. T-shaped dual-mode resonators BPF with a fixed BW is reported in [11]. Tunable LC BPF
are reported to achieve asymmetric responses in [5]. But again with constant bandwidth is investigated in [12]. The separate
in these two works tunable TZs are located either on lower or electric and magnetic coupling paths are analyzed in [13], to
upper stopband of the BPF. In [6], two tunable TZs both either achieve tunable filtering responses with a small BW variation.
on lower side or on upper side of the passband are achieved. In [14] location of varactors has been properly chosen to
A tunable bandpass filter in which the transmission zeros can achieve CABW.
be in any of the following four configurations - only on the
As per authors knowledge none of the reported filters with
Manuscript submitted on Jan. 01, 2017. bandwidth and center frequency tuning have such a control on
Dr. Nagendra Kumar is with Indian Space research organization, Bengaluru,
India. Dr. Shriman Narayana and Dr. Yatendra Kumar Singh are with NIT the transmission zeros that the four different responses ((LTZ,
Mizoram and IIT Patna respectively. (email:nagendraiitp@gmail.com) UTZ, BTZ and NTZ)) can be achieved in the filter.

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JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. 6, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 2

(a)
Fig. 2. Degenerated mode study of C2

II. P ROPOSED BPF AND R ESONATOR

Fig. 1(a) depicts the layout of the proposed two-pole BPF.
The layout consists of coupled spiral resonators with loaded
capacitors, C1 . Coupling capacitor, C2 , is placed between the
two resonators. The coupled feed input/output scheme with
loaded capacitors, C3 has been used to design the BPF. Also
the coupled-feeds are coupled to each other as shown in
(b)
Fig. 1(a). Fig. 1(b) depicts the proposed resonator. Neglecting
the intra resonator coupling, the input admittance of the loaded Fig. 3. Degenerated mode study with varying C3 . (a) Asymmetrical response
resonator, Yin can be written as: with TZ on higherside. (b) Asymmetrical response with TZ on lowerside.

Yin = jYr tan(βlo ) + j2πfo C1 (1)

where Yr , fo , β and lo are the characteristic admittance of
the resonator, the resonating frequency, the propagation con-
stant and the length of resonator respectively. The resonating
frequency, fo , can be obtained by solving Yin = 0. In the
absence of C1 , the length of the resonator is λg /2, where λg
is the guided wavelength at fo . The resonator length, lo , is
obtained by equating (1) to zero and solving it for chosen
value of fo , Yr and taking C1 in the middle of the available
tuning range. All theoretical and fabrication work reported in
this paper has been carried out on a low-loss RT/Duroid 6010.2
having dielectric constant and thickness of 10.2 and 0.635 mm
respectively.
III. T UNING OF COUPLING - COEFFICIENT AND
TRANSMISSION ZEROS
The relation between the number and the location of the
transmission zeros, and the tuning capacitor values is quite
clearly evident from the degenerated study. For the degener-
ated mode analysis, the gap between the feed line and the
resonator, gc , is chosen as 1.5 mm. Fig. 2 plots the two
resonant peaks of the proposed BPF shown in Fig. 1(a) for
few values of C2 with the fixed value of C1 = 0.50 pF and
C3 = 0.23 pF. If the frequencies of first and second resonant
peaks for different values of C2 are denoted as fp1 and fp2i
respectively, then coupling-coefficient can be calculated from
the frequencies of two resonant peaks as [15]:
2
fp1 2
− fp2i
M12 = 2 + f2 f or i = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
fp1 p2i
For C2 = 0.01 pF, two TZs exist − one on each side of the two
resonant peaks as shown in Fig.2. As fp21 > fp1 so M12 is a
negative number for this case. As C2 is tuned to 0.03 pF, the
frequency of first degenerated mode, fp1 , remains constant but
the second degenerated mode decreases to a lower frequency,
fp22 , which results in the decrement of the magnitude of M12 .
For C2 = 0.45 pF the second resonant peak merges with first
resonant peak at frequency, fp1 , to give a single resonant peak.
This corresponds to M12 = 0. For further increase in C2 ,
the second resonant peak crosses the first resonant peak and
reaches to the left side of the first one, e.g. for C2 = 0.65 pF,
the frequency of second resonant peak, fp24 , is less than fp1
so M12 becomes a positive quantity. It can be seen from Fig.2
that both the transmission zeros vanish as soon as the second
peak becomes smaller than the frequency of the first one, i.e.
for the positive M12 . So as the polarity of M12 changes the
TZs behavior around the resonant peaks changes as well. This
demonstrates the effect of C2 on M12 and on TZ. Also C2
can be used to change the BPF response between two TZ and
no TZ cases.
Furthermore, the relation between C2 and coupling coeffi-
cient M12 can be derived using even and odd mode analysis
of the proposed circuit [16] leading to:
2 tan θ(Yre − Yro ) − 4ωo C2
M12 = − (3)
(Yre + Yro )(θ sec2 θ − tan θ)
where, Yre and Yro are the characteristic admittance of one of
the resonators when the coupled resonators are analyzed in the
even and odd mode respectively. θ and ωo are the electrical
length of the resonator and the resonating frequency of the
BPF respectively.
Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b) plot the wideband response of the
(2) BPF shown in Fig. 1(a). Fig. 3(a) plots the case of the two
resonant peaks without any TZs pair near the peaks. For C1
= 0.10 pF and C2 = 0.01 pF, as C3 increases, TZ near to
the second harmonic shifts to lower frequency. This TZ can
be adjusted near the resonance of the resonator. Similarly,
Fig. 3(b) plots the case of TZs pair around the resonant

