‭ILLUSTRATING‬‭A‬‭RANDOM‬
‭●‬ T
‭VARIABLE‬‭AND‬
‭PROBABILITY‬
‭DISTRIBUTION‬
‭COR‬‭006‬‭(SAS‬‭1)‬
‭KAAGAPAY‬‭SWUDENTS‬‭CIRCLE‬
‭VARIABLE‬
‭●‬ C
‭ haracteristics‬ ‭of‬ ‭an‬ ‭object‬ ‭or‬ ‭property‬ ‭of‬
‭an‬‭element.‬
‭RANDOM‬‭VARIABLE‬
‭●‬ I‭s‬ ‭a‬ ‭variable‬ ‭whose‬ ‭value‬‭is‬‭determined‬‭by‬
‭chance.‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭usually‬ ‭denoted‬ ‭by‬ ‭capital‬
‭letters‬‭such‬‭as‬‭P(X)‬‭or‬‭P(Y).‬‭It‬‭deals‬‭with‬‭an‬
‭entity‬ ‭that‬ ‭varies‬ ‭in‬ ‭value‬ ‭and‬ ‭whose‬
‭behavior‬‭is‬‭governed‬‭by‬‭chance.‬
‭TYPES‬‭OF‬‭VARIABLES‬
‭●‬ ‭Discrete‬‭Random‬‭Variable‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭random‬‭variable‬‭that‬‭can‬‭assume‬
‭at‬‭most‬‭a‬‭finite‬‭or‬‭a‬‭countable‬
‭number‬‭of‬‭possible‬‭values.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples:‬
‭■‬ ‭Number‬‭of‬‭students‬‭in‬‭the‬
‭classroom.‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭number‬‭of‬‭fish‬‭caught‬‭on‬
‭a‬‭fishing‬‭trip.‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭number‬‭of‬‭pages‬‭in‬‭a‬
‭book.‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭number‬‭of‬‭heads‬‭when‬
‭flipping‬‭two‬‭coins.‬
‭●‬ ‭Continuous‬‭Random‬‭Variable‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭random‬‭variable‬‭that‬‭can‬‭assume‬
‭an‬‭infinite‬‭number‬‭of‬‭values‬‭in‬‭one‬
‭or‬‭more‬‭intervals.‬
‭○‬ ‭Examples:‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭distance‬‭interval‬‭from‬
‭your‬‭house‬‭to‬‭school.‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭temperature‬‭of‬‭boiling‬
‭water.‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭height‬‭of‬‭the‬‭tallest‬
‭basketball‬‭player.‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭average‬‭weight‬‭of‬‭a‬
‭healthy‬‭puppy.‬
‭■‬ ‭The‬‭age‬‭of‬‭a‬‭tree.‬
‭llustrating‬‭Probability‬‭Distribution‬‭for‬‭a‬
‭discrete‬‭random‬‭variable‬‭and‬‭its‬‭Properties‬
‭ he‬‭probability‬‭of‬‭a‬‭variable‬‭x‬‭is‬‭denoted‬‭by‬‭P(x).‬
T ‭𝜎‭²‬ ‬‭=‬‭∑‬‭(‬‭x‬‭-‬‭μ)²‬‭p(x)‬
‭To‬‭compute‬‭probability:‬
‭PROBABILITY‬‭DISTRIBUTION‬‭OF‬‭A‬‭DISCRETE‬
