REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA

MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA, CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA

UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA TERRITORIAL DE PARIA “LUIS MARIANO RIVERA”
PNF EN MECÁNICA
UNIDAD CURRICULAR INGLÉS

FACILITADOR: Dr. Antonio José Prada Rivera

In the English language, every word is called a part of speech. The role a word plays
in a sentence denotes what part of speech it belongs to. There are nine parts of speech in
the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, articles, preposition,
conjunction, and interjection.
The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as
grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can function as more than one part
of speech when used in different circumstance. For example, book can be used as a noun
or as a verb; fast can be used as an adjective or an adverb:
 It’s an interesting book. (noun).
 We ought to book a holiday soon. (verb).
 He loves fast cars. (adjective).
 Don’t drive so fast! (adverb).
Understanding parts of speech is essential for determining the correct definition of
a word when using the dictionary.
1. Nouns are words that are used to name people, places, animals, ideas and
things. Nouns can be classified into two main categories: Common nouns and Proper
nouns. Common nouns are generic like ball, car, stick, etc., and proper nouns are more
specific like Charles, The White House, the Sun, etc.
Examples of nouns used in sentences:

 She bought a pair of shoes. (thing)

 I have a pet. (animal)
 Is this your book? (object)
 Many people have a fear of darkness. (ideas/abstract nouns)
 He is my brother. (person)
 This is my school. (place)
Nouns are often used with an article (the, a, an) , but not always. “The doctor came
early”.
Proper nouns always start with a capital letter. “Let’s go to San Francisco”
 Common nouns do not start with capital letter. “It is a good hospital”
Nouns can be singular or plural (class-classes/man-men)
Nouns can be concrete (refers to a physical object in the real world, example: dog,
ball, etc.) or abstract (refers to an idea or concept that not exist I the real world and
cannot be touched, example: love, freedom)
Nouns can function in different roles within a sentence; for example, a noun can
be a subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, or object of a preposition,
example: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she
quickly disappeared.
2. Pronouns are words that are used to substitute a noun in a sentence. There are
different types of pronouns. Some of them are reflexive pronouns, possessive
pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. I, he, she, it, them, his, yours,
anyone, nobody, who, etc., are some of the pronouns.
A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent,
example: “The girl was sad, she was crying” (She is the pronoun the antecedent is the girl.
She substitutes the girl.
Pronouns are further defined by type: personal pronouns refer to specific persons
or things (she, I, we); possessive pronouns indicates ownership (mine, yours); reflexive
pronouns are used to emphasize another noun or pronoun (myself, himself); relative
pronouns introduce a subordinate clause (who, whose); and demonstrative pronouns
identify, point to, or refer to nouns (this, those) “The young girl brought me a very long
letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!”
Examples of pronouns used in sentences:

 I reached home at six in the evening. (1st person singular pronoun)

 Did someone see a red bag on the counter? (Indefinite pronoun)
 Is this the boy who won the first prize? (Relative pronoun)
 That is my mom. (Possessive pronoun)
 I hurt myself yesterday when we were playing cricket. (Reflexive
pronoun)
3. Verbs are words that denote an action that is being performed by the noun or
the subject in a sentence. They are also called action words. Some examples of verbs are
read, sit, run, pick, garnish, come, pitch, etc. They express action or being.
There is a main verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs. (“She can sing”
Sing is the main verb; can is the helping verb)
A verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular or both are plural)
Verbs also take different forms to express tense. Example: “The young girl brought me a
very long letter from the teacher, and then disappeared. Oh my!”
 Examples of verbs used in sentences:

 She plays cricket every day.

 Darshana and Arul are going to the movies.
 My friends visited me last week.
 Did you have your breakfast?
 My name is Meenakshi Kishore.
4. Adverbs are words that are used to provide more information about verbs,
adjectives and other adverbs used in a sentence. They describe or modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb, but never a noun.
It usually answers the questions of when, where, how, why, under what conditions,
or to the what degree. Adverbs often end in –ly. Example: “The young girl brought me a
very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared.Oh my!”
There are five main types of adverbs namely, adverbs of manner, adverbs of
degree, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of time and adverbs of place. Some examples of
adverbs are today, quickly, randomly, early, 10 a.m. etc.
Examples of adverbs used in sentences:

 Did you come here to buy an umbrella? (Adverb of place)

 I did not go to school yesterday as I was sick. (Adverb of time)
 Savio reads the newspaper every day. (Adverb of frequency)
 Can you please come quickly? (Adverb of manner)
 Tony was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes open during
the meeting. (Adverb of degree)
5. Adjectives are words that are used to describe or provide more information
about the noun or the subject in a sentence. Some examples of adjectives include good,
ugly, quick, beautiful, late, etc. They usually answer the question of which one, what kind,
or how many. (Articles –a, an, the- are usually classified as adjectives) Example: “The
young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly
disappeared. Oh my!”
Examples of adjectives used in sentences:

 The place we visited yesterday was serene.

 Did you see how big that dog was?
 The weather is pleasant today.
 The red dress you wore on your birthday was lovely.
 My brother had only one chapati for breakfast.
 6. Prepositions are words that are used to link one part of the sentence to another.
Prepositions show the position of the object or subject in a sentence. Some examples of
prepositions are in, out, besides, in front of, below, opposite, etc. Prepositions are words
placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the
sentence, example: by the tree, with our friends, about the book, until tomorrow. The
prepositional phrase almost always functions as an adjective or as an adverb. “The young
girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh
my!”
Examples of prepositions used in sentences:

 The teacher asked the students to draw lines on the paper so that
they could write in straight lines.
 The child hid his birthday presents under his bed.
 Mom asked me to go to the store near my school.
 The thieves jumped over the wall and escaped before we could
reach home.
7. Conjunctions are a part of speech that is used to connect two different parts of a
sentence, phrases and clauses. Some examples of conjunctions are and, or, for, yet,
although, because, not only, etc. They indicate the relationship between the elements
joined.
Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements: and, but, or,
nor, for, so, yet.
Subordinating conjunctions connect clause that are not equal: because, although,
while, since, etc. Example: “The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher,
and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!”
Examples of conjunctions used in sentences:

 Meera and Jasmine had come to my birthday party.

 Jane did not go to work as she was sick.
 Unless you work hard, you cannot score good marks.
 I have not finished my project, yet I went out with my friends.
8. Interjections are words that are used to convey strong emotions or feelings.
Some examples of interjections are oh, wow, alas, yippee, etc. It is always followed by an
exclamation mark. Example: “The young girl brought me a very long letter from the
teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
Examples of interjections used in sentences:

 Wow! What a wonderful work of art.

 Alas! That is really sad.
  Yippee! We won the match.

9. Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the
following examples:

After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good,

By using the article the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and
one cup of tea that tasted good. This is called DEFINITE ARTICLE.

After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

By using the article a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of
tea would taste good after any long day. This is called INDEFINITE ARTICLE. Example: “The
young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly
disappeared. Oh my!