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peaks. As C3 increases for the fixed value of C1 = 0.50

pF and C2 = 0.01 pF, TZ near the second harmonic of the
BPF shifts to lower frequency. At C3 = 0.35 pF, the shifted
transmission zero merges with the transmission zero present
on the higher side of the resonant peaks such that both TZs
disappear leaving TZ only on lower side of the resonating
peaks. So an asymmetric response having TZ either on lower
or higher side of the passband can be achieved by controlling
C3 . Also a better suppression level in upper or lower stopband
near the degenerated modes can be achieved in asymmetric
responses due to the influence of C3 over TZ. The dimensions
used for the degenerated mode analysis are la = 6.0 mm, lb
= 2.0 mm, lc = 12.0 mm, ld = 7.7 mm, s = 0.3 mm and g Fig. 4. Layout of the two-pole fabricated BPF .
= 0.3 mm. Effect of C1 and C2 on the asymmetric responses
of degenerated modes are similar to the case of symmetric
responses as discussed in Fig. 2.

IV. FABRICATION
To verify the above discussed theory, a filter prototype
centered at 1.7 GHz with an FBW of 7.09% is used for
initial design. Using (1), the length of the resonator, lo , is
chosen to resonate it at 1.7 GHz, when C1 is in the middle of
the available tuning range. The required coupling-coefficient
and quality factor can be determined as 0.0324 and 14.01
respectively. For initial design of filter with no TZs on either
side of the passband, capacitor, C3 is kept at available lowest Fig. 5. Fabricated BPF.
value. The gap between the resonator and the coupled-feed
and the length of coupled sections are decided by the required
quality factor as discussed in [15]. The coupling-coefficient B. Tunable passband with single TZ on higher side of the
determines the gap between the two resonator, s, when the passband
capacitor, C2 , is in the middle of the tuning range [6]. Fig. 4
depicts the layout of the fabricated BPF. The varactor diodes Fig. 7 plot the response of the BPF having single TZ on
have been used to implement the variable capacitors, C1 , C2 the higher side of the passband. Fig. 7(a) plots three curved
and C3 used in the circuit shown in Fig. 1(a). Varactor diode, of S11 with value less than -14 dB over the passband at each
D1 is SMV1234 which is used for capacitor C1 . SMV2019 is
used as varactor D2 and D3 which is used for the low value
capacitor C2 and C3 respectively. Thick film chip resistors of
10 KΩ are used for bias voltages. Capacitors from Murata
electronics of 100 pF are used as CDC to block DC bias
voltages. The BPF is designed and simulated in Keysight
Advanced Design System (ADS). The dimensions used in the
filter design are l1 = 7.0, l2 = 5.0, l3 = 2.0, l4 = 6.0, w1 =
1.0, wc = 0.2, w = 0.59, s = 0.3, gc = 0.2 and g = 0.3 (All
dimensions are in mm). The photo of the fabricated filter is
depicted in Fig. 5. (a)

