GISA 9.1 Jan22 StudentWorkbook

Introduction to GIS
Using ArcGIS®
Introduction to GIS
Using ArcGIS®
STUDENT EDITION
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Course version 9.1. Version release date January 2022.
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Table of Contents
Esri resources for your organization............................................................................................. v
Course introduction
Course introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
Course goals ................................................................................................................................ 1
Installing the course data............................................................................................................. 1
Training Services account credentials .......................................................................................... 2
Icons used in this workbook ........................................................................................................ 3
1 Welcome to GIS
Lesson introduction .................................................................................................................. 1-1
GIS history ................................................................................................................................ 1-2
Your map history ....................................................................................................................... 1-6
GIS components ....................................................................................................................... 1-7
GIS capabilities ......................................................................................................................... 1-9
Exploring GIS capabilities....................................................................................................... 1-11
More than just maps ............................................................................................................... 1-12
The geographic approach ...................................................................................................... 1-14
What is ArcGIS? ...................................................................................................................... 1-16
Explore a story using ArcGIS .................................................................................................. 1-17
The ArcGIS Pro user interface................................................................................................. 1-18
Exercise 1: Use ArcGIS............................................................................................................ 1-20
Sign in to ArcGIS Pro......................................................................................................... 1-21
Open an ArcGIS Pro project.............................................................................................. 1-21
Navigate a map................................................................................................................. 1-23
Sign in to ArcGIS Online ................................................................................................... 1-25
Search for a web map ....................................................................................................... 1-26
Navigate a web map ......................................................................................................... 1-26
Lesson review.......................................................................................................................... 1-28
Answers to Lesson 1 questions............................................................................................... 1-29
2 GIS data
Your locational data .................................................................................................................. 2-2
Spatial data ............................................................................................................................... 2-3
Working with tables .................................................................................................................. 2-4
Vector data ............................................................................................................................... 2-6
Raster data................................................................................................................................ 2-8
Representing real-world objects ............................................................................................... 2-9
i
Imagery ................................................................................................................................... 2-10
Choosing GIS data.................................................................................................................. 2-13
Data collection methods......................................................................................................... 2-15
Searching for geographic data in ArcGIS ............................................................................... 2-19
Exercise 2: Explore data collection ......................................................................................... 2-20
Prepare a web map ........................................................................................................... 2-21
Add layers from ArcGIS Online ......................................................................................... 2-22
Add tabular data ............................................................................................................... 2-22
Add layers from ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World ............................................................ 2-23
Lesson review.......................................................................................................................... 2-25
3 Managing GIS data

Data management with geodatabases..................................................................................... 3-2
Adding data to a map .............................................................................................................. 3-3
Metadata .................................................................................................................................. 3-5
Exercise 3A: Explore data management................................................................................... 3-7
Open an ArcGIS Pro project................................................................................................ 3-8
View the properties of a layer ............................................................................................. 3-9
Use the Catalog pane to organize data ............................................................................ 3-10
Review metadata............................................................................................................... 3-13
Create a group layer to organize the Contents pane ....................................................... 3-14
Web layers .............................................................................................................................. 3-16
Using web layers..................................................................................................................... 3-18
Sharing data in ArcGIS............................................................................................................ 3-19
Exercise 3B: Share data in ArcGIS .......................................................................................... 3-21
Share data as a web layer ................................................................................................. 3-22
View a web layer in ArcGIS Online.................................................................................... 3-24
Lesson review.......................................................................................................................... 3-25
4 Exploring coordinate systems

How is data represented on a map?......................................................................................... 4-2
Coordinate systems .................................................................................................................. 4-4
The importance of coordinate systems..................................................................................... 4-6
Map projections and distortion ................................................................................................ 4-7
Explore spatial distortion .......................................................................................................... 4-9
Exercise 4: Work with coordinate systems.............................................................................. 4-10
Prepare your ArcGIS project ............................................................................................. 4-11
Examine the coordinate system of a map ......................................................................... 4-11
ii
Examine the coordinate system of a layer ........................................................................ 4-12
Compare a map with a different coordinate system ......................................................... 4-13
Lesson review.......................................................................................................................... 4-15
5 Mapping and visualization

Not all maps are created equal ................................................................................................ 5-2
Map components...................................................................................................................... 5-3
Identify effective map elements ............................................................................................... 5-5
Exercise 5: Use ArcGIS for mapping and visualization.............................................................. 5-7
Open an ArcGIS Pro project................................................................................................ 5-8
Change symbology ............................................................................................................. 5-8
Use scale ranges to control visibility ................................................................................... 5-9
Use pop-ups...................................................................................................................... 5-10
Open a layout ................................................................................................................... 5-11
Explore layout elements.................................................................................................... 5-11
Visualize map layers in 3D ...................................................................................................... 5-13
Use imagery for visualization .................................................................................................. 5-14
Lesson review.......................................................................................................................... 5-15
6 Spatial analysis
What is spatial analysis?............................................................................................................ 6-2
Spatial analysis workflow .......................................................................................................... 6-3
Types of spatial analysis ............................................................................................................ 6-6
Identifying types of analysis...................................................................................................... 6-9
Exercise 6A: Use ArcGIS to explore 3D analysis ..................................................................... 6-10
Prepare a web scene ......................................................................................................... 6-11
Analyze building height .................................................................................................... 6-11
Analyze daylight................................................................................................................ 6-12
Performing analysis in ArcGIS Pro .......................................................................................... 6-14
Exercise 6B: Use ArcGIS Pro for spatial analysis ..................................................................... 6-15
Prepare an ArcGIS Pro project .......................................................................................... 6-16
Use tools to prepare data for analysis............................................................................... 6-16
Run a model ...................................................................................................................... 6-19
Review the analysis results ................................................................................................ 6-20
Visualize a chart................................................................................................................. 6-21
Performing analysis in ArcGIS Online ..................................................................................... 6-23
Exercise 6C: Use ArcGIS Online for spatial analysis ............................................................... 6-25
Add data to a web map .................................................................................................... 6-26
iii
Run a tool to perform overlay and statistical analysis ....................................................... 6-26
Review the analysis results ................................................................................................ 6-28
Ideas for spatial analysis ......................................................................................................... 6-30
Lesson review.......................................................................................................................... 6-31
7 Putting GIS to use

The geographic approach review ............................................................................................. 7-2
Applying the geographic approach.......................................................................................... 7-4
Exercise 7: Identify shelter locations using ArcGIS ................................................................... 7-6
Prepare an ArcGIS Pro project ............................................................................................ 7-7
Change basemap imagery .................................................................................................. 7-7
Add data to the map........................................................................................................... 7-8
Change symbology ............................................................................................................. 7-8
Perform analysis .................................................................................................................. 7-9
Share as a web map .......................................................................................................... 7-11
View a map in ArcGIS Online ............................................................................................ 7-14
Sharing results with ArcGIS..................................................................................................... 7-15
How will you use GIS? ............................................................................................................ 7-16
Appendices
Appendix A: Esri data license agreement ............................................................................... A-1
Appendix B: Acknowledgments ...............................................................................................B-1
Appendix C: Answers to lesson review questions ................................................................... C-1
Appendix D: Additional resources........................................................................................... D-1
iv
Esri resources
Take advantage of these resources to develop ArcGIS software skills, discover applications of
geospatial technology, and tap into the experience and knowledge of the ArcGIS community.
Instructor-led and e-Learning resources

Esri instructor-led courses and e-Learning resources help you develop and apply ArcGIS skills,
recommended workflows, and best practices. View all training options at esri.com/training/
catalog/search.
Planning for organizations

Esri training consultants partner with organizations to provide course recommendations for job
roles, short-term training plans, and workforce development plans. Contact an Esri training
consultant at training@esri.com.
Esri technical certification

The Esri Technical Certification Program recognizes individuals who are proficient in best practices
for using Esri software. Exams cover desktop, developer, and enterprise domains. Learn more at
esri.com/training/certification.
Social media and publications

Twitter: @EsriTraining and @Esri
Esri on LinkedIn: linkedin.com/company/esri
Esri training blog: esri.com/trainingblog
Esri publications: Access online editions of ArcNews, ArcUser, and ArcWatch at esri.com/esri-
news/publications
Esri training newsletter: Subscribe at go.esri.com/training-news
Other Esri newsletters: Subscribe to industry-specific newsletters at go.esri.com/subscribe
Esri Press
Esri Press publishes books on the science and technology of GIS in numerous public and private
sectors. esripress.esri.com
v
Esri resources (continued)
GIS bibliography
A comprehensive index of journals, conference proceedings, books, and reports related to GIS,
including references and full-text materials. gis.library.esri.com
ArcGIS documentation and tutorials

In-depth information, tutorials, and documentation for ArcGIS products.
ArcGIS Online: arcgis.com
ArcGIS Desktop: desktop.arcgis.com
ArcGIS Enterprise: enterprise.arcgis.com
Esri Community
Join the online community of GIS users and experts. community.esri.com
Esri events
Esri conferences and user group meetings offer a great way to network and learn how to achieve
results with ArcGIS. esri.com/events
Esri Videos
View an extensive collection of videos by Esri leaders, event keynote speakers, and product
experts. youtube.com/user/esritv
ArcGIS for Personal Use

Improve your GIS skills at home and use ArcGIS to enhance your personal projects. The ArcGIS for
Personal Use program includes a 12-month term license for ArcGIS Desktop, extension products,
and an ArcGIS Online named user account with 100 service credits. esri.com/personaluse
GIS Dictionary
This term browser defines and describes thousands of GIS terms. support.esri.com/other-
resources/gis-dictionary
vi
Course introduction
A fundamental use of geography is to help you interpret your world. Geography determines
where you shop, where children attend school, and what sports are popular.
In this course, you will learn how geography is applied to real-world problems by using a GIS. A
GIS can help you make predictions and informed decisions. You will learn about the capabilities of
a GIS, how geographic data is collected and managed, and how you can use visualization and
analysis of that data to answer geographic questions.
Course goals
After completing this course, you will be able to perform the following tasks:
• Identify appropriate data to support a mapping project.

• Create a map, add data to it, and symbolize map features to support the map's purpose.
• Share data, maps, and other content to an organizational portal.
• Perform spatial analysis to obtain information about map features within an area of interest.
Installing the course data

Some exercises in this workbook require data. Depending on the course format, the data is
available on a DVD in the back of a printed workbook or as a data download. To use the data,
extract it to your C:\EsriTraining folder.
DISCLAIMER: Some courses use sample scripts or applications that are supplied
either on the DVD or on the Internet. These samples are provided "AS IS," without
warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the
implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or
noninfringement. Esri shall not be liable for any damages under any theory of law
related to the licensee's use of these samples, even if Esri is advised of the possibility
of such damage.
1
Training Services account credentials
Your instructor will provide a temporary account and group to use during class.
Record the information below:
User name: _________________________________________________________________
Password: __________________________________________________________________
Group name: _______________________________________________________________
Organization URL: ___________________________________________________________
After completing this course, you will need your own account to perform course exercises that
require signing in to ArcGIS Online. The sign-in steps will vary based on your account type.
2
Icons used in this workbook
Estimated times provide guidance on approximately how many minutes an
exercise will take to complete.
Notes indicate additional information, exceptions, or special circumstances

about specific course topics.
Recommended practices improve efficiency and save time.
Esri Academy resources provide more in-depth training on related topics.
Additional resources provide additional information about related topics.
Warnings indicate potential problems or actions that should be avoided.
3
1 Welcome to GIS
If you typed "Why is GIS important?" into a search engine, you would receive multiple results
that span a range of industries, including urban planning, land surveying, agriculture, health
care, and technology. GIS, or a geographic information system, allows users to store, visualize,
analyze, and present data spatially in ways that reveal patterns, relationships, and trends that
might not be obvious at first glance.
In this lesson, you will learn what a GIS is, and discover what is possible using a GIS.
Topics covered
History of GIS
GIS capabilities
What is ArcGIS?
Applications of GIS
1-1
Lesson 1
GIS history
GIS has evolved from a concept to a system to a science. Today, hundreds of thousands of
organizations are sharing their work and creating billions of maps every day to tell stories and
reveal patterns, trends, and relationships about everything.
1. In which decade did the field of GIS start seeing advancements with the advent of
computers?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did some of the early civilizations create maps?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1-2
Welcome to GIS
GIS history video summary
The history of GIS begins with the first maps ever made and has evolved into a common visual
language.
Around 2300 BC, the Babylonian civilization

carved maps into clay tablets, creating some
of the earliest maps in history.
In 1854, British doctor John Snow used

geography to connect a deadly cholera
outbreak to a contaminated water pump.
Here, maps begin evolving into more than
visualization tools and are used to help
analyze geographic data.
1-3
Lesson 1
GIS history video summary (Continued)
The field of GIS started in the 1960s as

advancements in technology and early
concepts of computational geography
emerged. Early GIS pioneers created
computerized GIS programs.
Environmental Systems Research Institute

(Esri) was founded in 1969 as a consulting
firm to help land-use planners and land-
resource managers apply computer mapping
and spatial analysis.
In 1982, Esri released the first commercial

GIS product, ArcInfo.
1-4
Welcome to GIS
GIS history video summary (Continued)
Today, technology gives people the ability to

create their own digital layers, maps, and
apps, allowing for a common language of
GIS.
Please see the appendix for source attributions and acknowledgments.
1-5
Lesson 1
Your map history
Because maps have been around for thousands of years, it is likely that you have used maps
throughout your lifetime. However, different generations may have had different experiences in
how they used maps.
1. When did you first start using maps?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What types of maps did you use and how did you use them?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1-6
Welcome to GIS
GIS components
GIS stands for geographic information system.
What is "geographic information"?

Traditionally, one may think of maps when answering this question. While that is a start,
geographic information is much more.
A GIS integrates spatial and attribute information, storing information about where something is
with information about what something is. This integrated data is called geographic information.
Figure 1.1. This employee identification card stores geographic information, which is descriptive information about
an object or phenomenon, combined with attributes about its spatial location.
What are "systems"?

The "system" of a GIS is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing spatial data. A
working GIS integrates five key components involved in managing and processing geographic
information.
1-7
Lesson 1
GIS components (continued)
Figure 1.2. The five components of a geographic information system are hardware, software, data, people, and
workflows.
Hardware
A GIS operates on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop
computers (used in stand-alone or networked configurations) to handheld mobile devices, like
smartphones.
Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools used to store, analyze, and display geographic
information (including a database management system [DBMS]); tools for the input and
manipulation of geographic data; and tools that support query, analysis, and visualization of that
data.
Data
A GIS is useless without data to map and analyze. A GIS will manage and integrate geographic
information with other data resources and can even incorporate a DBMS to manage spatial data.
People
GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and develop plans
for applying it to real-world problems. GIS users can be administrators, analysts, cartographers,
fieldworkers, or any number of other people throughout an organization.
Workflows
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, which are the
models and operating practices (that is, workflows) unique to each organization.
1-8
Welcome to GIS
GIS capabilities
GIS is more than just making a map. It allows you to gain greater insight into the world by offering
the following capabilities.
Data collection and management allow you to easily

collect, crowdsource, store, access, and share your data
efficiently and securely. You can integrate data stored in
your business systems and geoenable any data from any
source.
Mapping allows you to spot spatial patterns in your data

so that you can make better decisions. Maps that you
create break down barriers and facilitate collaboration.
Spatial analytics and data science are the foundation of

GIS. The tools and techniques available in a GIS allow you
to examine locations, attributes, and relationships of
features to help gain a better understanding of your data.
Real-time visualization allows you to perform location

monitoring of any type of sensor or device. Real-time GIS
data accelerates response times and improves safety and
overall operational awareness.
1-9
Lesson 1
GIS capabilities (continued)
3D visualization allows you to transform your data into

3D models to allow you to see things that may not be
obvious in a 2D map.
Imagery and remote sensing capabilities allow you to

manage, extract, and analyze collections of imagery and
remotely sensed data.
Field operations allow you to support field workflows and

enable office and field personnel to work in unison with
the same data.
Esri.com: About ArcGIS
1-10
Welcome to GIS
Exploring GIS capabilities
There are endless possibilities of what you can find using the set of capabilities of a GIS. The
capabilities of a GIS are not necessarily mutually exclusive, as there are aspects that may overlap.
Refer to the capabilities of a GIS, and in the following table, match the capability type that would
be most appropriate for each scenario by drawing a line between the GIS scenario and the
capability.
GIS scenario Capability
You want to geoenable your customer 3D

database to determine where customers are visualization
located.
You want to model your city so that you can Field

better visualize the city skyline. operations
You want to monitor your police patrol Imagery and

vehicles so that you can send the closest remote
patrol car to the emergency. sensing
You want your personnel to collect data and Data

view maps from the off-location worksite. collection
and
management
You want to create a map to allow citizens Spatial

to see where emergency shelters are analytics and
located. data science
You want to use satellite photos to view Real-time

tornado damage. visualization
You want to determine where best to place Mapping

a new store that will deliver to the best
customers within your demographics.
1-11
Lesson 1
More than just maps
The capabilities of a GIS allow you to do more than just make a map or navigate from work to
home. A GIS allows you to discover information that you may not have been able to discover
otherwise.
1. How did viewing the map of Australia's population help you discover more information as
opposed to just hearing about the population number?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
1-12
Welcome to GIS
More than just maps video summary
GIS maps allow you to change the way that you understand the world. Here are a few ways that
maps can go beyond simple visualization:
Identify Maps can help reveal geographic patterns that may cause problems
problems in your neighborhood.
Monitor change Maps can help detect changes in phenomena that can affect the
world.
Perform spatial Maps can help you gain insight into data that might be missed in a
analysis spreadsheet.
GIS increases the understanding of what is happening at all scales of the planet, and GIS
technology plays a crucial role in how you can respond to the world's collective problems.
1-13
Lesson 1
The geographic approach
You can use the geographic approach to gain a clear understanding of location-based issues. The
geographic approach is a research-focused model that follows a scientific process of how to
answer questions or solve problems. It is the fundamental way of studying and analyzing the
world, as geography is a component to everything that people do.
Figure 1.3. The five-step geographic approach: ask, acquire, examine, analyze, and act.
1-14
Welcome to GIS
The geographic approach (continued)
Geographic approach steps
Step Description
1. Ask Develop geographic questions that must be answered. These

questions attempt to identify how an object's or
phenomenon's spatial location affects its involvement with
other features or phenomena.
2. Acquire Obtain the geographic data necessary for answering your

questions.
3. Examine Create a map of your geographic area, examine the properties

of your data (scale, metadata, and so on) to determine if the
data will give you what you need, and symbolize data to look
for information or patterns that are not always easy to see on a
map.
4. Analyze Determine a problem-solving approach and perform GIS