‭RANDOM‬‭VARIABLE‬‭X‬
‭●‬ i‭s‬‭a‬‭list‬‭of‬‭each‬‭possible‬‭value‬‭of‬‭X‬‭together‬
‭with‬‭the‬‭probability‬‭that‬‭X‬‭takes‬‭that‬‭value‬‭in‬
‭one‬‭trial‬‭of‬‭the‬‭experiment.‬
‭●‬ ‭It‬‭must‬‭satisfy‬‭the‬‭following‬‭two‬‭conditions‬‭:‬
‭ ‬‭.‬‭Each‬‭probability‬‭P(x)‬‭must‬‭be‬‭between‬‭0‬
1 ‭VARIANCE‬‭AND‬‭STANDARD‬‭DEVIATION‬
‭and‬‭1‬‭:‬‭0‬‭≤P(x)‬‭≤‬‭1‬
‭2‬‭.‬‭The‬‭sum‬‭of‬‭all‬‭the‬‭probabilities‬‭is‬
‭1:∑P(x)=1‬
‭CALCULATING‬‭THEEAN‬
‭AND‬‭VARIANCE‬‭OF‬‭A‬
‭DISCRETE‬‭RANDOM‬
‭VARIABLE‬
‭COR‬‭006‬‭(SAS‬‭2)‬
‭KAAGAPAY‬‭SWUDENTS‬‭CIRCLE‬
‭MEAN‬‭OF‬‭A‬‭DISCRETE‬‭RANDOM‬‭VARIABLE‬
‭ILLUSTRATING‬‭A‬‭NORMAL‬
‭●‬ T ‭ he‬‭mean‬‭μ‬‭of‬‭a‬‭discrete‬‭random‬‭variable‬
‭is‬‭the‬‭central‬‭value‬‭or‬‭average‬‭of‬‭its‬
‭corresponding‬‭probability‬‭mass‬‭function.‬
‭●‬ ‭Also‬‭called‬‭Expected‬‭Value‬
‭FORMULA:‬
‭μ=‬‭∑‬‭X‭i‬‭P
‬ ‬‭i‬
‭ here‬‭Xi‬‭is‬‭the‬‭outcome‬‭and‬‭Pi‬‭is‬‭the‬‭probability‬‭of‬
W ‭‬ A
‭the‬‭outcome.‬
‭VARIANCE‬‭AND‬‭STANDARD‬‭DEVIATION‬‭OF‬‭A‬
‭RANDOM‬‭VARIABLE‬
‭●‬ T
‭ he‬‭variance‬‭and‬‭standard‬‭deviation‬
‭describe‬‭how‬‭scatter‬‭or‬‭spread‬‭out‬‭the‬
‭scores‬‭are‬‭from‬‭the‬‭mean‬‭value‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭random‬‭variable.‬
‭ he‬‭variance‬‭is‬‭denoted‬‭by‬‭the‬‭symbol‬ ‭𝜎²‬
‭and‬‭can‬‭be‬‭solved‬‭using‬‭the‬‭formula:‬
‭ he‬‭standard‬‭deviation‬‭is‬‭denoted‬‭by‬ ‭𝜎‬‭and‬
‭●‬ T
‭is‬‭the‬‭square‬‭root‬‭of‬‭the‬‭variance,‬‭thus,‬
‭𝜎‬‭=‬‭√∑(x-μ)²p(x)‬
‭●‬ ‭Where,‬
‭ .‬‭The‬‭curve‬‭has‬‭a‬‭single‬‭peak‬
1
𝜎
‭ ‭²‬ ‬‭=‬‭variance‬ ‭2.‬‭It‬‭is‬‭bell-shaped‬‭or‬‭shape‬‭like‬‭a‬‭Mexican‬‭hat‬‭.‬
‭μ‬‭=‬‭mean‬ ‭3.‬‭The‬‭mean‬‭lies‬‭at‬‭the‬‭center.‬‭The‬‭distribution‬‭is‬
‭𝜎‬‭=‬‭standard‬‭deviation‬ ‭symmetrical‬‭about‬‭the‬‭mean.‬
‭p(x)‬‭=‬‭probability‬‭of‬‭the‬‭outcome‬ ‭4.‬‭The‬‭two‬‭tails‬‭extend‬‭indefinitely‬‭in‬‭both‬‭directions‬
‭coming‬‭closer‬‭and‬‭closer‬‭to‬‭the‬‭horizontal‬‭axis‬‭but‬
‭STEPS‬‭IN‬‭FINDING‬‭THE‬‭VALUE(S)‬‭OF‬ ‭never‬‭quite‬
‭touching‬‭it.‬
‭5.‬‭The‬‭curve‬‭is‬‭symmetrical‬‭about‬‭the‬‭vertical‬‭line‬
‭1.‬ F ‭ ind‬‭the‬‭mean‬‭μ‬‭of‬‭the‬‭probability‬ ‭x=µ.‬
