Summary

Chapter 1
Thermal Energy, Grade 8

SUMMARIZE IT!
Page 11

1. How are temperature and kinetic energy related?

Answer: Higher temperature will give higher kinetic energy.

2. How do heat and thermal energy differ?

Answer: The movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a
cooler object is called heat.
REVIEW 1.1
Page 12
Use Vocabulary:
1. The sum of kinetic and potential energy of the particle in a material
is___________
Answer: Mechanical Energy
2. Relate temperature to the average kinetic energy of the material.
Answer: On increasing temperature, average kinetic energy increases

UNDERSTANDING KEY CONCEPTS:

3. Which increases the kinetic energy of the particle that makes up a
bowl of soup?
Answer: Heating the soup for 1 min. on a stove
 4. Suppose a friend tells you that he has a temperature of 38 C. Your
temperature is 37oC. Do the particles that make up your body or
your friend’s body have a greater average kinetic energy? Explain.
Answer: Friend’s body will be having greater average kinetic energy
because higher temperature means higher kinetic energy
5. Fill in the graphic organizer, to show forms of energy.

Thermal
Energy

Kinetic Potential
Energy Energy
Critical thinking:
6. Explain How could you increase the kinetic thermal energy of a
liquid?
Answer: By Increasing temperature
7. Maple sap boils at 104oC. At what Fahrenheit temperature does the
sap boil?
Answer: (C x 1.8) + 32 = F
= 219.2
Page 23
SUMMARIZE IT!
Question 1: What is the effect of having a small specific heat?
Answer: small specific heat make the object hot quickly.
Question 2: What happen to a material when it is heated?
Answer: 2. It expands
Question 3: In what ways can thermal energy be transferred?
 Answer: Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
REVIEW 1.2
PAGE 24
Use vocabulary:
1. The transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves is
Answer: Radiation
• 6. Cube A
2. Define convection in your own words.
Answer: 2. Transfer of thermal energy in the upward direction.
Understand Key Concepts:
3. Contrast radiation with conduction
Answer: Radiation is transfer of heat through electromagnetic
radiation whereas conduction is by touching the object.
4. Why do hot air balloons rise?
Answer: B. Thermal Convection
5. Infer why the sauce on a hot pizza burns your mouth but the crust
of the pizza does not burn your mouth.
Answer: 5. Sauce has high specific heat.
6. ON THE BASIS OF GIVEN GRAPH IN THE BOOK, TRY
THIS QUESTION ON YOUR OWN.
7. Draw a graphic organizer like the one below

Transfer Of
Thermal Energy

Conduction Convection Radiation

Critical Thinking
8. Explain why do you use a pot-holder when taking hot food out of
the oven.
Answer: Heat can be transferred by Conduction (touching the
Hot Pot)

SUMMARIZE IT!
PAGE 32
1. How does a thermostat work?
Answer: Thermostat works on the principle of heating causes
expansion.
 2. How does a refrigerator keep food cold?
Answer: Thermal energy from inside the refrigerator transfer to
the coolant, keeping the inside of the refrigerator cold.

3. What are the energy transformation in a car engine?

Answer: A car engine converts thermal energy into mechanical
energy.
REVIEW 1.3
USE VOCABULARY: Page 33
1. A ___________ is a device that converts electric energy into
thermal energy.
Answer: heating appliance
2. Explain how an internal combustion engine works.
• Answer: An internal combustion engine converts the chemical
energy in fuel into thermal energy and then mechanical energy
UNDERSTAND KEY CONCEPTS
3. Describe the path of thermal energy in a refrigerator.
Answer: Thermal energy moves from the refrigerator
compartment into the coolant. The coolant is then pumped to the
compressor. Finally, the thermal energy moves from the coolant
into the surrounding environment.

4. Which sequence describes the energy transformation in an

automobile engine?
Answer: 4. A. chemical • thermal • mechanical
5. Explain how a thermostat uses electric energy, mechanical energy
and thermal energy.
Answer: 5. Thermal energy causes the bimetallic coil to curl or
uncurl. Mechanical energy from the moving bimetallic coil turns
an electric switch on or off. Electrical energy turns the furnace on
or off.
 6. Based on picture given in the text book.
Answer: The coil would unwind, tilt the switch, and turn the
heater off.

7. Sequence Show steps involved in one cycle of an internal

combustion engine.
Answer: a) The downward moving piston draws in fuel
mixture.
b) The upward moving piston compresses the fuel mixture.
c) Thermal expansion of the ignited fuel mixture forces the piston
downward.
d)The upward moving piston forces the exhaust out of the cylinder.

Critical Thinking
8. Answer: Coupling a thermostat with an iron or a
refrigerator to control the temperature of the appliance

REVIEW 1
Page 35
USE VOCABULARY
Answer: 1. Temperature
2. thermal expansion
3. thermostat
4. conduction
5. convection current
6. A heating appliance is a device that converts electric energy

into thermal energy

 Page 36

UNDERSTAND KEY CONCEPTS:

1. D. moving the material to a location where the temperature is
lower
2. D. The spoon transfers thermal energy better than the Bowl does.
3. D. air to the lemonade.
4. A. an object that is made out of metal
5. C. Thermal energy is converted into chemical energy.
6. D. Radiation transfers thermal energy from the Sun to Earth.
7. B. an increase in thermal energy causes a bimetallic coil to
uncurl.
8. B. 0°F
9. B. electric energy to thermal energy
Critical Thinking
10. The swimming pool has more thermal energy because many
more particles make up the water in a swimming pool than
make up the soup in a cup of soup.

11. The steel spoon because it takes less thermal energy to

change the temperature of a material with a lower specific heat.

12. Convection currents move between warm regions, such as at

the Equator, and cooler locations. Radiation at warm areas
warms the air, which becomes less dense. Denser, cooler air
moves in to replace the warm air, forcing it upward. The rising
air cools and loses moisture, providing the conditions for rain
forests to grow near the Equator. It then moves aloft until it
descending back toward Earth. The descending air is cool
and dry, which provides the conditions for deserts at 30°.