analysis.
5. Act Develop your message and intended audience; create visuals

(such as maps) to communicate information.
1-15
Lesson 1
What is ArcGIS?
ArcGIS is a comprehensive platform that provides a GIS framework for anyone to create, share,
and use spatial information. With ArcGIS, you have access to a portal, maps and scenes, layers,
analytics, and apps.
A portal is a collection of items that are organized into galleries of

content. A portal can be deployed in the cloud, within an
organization's infrastructure, or both.
Maps and scenes are graphical user interfaces of geographic or

spatial information. 2D maps and 3D scenes shared to a portal can be
viewed by anyone with a web browser, mobile device, or desktop.
Layers are logical collections of vector or raster geographic data and

associated tabular information that can be combined to create maps
and scenes.
Analytics applies tools and functions, including spatial analysis tools,

to layers to measure geographic relationships.
Apps are programs with mapcentric workflows and tools designed for
use on mobile devices, web browsers, or locally on desktop
computers. Apps are designed to use in the field, the office, and
within the community.
1-16
Welcome to GIS
Explore a story using ArcGIS
ArcGIS technology helps organizations harness GIS capabilities to discover powerful information
about their subject matter and tell important stories. In this activity, you will review an ArcGIS
StoryMaps story, which can help people understand what is happening and inspire change.
Instructions
a Navigate to The Living Land - ArcGIS StoryMaps by clicking the link.
b Use the information in the story to answer the following questions.
c After you finish, close your web browser.
1. What story is being told?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What information do you discover within the maps, charts, and other media in the story?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. How does ArcGIS help tell the story of the living land?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Esri Products: ArcGIS StoryMaps
1-17
Lesson 1
The ArcGIS Pro user interface
The ArcGIS Pro user interface includes many different elements that are used for analyzing,
visualizing, and interacting with geographic data.
Figure 1.4. The ArcGIS Pro user interface is centered around a view of the data, with a ribbon to organize tools and
commands, and panes for data interaction.
Ribbon The ribbon is used to organized and display the tools that are used to
interact with geographic data in ArcGIS Pro.
Tabs The tools on the ribbon are organized into tabs.
Contextual Some tabs on the ribbon only appear when a specific layer is selected.
tabs Contextual tabs provide tools for interacting only with that layer.
1-18
Welcome to GIS
The ArcGIS Pro user interface (continued)
Groups The tools on each tab of the ribbon are organized into groups of related
functions or use-cases.
Panes Panes are dockable windows that contain detailed commands and settings
for functionality, the contents of a project, or the contents of a view.
Views Views are used to work with different presentations of data, such as maps,
scenes, layouts, tables, charts, or reports.
1-19
Exercise 1 25 minutes
Use ArcGIS
In this exercise, you will gain familiarity with components of ArcGIS. You will navigate a map in
ArcGIS Pro and a web map in ArcGIS Online to gain insight into transportation challenges in the
Washington, D.C., metropolitan area.
In this exercise, you will perform the following tasks:
• Sign in to an ArcGIS organizational account.

• Navigate a map in ArcGIS Pro.
• Navigate a web map in ArcGIS Online.
1-20
Welcome to GIS
Step 1: Sign in to ArcGIS Pro

First, you will sign in to ArcGIS Pro.
a In the taskbar at the bottom of your screen, click the ArcGIS Pro icon —or, on your desktop,
click the ArcGIS Pro shortcut—to start ArcGIS Pro.
The ArcGIS Pro app opens to a sign-in screen. You must sign in using the ArcGIS Online
organizational account information provided by your instructor.
b In the ArcGIS Sign In dialog box, expand Your ArcGIS Organization's URL, if necessary.
c For the organization's URL, type trainingservices and click Continue.
d Click Your Course Account.
e Type the username and password provided by your instructor, and then click Sign In.
You are now signed in to ArcGIS Pro.
Step 2: Open an ArcGIS Pro project

You will now open an ArcGIS Pro project.
a In the bottom-left corner of the ArcGIS display, click Open Another Project.
b Browse to C:\EsriTraining\GISA\GISAProject, if necessary.
c Click GISAProject.aprx to select it, and then click OK.
ArcGIS Pro uses a project to assemble all the resources that you need. A project contains maps,
layouts, and content from various connections to accomplish your tasks. GISAProject is the project
that you will use in this class to learn more about GIS.
d Maximize ArcGIS Pro, if necessary, so that it covers the entire desktop.
e On the right side of the ArcGIS display, confirm that the Catalog pane is open.
1-21
Lesson 1
The Catalog pane allows you to access all items associated with a project, whether they are on a
local computer or in ArcGIS Online. From the Catalog pane, you can open maps, browse your
data, drag data into your map, manage data, and create data.
f In the Catalog pane, expand Maps.
The Maps folder contains all the maps within your project. ArcGIS Pro allows you to work with
multiple maps in a single project.
g Under Maps, right-click DC Commuting Area and choose Open.
The DC Commuting Area map opens in the active view area.
Maps display one or more layers of spatial data. In the Contents pane to the left of the map, there
are various layers that you can turn on and off within your map. These layers will help you better
understand the challenges of commuting in the D.C. metro area.
1-22
Welcome to GIS
Step 3: Navigate a map

You will now navigate a map and explore the data to learn more about the D.C. metro area.
a On the left side of the project, in the Contents pane, check the MetroBoundary_DC layer box
to turn on the layer.
You can now see the layer in the map. This layer shows the boundary of the District of Columbia.
b In the Contents pane, scroll down, if necessary, and turn on the Metropolitan Statistical Areas
layer.
This layer shows two metropolitan statistical areas: Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD, and
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV. Many residents of these two areas are known
to commute into the city. Using these layers gives you perspective on how large the commuting
area is for people working in the district.
c Turn on the Metro Lines layer.
This layer shows the metro train lines. As you can see in the map, they do not branch out much
past the city boundaries. If residents want to use the transportation system but live farther out,
they must find other means of transportation, such as a bus or private vehicle.
d Right-click the Metro Lines layer and choose Zoom To Layer.
e If necessary, use your mouse wheel to zoom in until you can see the train lines and Metro
Station Entrances layer symbols.
The Metro Station Entrances layer shows where train stations are located. The train stations that
are in the suburbs are the most likely places where commuters will take a bus or have their car
parked and drive the rest of the way home.
f In the Contents pane, turn off the Metropolitan Statistical Areas layer.
g Turn on the Commutes From Metro Stations layer.
The Commutes From Metro Stations layer is a group layer that shows 15-minute, 30-minute, and
45-minute drive times from the Metro Station Entrances layer. This group layer can give you an
idea of how long it takes people to drive from their respective metro stations to their homes.
At this map extent, you cannot see the entire layer. You will use a bookmark that has been created
to zoom out to the full extent of the commuting layers.
h From the ribbon at the top of the app, click the Map tab, if necessary.
i In the Navigate group, click Bookmarks and choose the 45-Minute Drive bookmark.
1-23
Lesson 1
The map zooms to an extent where you can view the whole group layer. Bookmarks allow you to
save specific geographic locations within your map that you want to refer to later.
j In the map, north of the area, click within the 45-minute drive area near Frederick, Maryland,
as indicated in the following graphic.
A pop-up window appears that identifies attribute information about the features that you clicked
in the map. Pop-up information can display attributes (characteristics), images, charts, and related
data. Depending on where you clicked, you can determine that from that location, you are within
the 45-minute drive time of the Rockville Station and the Shady Grove Station, with multiple
entrances listed for each of the stations. The pop-up information gives you an opportunity to learn
not only about the geometry of the layers in your map but also the attributes of the features in the
layer.
k Close the pop-up window.
You now know that residents of a large part of the D.C. metro area can access a metro station
within 45 minutes of where they live. However, you also want to know if residents in those areas
use the metro station and make that long commute to work.
l In the Contents pane, turn off the Commutes From Metro Stations layer.
m Turn on the DC Metro Census Tracts layer.
1-24
Welcome to GIS
The DC Metro Census Tracts layer shows the census tracts within the D.C.-Baltimore area and
includes a lot of demographic data.
n In the Contents pane, right-click the DC Metro Census Tracts layer and choose Attribute Table.
The attribute table for the DC Metro Census Tracts layer opens. You can see all the attribute data
associated with this layer, including population numbers and information regarding commute
times for people living in that area. You can use any of this data to visualize patterns.
o To close the attribute table, on the DC Metro Census Tracts attribute table tab, click the X.
p From the Map tab, click Bookmarks and choose DC Metro Commuter Area.
The DC metro census tracts are symbolized so that the higher the rate of workers commuting over
45 minutes per population, the darker the color. This symbology allows you to visualize the many
areas that have a large part of their community commuting long distances to work.
Using ArcGIS Pro helps you better understand the spatial qualities of data and its characteristics.
q In the upper-left corner, click the Save button , and then exit ArcGIS Pro.
Step 4: Sign in to ArcGIS Online

It is beneficial to use ArcGIS Pro for understanding the challenges facing the D.C. metro area for
commuting to work. You may also want the information to be available to people who do not
have access to a desktop app like ArcGIS Pro. You will now look at similar information as a web
map in ArcGIS Online.
You will first sign in to ArcGIS Online and open a map.
a In a web browser, go to www.arcgis.com, if necessary.
b Click Sign In.
c On the Sign In With page, expand Your ArcGIS Organization's URL, if necessary.
d For the organization's URL, type trainingservices and click Continue.
e Click Your Course Account.
f Type the username and password provided by your instructor, and then click Sign In.
1-25
Lesson 1
You are now signed in to the Esri Training Services ArcGIS Online organizational portal.
Step 5: Search for a web map

You will now search for a web map in ArcGIS Online.
a Near the upper-right corner of the page, to the left of your username, click the Search button
to open the search field.
b In the search field, type Commuting analysis and press Enter.
There are two map viewers available in ArcGIS Online: Map Viewer and Map Viewer Classic. For
this course, you will use Map Viewer Classic.
c Point to the Commuting Analysis Of DC Metro Area web map thumbnail, and then click Open
In Map Viewer Classic.
d If you see a message about the new Map Viewer, click Not Right Now.
The map opens in Map Viewer Classic. This web map includes the same layers as those in your
ArcGIS Pro map, except for the drive-time analysis group layer.
Step 6: Navigate a web map

You will now navigate the web map in a way similar to how you navigated the map in ArcGIS Pro.
a If necessary, expand the left pane to see the names of the buttons at the top, and then click
Content to view the Contents pane.
b Turn on the MetroBoundary DC layer.
c Point to the MetroBoundary DC layer name, click the More Options button , and choose
Zoom To.
If no buttons appear when you point to the layer name, click the layer name.
The map zooms to the extent of the Washington, D.C., boundary, and the metro stations are
added to the map.
You can also view attribute tables in ArcGIS Online.
d Point to the Metro Station Entrances layer name to view its options, and then click the Show
Table button .
The attribute table appears below your map.
1-26
Welcome to GIS
e To close the attribute table, in the upper-right corner, click the Close button .
f Turn on the DC Metro Census Tracts layer.
g In the upper-left corner of the map, use the Zoom Out button or your mouse wheel to
zoom out until you can view all the census tracts.
h At the top of the Contents pane, click Legend .
The Legend pane shows the layers' symbology in your web map.
i In the map, click one of the census tracts.
A pop-up window appears with the tract number and associated attributes. You can use pop-up
windows in Map Viewer Classic to understand the data attributes.
j Close the pop-up window.
Navigating a web map in ArcGIS Online is similar to how you navigate a map in ArcGIS Pro. In
both apps, you can use GIS to gain insight into your spatial data.
k After you finish, minimize your web browser.
Esri Training course: ArcGIS Pro Basics
1-27
Lesson 1
Lesson review
1. Which GIS capability helps you better understand your data by examining locations,
attributes, and relationships among features?
a. Data collection and management
b. Mapping
c. Spatial analytics and data science
d. Real-time visualization
2. What are the steps in the geographic approach?
a. Ask, infer, inquire, discuss, react
b. Collect, design, study, discuss, share
c. Ask, acquire, examine, analyze, act
d. Scan, analyze, assess, respond
3. Since the 1960s, GIS has evolved from a concept to a science.
a. True
b. False
1-28
Answers to Lesson 1 questions
GIS history (page 1-2)

1. In which decade did the field of GIS start seeing advancements with the advent of computers?
With the advent of computers, the field of GIS started seeing advancements in the 1960s.
2. How did some of the early civilizations create maps?

Early civilizations, such as the Babylonian civilization in 2300 BC, carved maps into clay
tablets.
Your map history (page 1-6)

1. When did you first start using maps?
Answers will vary based on personal experience.
2. What types of maps did you use and how did you use them?
Exploring GIS capabilities (page 1-11)
GIS scenario Answer Capability
You want to geoenable your customer Data collection and 3D

database to determine where customers are management visualization
located.
You want to model your city so that you can 3D visualization Field
better visualize the city skyline. operations
You want to monitor your police patrol Real-time visualization Imagery and
vehicles so that you can send the closest remote
patrol car to the emergency. sensing
1-29
Answers to Lesson 1 questions (continued)
GIS scenario Answer Capability
You want your personnel to collect data and Field operations Data
view maps from the off-location worksite. collection
and
management
You want to create a map to allow citizens Mapping Spatial

to see where emergency shelters are analytics and
located. data science
You want to use satellite photos to view Imagery and remote Real-time
tornado damage. sensing visualization
You want to determine where best to place Spatial analytics and Mapping
a new store that will deliver to the best data science
customers within your demographics.
More than just maps (page 1-12)

1. How did viewing the map of Australia's population help you discover more information as
opposed to just hearing about the population number?
By viewing the data this way, you were able to determine that the population is
concentrated in coastal regions and that most of the Australian population is clustered
into three major cities: Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane.
Explore a story using ArcGIS (page 1-17)

1. What story is being told?
The story provides a look at how humans use the Earth's limited land space by
considering global land use, croplands, and pasturelands.
1-30
2. What information do you discover within the maps, charts, and other media in the story?
Answers may vary, but possible responses include the following:
• Maps show global land use, croplands, and pasturelands. For example, croplands take
up roughly 11 million square kilometers of the Earth's surface.
• Charts summarize the land-use, cropland, and pastureland information. For example,
wheat accounts for 20 percent of all croplands and corn accounts for 17 percent of all
croplands.
• Media are used to show examples. For example, an image of a soybean field is shown.
3. How does ArcGIS help tell the story of the living land?
• ArcGIS provides visualization of the problem that needs to be solved.

• ArcGIS shows the relationships between different data, such as cropland and
pastureland.
• ArcGIS provides analysis of data to fully understand the problem.
1-31
2 GIS data
In a GIS, most data has a locational element that allows you to visualize and analyze
information. There are various ways that this data can be gathered and represented on a map.
In this lesson, you will explore the GIS data models and how they appear as real-world objects
on a map. You will also examine various data collection methods and how best to search for
authoritative geographic data.
Topics covered
GIS data models
Imagery
Data collection methods
Data sources
2-1
Lesson 2
Your locational data
Much of the data and information that people interact with daily have a geographic component.
What data or information that you use has location information?
2-2
GIS data
Spatial data
An address, a geotag, a place-name, or an x,y coordinate is often stored as an attribute of all

types of datasets. In the following graphics, circle the information that has a geographic
component.
1. Driver's license
2. River water sample
2-3
Lesson 2
Working with tables
In a GIS, most datasets have associated attribute tables, and each of these tables has a shape
field that stores the geometric information for the features in the table. The data that you often
use in a GIS starts as a stand-alone table with locational components, such as x,y coordinates or
an address. Stand-alone tables may have spatial information, but they do not include a Shape
field and are considered nonspatial tables. Tables with these locational components can be
processed in a GIS to be added to your map. It is important to recognize the attributes as part of
these tables.
In the following scenarios, you will review tabular data and determine which attributes that you
can use to add data to your map.
Scenario 1: Cleaning up parks

You work for a nonprofit organization that organizes community cleanup days in local
neighborhoods. You want to coordinate an event that focuses on ensuring that playgrounds are
clean and safe within the Chicago area. You obtain a table of parks for the city with the following
attributes.
Figure 2.1. Parks data for the city of Chicago.
1. Which attribute can you use to add the data to a map?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Scenario 2: Analyzing soil pH samples

You work for an agricultural company that helps farmers determine the most efficient fertilizers to
2-4
GIS data
Working with tables (continued)
use for their pH levels in the soil. You want to analyze the table of soil samples for the Sorrento,
Italy, region to determine how rainfall has been affecting the soil acidity of the lemon groves.
Figure 2.2. Soil pH samples for Sorrento, Italy.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-5
Lesson 2
Vector data
In the GIS world, there are two main data models used to represent real-world objects: the vector
data model and the raster data model.
Figure 2.3. The vector data model represents real-world objects as points, lines, and polygons.
The vector data model represents discrete objects on the surface of the earth, such as streetlights,
roads, and buildings. These types of datasets store the location, shape, and attributes of
geographic features with the same geometry. There are three vector geometries in a GIS: points,
lines, and polygons.
2-6
GIS data
Vector data (continued)
Geometry Description
A point is a single x,y coordinate location on a map.
A line is two or more connected x,y coordinate locations

on a map.
A polygon is three or more connected x,y coordinate

locations on a map, forming a closed loop.
2-7
Lesson 2
Raster data
A raster data model represents the surface of the earth as a grid of equally sized cells arranged in
rows and columns, composed of single or multiple bands of grids. An individual cell represents a
portion of the earth, such as a square meter or a square mile, and contains an attribute value, such
as temperature. The raster data model is often used to represent continuous phenomenon (that is,
without discrete boundaries).
Figure 2.4. The raster data model represents real-world objects as cells of the same value.
2-8
GIS data
Representing real-world objects
When creating a map, you can use a combination of vector and raster data to best represent real-
world objects. Maps in ArcGIS typically start with a basemap that helps provide a background and
context to present the world. ArcGIS includes a suite of basemaps that present the world in many
styles and provide data at each level of detail. Basemaps can be made up of imagery, a type of
raster data.
The data that is overlaid onto the basemap is referred to as an operational layer, as it is the reason
for making any map. An operational layer can be represented as either vector or raster data.
Depending on the data that you have available and what you are using it for, you may even want
varying geometry for your data. For example, you may want to map school data. If you want to
know the location of a school, you may use point vector data to pinpoint that location. However,
you may want to show the school property boundaries to determine school traffic zones and find
that using polygon data may be better suited for your needs.
Figure 2.5. A map consists of a basemap and operational layers made of vector and raster data that represents real-
world objects.
2-9
Lesson 2
Imagery
Imagery is a type of raster data that is widely used in GIS. Most imagery is stored as a raster where
each cell is referred to as a pixel and has an associated x,y coordinate. Storing imagery as rasters
enables you to use imagery to visualize and analyze in various ways. In this video, you will see how
imagery is stored as a raster and can be used in a GIS.
1. How many bands does a panchromatic image have?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How can you analyze the health of vegetation from a multispectral image made of multiple
bands?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-10
GIS data
Imagery video summary
A raster is made up of one or more bands of information. Some types of rasters contain a single
band of information, such as elevation or rainfall, and others contain several bands of information,
such as satellite imagery.
Figure 2.6. Rasters can be made up of one or more bands of information. Imagery is typically made up of multiple
bands, except grayscale or panchromatic imagery made up of one band.
Each band of information in a satellite image is captured by a different sensor on the satellite and
represents different segments of the electromagnetic spectrum. When the red, green, and blue
bands are displayed in the red, green, and blue colors of a computer screen, they create a natural-
color image.
2-11
Lesson 2
Imagery video summary (Continued)
Figure 2.7. Visible color bands together create a natural-color image.
By changing band combinations, you can change what information that the image highlights to
allow for analysis of land-use planning for environmental monitoring.
Figure 2.8. Changing band combinations creates a false-color image, which can highlight information about
vegetation, geology, and urban areas.
2-12
GIS data
Choosing GIS data
You will need to choose data as you work through your GIS project following the geographic
approach. You will use the following scenario to determine what data that you need and how you
will collect the data.
Scenario 1: New amphitheater location