V. M EASUREMENT
A. Tunable passband with No TZs on either side of the
passband
Fig. 6(a) and 6(b) plot the measured S11 and S21 of the
response having no TZ on any side of the passband. The
passband tunes from 1.48 to 1.78 GHz with the corresponding
insertion loss variation of 2.52 to 1.05 dB. The passbands are
controlled to achieve a 3-dB CABW of 119 MHz. The FBW
(b)
of the BPF varies from 8.04% to 6.68% within the specified
tuning range. The measured S11 is less than -10 dB for each Fig. 6. Measured and simulated response of tunable BPF with no TZs. (a)
tuned state of the BPF over the passband. S11 . (b) S21 .

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(a) (a)

(b) (b)

Fig. 7. Measured and simulated response of tunable BPF with TZs on Fig. 8. Measured and simulated response of tunable BPF with TZs on both
higher side of the passband. (a) S11 . (b) S21 . side of the passband (a) S11 (b) S21

tuning state. The center frequency varies from 1.47 to 1.8

GHz as depicted in Fig. 7(b). A CABW of 105 MHz has been
achieved in this case. Within the tuning range of this case,
insertion loss varies from 2.8 to 1.3 dB. Due to the control
on the transmission zeros, a suppression of 50 dB has been
achieved at 150 MHz away from the passband centered at 1.59
GHz.
(a)
C. Tunable passband with TZs on both side of the passband
The bandpass response having TZ on the both sides of the
passband is depicted in Fig. 8. The BPF tunes from 1.27 GHz
to 1.6 GHz and insertion losses varies from 3.4 to 1.5 dB as
depicted in Fig. 8(b). The bandwidth is kept constant at 92
MHz within the tunable range. Also a return loss of less than
-15 dB over the passband is achieved in each tuning state as
depicted in Fig. 8(a).

D. Tunable passband with single TZ on lower stopband of the (b)

passband
Fig. 9 plot the response of the BPF having asymmetrical
response with single TZ on the lower side of passband. The
BPF tunes from 1.27 GHz to 1.6 GHz with a CABW of
108 MHz as depicted in Fig. 9(b). Insertion loss varies from
3.35 dB to 1.6 dB as BPF tunes from 1.27 GHz to 1.6 GHz
respectively. Also a suppression of 40 dB is achieved on the
lower stopband at a frequency of 160 MHz away from the
passband centered at 1.36 GHz.
E. Reconfigurable bandwidth
Fig. 10 plots the measured reconfigurable bandwidth re-
sponse when no TZs exist on either side of the passband.
The 3-dB absolute bandwidth of the BPF tunes from 88 MHz
to 179 MHz centered at fo = 1.78 GHz. Also similar type of
Fig. 9. Measured and simulated response of tunable BPF with TZs on lower
side of the passband (a) S11 . (b) S21 .
reconfigurability is achieved in other modes of proposed BPF.
The BW tuning range in each mode of the BPF is shown in
Table I.
F. Lineraity and power handeling
The two-tone test signal method is used to determine the
the input third-order intercept point (IIP3 ). The frequency
difference between the two-tone signals is taken as 1 MHz.
The measured IIP3 varies from 14-21 dBm as the frequency
tunes from 1.27 to 1.8 GHz. The minimum and maximum
frequencies of tunable range of BPF are considered. The power