‭distribution.‬ ‭6.‬‭The‬‭Mean,‬‭Median‬‭and‬‭Mode‬‭coincide‬‭at‬‭the‬
‭2.‬ ‭Subtract‬‭the‬‭mean‬‭from‬‭each‬‭value‬‭of‬‭the‬
‭random‬‭variable‬‭X.‬
‭exact‬‭center‬‭of‬‭the‬‭distribution.‬
‭7.‬‭The‬‭total‬‭Area‬‭under‬‭the‬‭curve‬‭is‬‭1.00‬‭and‬‭since‬
‭3.‬ ‭Square‬‭the‬‭results‬‭obtained‬‭in‬‭Step‬‭2.‬ ‭the‬‭curve‬‭is‬‭symmetric‬‭about‬‭x=µ.‬‭It‬‭follows‬‭that‬‭the‬
‭4.‬ ‭Multiply‬‭the‬‭results‬‭obtained‬‭in‬‭Step‬‭3‬‭by‬‭the‬ ‭area‬‭on‬‭either‬
‭corresponding‬‭probability.‬ ‭side‬‭of‬‭the‬‭vertical‬‭line‬‭x=µ‬‭is‬‭0.5.‬‭This‬‭area‬
‭5.‬ ‭To‬‭solve‬‭for‬‭the‬‭variance,‬‭get‬‭the‬‭sum‬‭of‬‭the‬ ‭represents‬‭the‬‭total‬‭number‬‭of‬‭cases‬‭(N).‬
‭results‬‭obtained‬‭in‬‭Step‬‭4.‬
‭6.‬ ‭To‬‭solve‬‭for‬‭the‬‭standard‬‭deviation,‬‭get‬‭the‬
‭square‬‭root‬‭of‬‭the‬‭sum‬‭obtained‬‭in‬‭Step‬‭5.‬ ‭STANDARDIZING‬‭A‬
‭NORMAL‬‭DISTRIBUTED‬
‭RANDOM‬‭VARIABLE‬ ‭RANDOM‬‭VARIABLE‬
‭COR‬‭006‬‭(SAS‬‭4-5)‬
‭(DISTRIBUTION)‬‭AND‬‭ITS‬ ‭KAAGAPAY‬‭SWUDENTS‬‭CIRCLE‬
‭CHARACTERISTICS‬
‭COR‬‭006‬‭(SAS‬‭3)‬
‭KAAGAPAY‬‭SWUDENTS‬‭CIRCLE‬ ‭STANDARD‬‭NORMAL‬‭DISTRIBUTION‬
‭●‬ S
‭ tandard‬‭normal‬‭distribution‬‭is‬‭always‬
‭NORMAL‬‭DISTRIBUTION‬ ‭centered‬‭at‬‭O‬‭and‬‭has‬‭intervals‬‭that‬
‭increased‬‭by‬‭one,‬‭each‬‭number‬‭on‬‭the‬
● ‭ lso‬‭called‬‭Gaussian‬‭Distribution.‬ ‭horizontal‬‭axis‬‭corresponds‬‭to‬‭a‬‭Z-score‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Is‬‭an‬‭arrangement‬‭of‬‭data‬‭set‬‭in‬‭which‬
‭values‬‭cluster‬‭in‬‭the‬‭middle‬‭of‬‭the‬‭range‬‭and‬ ‭●‬ A
‭ ‬‭Z-score‬‭tells‬‭us‬‭how‬‭many‬‭standard‬
‭the‬‭rest‬‭decreases‬‭symmetrically‬‭towards‬ ‭deviations‬‭in‬‭observation‬‭is‬‭from‬‭the‬‭mean.‬
‭either‬‭extreme.‬
‭𝝁‬‭=‬‭0‬‭𝝈‬‭=‬‭1‬
‭CHARACTERISTICS‬‭OF‬‭A‬‭NORMAL‬
‭DISTRIBUTION‬ ‭●‬ T ‭ he‬‭standard‬‭normal‬‭distribution‬‭is‬‭a‬‭normal‬
‭distribution‬‭with‬‭a‬‭mean‬‭of‬‭0‬‭and‬‭standard‬
‭deviation‬‭of‬‭1.‬
‭●‬ ‭All‬‭normally‬‭distributed‬‭variables‬‭can‬‭be‬
‭transformed‬‭into‬‭the‬‭standard‬‭normally‬
 ‭ istributed‬‭variable‬‭by‬‭using‬‭the‬‭formula‬
d
‭form‬‭the‬‭standard‬‭score:‬