The city of New York wants to build a new amphitheater in Central Park with a stage, an area for
lawn seating, restrooms, and concessions. You have been tasked to help find a suitable location
within the park boundaries. The committee spearheading the project has provided you with
specifications that must be considered as you choose a new location:
• The amphitheater location must be far enough from museums in the park so that sound will
not be a nuisance.
• Concessions will include alcohol, so you must maintain compliance with the liquor ordinance,
which is that you must remain 1,000 feet from a public school.
• You will want to determine if there is proper slope and elevation at the location so that the
area allows for optimal viewing at all locations.
• Ideally, the location should be less than 1 mile from public transportation access.
Use the following table to identify datasets that you may need for this analysis and whether that
data should be vector (point, line, or polygon) or raster.
2-13
Lesson 2
Choosing GIS data (continued)
Data needs Vector or raster?
2-14
GIS data
Data collection methods
After you decide which kind of data that you need, the next step is to acquire it. There are several
methods of data collection, and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Depending
on the project that you are working on, one method might be more appropriate than another.
There will always be trade-offs between speed of collection, cost, and quality.
1. What types of data can be collected on handheld devices?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What types of data can be expensive to acquire?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-15
Lesson 2
Data collection methods video summary
The following table includes some data collection methods, examples of each method, and some
advantages and disadvantages of the different methods of data collection.
Data collection method Advantage Disadvantage
Handheld or mobile: • Fast • Data quality depends

Data is collected on
• Relatively inexpensive on device quality
handheld GPS or mobile
devices by fieldworkers.
Examples: using a GPS
device to mark locations
where repair work is
needed; fieldworkers
collecting information
about water meters or
power lines.
Remote sensing: Lidar • High quality • Can be expensive to

data or aerial imagery is
• Can be acquired acquire
collected by airplanes,
drones, or satellites. quickly
Examples: military
reconnaissance and U.S.
Geological Survey Landsat
satellite.
Surveying: Measurements • High quality • Usually gathered

and locations are collected
slowly
precisely using specialized
equipment. Examples: • Can be expensive to
parcel, boundary, and acquire
topographic maps.
2-16
GIS data
Data collection methods video summary (Continued)
Digitizing: Information is • Relatively inexpensive • Data quality depends

collected from paper
on the following:
maps or sources using GIS
software to create digital • Quality of original
data. Example: creating map
lakes data by tracing • Whether digitized
basemap imagery shown
features were
on the map.
placed correctly
• Can be time-
consuming
Table to spatial data: A • Relatively quick and • Any problems with the
table containing x,y
inexpensive table will transfer to
information, such as
latitude and longitude, is the geographic data
converted to point data in
a GIS. Example: a table
that lists the latitude and
longitude of world capitals
is used to create spatial
data.
2-17
Lesson 2
Data collection methods video summary (Continued)
Interviews or surveys: • Can be of high quality • Traditional methods

Information is captured
(depending on the can be time-
during a survey and is
transferred to a map. number collected) consuming and
Survey can be collected • Online surveys can be expensive
on paper or online. more accessible and • Online surveys may
Example: census data.
can get many not be a good
responses quickly representation of total
population
Vendors: Data is • Can be of high quality • Can be expensive

purchased from a vendor.
• Available quickly
Internet: Data collected • Can be acquired • Data quality is often

by other organizations and
quickly hard to determine
posted online is used by
other organizations. • Usually free or • Data may have legal
Example: ArcGIS Open inexpensive restrictions
Data.
2-18
GIS data
Searching for geographic data in ArcGIS
There are many resources available to find and use authoritative data, and many of those
resources are available through ArcGIS. Having access to this existing curated data can help save
time and money for your organization.
ArcGIS Online contains galleries of many online GIS data sources that you can
connect to and use in your web maps, apps, and in ArcGIS Pro.
ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World is the foremost collection of geographic

information from around the world. It includes maps, apps, and data layers to
support your work.
ArcGIS Hub is a community engagement platform that allows organizations to

share their authoritative data with the community and organize information
using initiatives.
ArcGIS Online home page: https://www.arcgis.com/home

ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World: https://livingatlas.arcgis.com
ArcGIS Hub Open Data: https://hub.arcgis.com
2-19
Explore data collection
There are many places where you can find data for your mapping project. In ArcGIS Online or
ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World, you can search for your own data, your organization's data, and
data that has been made available to the public by other organizations. In this exercise, you will
search for data that you can use to determine the best location for a new amphitheater in New
York City's Central Park. You will also create a layer that will allow you to create the area of your
proposed location.
• Add layers from ArcGIS Online.

• Add tabular data.
• Add layers from ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World.
2-20
GIS data
Step 1: Prepare a web map

Previously, you explored a map in ArcGIS Online using Map Viewer Classic. In this exercise, you
will create a map using Map Viewer Classic. Map Viewer Classic is a good choice if you want to
upload non-spatial tables or perform certain types of analysis in ArcGIS Online.
a Restore your web browser.
b In Map Viewer Classic, at the top right, click New Map.
A new blank map opens in Map Viewer Classic.
If you closed your web browser, open a new browser window, go to www.arcgis.com,
and then sign in using the credentials provided by your instructor. At the top of the
page, click Map.
You will zoom to the Central Park area of New York City and save your web map at the
appropriate scale.
c At the top right, in the search field, type Central Park and press Enter.
Your map zooms to Central Park.
d In the map, close the pop-up window.
e Pan and zoom your map so that you can see all of Central Park.
To pan, use your mouse or the arrow keys on your keyboard. To zoom, use the Zoom In
button , the Zoom Out button , or the mouse wheel.
You will now save your map with the appropriate details. You will learn more about metadata later
in the course.
f At the top of the map, click Save and choose Save As.
g In the Save Map dialog box, for Title, name your map Central Park Proposed Theater.
h For Tags, type Theater, Central Park and press Enter.
i For Summary, type the following: This map is used to find a location for a new
amphitheater.
j Click Save Map.
Your map has been saved to your content within ArcGIS Online. You are now ready to explore
data.
2-21
Lesson 2
Step 2: Add layers from ArcGIS Online

As you explore areas of Central Park that may be suitable for the new amphitheater, you have to
consider the criteria that the committee required. To assess the requirements, you will need to
collect data on museums, public schools, and subway stops, as well as any other relevant data.
You were told that this data has been shared publicly. You will search for the data and add it to
your map.
a In Map Viewer Classic, click Add and choose Search For Layers.
You can search for layers that you created, layers that have been shared with everyone within your
organization, or layers that have been shared publicly.
b In the Search For Layers pane, click the My Content down arrow and choose ArcGIS Online.
c In the search field, type NYC subway stops and press Enter.
d Find the NYC_SubwayStops item created by EsriTrainingSvc.
e In the bottom-right corner of the result, click the Add button to add the item to the map.
f Repeat these steps to add the NYC_Museums layer by EsriTrainingSvc.
g At the top of the search pane, click the Back button .
h Click Content to see the contents of your web map.
Hint: If necessary, expand the left pane to see the button names.
You have now added ArcGIS Online data to your map.
Step 3: Add tabular data

You have collected public school data for your assessment, but it came to you in a stand-alone
table with the locational information stored in the data, as shown in the following graphic. You will
add this CSV file to your map.
2-22
GIS data
a In Map Viewer Classic, click Add and choose Add Layer From File.
Map Viewer Classic allows you to add files from a local computer or network drive in various
formats.
b In the Add Layer From File dialog box, click Browse.
c Browse to C:\EsriTraining\GISA\New York City, select NYC_PublicSchools.csv, and click Open.
d Click Import Layer.
ArcGIS adds the public school location information, draws features on the map for each item in
the file, and stores the information in the map as a layer.
When you bring a layer into ArcGIS Online, the Change Style pane opens for you to designate a
symbol for your layer.
e In the Change Style pane, for Choose An Attribute To Show, choose Show Location Only, and
then click Done.
f If necessary, zoom to Central Park.
Hint: Zoom manually or use the search field at the top right, and then close the pop-up
window.
You have now added data from a stand-alone table into ArcGIS Online.
Step 4: Add layers from ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World

The committee also mentioned finding an area that is fairly level-grounded without hills. You
2-23
Lesson 2
would like to add an elevation layer to determine if there is an ideal location based on the
requirements. ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World includes content that can help provide the insight
that you need for your site selection.
a Click Add and choose Browse Living Atlas Layers.
b In the search field, clear the previous text, type elevation, and press Enter.
c Find the Terrain: Multi-Directional Hillshade result by Esri and click the Add button .
d At the top of the search pane, click the Back button to return to the Contents pane.
You have now added elevation information to your map from ArcGIS Living Atlas. You can turn the
layer on and off when you are assessing areas for the amphitheater.
e In the Contents pane, uncheck the Terrain: Multi-Directional Hillshade box to turn off the layer.
You have collected the data that you need to begin assessing the various criteria provided by the
project committee to find a site for a new amphitheater in Central Park. This data will allow you to
analyze various areas within the park and determine the best location.
f Save your map.
Hint: Save > Save
g After you finish, minimize your web browser.
2-24
GIS data
Lesson review
Figure 2.9. Map showing information about the Northridge earthquake.
1. Which layers, data models, and geometries are present in the main map?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe a method for collecting data for use in a GIS.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2-25
Your locational data (page 2-2)

What data or information that you use has location information?
Answers may vary, but possible responses can include the following:
• Customer data
• Geotags from photos
• Aerial photography
• Surveys
• Data collected by workers
• Social media information
Spatial data (page 2-3)
1. Driver's license Address: 2716 East Main Street, Ouray,

CO 80023; State: Colorado
2-26
2. River water sample Sample River: Colorado River; State:

Arizona; Coordinates: 111.6374077°W
36.8163496°N
Working with tables (page 2-4)
Scenario 1: Cleaning up parks

The Location attribute can be used to add data to a map.
Scenario 2: Analyzing soil pH samples

The LATLONG attribute can be used to add data to a map.
Imagery (page 2-10)

1. How many bands does a panchromatic image have?
A panchromatic image has one band.
2. How can you analyze the health of vegetation from a multispectral image made of multiple
bands?
You can emphasize or highlight different bands within the image to view representations
of the health of vegetation.
2-27
Choosing GIS data (page 2-13)
Scenario 1: New amphitheater location
Data needs Vector or raster?
Museums Vector (point or polygon)
Schools Vector (point or polygon)
Public transportation (subway lines, Vector (points, lines)

subway stations, bus stops, bus
routes)
Park boundary Vector (polygon)
Basemap imagery Raster
Elevation Raster
Data collection methods (page 2-15)

1. What types of data can be collected on handheld devices?
Handheld or mobile data and survey data (if collected online or in the field) can be
collected on handheld devices.
2. What types of data can be expensive to acquire?

Remote-sensing data, surveying data, and vendor data can be expensive to acquire.
2-28
3 Managing GIS data
After you identify the data that you want to collect, you need to understand how you can best
store and manage it. You will learn about two recommended ways to accomplish this task:
using a geodatabase or a portal. Regardless of the method that you choose, an important
step for effective data management is providing good information about your data so that
you and others can easily locate and access it.
Topics covered
Geodatabases
Data management
Web layers
Metadata
3-1
Lesson 3
Data management with geodatabases
A geodatabase is the native data format for ArcGIS and acts as a container to collect geographic
datasets of various types. The geodatabase contains three primary dataset types: tables, feature
classes (for vector data), and raster datasets. A geodatabase is where you can store, organize, and
manage your geographic data. If you have other data types that you want to put into a
geodatabase, there are various tools available in ArcGIS Pro that can convert your other data into
data types supported by geodatabases.
Figure 3.1. Geodatabases are the main storage and management format for geographic data: tables, feature
classes, and raster datasets.
Geodatabases are commonly accessed using desktop apps like ArcGIS Pro. You can connect
directly to a geodatabase from ArcGIS Pro. There are also ways to make your data available to
people who do not have direct access to your geodatabase or a desktop app but can access a
portal like ArcGIS Online or ArcGIS Enterprise.
Esri Training course: Integrating Data in ArcGIS Pro
3-2
Managing GIS data
Adding data to a map
Data from a geodatabase is used in a map for visualization and analysis. When you add
geographic data to a map, it is added as a layer. Layers define how data is represented in each
map. Layers are part of a map, but the geographic data exists independently from the map.
Figure 3.2. When geographic data is added to a map, it is created in the map.
A layer can only have one data source, but the data source can be represented by several
different layers. There might even be more than one layer in the same map that uses the same
data source where they are displayed and visualized differently. If you want to display a subset of a
layer without affecting the data source, you can apply a definition query to a layer.
3-3
Lesson 3
Adding data to a map (continued)
Figure 3.3. Two different layers can use the same data as a source.
Esri Training course: Managing Map Layers in ArcGIS Pro
3-4
Managing GIS data
Metadata
Metadata is data that describes other data. In a GIS, good metadata is vital because it provides
important information about geographic data:
• What the data shows

• When the data was collected
• Who collected the data
• Who owns the data
• Who can access and use the data
• The geographic location of the data
• Tags to make the data more easily searchable
Complete metadata typically indicates that the source data or content is high quality. An
important part of managing data is to ensure that its metadata is as complete as possible.
Complete metadata helps you organize your data more effectively and can also help others who
need to use your data for a given project.
3-5
Lesson 3
Metadata (continued)
Figure 3.4. Metadata provides important information about your geographic data. Ensuring that metadata is filled
out accurately and completely is crucial for optimal data management.
3-6
Exercise 3A 25 minutes
Explore data management
As you start collecting data that you want to explore and analyze, you will soon realize the
importance of organizing and managing your data so that you can easily find it and identify its
source. In this exercise, you will use ArcGIS Pro to explore the various layers in a map with traffic
accident data in Denver, Colorado. You will organize your data into one geodatabase, and then
you will review the metadata to ensure that coworkers who use your data can find information
about that data.
• View the data source of a layer.

• View how data is managed in a GIS.
• Review metadata.
3-7
Lesson 3

You will open your training project that you worked with in a previous exercise.
a Start ArcGIS Pro.
b Under Recent Projects, click GISAProject.
If GISAProject is not in the recent projects list, perform the following steps:
1. In the bottom-left corner of the ArcGIS display, click Open Another Project.
2. Browse to C:\EsriTraining\GISA\GISAProject, click GISAProject.aprx to select
it, and then click OK.
c Close any open maps.
d In the Catalog pane, expand Maps.
e Right-click Denver Traffic and choose Open.
The Denver Traffic map contains data about traffic accidents that happened within the city from
2015 to 2019. You will explore this map to determine how the data is used and managed.
3-8
Managing GIS data
Step 2: View the properties of a layer

You have several layers in the Contents pane.
a In the Contents pane, right-click the All Accidents 2015-2019 layer and choose Properties.
The Layer Properties dialog box opens. You can change many different aspects of a layer in the
layer properties, such as the name of the layer and the data source.
b If necessary, click the General tab.
The General tab includes the name of the layer as it appears in the Contents pane. The name of
the layer can be different from the name of the feature class.
c Click the Source tab.
You can learn about the data source of the layer on the Source tab. You can find out which
geodatabase that the layer references and the name of the data type.
1. To which geodatabase does the All Accidents 2015-2019 layer point?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the name of the feature class to which the All Accidents 2015-2019 layer
points?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The All Accidents 2015-2019 layer references a feature class called Traffic_Accidents in the
DenverData geodatabase.
d Click Cancel to close the Layer Properties dialog box.
e In the Contents pane, right-click Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 and choose Properties.
f If necessary, click the Source tab.
3. To which geodatabase does the Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer point?
3-9
Lesson 3
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the name of the feature class to which the Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer
points?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer comes from the same feature class and database as the All
Accidents 2015-2019 layer. Although it is the same data source as the All Accidents layer, it
displays differently.
g Click the Definition Query tab.
You can use queries in ArcGIS to filter exactly the features that you want available in a map. This
option allows you to maintain datasets with data that may encompass all your data features (in this
case, traffic accidents). It also allows you to then only work with and draw a subset of those
features (bicycle-related accidents, pedestrian-related accidents, specific time frames, and so on).
h Click Cancel to close the Layer Properties dialog box.
Step 3: Use the Catalog pane to organize data

To support analysis on this traffic data, you will use a boundary that shows you the city limits of
Denver, Colorado. You will use the Catalog pane to browse to the boundary data.
a In the Catalog pane, expand Folders, and then expand GISA.
3-10
Managing GIS data
The Catalog pane allows you to browse and search for GIS content in local network folders. In the
GISA folder, there are nine folders.
b Expand the Denver folder.
Within the Denver folder, there are several files, including a geodatabase called DenverData and
another file called county_boundary.shp. This file is a boundary dataset, but the .shp extension
refers to a shapefile. A shapefile is a vector data format, but it is stored as several files on disk
outside a geodatabase and has limitations to its functionality. Because it is the only file outside
your geodatabase, you will convert it into a geodatabase feature class and move it into your
DenverData geodatabase to better manage your county dataset.
c Right-click county_boundary.shp, point to Export, and choose Feature Class To Feature Class.
It may take a few minutes for the tool to open.
The Geoprocessing pane opens to the Feature Class To Feature Class tool. Geoprocessing refers
to a GIS operation that manipulates data. Geoprocessing tools allow you to manage and analyze
data. You will learn more about geoprocessing in a later lesson.
The Feature Class To Feature Class tool allows you to convert shapefiles into a feature class stored
in a geodatabase. To run a geoprocessing tool, you must fill out the required parameters.
d For Input Features, verify that county_boundary.shp is selected.
e For Output Location, click the Browse button .
f In the Output Location dialog box, browse to C:\EsriTraining\GISA\Denver.
g Select DenverData.gdb and click OK.
3-11
Lesson 3
h For Output Name, type Denver_Boundary.
You cannot include spaces in feature class names, but you can use underscores.
i For the remaining parameters, accept the defaults, and at the bottom of the pane, click Run.
j After the tool runs successfully, close the Geoprocessing pane.
k In the Catalog pane, if necessary, expand Folders and Denver.
l Expand DenverData.gdb.
The DenverData geodatabase now contains the feature class that you created from the converted
3-12
Managing GIS data
county_boundary shapefile. ArcGIS Pro also added it to your Contents pane as a layer.
m In the Contents pane, uncheck the Denver_Boundary box to turn off the layer.
You will now review the metadata for the Denver_Boundary layer.
Step 4: Review metadata