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TABLE I
C OMPARISON WITH SOME RECENT TUNABLE AND RECONFIGURABLE BPF S
BPF nature Tuning Circuit CABW (MHz) Suppression label BW tuning Insertion
Ref.
Based on TZ range (GHz) Size (λ2g ) (Variation %) (MHz @ fo GHz) loss (dB)
[5] 1 Tz on upper or lower side 0.75-1.24 18.2×10.9 mm2 115±55 (47)∗ 28 dB at 200 MHz (both) from 1.0 GHz No 2.9
[4] 1 Tz on upper or lower side 0.95-1.55 0.28×0.23 120±0 (0)† 30 dB at 150 MHz from 0.95 GHz No 2.8-2.4
[3] 1 Tz on upper or lower side 1.06-1.12 41×20 mm2 - > 20 dB at 250 MHz from fo No -
[14] 1 Tz on upper and lower side 1.60-2.27 20.5×18.15 mm2 137±2 > 30 dB across tuning range No 4.17-1.99
[2] 1 TZ on upper side of fo 0.86-0.905 0.14×0.12 - 34 dB at 40 MHz from 0.90 GHz No 4.26-3.31
1 TZs on lower side of fo 0.866-0.977 0.14×0.12 - 30 dB at 24 MHz from 0.98 GHz No 3.83-2.63
[6] 2 TZs on upper side of fo 1.25-2.1 39×18 mm2 67±17 (25)† > 60 dB at 200 MHz from fo - 8.5-3.5
2 TZs on lower side of fo 1.5-2.1 39×18 mm2 99±16 (16)† > 55 dB at 250 MHz from fo 54-162 @ 1.8 GHz 6.5-3.5
Fig. 6 No TZs around fo 1.48-1.78 0.18×0.13 119±0 (0)† 19 dB at 1.43 GHz @ fo = 1.78 GHz 88-179 @ 1.78 GHz 2.52-1.05
Fig. 7 1 TZ on upper side of fo 1.47-1.8 0.18×0.13 105±0 (0)† 50 dB at 150 MHz from 1.6 GHz 88-157 @ 1.59 GHz 2.8-1.3
Fig. 8 1 TZ on both side of fo 1.27-1.6 0.16×0.11 92±0 (0)† 30 dB at 150 MHz (lower) from 1.5 GHz 65-116 @ 1.47 GHz 3.4-1.5
Fig. 9 1 TZ on lower side of fo 1.27-1.6 0.16×0.11 108±0 (0)† 40 dB at 160 MHz from 1.36 GHz 67-107 @ 1.62 GHz 3.35-1.6
† 3-dB BW; * 1-dB BW; λg is the guided wavelength at centre frequency of tuning range

V1 = 15.0 V, V2 = 9.0 V, V3 = 8.50 V
V1 = 15.0 V, V2 = 7.7 V, V3 = 12.5 V
V1 = 15.0 V, V2 = 5.5 V, V3 = 20.0 V
S21
S11
Fig. 10. Measured responses of the tunable BW with no TZs near the
passband
handling capability of this BPF is limited to 6.3 dBm at the
lowest frequency of tunable range of the fabricated BPF, e.g.
at fo = 1.27 GHz. Increasing the RF input beyond 6.3 dBm
leads to significant degradation in the passband.
The fabricated BPF is also compared with some recent
works in Table I. The table clearly shows the merit of the
fabricated BPF.
VI. CONCLUSION
A new technique of tuning of two transmission zeros
in the two pole asymmetric resonator based BPF has been
presented in this paper. The coupling capacitor between the
two resonators was used to tune the TZ near the passband,
while, the capacitor loaded at the end of the coupling-line
was used to tune an additional TZ leading to symmetric and
asymmetric responses respectively. The symmetric responses
includes − the response with no TZ and and two TZ, one on
the lower side and the other on the upper side of the passband.
The asymmetric responses comprised of passbands with TZ
either on the lower side and upper side only. Along with
the TZs control, absolute bandwidth and quality factor of the
responses while tuning are also controlled using the same two
capacitors, which reduces the use of any additional element for
these purposes. The fabricated BPF shows a CABW of 300
MHz in each reconfigurable responses based on TZs position.
Also a tunable bandwidth has been achieved in each responses.
The measured and simulated results are in well agreement.
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