‭COMPUTING‬
‭PROBABILITIES‬‭AND‬
‭PERCENTILE‬‭USING‬
‭STANDARD‬‭NORMAL‬
‭CURVE‬
‭COR‬‭006‬‭(SAS‬‭6)‬
‭KAAGAPAY‬‭SWUDENTS‬‭CIRCLE‬

‭COMPUTING‬‭PROBABILITIES‬

I‭n‬‭solving‬‭for‬‭the‬‭probability‬‭using‬‭the‬‭standard‬
‭normal‬‭curve,‬‭we‬‭will‬‭use‬‭the‬‭following‬‭probability‬
‭notations.‬

‭ ‬‭𝒁‬‭<‬‭𝒂‬‭means‬‭that‬‭z-value‬‭is‬‭below‬‭a.‬
P
‭P‬‭𝒁‬‭>‬‭𝒂‬‭means‬‭that‬‭z-value‬‭s‬‭above‬‭a.‬
‭P‬‭𝒂‬‭<‬‭𝒁‬‭<‬‭𝒃‬‭means‬‭z-value‬‭is‬‭between‬‭a‬‭and‬‭b‬‭.‬

‭PERCENTILE‬

‭●‬ A
‭ ‬‭percentile‬‭is‬‭a‬‭measure‬‭used‬‭in‬‭statistics‬
‭indicating‬‭the‬‭value‬‭below‬‭which‬‭a‬‭given‬
‭percentage‬‭of‬‭observations‬‭fall.‬‭It‬‭is‬‭usually‬
‭utilized‬‭to‬‭complete‬‭scores.‬

‭●‬ F
‭ or‬‭instance,‬‭you‬‭took‬‭a‬‭standardized‬‭test‬
‭and‬‭you‬‭scored‬‭95‬‭at‬‭the‬‭90th‬‭percentile.‬
‭This‬‭means‬‭that‬‭90%‬‭of‬‭examiners‬
‭scored‬‭lower‬‭than‬‭95‬‭and‬‭10%‬‭scored‬
‭higher‬‭than‬‭95.‬‭This‬‭implies‬‭that‬‭90th‬
‭percentile‬‭is‬‭located‬‭where‬‭90%‬‭of‬‭the‬‭total‬
‭population‬‭lies‬‭below‬‭and‬‭10%‬‭lies‬‭above.‬

‭●‬ W
‭ e‬‭will‬‭use‬‭“<”‬‭less‬‭than‬‭inequality‬‭sign‬
‭when‬‭solving‬‭for‬‭the‬‭percentile‬

‭Best‬‭of‬‭luck,‬‭swudents!‬
･
‭✧‬‭ ‭ﾟ ･
‬ :‬‭*✧‭‬ ‭ﾟ
‬ :‬‭*‬
‭“Long‬‭live‬‭all‬‭the‬‭mountains‬‭we‬‭moved,‬‭I‬‭had‬‭the‬
‭time‬‭of‬‭my‬‭life‬‭fighting‬‭dragons‬‭with‬‭you."‬
‭—‬‭Long‬‭Live,‬ ‭Speak‬‭Now‬
‭T.‬‭S‬