Because you added a new feature class to your DenverData geodatabase, you want to ensure that
it has the proper metadata so that when you share it with others, they have confidence that your
data is reliable.
a In the Catalog pane, right-click Denver_Boundary and choose View Metadata.
The Catalog view opens and allows you to view more details about your data than what is
available in the Catalog pane. Here, you can review the metadata for feature classes within
DenverData.gdb.
You can review the metadata for Denver_Boundary in the details panel. The tags and summary are
missing for the Denver_Boundary feature class, so you will edit the metadata.
b In the Catalog view, under Name, select Denver_Boundary if necessary.
c From the ribbon at the top of the display, on the Catalog tab, in the Metadata group, click
Edit.
The Item Description metadata view appears.
d For Tags, type Denver, Colorado, city, boundary.
3-13
Lesson 3
e For Summary (Purpose), type the following: This dataset should be used as a reference to
locate activities that are within or outside the City and County of Denver.
f On the Metadata tab, click Save.
Your metadata changes have been saved.
g Close the Denver_Boundary metadata view and the Catalog view to return to the Denver
Traffic map.
h Save your project.
Step 5: Create a group layer to organize the Contents pane

In the Contents pane, you will see that there are several layers in the map that include accidents
by year. Using group layers can help you manage multiple layers by logical groupings.
a In the Contents pane, click Accidents 2015 to select the layer.
b Press the Shift key and click Accidents 2019 to select all layers by year.
c Right-click Accidents 2019 and choose Group.
A new group layer appears in the Contents pane. Group layers help organize related kinds of
layers in a map.
d Click New Group Layer to make the text editable.
e Type Accidents by Year, and then press Enter.
You now have a group layer in the Contents pane that allows you to manage the layers as a
group. Grouping can help better organize and manage data within your maps and Contents pane.
3-14
Managing GIS data
f Save your project and leave ArcGIS Pro open for the next exercise.
3-15
Lesson 3
Web layers
A web layer is a logical collection of geographic data that points to an existing data source in
ArcGIS Online or ArcGIS Enterprise. Some web layers provide access to the underlying data, while
others are visualizations of the data. There are many types of web layers with various uses in a GIS.
The following table discusses some of the common types of web layers that you can publish to or
add to ArcGIS Online or ArcGIS Enterprise as an item.
Web layer type Description Use case
Feature layer Represents vector data Most appropriate for visualizing data
(points, lines, or on top of basemaps and editing,
polygons) querying, or analyzing the features
and their attributes
Scene layer Cached web layers Used to represent and visualize 3D

optimized for displaying data
many features
Tile layer Can be stored as Designed for fast access and provides
prerendered raster tiles immediate geographic context for
or as vector tiles operational layers, such as basemaps
Map image Image tiles based on Used for complex drawing or

layer vector data and show a rendering where there is limited
collection of map network bandwidth; they send images
cartography; rendered (pictures) rather than features
dynamically (geometry)
1. Which layer type is most appropriate to use when you want to use 3D data?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which layer type is most appropriate to use when you want to query or analyze features?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which layer type is most appropriate to use when you want to draw a map using tiles for
3-16
Managing GIS data
Web layers (continued)
faster display access?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ArcGIS Online Help: Layers > Types of web layers
3-17
Lesson 3
Using web layers
Geographic data may be stored in geodatabases or other data formats that require specific
software for access. To reach a broader audience, using web layers in a web GIS might be a more
appropriate option. Similar to how you can have multiple layers from one geodatabase, you can
create copies of hosted web layers when you want to visualize or present data in multiple ways.
Benefits of web layer use

• Multiple people can access the same layer over multiple, various platforms, making
collaboration with others easy.
• Web layers can be accessed by a wide audience (including decision-makers) because there is
no special software required.
• You can control who has access to the layers, and people who have permission can view or
use the data.
Figure 3.5. Using a web layer may be a more appropriate option, as it has several benefits.
3-18
Managing GIS data
Sharing data in ArcGIS
Accessing shared web layers

A web service represents a GIS resource—a web layer, a map, or an image—that is located in
ArcGIS Online or ArcGIS Enterprise and is made available for use in apps throughout the ArcGIS
system. Web, desktop, and mobile apps can access web layers. Within ArcGIS Pro, you can access
a web layer by using the Portal tab in the Catalog pane.
Figure 3.6. Web services that represent GIS resources located in a portal are available to use in apps throughout
ArcGIS.
3-19
Lesson 3
Sharing data in ArcGIS (continued)
Sharing as web layers

To share your data stored in a geodatabase with someone who does not have access to a desktop
app, you can share it as a web service to make it available to others. Within ArcGIS Pro, you can
share individual web layers to an ArcGIS portal or share a web map.
Figure 3.7. You can make your data in your geodatabase available to people who do not have access by sharing it
as a web service, such as a web layer, a map, or an image.
3-20
Exercise 3B 10 minutes
Share data in ArcGIS
In the previous exercise, you collected Denver traffic accident data that you want to explore and
analyze in ArcGIS Pro. You also want to make data available to others who do not have access to
ArcGIS Pro, so you will share a web layer to ArcGIS Online.
• Share a feature class as a web layer.

• View data as a web layer.
3-21
Lesson 3
Step 1: Share data as a web layer

You have a colleague who wants to use the bicycle accidents layer but does not have access to
ArcGIS Pro. You will share the Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer to ArcGIS Online so that your
colleague can use it outside your DenverData geodatabase.
a Restore ArcGIS Pro to the Denver Traffic map.
If the Denver Traffic map is not open, perform the following steps:
1. Ensure that GISAProject is the active ArcGIS Pro project.

2. On the Catalog pane, expand Maps, if necessary.
3. Double-click the Denver Traffic map.
b In the Contents pane, right-click Denver Traffic and choose Properties.
c In the Map Properties dialog box, on the General tab, check Allow Assignment Of Unique
Numeric IDs For Sharing Web Layers and click OK.
d In the Contents pane, turn off the All Accidents 2015-2019 layer and turn on the Bicycle
Accidents 2015-2019 layer.
e In the Contents pane, right-click Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019, point to Sharing, and choose
Share As Web Layer.
The Share As Web Layer pane opens. The Summary and Tags fields are filled out from the layer's
metadata. This metadata becomes part of the item details of the web layer. You will specify some
additional parameters before sharing.
f For Name, type Bike TA 2015 to 2019 <your initials and today's date>.
Because you will be sharing the layer with everyone, it must have a unique name.
g For Share With, check the Everyone box.
When you share with everyone, the other boxes will be checked by default.
3-22
Managing GIS data
h At the bottom of the pane, click Analyze.
Clicking Analyze checks for any errors or issues within your layer that must be addressed before
you share to ArcGIS Online. Your data has no errors or warnings, so you are ready to share to
ArcGIS Online.
i Click Publish.
Publishing the layer may take a few minutes.
j When the web layer shares successfully, close the Share As Web Layer pane.
You published the web layer, and it has been added to the portal and shared with everyone.
3-23
Lesson 3
k Save your project, and then exit ArcGIS Pro.
Step 2: View a web layer in ArcGIS Online

You will now locate the web layer that you published to ArcGIS Online.
a Restore your web browser to return to ArcGIS Online.
b In the upper-left corner, click Home and choose Content.
If you closed your web browser, open one, go to www.arcgis.com, and then sign in
using the credentials provided by your instructor. At the top of the page, click Content.
You should see two new items on your My Content tab. The hosted feature layer is the layer that
you shared from ArcGIS Pro. You also have a service definition, which is a file created when you
publish a hosted feature layer from ArcGIS Pro.
c Click the Bike TA 2015 To 2019 <your initials and today's date> hosted feature layer.
The item page opens for your web layer. Here, you can review the metadata, called the item
details in ArcGIS Online.
d Click the Open In Map Viewer Classic down arrow and choose Add To New Map.
The layer opens in Map Viewer Classic. Anyone with access to ArcGIS Online can now use this
layer.
e Close your web browser.
3-24
Managing GIS data
Lesson review
1. Geodatabases are the native data format for ArcGIS.
a. True
b. False
2. Give an example of a situation where you would want to use a web layer instead of data in
a geodatabase.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which term is defined as information that describes data in ArcGIS?
a. Web service
b. Properties
c. Metadata
d. Content details
3-25
Exercise 3A: Explore data management (page 3-7)

1. To which geodatabase does the All Accidents 2015-2019 layer point?
The All Accidents 2015-2019 layer points to C:\EsriTraining\GISA\Denver\
DenverData.gdb.
2. What is the name of the feature class to which the All Accidents 2015-2019 layer points?
The All Accidents 2015-2019 layer points to a feature class named Traffic_Accidents.
3. To which geodatabase does the Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer point?

The Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer points to C:\EsriTraining\GISA\Denver\
DenverData.gdb.
4. What is the name of the feature class to which the Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer points?
The Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer points to a feature class named Traffic_Accidents.
Web layers (page 3-16)

1. Which layer type is most appropriate to use when you want to use 3D data?
Scene layers are appropriate for 3D data.
2. Which layer type is most appropriate to use when you want to query or analyze features?
Feature layers are appropriate to use when you want to query or analyze features.
3. Which layer type is most appropriate to use when you want to draw a map using tiles for faster
display access?
Tile layers are most appropriate to use when you want to draw a map for faster display
access.
3-26
4 Exploring coordinate systems
While a GIS represents the real world, it is not reality. To be useful, a GIS map must accurately
represent feature locations. To determine the location of features in the real world or on a
map, you need a coordinate reference system—a standard framework for defining location. In
this lesson, you will learn how a GIS uses a coordinate reference system to determine where
features are located.
Topics covered
Geographic coordinate systems
Projected coordinate systems
Importance of coordinate systems
Map projections and spatial distortion
4-1
Lesson 4
How is data represented on a map?
A spatial reference is a system for locating geographic data relative to each other and the world.
Spatial reference is vital to a GIS because there must be accurate locations on a map for all the
data in a GIS to work together. Read and think about the implications of the following scenario.
Scenario 1: Finding the precise location

As a set decorator for a movie that is being filmed in New Orleans, Louisiana, you receive a
message from the location coordinator that you are to be at Audubon Park tomorrow morning to
start building a set for a movie scene. You put Audubon Park into your GPS to determine where
you need to be and get the directions to the park. The GPS gives directions to go to 6500
Magazine Street. However, as you zoom out, you realize that Audubon Park is quite large. The
park encompasses over 350 acres and has a golf course and a zoo on the property.
Figure 4.1. Audubon Park has a physical address of 6500 Magazine Street, New Orleans, Louisiana; however, it is
over 350 acres.
4-2
Exploring coordinate systems
How is data represented on a map? (continued)
1. Would navigating to 6500 Magazine Street get you to work tomorrow? Why or why not?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What information could the location coordinator provide to give you better instructions or
guidance about where to arrive?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-3
Lesson 4
Coordinate systems
While people often use relative locations when describing a location, ArcGIS uses absolute
locations to identify a feature's location on the surface of the earth. In a GIS, the absolute location
for any vector feature is stored as a pair of coordinate values. The coordinate values are stored as
numeric values that relate to the overall reference system, called a coordinate system, on which
they are based. There are two major types of coordinate systems:
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a three-

dimensional spherical model using angular measures of
latitude and longitude. In a GCS, measurements are
expressed in decimal degrees. A GCS is appropriate to use
to reference locations in relation to the rest of the earth.
A projected coordinate system (PCS) defines locations on

a flat, two-dimensional model of the earth (map) using
linear units forming a grid. Every PCS uses a GCS as the
starting reference point, and then uses a mathematical
transformation called a projection to convert from
geographic coordinates to projected coordinates.
4-4
Coordinate systems (continued)
The following table illustrates some of the major differences between geographic and projected
coordinate systems. Both types of coordinate systems provide a framework for defining real-world
locations. A spatial reference is a series of parameters that define the coordinate system and other
spatial properties for each dataset in the geodatabase. Typically, all datasets for the same area use
a common spatial reference.
Geographic coordinate Projected coordinate system

system
Dimension Three-dimensional, spherical Two-dimensional, flat
Unit of Degrees Feet or meters

measure
Purpose / Locating features, finding Accurately calculating measurements

when to use location (like distance or area), editing,
analysis
Esri Training course: Introduction to Coordinate Systems
4-5
Lesson 4
The importance of coordinate systems
When using a GIS, it is important to have a solid understanding of coordinate systems to ensure
that map products accurately show the area of interest. Choosing the wrong coordinate system, or
using more than one coordinate system, can result in the following issues:
• Inaccurate measurements, such as perimeter and area

• Errors when performing spatial analysis
These issues can create circumstances that result in unsafe or adverse conditions for people using
the maps. For example, if an invalid projected coordinate system is applied to a parcel dataset,
then parcel area measurements may be erroneous. If the coordinate system of a utility's valves is
inaccurately defined, then field workers may have issues finding the valves in the field.
1. In the work that you do, what are potential consequences of having data in different
coordinate systems?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Esri.com: Products > GIS & Mapping Products > ArcGIS Pro > ArcGIS Blog >
Geographic vs Projected Coordinate Systems
4-6
Map projections and distortion
A map projection is a method for converting the earth's three-dimensional surface to a map's two-
dimensional surface. When you create a 2D map of the world, you cannot make the world flat
without changing some of its proportions. As you flatten a round surface with a map projection, it
is inevitable that you will create spatial distortion. Every map has some distortion.
There are four spatial properties subject to distortion in a projected coordinate system:
• Shape • Area • Distance • Direction
The map projection that you choose preserves spatial properties that are subject to distortion.
Some projections preserve one property and some preserve two, but no projection can preserve
all four spatial properties—only a globe can do that. Many projections cannot preserve any
properties perfectly but compromise slightly on all of them.
To help understand and identify spatial distortions on a map, geographers use a system of circles
known as the Tissot indicatrices. These circles or ellipses are used as a baseline for evaluating and
understanding distortions in map projects. As you explore projected coordinate systems,
choosing a map projection means that you are choosing your distortion. Projections are often
organized by type based on the property that it preserves. The following table lists common types
of projections and shows graphics that use the Tissot circles to depict the distortions in the maps.
Type of projection Properties
Equal Area
• Preserves area.
• Distorts shape, angles (directions), and scale
4-7
Lesson 4
Map projections and distortion (continued)
Type of projection Properties
Conformal
• Preserves shape of small regions
• May distort shape of large regions
• Impossible for a projection to maintain area
and shape
Equidistant
• Preserves distance between certain points
• Distorts scale
Azimuthal (directional)
• Preserves true direction from one central point
to all other points
• Directions from points other than central point
are not accurate
• May preserve area, shape, and distance
4-8
Explore spatial distortion
Choosing a map projection means choosing your distortion. In this activity, you will open an app
that helps illustrate spatial distortions among various projected coordinate systems.
Instructions
a Start ArcGIS Pro.
b In the bottom-left corner of the ArcGIS display, click Open Another Project.
c Browse to C:\EsriTraining\GISA\Examine.
d Click GISA_L4_ExploreSpatialDistortion.ppkx to select it, and then click OK.
In each map view, circles demonstrate how various projections distort the data. The
map views are linked so that they interact with each other.
e Navigate the top-left map view to Australia and the Arabian Peninsula to answer the
questions.
f After you finish, save the project and close ArcGIS Pro.
1. Compare the projections. Which projection would you choose for a map that shows
direction for Australia?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which of the six map projections would you choose if you wanted to create a map that
shows the shape and direction of the Arabian Peninsula?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-9
Work with coordinate systems
You are a GIS analyst mapping information about the United States' national parks. Organizing
and evaluating data involves making sure that all datasets that you use have defined coordinate
systems. In this exercise, you will learn where in ArcGIS you can find the properties that identify
the coordinate system of a layer. You will also examine how different maps in different projections
can distort spatial properties.
• Examine coordinate systems.

• Review spatial distortion in maps.
4-10
Step 1: Prepare your ArcGIS project

In this exercise, you will use two maps to explore how coordinate systems are an integral part of
ArcGIS.
a Start ArcGIS Pro.
c Close any open maps in your project.
d In the Catalog pane, expand Maps and open National Parks.
Hint: Double-click the National Parks map to open it.
The National Parks map opens with a basemap zoomed to most of the United States.
Step 2: Examine the coordinate system of a map

You want to know the coordinate system of the National Parks map.
a In the Contents pane, right-click National Parks and choose Properties.
b Click the Coordinate Systems tab.
1. What is the coordinate system for the National Parks map?
__________________________________________________________________________________
This projected coordinate system is the default spatial reference for maps in ArcGIS. Basemaps
also use this coordinate system. You will explore a layer's properties to find the coordinate system
information.
c Click OK to close the Map Properties dialog box.
d In the Contents pane, right-click World Topographic Map and choose Properties.
You can also double-click layer or map names to open their properties.
4-11
Lesson 4
e Click the Source tab, and then expand Spatial Reference.
2. What is the coordinate system for the World Topographic Map basemap?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. In the Spatial Reference properties, what is the projection listed?
__________________________________________________________________________________
When you review a layer's properties, you can review its coordinate system. If it is a projected
coordinate system like WGS 1984 Web Mercator (Auxiliary Sphere), it will list the projection in the
properties.
f Click OK.
Step 3: Examine the coordinate system of a layer

Your map currently only contains one basemap, which contains two layers; you do not have any
operational layers added. You will add the national parks to your map. When you bring your first
operational data layer into your map, the map will then inherit the spatial reference of the layer.
Any other layer added after that will be projected into that spatial reference, as well, even if it
does not have the same coordinate system. This action occurs because ArcGIS Pro will perform an
on-the-fly transformation of the data layer's spatial reference.
a In the Catalog pane, expand Folders.
b Expand the GISA folder, NationalParks, and NationalParks.gdb.
c Right-click NationalParkServiceBoundaries and choose Add To Current Map.
After you add the NationalParkServiceBoundaries layer to the map, you will notice that your map
changes shape. Alaska now appears shorter and elongated from west to east. You will look at the
national park layer to determine its coordinate system.
d In the Contents pane, open the NationalParkServiceBoundaries layer properties.
e If necessary, in the Layer Properties dialog box, click the Source tab.
f Expand Spatial Reference.
4. What is the coordinate system for the NationalParkServiceBoundaries layer?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4-12
5. Is this coordinate system a geographic or projected coordinate system?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Because this data is in a geographic coordinate system, the map takes the angle of the earth into
consideration and appears spherical.
g Click OK.
Knowing where to find the coordinate system for your map and layers and whether the data is in a
geographic or projected coordinate system will help ensure that you are using the correct spatial
reference.
Step 4: Compare a map with a different coordinate system

The National Parks map is in a geographic coordinate system, which is appropriate to use for
referencing a single location in relation to the rest of the earth. If you want to measure distances
between places or analyze locations, data that is in a projected coordinate system is better suited
for accurate measurement and spatial analysis. You will now review the same dataset that has
been projected.
a In the Catalog pane, open the Projected Parks map.
b In the Contents pane, open the Projected Parks map properties.
6. What is the coordinate system for the Projected Parks map?
__________________________________________________________________________________
When the first layer is added to a map, the map inherits the coordinate system from that layer. In
this case, the NPS_Projected layer uses the WGS 1984 Web Mercator (Auxiliary Sphere)
projection.
c Click OK.
You will look at the two maps side by side to compare each map's spatial distortion.
d Drag the Projected Parks map tab into the center of the screen until you see a crosshairs icon
in the map view.
4-13
Lesson 4
e Point to the bottom square, and then release the window.
Now the Projected Parks map is positioned below the National Parks map in the map view. ArcGIS
Pro allows you to link the map views.
f On the ribbon, click the View tab.
g In the Link group, click the Link Views down arrow and choose Center And Scale.
h On the Map tab, in the Navigate group, click Bookmarks and choose Alaska.
7. How does Alaska appear in the National Parks map?
__________________________________________________________________________________
The National Parks map takes the earth's angular measurements into consideration. Therefore, the
map appears angled and Alaska appears different from the Projected Parks map. The Projected
Parks map transforms the earth onto the flat map and, in this case, preserves the local shape.
i On the Map tab, click Bookmarks and choose the Greenland bookmark.
8. How does Greenland's appearance differ from one map to the other?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Maps that preserve shape, such as the National Parks map, may distort large areas like Greenland.
The most profound fact about map projections is that each projection method will have one or
more types of spatial distortion. As you begin using maps for measurement and spatial analysis,
you will want to take different projections into consideration.
You have now observed the differences between using a geographic coordinate system and a
projected coordinate system.
j On the View tab, click the Link Views button to deactivate the link between the two maps.
Do not click the down arrow.
k Close the National Parks and Projected Parks maps.
l Save your project and exit ArcGIS Pro.
4-14
Lesson review
1. A projected coordinate system uses angular units of measurements, typically in decimal

degrees.
a. True
b. False
2. Which characteristic applies to a geographic coordinate system?
a. Uses a three-dimensional model
b. Uses planar measurements, such as meters or feet
c. Uses a projection to create the angles of the earth onto a two-dimensional surface
d. Best used to perform editing or analysis
3. Give an example of the implications for having data in an incorrect coordinate system and
not projected accurately in a map.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4-15
How is data represented on a map? (page 4-2)
Scenario 1: Finding the precise location

1. Would navigating to 6500 Magazine Street get you to work tomorrow? Why or why not?
• The address of Audubon Park is located at 6500 Magazine Street, so it is possible that
you are to go to that location and the crew will be there.
• The address is relative to where the actual filming of the scene could happen within the
park and does not necessarily tell you where the actual scene takes place. It could take
time to pinpoint the location of where the crew will be located.
2. What information could the location coordinator provide to give you better instructions or
guidance about where to arrive?
• The location coordinator could have mentioned a landmark to give you a better
reference of where in the park the crew would be located.
• Because the park is large, there may have been an intersection that would have been a
better reference point.
• Using a mobile device, the location coordinator could have dropped a pin on the
location of where you are supposed to meet, and you could use that pin's coordinates to
best determine the precise location of the film set.
The importance of coordinate systems (page 4-6)

1. In the work that you do, what are potential consequences of having data in different coordinate
systems?
4-16
Explore spatial distortion (page 4-9)
1. Compare the projections. Which projection would you choose for a map that shows direction
for Australia?
The World Cube projection shows Australia with slight compression in north/south
direction, but its location and direction are accurate.
2. Which of the six map projections would you choose if you wanted to create a map that shows
the shape and direction of the Arabian Peninsula?
The World Hotine projection seems to preserve the properties of shape and direction the
best of the six selected maps.
Exercise 4: Work with coordinate systems (page 4-10)

1. What is the coordinate system for the National Parks map?
The coordinate system is WGS 1984 Web Mercator (Auxiliary Sphere).
2. What is the coordinate system for the World Topographic Map basemap?
The coordinate system is WGS 1984 Web Mercator (Auxiliary Sphere).
3. In the Spatial Reference properties, what is the projection listed?

The projection is Mercator Auxiliary Sphere.
4. What is the coordinate system for the NationalParkServiceBoundaries layer?

The coordinate system is North American Datum 1983.
5. Is this coordinate system a geographic or projected coordinate system?

North American Datum 1983 is a geographic coordinate system. It is listed as a
geographic coordinate system in the properties, and there is no projection listed.
6. What is the coordinate system for the Projected Parks map?

WGS 1984 Web Mercator (Auxiliary Sphere)
4-17
7. How does Alaska appear in the National Parks map?
Alaska is angled in the National Parks map, and it appears as a different size than it does
in the Projected Parks map.
8. How does Greenland's appearance differ from one map to the other?
Greenland appears larger in the Projected Parks map.
4-18
5 Mapping and visualization
Most people understand and appreciate a good map, whether it is folded out on a table or
opened on a mobile device. Maps are graphical representations that allow you to quickly
visualize real-world features and how they relate to one another. In this lesson, you will
discover different ways that a GIS can help you create the most appropriate visualization for
your map so that your audience can best understand the information that you want to convey
to them.
Topics covered
Map components
3D visualization
Visualizing with imagery
5-1
Lesson 5
Not all maps are created equal
Maps are made up of layers that are symbolized to represent the data contained within them. A
GIS allows you to modify the appearance and properties of these layers so that a map becomes
more meaningful to its intended audience.
Not all maps are created equal. You will review a map layout that has been made to share with
others, and you might notice that the map may not be of the best quality. You will discuss ways in
which you would change the map.
Map: C:\EsriTraining\GISA\Other\London_Layout.pdf
Map purpose: Explain that there is a strong relationship between the number of traffic accidents
in an area where there is a larger population.
How can the map be improved to better illustrate its layers and purpose?
5-2
Mapping and visualization
Map components
There are several design considerations for creating an effective map or layout designed for map
printing to help communicate the best message.
Symbols allow you to use visual characteristics like color, size, and shape
to illustrate differences between features.
The scale of your map can help determine how to symbolize and display
features on your map. You can set scale dependencies on layers to reduce
clutter in your maps.
Adding text to your map can help improve the message of your map.
Labeling is the process of placing descriptive text on a map to identify
features.
Pop-ups display attribute information about a particular feature. Pop-ups

can be configured to display only the relevant attributes and information
that you want to share with your audience.
5-3
Lesson 5
Map components (continued)
The legend tells you the meaning of the symbols used to represent the
features on the map.
Map surrounds are any of the supporting objects or elements in a layout

that help a reader interpret a map. These items may include a title,
legend, north arrow, scale bar, text, and other maps.
Esri Training course: Displaying Data in ArcGIS Pro
5-4
Identify effective map elements
Maps are the primary way that GIS users share their work with others in their organization and
beyond, making it important to make maps that are easy to explain and make sense to your
intended audience. You will visit a map gallery that contains several maps to better understand
what elements make a map easier to interpret.
Instructions
a Click one of the following links to open a web map: Trivariate, Predominance, Compare, or
Dot density.
b Answer the following questions about the web map that you selected.
1. Which map did you choose?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. When you zoom in and out on the map, how does the visualization of the data change?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. In the lower-left corner, click the Legend button . How do the symbols relay information
about the data?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-5
Lesson 5
Identify effective map elements (continued)
4. What additional information, if any, can you learn from the pop-ups?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Do you think that the map properly conveys the information that it is supposed to convey?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-6
Use ArcGIS for mapping and visualization
Including symbology, text, and appropriate map scale in a carefully designed map is nearly as
important as the data in the map itself. If someone cannot understand a map that you created, it
will end up in the recycle bin. In this exercise, you will review a map and a layout to explore how
ArcGIS Pro allows you to create a map that will best convey your message for your intended
audience.
• Change symbols.
• Explore map scale.
• Use a pop-up.
• Explore layout elements.
5-7
Lesson 5

You will open your training project.
a Start ArcGIS Pro.
c In the Catalog pane, expand Maps and open the Visualize Traffic map.
The Visualize Traffic map opens. This map shows Denver bicycle accidents from 2015-2019. You
will use this map to explore various ways to change the visualization of your layers to better
convey the message of the map.
Step 2: Change symbology

In the map, you will notice that the Denver_Boundary layer is a solid pink color that shows the
boundary of the Denver city limits. However, you only want to see the boundaries and the data
underneath it that is part of the basemap layer. You will change the symbology of this layer.
a In the Contents pane, click Denver_Boundary to select the layer.
ArcGIS Pro is context-sensitive, which means that the ribbon and available tools will change based
on the type of layer that you have selected. Making Denver_Boundary the active, selected layer in
the Contents pane displays the tabs and tools available on the ribbon for the Denver_Boundary
layer.
b From the ribbon, click the Appearance tab.
c In the Drawing group, click the Symbology button (not the down arrow below the button).
The Symbology pane opens. In this pane, you can change the properties of your symbols.
d In the Symbology pane, click the Symbol color swatch.
e At the top of the pane, click the Properties tab.
f For Color, next to the color swatch, click the down arrow and choose No Color.
5-8
g Change Outline Color to a dark blue shade of your choice.
h For Outline Width, choose 3 pt.
i Click Apply.
Your Denver_Boundary layer now only displays an outline.
j Close the Symbology pane.
Step 3: Use scale ranges to control visibility

Next, you want to be able to visualize the Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer using the day of
week. The layer in the Contents pane has a different color symbol for each day of week.
a In the Contents pane, turn on the Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer.
In the lower-left corner of the map view, you can see your current map scale. At the current map
scale, the symbols are cluttered. This symbology may not be ideal to use at this scale. However,
you want to focus your map on the downtown area of the city.
b On the Map tab, in the Navigate group, click Bookmarks and choose the Downtown Denver
bookmark.
At the bookmark's extent, it is easier to decipher the symbols on the map, and they do not appear
to be as cluttered. You can change the layer's visibility to only show at a specific scale so the
symbols will not be visible when you zoom out on your map.
5-9
Lesson 5
c In the Contents pane, click Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 to select it.
d Click the Appearance tab.
e In the Visibility Range group, for Out Beyond, click inside the drop-down list area to make the
cursor active.
f Type 15000 and press Enter.
The bicycle accidents will now draw on the map and be visible when you zoom in to a scale of
1:15,000 or larger. If you zoom out to a scale smaller than 1:15,000 (for example, 1:30,000), the
symbols will disappear from the map.
g In the map, zoom in and out to notice the visibility range of the bicycle accidents.
Scale ranges are useful to eliminate clutter on a map and ensure that you have only the layers that
you need to help convey your message.
h Save your project.
Step 4: Use pop-ups

Next, you want to focus on an area in the city, the University of Denver. Because the college has
many students who live in that area, you want to determine if you can visualize any areas that are
more prone to bicycle accidents.
a On the Map tab, in the Navigate group, click Bookmarks and choose the University Of Denver
Area bookmark.
1. When zoomed to the University Of Denver Area bookmark, the map is at what scale?
__________________________________________________________________________________
b If necessary, zoom in beyond 1:15,000 to make the Bicycle Accidents 2015-2019 layer visible
on the map.
A trail runs along Buchtel Blvd northeast of the university. You notice that there are some
accidents along that trail. You are not sure of the name of the trail, but you can use the pop-up to
learn more about the trail.
c Click any part of the trail that runs along Buchtel Blvd.
A pop-up window opens and displays the attributes for the trail that you selected. By default,
pop-ups display all the attributes associated with the layer, but you can configure a pop-up to
show only attributes that are necessary for your audience.
5-10
2. What is the name of the trail?
__________________________________________________________________________________
d Close the pop-up window.
Step 5: Open a layout

To prepare for a meeting with the university about an initiative to prevent bicycle accidents, you
want to print a map that shows the accident locations.
a In the Catalog pane, expand Layouts and open the DU Accidents layout.
The DU Accidents layout opens with some map elements already included. The layout includes a
map, which is called the map frame. You also have a title and legend in your layout. You will refine
some of these elements and then add some map surrounds.
Step 6: Explore layout elements

Your legend includes the Denver_Boundary layer. However, you are zoomed in enough that you
do not need to include it in your legend. You can remove it from your legend.
a If necessary, in the Contents pane, expand Legend.
All the layers from the Visualize Traffic map are checked in the legend. However, legend items
only appear if they are turned on in the map itself.
b Uncheck the Denver_Boundary legend item.
The Denver_Boundary layer is removed from your legend. Next, you will add a north arrow.
c On the Insert tab, in the Map Surrounds group, click the North Arrow down arrow and choose
a north arrow.
d Below your legend, in the white space, draw a box to place the north arrow.
Next, you will add a scale bar.
e On the Insert tab, click the Scale Bar down arrow and choose Alternating Scale Bar 1.
f Below your north arrow, in the white space, draw a rectangle to place your scale bar.
Your scale bar is added to the layout. You can now change some of its properties to make it easier
to read.
g In the Contents pane, right-click Scale Bar and choose Properties.
5-11
Lesson 5
The pane that opens is generically referred to as the Element pane. In this pane, you can change
the properties of your map surrounds. Depending on the type of map surround that is selected,
the title shown at the top of the pane will vary. In this case, the pane is titled Scale Bar.
h In the Scale Bar pane, under Map Units, change the Map Units to Feet.
i Click the Properties tab as shown in the following graphic.
j Under Divisions, change Divisions to 1 and Subdivisions to 2.
k In the layout, using the handles on the scale bar, resize the scale bar until the scale maximum
is 1,000 feet.
l Close the Scale Bar pane.
Lastly, you want to add text that tells the user that you created the layout.
m On the Insert tab, in the Graphics And Text group, click the Rectangle Text button .
n In the lower-right corner of the layout, draw a rectangle.
o In the rectangle, replace the default text with Created by <your name>, and then click away
from the text box to see your text in the layout.
p Resize the text box as needed.
You have used elements in your map and layout that help provide better clarity in the visualization
of the data.
q Save your project and exit ArcGIS Pro.
5-12
Visualize map layers in 3D
Traditionally, data on maps is displayed in 2D—you see the features on a flat surface. In a GIS,
data can also be displayed in a 3D scene, highlighting aspects like height (or depth), slope, and
elevation. You will explore a 3D web scene that is published as an application to see what
information can be obtained from a 3D map that might not be obvious in a 2D map. You will also
determine which buildings have the greatest solar energy potential.
Instructions
a In a web browser, go to www.arcgis.com, if necessary, and sign in using the credentials
provided by your instructor.
b Near the upper-right corner of the page, to the left of your user name, click the Search button
to open the search field.
c In the search field, type Solar Energy Analysis Naperville and then press Enter.
d Point to the Solar Energy Analysis of Naperville, IL, Instant App web mapping application
thumbnail, and then click View Application.
e To explore the instant app, click the Slides button in the upper-right corner.
f Answer the following questions in your workbook by clicking each slide.
g After you finish, close your web browser.
1. What layers are included in this instant app?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How would this data be visualized differently if it was only available in a 2D map?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. How does the 3D visualization better convey the map's message?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-13
Lesson 5
Use imagery for visualization
A picture is worth a thousand words. As previously discussed, imagery provides a new perspective
that you may not see using traditional layers in a GIS. One example of how imagery can help
better interpret information is by visualizing how the world is changing. Next, you will explore a
story that shows before-and-after imagery of major cities to better understand the effect of
planning and environmental changes on urbanization.
Instructions
a Navigate to Grace and Delight - ArcGIS StoryMaps by clicking the link.
b Use the information in the story to answer the following questions.
1. What do the before-and-after images in the New York tab convey?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What do the before-and-after images in the Chicago tab convey?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. How could you use the visualization of imagery in your work?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-14
Lesson review
1. What are some elements that you should include on a layout when printing a map?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are some symbol qualities that you can change to give the symbol more meaning?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Give an example of how using imagery can help in visualization.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5-15
Not all maps are created equal (page 5-2)

How can the map be improved to better illustrate its layers and purpose?
Possible responses include the following:
• Traffic accidents symbols: Even though the colors represent different breaks in the data,
there is no logic to the colors. It might be better to use a color ramp (light to dark) to
better represent the volume of traffic data. It would also more intuitive to show the
traffic accidents as graduated size symbols because those symbols will draw the eye and
the traffic accidents are the focus of the map.
• Population data: It might be a good idea to change the symbology from graduated size
point to graduated color polygons. Also, the title of the data in the legend does not
make sense to the map reader, and there are many classes in the data that are not easy
to discern in the map. It might be better to change the title of the data to something
more meaningful and change the number of classes in the breaks of the data.
• Labels: The text on the map makes it quite busy and it is not clear which label belongs
to which polygon. The labels should be moved or removed for this map scale.
• Basemap: Although there is no requirement for a basemap, it could provide a better
reference point for the surrounding area of the map. It may also help fill some of the
white space on the layout.
• Scale bar: A scale bar is helpful, but you may want to format it so that the unit of
measure is consistent.
Identify effective map elements (page 5-5)

1. Which map did you choose?
Answers will vary.
2. When you zoom in and out on the map, how does the visualization of the data change?
Answers will vary, but many of the maps have different symbology and labels that change
at different zoom scales.
3. In the lower-left corner, click the Legend button . How do the symbols relay information
5-16
about the data?
Answers will vary. Characteristics like shape, color, and size are typically used to relay
information about the data.
4. What additional information, if any, can you learn from the pop-ups?
Answers will vary. Typically, pop-ups will have information regarding the attributes of the
data and may be configured to have images and charts.
5. Do you think that the map properly conveys the information that it is supposed to convey?
Answers will vary.
Exercise 5: Use ArcGIS for mapping and visualization (page 5-7)

1. When zoomed to the University Of Denver Area bookmark, the map is at what scale?
Answers may vary due to the resolution of your monitor. The expected scale is around
1:10,000.
2. What is the name of the trail?

The name of the trail is Buchtel Trail.
Visualize map layers in 3D (page 5-13)

1. What layers are included in this instant app?
The layers include Naperville 3D Buildings (two separate layers), Solar Panel Choices,
Naperville Solar Potential, and Naperville 3D Trees.
2. How would this data be visualized differently if it was only available in a 2D map?
You would only be able to view aerial imagery, locations of trees, and building footprints
from above.
3. How does the 3D visualization better convey the map's message?

With the 3D visualization, you can see that the height and the shape of the buildings, as
well as the direction that they are facing, are related to the solar energy potential.
5-17
Use imagery for visualization (page 5-14)
1. What do the before-and-after images in the New York tab convey?
You can visualize the changes in the development of New York City in 1836 compared to
modern satellite imagery. For example, many of the modern bridges did not exist in
1836. However, many areas of open space are retained across the city due to planning
efforts.
2. What do the before-and-after images in the Chicago tab convey?

After the fire in 1871, the city was completely rebuilt with a more modern layout that
could allow for urban growth over time.
3. How could you use the visualization of imagery in your work?

Using before-and-after visualizations can help you determine how development and
environmental factors have changed the landscape over time.
5-18
6 Spatial analysis
The power of GIS lies in the analysis that you are able to perform with it. Spatial analysis can
help answer simple questions, like what restaurants are within a mile of your current location.
It can also help answer more complex questions, like what demographic variables explain a
purchasing trend across the country. In this lesson, you will learn about how you can use GIS
to perform spatial analysis and what kinds of questions that spatial analysis can answer.
Topics covered
What is spatial analysis?
Spatial analysis workflow
Types of spatial analysis
Spatial analytical techniques
6-1
Lesson 6
What is spatial analysis?
Spatial analysis is the process of examining locations, attributes, and relationships of features in
spatial data through analytical technique to address a question or gain useful knowledge. To
simplify, spatial analysis is how you understand your world and includes mapping where things
are, discovering how they relate, determining what it all means, and deciding what actions to
take.
Figure 6.1. The map on the left shows fire station locations in Aurora, Colorado. They look as if they are spread out
so that there is even coverage in the area. The map on the right shows 5-minute drive times from each fire station.
Performing spatial analysis gives you a better understanding of gaps in response-time coverage.
The first time that you see a map, you start to make decisions about it. You begin understanding
where things are and how they are related to other things early in life. As you grow older, thinking
spatially becomes part of everyday life. Where is the closest gas station? What is the fastest way
to get there? As attuned to thinking spatially that you may think that you are, at times, looking at
a map is not good enough to understand what is occurring and why. When you cannot rely on
your ability to visualize a pattern or answer a question about a map, you can perform spatial
analysis.
6-2
Spatial analysis
The spatial analysis workflow contains seven steps that you can apply to problems that you want
to analyze in your organization. Using a GIS for spatial analysis is not just a tool or model that you
run. It is a workflow that gives you an approach to solving problems.
1. Which step in the spatial analysis workflow focuses on determining the data that you need?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which step in the spatial analysis workflow focuses on asking additional questions to
further understand your problem?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Esri.com: Products > Spatial Analysis and Data Science > Discover the power of spatial
analysis > Read the ebook > The Language of Spatial Analysis
6-3
Lesson 6
Spatial analysis workflow video summary
The spatial analysis workflow may not always be linear. You may find that after exploring the data,
you have additional questions that take you back to the beginning. And, as you perform analysis,
you will find that it usually leads to other questions before you can make a final analytical decision.
Figure 6.2. The steps in the spatial analysis workflow.
6-4
Spatial analysis
Spatial analysis workflow video summary (Continued)
Workflow step Description
1. Ask questions • Determine the questions that you are trying to answer.
2. Explore and • Choose data based on questions.

prepare data
• Review data, ensuring that you have the type of data and the
attributes needed to answer your questions.
• Collect additional data as necessary.
3. Analyze and • Break down the problem into smaller components to quantify
model
your questions.
• Use the tools and techniques of a GIS to analyze data.
4. Interpret • Evaluate your analysis.

results
• Discover areas where you may need refinement.
5. Repeat or • Perform additional analysis to fully understand the problem.

modify
6. Present • Show and discuss the results with stakeholders.

results
7. Make • Use analysis to act and solve the initial problem.

decisions
6-5
Lesson 6
Types of spatial analysis
Six common types of spatial analysis can be used to answer questions in a GIS. These types can
be used separately or in combination to best solve your spatial problems.
Proximity analysis allows features to be analyzed

based on their distance from other features.
• What is nearby?
• What is the closest?
• What is the distance between features?
Overlay analysis examines the interaction between

features. Layers are placed on top of one another to
understand the relationships between them.
• What features (or parts of features) are inside other
features?
• What is outside of what?
• How do the two features interact?
6-6
Spatial analysis
Types of spatial analysis (continued)
Statistical analysis is the process of using statistical

methods and tools to reveal patterns and relationships
in the data.
• How are the attribute values distributed?
• Are there clusters in the data?
• What do the geographic patterns tell you?
Temporal analysis allows you to see how data or

patterns change over time.
• Is there a pattern to this change over time?
• How have the number and the location of events
changed seasonally?
Network analysis determines the paths and routes

using a network of connectivity. An example would be
using a transportation network like roads.
• What is the quickest way to get from point A to
point B?
• What is the best route to each feature along the
street network?
6-7
Lesson 6
Types of spatial analysis (continued)
3D analysis enables users to analyze a third

dimension, like height, depth, or time, to solve
complex problems.
• What is the height of the building?
• What can you observe from the top of a structure?
• How deep were the features below the surface?
6-8
Spatial analysis
Identifying types of analysis
Now that you have learned about the types of spatial analysis that you can perform, you can use
the different types to answer questions that you have about your data. Match the type of spatial
analysis that would be most appropriate for each scenario by drawing a line between the spatial
analysis scenario and the spatial analysis type.
Spatial analysis scenario Spatial

analysis
type
You want to quantify the amount of crime that Proximity

occurs in each police district. analysis
You want to determine the view from the 30th Overlay

floor of an apartment building. analysis
You want to determine how a wildfire has Statistical

spread over the last two weeks. analysis
You want to know the most cost-effective route Temporal

for a delivery truck. analysis
You want to determine which voting precinct Network

that you live within. analysis
You want to know how many grocery stores are 3D

within a mile of your house. analysis
6-9
Exercise 6A 20 minutes
Use ArcGIS to explore 3D analysis
Using 3D to analyze data can give you a different perspective than using a 2D map. You can
consider components like height or depth, which can be beneficial when planning a community. In
this exercise, you are working as a planner in the city's planning and development office. You are
trying to decide between two different development scenarios near the riverfront in Portland,
Oregon. Both development scenarios have the same footprint, but you must determine how
height plays a role in determining which development would be better for the city.
• Navigate a web scene.

• Measure building height.
• Analyze daylight.
6-10
Spatial analysis
Step 1: Prepare a web scene

a In a web browser, go to www.arcgis.com, if necessary.
b Sign in using the credentials provided by your instructor.
c Near the upper-right corner of the page, to the left of your username, click the Search button
.
d In the search field, type Visualize New Developments and press Enter.
e On the Search page, under Filters, turn off the Only Search In Esri Training Services toggle
filter.
f Point to the thumbnail for the Visualize New Developments web scene by esri_3d, and then
click Open In Scene Viewer.
The web scene may take a few moments to load.
The Visualize New Developments web scene opens in Scene Viewer. You will use the web scene
to determine which of the development scenarios would best fit the criteria provided by the
community. The scene opens to Development Scenario B. Slides near the bottom of the scene
allow you to switch between the two development scenarios.
g Point to the bottom of Scene Viewer to see the slides.
h Point to the first slide to see its name, and then click the Scenario A slide.
i From the options in the upper-left corner of the scene, click the Rotate button .
j Click in the scene, and then hold the click and move your mouse to rotate the scene in
different directions.
Using the Rotate tool allows you to view the developments from different perspectives.
Step 2: Analyze building height

When choosing a scenario, you want to make sure that any concerns expressed by the community
are addressed. Therefore, you will use the scene to determine which scenario best fits what the
community wants for the development. The first concern is the height of the buildings; the
community would prefer that the buildings be fewer than 300 feet tall so as not to obstruct the
view of the riverfront. You will measure the buildings to determine if one of the scenarios better
fits the height criterion.
6-11
Lesson 6
a Click the Scenario A slide to reset your view.
b From the options in the upper-right corner of the scene, click the Analyze button .
c Click the base of one of the taller buildings, and then click again at the top of the building.
1. What is the approximate vertical height of the taller buildings in Development Scenario
A?
__________________________________________________________________________________
d Click the Scenario B slide.
e On the Analyze pane, click New Measurement.
f Click the base of the tallest building, and then click again at the top of the building.
2. What is the approximate vertical height of the tallest building in Development Scenario
B?
__________________________________________________________________________________
g Close the measurement tools.
Step 3: Analyze daylight

The community's other concern is how shadows and daylight will affect the open space on the
riverfront. This space is used for festivals, farmers markets, and concerts. Further, both
development plans have discussed the possibility of creating a community garden in the space
6-12
Spatial analysis
directly in front of the buildings facing the river. Large shadows could create thermal impact or
affect natural lighting.
a Click the Scenario A slide.
b From the options in the upper-right corner of the scene, click the Daylight button .
The Daylight tool allows you to change how sunlight and shadows affect your scene during
different times of the day and year. The current day and time is set to June 15, 2015, at
approximately 12:00 PM.
c For time, click the Play button.
The Play button animates the shadows over the day period.
d Click the Pause button.
e For the date, use the calendar to change the date to December 15, 2015.
f For time, click the Play button to see the shadows for the entire day.
g Click the Scenario B slide.
h Repeat the steps to view the shadows on June 15, 2015, and December 15, 2015.
3. Which scenario has less shadows and better daylight?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Analyzing the scenarios in a 3D web scene can help you better approach a decision when you
must take height into consideration.
4. Which of the scenarios would you recommend to the planning department?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
i Close the Daylight tool, and then minimize your browser.
6-13
Lesson 6
Performing analysis in ArcGIS Pro
ArcGIS provides many tools and techniques to perform successful spatial analysis with
geoprocessing tools, models, charts, and more.
In ArcGIS, geoprocessing tools are used to perform spatial analysis. The tools use spatial data as
input and perform the analysis using various parameters specified by the user to produce new
spatial information. You can perform spatial analysis by running individual geoprocessing tools in
succession. If you find yourself running the same tools often, there are various ways that you can
automate the analysis process, including batch geoprocessing, building models, or creating
scripts using Python, the scripting language of ArcGIS.
After you run all your geoprocessing tools, you have several options for visualizing the output of
your spatial analysis. Often, you will want to use a map to best share analysis results with your
intended audience. ArcGIS also allows you to visualize your data through charts to uncover
patterns, trends, and relationships in your data.
Figure 6.3. ArcGIS takes your spatial data and performs spatial analysis using geoprocessing tools. These tools can
be used one at a time or strung together in a model. The results can be visualized and shared in maps or charts.
6-14
Exercise 6B 30 minutes
Use ArcGIS Pro for spatial analysis
Using ArcGIS Pro to help analyze problems in your organization will help you make confident
decisions. In this exercise, you will analyze bicycle and pedestrian accident data in Denver,
Colorado.
You are concerned with the areas around fire stations. These areas tend to have high population
and traffic density. Fire trucks need to be able to pull out quickly in an emergency. You want to
know which fire stations have a greater number of accidents in their vicinity. You will then use that
information to choose the top fire stations to target for prevention efforts.
• Prepare data for analysis.

• Run a model for overlay analysis.
• Review analysis results.
• Visualize a chart.
6-15
Lesson 6
Step 1: Prepare an ArcGIS Pro project

You will first open your training project.
a Start ArcGIS Pro.
c Close any open maps and layouts.
d In the Catalog pane, expand Maps and open the Analyze Traffic map.
The Analyze Traffic map opens with a layer that shows traffic accidents in Denver from 2015 to
2019 and the Denver boundary. You will use this map to explore various ways to analyze traffic
data so that you can better understand accidents happening around fire stations within the city.
Step 2: Use tools to prepare data for analysis

You want to start by analyzing accidents that happened near fire stations. As part of the spatial
analysis workflow, you have collected fire station data for your analysis.
a In the Contents pane, turn off the Traffic Accidents 2015-2019 layer.
b In the Catalog pane, expand Folders.
c Expand GISA, and then expand Denver.
d Expand DenverData.gdb, and then add Fire_Stations to the map.
Hint: To add Fire_Stations to the map, right-click and choose Add To Current Map or drag the
feature class into your map.
You can see that the fire stations layer includes data for fire stations in Denver and the surrounding
area, but you only want to include areas within the city of Denver. You want to perform an overlay
analysis to determine which fire stations in the fire stations layer fall within the Denver city
boundary. You can use the Clip tool, which extracts features that overlay another layer.
e On the ribbon, click the Analysis tab.
6-16
Spatial analysis
f On the Analysis tab, in the Geoprocessing group, click Tools.
The Geoprocessing pane opens. Here, you can find a comprehensive suite of geoprocessing tools
that can be used to perform spatial analysis and manage data.
g In the Find Tools search field, type Clip.
Several tools are returned as a result of your search, which allows you to browse to find the most
appropriate tool for your needs.
h Click the Clip tool.
The Clip tool opens in the Geoprocessing pane. You can learn more about the tool and how it
works.
i In the Geoprocessing pane, click the Help button .
The ArcGIS Pro Help documentation about the Clip tool launches in a web browser. You can read
about how the tool works and what data and parameters that you need to run the tool.
j Read about the Clip tool.
k When you are finished, close the help documentation tab, minimize your web browser, and
return to ArcGIS Pro.
The Clip tool includes several parameters. Required parameters are identified by a red asterisk.
You will specify the required parameters and run the tool.
l In the Geoprocessing pane, for Input Features Or Dataset, click the down arrow and choose
Fire_Stations.
m For Clip Features, choose Denver_Boundary.
n For Output Feature Class, delete the existing text and type Denver_Fire_Stations.
6-17
Lesson 6
o Click Run.
Your new output feature class is added to the Contents pane.
p Close the Geoprocessing pane.
q In the Contents pane, right-click Fire_Stations and choose Remove.
The color of your clipped features may differ from this example.
You can see that you now only have fire stations that fall within the Denver boundary, which is your
6-18
Spatial analysis
analysis area.
r Save your project.
Step 3: Run a model

Your colleague often performs analysis on bicycle and pedestrian accidents near fire stations. The
colleague built a model to automate that process and has offered to share it with you. You will
examine the model and run it to perform your analysis.
a In the Catalog pane, expand Toolboxes.
b Expand GISAProject.tbx, right-click Accident Analysis, and choose Edit.
c If necessary, on the ModelBuilder tab, in the View group, click Fit To Window so that you
can see the whole model.
The Accident Analysis model opens in ModelBuilder as a tab in ArcGIS Pro. ModelBuilder is a
visual programming language for building geoprocessing workflows. It allows you to chain
together sequences of tools by connecting input data (blue ovals) to tools (yellow rectangles). The
outputs of those tools (green ovals) are then fed into another tool as input until you fully build
your workflow.
Your colleague's model executes the following workflow:
1. Selects pedestrian and bicycle accidents

2. Creates a feature class from the selected pedestrian and bicycle accidents
3. Creates a 1,500-foot area called a buffer around fire stations
4. Determines the number of accidents within the fire station buffers
5. Symbolizes the buffer areas using a graduated color ramp depicting darker colors for fire
stations that have more accidents
You will now run the model.
6-19
Lesson 6
d On the ModelBuilder tab, in the Run group, click Validate.
When you validate the model, you ensure that all parameters are valid. If you have any elements
that are grayed out, it means that one or more tool parameters or variables are invalid; you must
resolve the issue before the model is run. You have no grayed-out values, and your model is valid.
e On the ModelBuilder tab, click Run.
The model runs and goes through each variable in succession. The tool turns red when the
process is running.
f After the model runs successfully, close the progress window and the Accident Analysis model
tab without saving.
Step 4: Review the analysis results

In the Contents pane, you now have a PedAndBikeTAFireStation1500f layer. This layer is the result
of the Accident_Analysis model. You will rename it to give it more meaning.
a In the Contents pane, right-click PedAndBike1500ft_Lay:PedAndBikeTAFireStation1500f and

choose Properties.
b From the General tab, for Name, delete the current text and type Accidents Per Fire Station
Buffer.
c Click the Source tab.
1. Where is the new feature class being stored?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The outputs that the model created are stored in the GISAProject default geodatabase. You can
use these outputs as layers in this map and other maps.
d Click OK.
e Right-click the Accidents Per Fire Station Buffer layer and choose Attribute Table.
f Scroll to the right until you see the Count Of Points field.
The Count Of Points field tells you how many bicycle and pedestrian accidents occurred within
each fire station's 1,500-foot buffer.
g In the attribute table, right-click Count Of Points and choose Sort Descending.
6-20
Spatial analysis
2. Which fire station has the most accidents within its 1,500-foot buffer?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
After reviewing the data, you determine that you want to target fire stations that have more than
30 accidents within the buffer for prevention studies.
h Using the open attribute table with the Count Of Points sorted, count the number of fire
stations that have more than 30 accidents.
3. How many fire stations have more than 30 accidents within their 1,500-foot buffer?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
i Close the attribute table and save your project.
Step 5: Visualize a chart

To help visualize the top fire stations to target for prevention, you will create a chart that shows
fire stations and the number of accidents within each buffer.
a In the Contents pane, right-click Accidents Per Fire Station Buffer, point to Create Chart, and
choose Bar Chart.
b If necessary, in the Accidents Per Fire Station Buffer - Bar Chart 1 chart window, click Properties
.
c In the Chart Properties pane, for Category Or Date, choose STATION_NU.
d Under Numeric Field(s), click the Select button.
e Check Count Of Points and click Apply.
You now have a bar chart that shows all fire stations with the total bicycle and pedestrian
accidents within each buffer. You only want to show the top fire stations. Charts allow you to show
selected features, so you will choose fire stations with more than 30 accidents within their buffers.
f In the Chart Properties pane, for Sort, click the down arrow and choose Y-Axis Descending.
g In the chart, draw a rectangle around the top seven fire stations.
6-21
Lesson 6
You may need to resize the chart window if you cannot see the y-axis lines.
h In the chart window, for Filter, click Selection .
Your chart now only shows the fire stations that you want to target in your prevention study. You
could refine some of the labels and the chart title and use this information as part of your results.
i Close the chart window and the Chart Properties pane.
When you close your chart, it is stored in your map and can be found in the Contents pane under
its source layer.
You have performed analysis by using geoprocessing tools and by running a model that shows
which fire stations have the most bicycle and pedestrian accidents in the city. You can use both the
map and the chart to help you interpret your results to others and create a strategy for targeting
those fire stations for preventive action.
j Close the Analyze Traffic map.
k Save your project and exit ArcGIS Pro.
6-22
Spatial analysis
Performing analysis in ArcGIS Online
Spatial analysis capabilities span all aspects of a GIS, including tools that are available to use for
analysis in ArcGIS Online. These tools are arranged in categorical, logical groupings. ArcGIS
Online analysis categories are described in the following table.
Analysis Description
category
Summarize These tools calculate total counts, lengths, areas, and basic descriptive
Data statistics of features and their attributes within areas or near other features.
Find These tools find features that pass any number of criteria that you specify.
Locations They are typically used for site selection, where the objective is to find
places that satisfy multiple criteria.
Data These tools help you explore the character of areas. Detailed demographic
Enrichment data and statistics are returned for your chosen areas. Comparative
information can also be reported for expanded areas like counties and
states.
Analyze These tools help you identify, quantify, and visualize spatial patterns in your
Patterns data by identifying areas of statistically significant clusters.
Use These tools help you answer one of the most common questions posed in
Proximity spatial analysis: What is near what?
6-23
Lesson 6
Performing analysis in ArcGIS Online (continued)
Analysis Description
category
Manage These tools are used for both the day-to-day management of geographic
Data data and for combining data before analysis.
ArcGIS Online Help: Use the analysis tools
6-24
Exercise 6C 10 minutes
Use ArcGIS Online for spatial analysis
You want to perform further analysis on bicycle data using ArcGIS Online. You want to know how
many accidents occurred in the Denver area and determine if more crashes have occurred in
certain areas than others. You will use analysis tools in Map Viewer Classic to analyze the data.
In this exercise, you will perform the following task:
• Perform analysis in ArcGIS Online.
6-25
Lesson 6
Step 1: Add data to a web map

b In the upper-left corner, click Home and choose Content.
In a previous lesson, you shared bicycle accident data for a colleague. You will use that data to
perform your analysis on bicycle accidents.
c From the My Content tab, for the Bike TA 2015 to 2019 <your initials and today's date>
hosted feature layer, click the More Options button and choose Add To New Map.
If you did not complete the previous exercise or do not have the layer in your content,
perform the following steps:
1. Near the upper-right corner of the page, to the left of your user name, click
the Search button .
2. In the search field, type GISA Result Bicycle Accidents and press Enter.
3. Point to the GISA Result Bicycle Accidents feature layer thumbnail and click
Open In Map Viewer Classic.
Map Viewer Classic opens with a layer representing the bicycle accidents from 2015 to 2019.
Step 2: Run a tool to perform overlay and statistical analysis

You want to determine how many bicycle accidents occurred in various areas of Denver, but you
do not have any boundary layers that give you a good way to summarize the data. You will use the
Summarize Within tool, which allows you to generate a bin to aggregate your bicycle accidents.
a Above the Contents pane, click Analysis .
b Expand Summarize Data.
c Next to Summarize Within, click the About This Tool button .
The About This Tool button opens a window with an explanation of the tool.
d Read the tool explanation, and then close the window.
e Click Summarize Within.
6-26
Spatial analysis
The tool pane lists the tool's parameters. You will specify the parameters for the Summarize Within
tool.
f For Choose An Area Layer To Summarize Other Features Within Its Boundaries, click Square.
g For Select The Size For The Square Bins, type 1 and confirm that Miles is selected.
You are creating 1-square-mile bins within which the bicycle accidents will be summarized.
h For Choose A Layer To Summarize, choose Bike TA 2015 To 2019 <your initials and today's
date>, if necessary.
If you are using the result layer rather than a layer that you published, use GISA Result
Bicycle Accidents.
i For Add Statistics From The Layer To Summarize, keep the default.
j For Choose Field To Group By (Optional), choose FIRST_OCCU_Year.
Choosing a field to group by allows you to use an attribute to calculate statistics for each unique
attribute value. In this case, by using the attribute of year, you will get a count of accidents per
year.
k For Result Layer Name, delete the current text and type Bicycle TAs per 1 mi grid <your
initials and today's date>.
l Click Run Analysis.
The tool may take a few minutes to run.
m In the Contents pane, turn off the Bike TA 2015 To 2019 <your initials and today's date> layer.
6-27
Lesson 6
The colors of your analysis result may vary.
You have a web layer that is the result of your analysis. The darker squares indicate a higher
volume of traffic accidents.
Step 3: Review the analysis results

You will now explore the results.
a Click the square indicated in the following graphic.
A pop-up window appears and provides valuable information about the accidents.
1. What is the Grid ID?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The Grid ID is an attribute in your new web layer. You can use the Grid ID to help others identify
areas of concern or label the squares.
2. How many points are in the selected grid?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
From the pop-up window, you can access a table that provides the count of points by year
because of the optional parameter.
6-28
Spatial analysis
b In the pop-up window, click Show Related Records.
A table opens, showing the number of accidents that occurred per year.
3. How many accidents were there in the selected grid in 2018?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
You have performed analysis using tools in ArcGIS Online. The analysis results can be used to
determine areas that have more accidents than others.
c Minimize your web browser.
6-29
Lesson 6
Ideas for spatial analysis
With spatial analysis being the foundational capability of a GIS, you have likely considered
projects where you would like to use ArcGIS to perform analysis. Consider how you want to
examine locations, attributes, and the relationships of features to help gain a better
understanding of your data to answer the following question.
1. Think about the six types of spatial analysis uses in a GIS. Which type or types of spatial
analysis do you want to use? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6-30
Spatial analysis
Lesson review
1. Which step in the spatial analysis workflow focuses on evaluating your analysis and
discovering areas where you may need refinement?
a. Ask questions
b. Explore and prepare data
c. Analyze and model
d. Interpret results
2. A tanker truck has crashed on the highway, releasing a cloud of hazardous fumes. You must
quickly create a map that identifies the affected area with a polygon that surrounds the
crash site by 5 miles in all directions. Which type of spatial analysis are you performing?
a. Proximity
b. Temporal
c. Statistical
d. Network
6-31
Spatial analysis workflow (page 6-3)

1. Which step in the spatial analysis workflow focuses on determining the data that you need?
Explore and prepare data
2. Which step in the spatial analysis workflow focuses on asking additional questions to further
understand your problem?
Repeat or modify
Identifying types of analysis (page 6-9)
Spatial analysis scenario Answer Spatial

analysis
type
You want to quantify the amount of crime that Statistical analysis Proximity
occurs in each police district. analysis
You want to determine the view from the 30th 3D analysis Overlay
floor of an apartment building. analysis
You want to determine how a wildfire has Temporal analysis Statistical

spread over the last two weeks. analysis
You want to know the most cost-effective route Network analysis Temporal
for a delivery truck. analysis
You want to determine which voting precinct Overlay analysis Network

that you live within. analysis
You want to know how many grocery stores are Proximity analysis 3D
within a mile of your house. analysis
6-32
Exercise 6A: Use ArcGIS to explore 3D analysis (page 6-10)
1. What is the approximate vertical height of the taller buildings in Development Scenario A?
The buildings in Development Scenario A are approximately 325 feet tall.
2. What is the approximate vertical height of the tallest building in Development Scenario B?
The tallest building in Development Scenario B is approximately 240 feet tall.
3. Which scenario has less shadows and better daylight?

Although both scenarios have more shadows in the winter month of December, Scenario
B has fewer shadows and better daylight overall.
4. Which of the scenarios would you recommend to the planning department?

Scenario B would be the better approach, as the buildings are less than 300 feet tall and
have less of an effect on natural lighting and shadows.
Exercise 6B: Use ArcGIS Pro for spatial analysis (page 6-15)
1. Where is the new feature class being stored?
The feature class is being stored in C:\EsriTraining\GISA\GISAProject\GISAProject.gdb,
which is the project geodatabase.
2. Which fire station has the most accidents within its 1,500-foot buffer?
With 156 accidents, fire station FS-4 has the most accidents within its 1,500-foot buffer.
3. How many fire stations have more than 30 accidents within their 1,500-foot buffer?
Seven fire stations have 30 or more accidents within their buffers.
Exercise 6C: Use ArcGIS Online for spatial analysis (page 6-25)
1. What is the Grid ID?
The Grid ID is G-5.
2. How many points are in the selected grid?

There are 104 points in G-5.
6-33
3. How many accidents were there in the selected grid in 2018?
There were 38 accidents in G-5 in 2018.
Ideas for spatial analysis (page 6-30)

1. Think about the six types of spatial analysis uses in a GIS. Which type or types of spatial analysis
do you want to use? Why?
6-34
7 Putting GIS to use
In this course, you have learned about the capabilities of GIS, GIS data, mapping and
visualization, and spatial analysis. Now you will start thinking about how to implement GIS in
your work. This lesson reviews the geographic approach, and then you will put the
information that you have learned into action as you apply the geographic approach to a real-
world scenario. After you have found your results, you will then learn the various methods to
communicate that information to others using ArcGIS.
Topics covered
Geographic approach review
GIS applied concepts
Methods of sharing in ArcGIS
7-1
Lesson 7
Workflow review
As you begin to study and analyze the world with GIS in mind, the geographic approach provides
you with a standard approach to gain a clear understanding of how to answer questions and solve
problems.
Figure 7.1. Steps in the geographic approach.
1. What is a GIS-related question you could ask?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What data do you need to acquire?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7-2
Putting GIS to use
Workflow review (continued)
3. What do you need to examine?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. What do you need to analyze?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. How do you need to act?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7-3
Lesson 7
Applying the geographic approach
In this course, you not only learned about how best to approach solving problems using GIS, but
you are now able to understand the capabilities of a GIS and how you may use them as you apply
these concepts to the real-world problems that you face in your daily work. The following scenario
and questions apply to a real-world example that affects communities across the world. Use the
following scenario to brainstorm the questions that help you use GIS and provide support to your
community.
Scenario 1: Locating the best shelter locations

You are an analyst with the emergency management department in the Harris County, Texas, area,
where the metropolitan population is 7 million. In 2017, the greater Houston area experienced
catastrophic rainfall as Hurricane Harvey hit the United States. The floods left thousands of Harris
County residents without homes, and the city determined that there is a need to provide more
shelter opportunities for future events. You have been tasked with determining which existing
locations can be used as shelters. In addition to locating these shelters, you have been asked to
provide information to the community so that they are aware of shelter locations near their
homes.
1. What are some questions that you must answer about this scenario to complete your GIS
project?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What data might you need?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7-4
Putting GIS to use
Applying the geographic approach (continued)
3. What type of visualization do you think will help you better understand the problem?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. What type of analysis do you think that you would perform?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. What GIS products do you think the public or members of your organization would need?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7-5
Identify shelter locations using ArcGIS
As the emergency management GIS specialist in Harris County, you are tasked with determining
locations around Harris County that would be ideal for emergency shelters in case of disaster. In
this exercise, you will walk through the steps of the geographic approach and use GIS to find the
answers needed to provide shelter locations to the community.
• Add data to the map.

• Change basemap imagery.
• Change symbology.
• Perform analysis.
• Share as a web map.
7-6
Putting GIS to use
Step 1: Prepare an ArcGIS Pro project

You will open your training project.
a Start ArcGIS Pro.
c In the Catalog pane, expand Maps and open the Harris County map.
The Harris County map contains a basemap layer, the Harris County boundary, and a layer called
County Flood Hazard Areas.
d In the Contents pane, right-click County Flood Hazard Areas and choose View Metadata.
According to the summary, the County Flood Hazard Areas layer is a subset of a larger layer
produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). You can use this layer to
review areas that are prone to flooding.
e Close the Catalog view to return to the Harris County map.
Step 2: Change basemap imagery

Before you start adding data and performing your analysis, you want to review imagery to
visualize the effect on Harris County residents who may be affected by a flood.
a From the Map tab, in the Layer group, click Basemap and choose Imagery With Labels.
b In the Navigate group, click Bookmarks and choose Lazy Brook/Timbergrove.
The map zooms to the Lazy Brook/Timbergrove neighborhood. You can visualize how much of the
neighborhood could be potentially affected by observing the number of buildings that are within
the flood hazard areas.
c Pan and zoom around the map to visualize areas within the county that would be affected by a
flood.
d After you finish, in the Contents pane, right-click Harris County Boundary and choose Zoom To
7-7
Lesson 7
Layer.
Step 3: Add data to the map

You have identified schools, community centers, and libraries as buildings that can house
individuals during potential storms. You will add this data to your map.
a In the Catalog pane, expand Folders and GISA.
b Expand Harris County, and then expand the HoustonAreaData geodatabase.
c Right-click Community_Centers and choose Add To Current Map.
The community centers are added to the map.
d In the Catalog pane, add HarrisCountyAreaSchools and Libraries to the map.
Hint: Press Ctrl and select both layers. You can then right-click and choose Add To Current
Map or drag both layers into the map.
e Save your project.
Step 4: Change symbology

Next, you want to change the symbology of the three layers added so that you can differentiate
between the points more clearly.
a In the Contents pane, click Libraries to select the layer.
b From the Appearance tab, in the Drawing group, click Symbology.
c In the Symbology pane, click the symbol.
d Click the Gallery tab, if necessary.
e In the search field, type library and press Enter.
f Choose a library symbol.
The Libraries layer symbology updates in the map.
g In the Contents pane, select HarrisCountyAreaSchools.
h In the Symbology pane, click the symbol.
i Search for school, and then choose the smallest school symbol.
7-8
Putting GIS to use
Your symbols have changed for the HarrisCountyAreaSchools layer, but you want to change the
symbol color so that it is different from the libraries.
j In the Symbology pane, click the Properties tab.
k For Color, choose a red color, and then click Apply.
l In the Contents pane, click Community_Centers.
m In the Symbology pane, click the symbol and, if necessary, return to the Gallery tab.
n Choose a symbol for the community center.
There is no standard symbol for community centers.
o Change the symbol color to a green of your choice, and then click Apply.
You have now changed the symbology to visualize the differences of the various building types
that can be used as shelters.
p Close the Symbology pane, and then save your project.
Step 5: Perform analysis

Now that you have the necessary data in your map, you want to identify buildings that are outside
the flood hazard areas and therefore safe to use as shelters. You will perform an overlay analysis to
eliminate the potential shelters that are within a flood hazard area. You can then let your
organization know how many potential shelter locations are available.
To identify shelters that you want to eliminate from the various layers, you will use the Select Layer
By Location geoprocessing tool. This tool selects features based on a spatial relationship to
features in another dataset. You will select libraries, community centers, and schools that are
within the flood hazard areas. You will then use an option within the tool to invert the selection
and select all the features that are outside the flood hazard areas.
a On the Analysis tab, in the Geoprocessing group, click Tools.
b In the Geoprocessing pane, search for and open the Select Layer By Location tool.
c For Input Features, use the drop-down lists to choose Libraries, HarrisCountyAreaSchools, and
Community_Centers.
d For Relationship, choose Within.
Choosing Within means that a library, school, or community center will be selected if it falls within
the hazard area.
7-9
Lesson 7
e For Selecting Features, choose County Flood Hazard Areas.
f Check the Invert Spatial Relationship box.
Using the Invert Spatial Relationship function will then invert the selection and ensure that you are
selecting buildings outside the flood hazard areas.
g Click Run.
The map highlights the libraries, schools, and community centers that are outside the floodplain.
You can use this information to determine how many locations are available from each layer.
h In the Contents pane, right-click Libraries and choose Attribute Table.
1. How many libraries are selected and are therefore potential shelter locations?
7-10
Putting GIS to use
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
i Close the attribute table.
2. Using the attribute table from the HarrisCountyAreaSchools layer, how many schools
are selected and are potential shelter locations?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Using the attribute table from the Community_Centers layer, how many community
centers are selected and are potential shelter locations?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
j Close the Geoprocessing pane and any open attribute tables.
With the potential shelters identified, you would then create a feature class that combines all
three types of buildings. That data could then be used to communicate information about the
shelters with members of the community and your organization.
Step 6: Share as a web map

You will share this information to ArcGIS Online so that colleagues without access to ArcGIS Pro
and the public can use this data.
a If necessary, in the Catalog pane, expand HoustonAreaData.gdb.
b Add Potential Shelters to the map.
c In the Contents pane, right-click Potential_Shelters and choose Attribute Table.
The attribute table is built so that you can keep track of whether a shelter is open or closed, and
you can keep track of the number of people in each shelter during an emergency.
d Close the attribute table.
Before you share your map as a web map, you want to delete any layers that you do not want to
7-11
Lesson 7
be published in your map.
e In the Contents pane, right-click Libraries and choose Remove.
f Remove the HarrisCountyAreaSchools and Community_Centers layers.
g In the Contents pane, right-click Harris County and choose Properties.
h In the Map Properties dialog box, on the General tab, check Allow Assignment Of Unique
Numeric IDs For Sharing Web Layers and click OK.
You are now ready to share your map as a web map.
i On the ribbon, click the Share tab.
j In the Share As group, click Web Map.
k In the Share As Web Map pane, specify the following parameters:
• Name: Harris County Shelter Map <your initials and today's date>
• Summary: This map shows the locations for emergency shelters in Harris County,
Texas.
• Tags: Harris County, shelters
• Select A Configuration: Editable
7-12
Putting GIS to use
Making your data editable will allow colleagues working in ArcGIS Online to change the status of
the shelters (open or closed) and update the number of people at any shelter location.
l Click Analyze.
Analyzing helps identify performance delays and errors that you need to address before you can
share your web map. There are two types of messages that you can receive. An error message
must be resolved before you can share your web map. Warning messages warn you that there
could be performance, appearance, or data access problems, but these messages can be
ignored. In this case, you have no errors or warnings.
m Click Share.
7-13
Lesson 7
Sharing the map may take a few minutes.
n When the web map shares successfully, close the Share As Web Map pane.
o Save your project, and then exit ArcGIS Pro.
Step 7: View a map in ArcGIS Online

b In the top-left corner, click Home and choose Content.
On the My Content tab, you will see your web map and a hosted feature layer that contains the
layers associated with your web map.
c For the Harris County Shelter Map <your initials and today's date> web layer, click the More
Options button and choose Open In Map Viewer Classic.
d If necessary, in the Open Map dialog box, click Yes, Open The Map.
e If you see a message about the new Map Viewer, click Not Right Now.
Your map opens in Map Viewer Classic. From here, you can configure your web map and create
other dynamic products that could be used to inform your community about the shelter locations.
f Close your web browser.
7-14
Putting GIS to use
Sharing results with ArcGIS
As you create a map or perform analysis, it is important to follow through on the last step of the
geographic approach and communicate your results. ArcGIS allows you to create static and
dynamic products to share your work. The method and format that you choose depend on what
kind of information that you want to share and the audience that you want to share it with.
Static products
You can create layouts in ArcGIS Pro and then export your maps to various image formats or PDF
files. You can also create charts and reports that contain a tabular list of attributes, summary
information, or both.
Dynamic products
Because ArcGIS is a comprehensive system that provides a GIS framework for anyone to create,
share, and use spatial information, you have access to a portal that allows you to create products
accessible for anyone.
Web maps are made with web layers that are accessible from any device with web access. As you
update your web layers, the web maps are also updated.
Web apps provide functionality that helps create a focused user experience that can simplify a
task or tell a story better than presenting them with a web map. ArcGIS provides app builders that
allow you to create apps with no coding required.
7-15
Lesson 7
How will you use GIS?
In this lesson and throughout the course, you learned about how to use GIS to best understand
your community and your organization. As you worked through the geographic approach, you
learned about the various capabilities that are part of a GIS and how you may use them to help
solve problems and answer questions about your community. Think about the organization that
you work for and how you may use a GIS to answer the following questions.
1. How might you apply GIS to a problem or situation in your organization or community?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. How would you like to use the various GIS components in your day-to-day work?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7-16
The geographic approach review (page 7-2)

1. What is a GIS-related question you could ask?
Responses will vary based on personal experience. For example, an environmental
scientist may ask, "What is the acreage of wetlands that fall within the right-of-way of a
proposed pipeline?"
2. What data do you need to acquire?

Responses will vary. For the pipeline example, you may need to acquire the pipeline right-
of-way polygons (by identifying existing data or creating a buffer) and existing wetland
polygons.
3. What do you need to examine?

Responses will vary. For the pipeline example, you will need to examine the impacts on
wetlands that fall within the pipeline right-of-way.
4. What do you need to analyze?

Responses will vary. For the pipeline example, you will need to perform an overlay
analysis to determine the acreage of wetlands that intersect with the pipeline right-of-
way.
5. How do you need to act?

Responses will vary. For the pipeline example, you may need to take special
environmental precautions or perform remediation based on the results of the analysis.
7-17
Applying the geographic approach (page 7-4)
Scenario 1: Locating the best shelter locations

1. What are some questions that you must answer about this scenario to complete your GIS
project?
• What makes a good shelter location?

• How do you know which shelter locations will not flood?
• How many potential shelters are there?
• How can you best share this information with the community?
2. What data might you need?

• Schools, community centers, and other buildings that are identified as possible shelter
locations
• Floodplain or hazard data to help identify areas prone to flooding
3. What type of visualization do you think will help you better understand the problem?
• Being able to see how shelters are located may help understand potential issues with
availability.
• Seeing shelters on a map may help community members understand where best to go
during a potential storm.
• Choosing different symbols to represent schools, community centers, or other potential
shelter types could help quickly identify each shelter type.
• Visualizing potential shelters that you may not want to open that are in a flood zone.
7-18
4. What type of analysis do you think that you would perform?
• Overlay analysis could be used to determine the shelters that are located within flood
zone areas.
• Proximity analysis could be used to determine city coverage within the vicinity of
potential shelters.
5. What GIS products do you think the public or members of your organization would need?
• A map of shelter locations

• A way to determine the closest shelter to a community member's home
• A way to manage shelters during the storm (monitor status, capacity, and so on)
Exercise 7: Identify shelter locations using ArcGIS (page 7-6)

1. How many libraries are selected and are therefore potential shelter locations?
38
2. Using the attribute table from the HarrisCountyAreaSchools layer, how many schools are
selected and are potential shelter locations?
1,171
3. Using the attribute table from the Community_Centers layer, how many community centers are
selected and are potential shelter locations?
43
How will you use GIS? (page 7-16)

1. How might you apply GIS to a problem or situation in your organization or community?
2. How would you like to use the various GIS components in your day-to-day work?
7-19
Appendix A
Esri data license agreement
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. ("ESRI"), IS WILLING TO LICENSE THE

ENCLOSED ELECTRONIC VERSION OF THE TRAINING MATERIALS TO THE STUDENT ("YOU")
ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU ACCEPT ALL TERMS AND CONDITIONS
CONTAINED IN THIS ESRI DATA LICENSE AGREEMENT ("AGREEMENT"). PLEASE READ THE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY. BY CLICKING, "I ACCEPT", YOU ARE INDICATING
YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THE ESRI DATA LICENSE AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO
THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS AS STATED, ESRI IS UNWILLING TO LICENSE THE TRAINING
MATERIALS TO YOU.
Training Materials Reservation of Ownership. This Agreement gives You certain limited rights to
use electronic and tangible versions of the digital or printed content required to complete a
course, which may include, but are not limited to, workbooks, data, concepts, exercises, and
exams ("Training Materials"). Esri and its licensor(s) retain exclusive rights, title, and ownership to
the copy of Training Materials, software, data, and documentation licensed under this Agreement.
Training Materials are protected by United States copyright laws and applicable international
copyright treaties and/or conventions. All rights not specifically granted in this Agreement are
reserved to Esri and its licensor(s).
Grant of License. Esri grants to You a personal, nonexclusive, nontransferable license to use
Training Materials for Your own training purposes. You may run and install one (1) copy of Training
Materials and reproduce one (1) copy of Training Materials. You may make one (1) additional copy
of the original Training Materials for archive purposes only, unless Esri grants in writing the right to
make additional copies.
Training Materials are intended solely for the use of the training of the individual who registered
and attended a specific training course. You may not (i) separate the component parts of the
Training Materials for use on multiple systems or in the cloud, use in conjunction with any other
software package, and/or merge and compile into a separate database(s) or documents for other
analytical uses; (ii) make any attempt to circumvent the technological measure(s) (e.g., software or
hardware key) that effectively controls access to Training Materials; (iii) remove or obscure any
copyright, trademark, and/or proprietary rights notices of Esri or its licensor(s); or (iv) use audio
and/or video recording equipment during a training course.
Term. The license granted by this Agreement will commence upon Your receipt of the Training
Materials and continue until such time that (1) You elect to discontinue use of the Training
Materials or (2) Esri terminates this Agreement for Your material breach of this Agreement. This
Agreement will be terminated automatically without notice if You fail to comply with any provision
of this Agreement. Upon termination of this Agreement in either instance, You will return to Esri or
destroy all copies of the Training Materials, including any whole or partial copies in any form, and
A-1
Appendix A
Esri data license agreement (continued)
deliver evidence of such destruction to Esri, and which evidence will be in a form acceptable to
Esri in its sole discretion. The parties hereby agree that all provisions that operate to protect the
rights of Esri and its licensor(s) will remain in force should breach occur.
Limited Warranty. Esri warrants that the media on which Training Materials is provided will be free
from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for a period of ninety
(90) days from the date of receipt.
Disclaimer of Warranties. EXCEPT FOR THE LIMITED WARRANTY SET FORTH ABOVE, THE
TRAINING AND TRAINING MATERIALS CONTAINED THEREIN ARE PROVIDED "AS IS,"
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ESRI DOES NOT WARRANT THAT THE TRAINING OR
TRAINING MATERIALS WILL MEET YOUR NEEDS OR EXPECTATIONS; THAT THE USE OF
TRAINING MATERIALS WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED; OR THAT ALL NONCONFORMITIES,
DEFECTS, OR ERRORS CAN OR WILL BE CORRECTED. THE TRAINING DATABASE HAS BEEN
OBTAINED FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE, BUT ITS ACCURACY AND
COMPLETENESS, AND THE OPINIONS BASED THEREON, ARE NOT GUARANTEED. THE
TRAINING DATABASE MAY CONTAIN SOME NONCONFORMITIES, DEFECTS, ERRORS, AND/
OR OMISSIONS. ESRI AND ITS LICENSOR(S) DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE TRAINING
DATABASE WILL MEET YOUR NEEDS OR EXPECTATIONS, THAT THE USE OF THE TRAINING
DATABASE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, OR THAT ALL NONCONFORMITIES CAN OR WILL BE
CORRECTED. ESRI AND ITS LICENSOR(S) ARE NOT INVITING RELIANCE ON THIS TRAINING
DATABASE, AND YOU SHOULD ALWAYS VERIFY ACTUAL DATA, SUCH AS MAP, SPATIAL,
RASTER, OR TABULAR INFORMATION. THE DATA CONTAINED IN THIS PACKAGE IS SUBJECT
TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. IN ADDITION TO AND WITHOUT LIMITING THE PRECEDING
PARAGRAPH, ESRI DOES NOT WARRANT IN ANY WAY TRAINING DATA. TRAINING DATA MAY
NOT BE FREE OF NONCONFORMITIES, DEFECTS, ERRORS, OR OMISSIONS; BE AVAILABLE
WITHOUT INTERRUPTION; BE CORRECTED IF ERRORS ARE DISCOVERED; OR MEET YOUR
NEEDS OR EXPECTATIONS. YOU SHOULD NOT RELY ON ANY TRAINING DATA UNLESS YOU
HAVE VERIFIED TRAINING DATA AGAINST ACTUAL DATA FROM DOCUMENTS OF RECORD,
FIELD MEASUREMENT, OR OBSERVATION.
Exclusive Remedy. Your exclusive remedy and Esri's entire liability for breach of the limited
warranties set forth above will be limited, at Esri's sole discretion, to (i) replacement of any
defective Training Materials; (ii) repair, correction, or a workaround for Training Materials; or (iii)
return of the fees paid by You for Training Material that do not meet Esri's limited warranty,
provided that You uninstall, remove, and destroy all copies of the Training Materials and execute
and deliver evidence of such actions to Esri.
A-2
Appendix A
Esri data license agreement (continued)
IN NO EVENT WILL ESRI BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE

GOODS OR TRAINING; LOST PROFITS; LOST SALES; BUSINESS EXPENDITURES;
INVESTMENTS; BUSINESS COMMITMENTS; LOSS OF ANY GOODWILL; OR ANY INDIRECT,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR
RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT, HOWEVER CAUSED OR UNDER ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
EVEN IF ESRI HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. ESRI'S TOTAL
CUMULATIVE LIABILITY HEREUNDER, FROM ALL CAUSES OF ACTION OF ANY KIND, WILL IN
NO EVENT EXCEED THE AMOUNT ACTUALLY PAID BY YOU FOR THE PORTION OF THE
TRAINING UNDER THIS AGREEMENT. THESE LIMITATIONS WILL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING
ANY FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY LIMITED REMEDY.
Export Regulation. You must comply with all applicable laws and regulations of the United States
including, without limitation, its export control laws. You expressly acknowledge and agree not to
export, reexport, transfer, or release Esri-provided Training Materials, in whole or in part, to (i) any
US embargoed country (including to a resident of any US embargoed country); (ii) any person or
entity on the US Treasury Department Specially Designated Nationals List; (iii) any person or entity
on the US Commerce Department Lists of Parties of Concern; or (iv) any person or entity where
such export, reexport, or provision violates any US export control laws or regulations including,
but not limited to, the terms of any export license or licensing provision and any amendments and
supplemental additions to US export laws.
Governing Law. This Agreement is governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the
state in which training is being held or, in the case of training provided over the Internet, the laws
of the State of California, without reference to its conflict of laws principles.
A-3
Appendix B
Acknowledgments
Lesson 1: GIS history video summary
• Babylonian Map of the World, from Sippar, Mesopotamia. Image courtesy: Osama Shukir
Muhammed Amin FRCP (Glasg). License: CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses
/by-sa/4.0/deed.en. Last date visited: 4/24/2019. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:The_Babylonian_map_of_the_world,_from_Sippar,_Mesopotamia..JPG
• Dr. John Snow Cholera Map. Image courtesy: Dr. John Snow. Public Domain. Last date
visited: 4/24/2019. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg
• IBM 650 EMMA.jpg. Image courtesy: Mahlum. Public Domain. Last date visited: 4/24/2019.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_650_EMMA.jpg
• Esri Four Square Text logo. Image courtesy: Esri.
• ArcInfo Workstation 1986. Image courtesy: Esri.
B-1
Appendix C
Answers to lesson review questions
Answers to lesson 1 review questions

1. Which GIS capability helps you better understand your data by examining locations, attributes,
and relationships among features?
c. Spatial analytics and data science
2. What are the steps in the geographic approach?
c. Ask, acquire, examine, analyze, act
3. Since the 1960s, GIS has evolved from a concept to a science.
a. True
C-1
Appendix C
Answers to lesson review questions (continued)
Figure C.1. Map showing information about the Northridge earthquake.
1. Which layers, data models, and geometries are present in the main map?
• Epicenter (layer name): vector (data model), points (geometry)

• Major Faults (layer name): vector (data model), lines (geometry)
• Buildings Damaged Per Block Group (layer name): vector (data model), polygons
(geometry)
• Elevation (layer name): raster (data model)
2. Describe a method for collecting data for use in a GIS.

Answers will vary but may include the following: GPS devices, remote-sensing equipment,
surveying methods, digitizing, converting tables, collections survey or interview data,
data from vendors, and data shared by others online.
C-2
Appendix C

1. Geodatabases are the native data format for ArcGIS.
a. True
2. Give an example of a situation where you would want to use a web layer instead of data in a
geodatabase.
Answers will vary but may include the following:
• You want your data to be accessible without desktop software.

• You want your data to be accessible to multiple people, making collaboration with
others easy.
• You want to control who has access to the layers.
3. Which term is defined as information that describes data in ArcGIS?
c. Metadata

1. A projected coordinate system uses angular units of measurements, typically in decimal
degrees.
b. False
(A projected coordinate system uses linear units of measurements, typically in feet or

meters. A geographic coordinate system uses angular units of measurements.)
2. Which characteristic applies to a geographic coordinate system?
a. Uses a three-dimensional model
C-3
Appendix C
3. Give an example of the implications for having data in an incorrect coordinate system and not
projected accurately in a map.
Answers may vary depending on experience. However, if you are conducting a search-
and-rescue mission, for example, using a map with inaccurate locational data can mean
that you may have missed areas that should have been searched, which could put lives
and property at risk.

1. What are some elements that you should include on a layout when printing a map?
• Map
• North arrow
• Legend
• Scale bar
• Title
• Text (author, date, and so on)
2. What are some symbol qualities that you can change to give the symbol more meaning?
• Size: Symbol size can depict quantity, or make it seem as if larger symbols may be more
important.
• Shape: Shape can help classify different categories.
• Color: Using specific colors may have meaning. For example, blue is often used for the
color of water. Using different colors can be used to assign different values.
C-4
Appendix C
3. Give an example of how using imagery can help in visualization.

• Imagery can give you a new perspective that you may not see when using traditional
layers in a GIS. For example, you may be able to gain an understanding of why crime
occurs in certain neighborhoods and not in others due to natural and man-made
barriers.
• Imagery can help visualize change due to events, such as natural disasters and climate
change.

1. Which step in the spatial analysis workflow focuses on evaluating your analysis and discovering
areas where you may need refinement?
d. Interpret results
2. A tanker truck has crashed on the highway, releasing a cloud of hazardous fumes. You must
quickly create a map that identifies the affected area with a polygon that surrounds the crash
site by 5 miles in all directions. Which type of spatial analysis are you performing?
a. Proximity
C-5
Appendix D
Additional resources
Lesson 1 Resources
GIS capabilities
• Esri.com: About ArcGIS -
Explore a story using

ArcGIS • Esri Products: ArcGIS StoryMaps -
Navigate a web map

• Esri Training course: ArcGIS Pro Basics -
Lesson 2 Resources
Searching for geographic

data in ArcGIS • ArcGIS Online home page: https://www.arcgis.com/home
• -ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World: https://livingatlas.arcgis.com
• -ArcGIS Hub Open Data: https://hub.arcgis.com -
Lesson 3 Resources
Data management with

geodatabases • Esri Training course: Integrating Data in ArcGIS Pro -
Adding data to a map

• Esri Training course: Managing Map Layers in ArcGIS Pro -
Web layers
• ArcGIS Online Help: Layers > Types of web layers -
D-1
Appendix D
Additional resources (continued)
Lesson 4 Resources
Coordinate systems
• Esri Training course: Introduction to Coordinate Systems -
The importance of
coordinate systems • Esri.com: Products > GIS & Mapping Products > ArcGIS Pro >
ArcGIS Blog > Geographic vs Projected Coordinate Systems -
Lesson 5 Resources
Map components
• Esri Training course: Displaying Data in ArcGIS Pro -
Lesson 6 Resources

• Esri.com: Products > Spatial Analysis and Data Science > Discover
the power of spatial analysis > Read the ebook > The Language of
Spatial Analysis -
Performing analysis in
ArcGIS Online • ArcGIS Online Help: Use the analysis tools -
D-2

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Introduction to GIS

Course version 9.1. Version release date January 2022.

Printed in the United States of America.

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

3 Managing GIS data

4 Exploring coordinate systems

5 Mapping and visualization

7 Putting GIS to use

Instructor-led and e-Learning resources

Planning for organizations

Esri technical certification

Social media and publications

Esri on LinkedIn: linkedin.com/company/esri

Esri training blog: esri.com/trainingblog

Esri training newsletter: Subscribe at go.esri.com/training-news

Other Esri newsletters: Subscribe to industry-specific newsletters at go.esri.com/subscribe

ArcGIS documentation and tutorials

ArcGIS Online: arcgis.com

ArcGIS Desktop: desktop.arcgis.com

ArcGIS Enterprise: enterprise.arcgis.com

ArcGIS for Personal Use

• Identify appropriate data to support a mapping project.

Installing the course data

Record the information below:

User name: _________________________________________________________________

Group name: _______________________________________________________________

Organization URL: ___________________________________________________________

Notes indicate additional information, exceptions, or special circumstances

Recommended practices improve efficiency and save time.

Esri Academy resources provide more in-depth training on related topics.

Additional resources provide additional information about related topics.

Warnings indicate potential problems or actions that should be avoided.

2. How did some of the early civilizations create maps?

GIS history video summary

Around 2300 BC, the Babylonian civilization

In 1854, British doctor John Snow used

GIS history video summary (Continued)

The field of GIS started in the 1960s as

Environmental Systems Research Institute

In 1982, Esri released the first commercial

GIS history video summary (Continued)

Today, technology gives people the ability to

Please see the appendix for source attributions and acknowledgments.

Your map history

1. When did you first start using maps?

GIS stands for geographic information system.

What is "geographic information"?

What are "systems"?

GIS components (continued)

Data collection and management allow you to easily

Mapping allows you to spot spatial patterns in your data

Spatial analytics and data science are the foundation of

Real-time visualization allows you to perform location

GIS capabilities (continued)

3D visualization allows you to transform your data into

Imagery and remote sensing capabilities allow you to

Field operations allow you to support field workflows and

Esri.com: About ArcGIS

Exploring GIS capabilities

GIS scenario Capability

You want to geoenable your customer 3D

You want to model your city so that you can Field

You want to monitor your police patrol Imagery and