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Industrial Reference Service

MEN

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WAYNE C. TAYLOR, Acting Secretary

ART

COM ERC
OF
DEP

E
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

A
UNI E RIC
TED STAT OF AM
V

Part 1. TRANSPORTATION

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $1.50 per vol. • Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 1 March 1945 Number

AIR -CARGO POTENTIALS

between the

U. S. and BOLIVIA

Y
AN A
ER SIT
Prepared by
I NDI U NIV
TRANSPORTATION UNIT
RY
James C. Nelson, Chief B RA
LI

5
APR - € 194
 Field Service
Director Joseph A. Mack ..
LOCATION OF OFFICES AND MANAGERS
Atlanta 3 , Ga.-C. Parker Persons_
Boston 9 , Mass . -Harold P. Smith_
Buffalo 3 , N. Y. -John J. Love
Charleston 3 , S. C.-C. W. Martin_
Chicago 4 , Ill . - George C. Payne_
Cincinnati 2, Ohio- Miss Emma Herier_
Cleveland 14, Ohio-Frederic L. Roberts ------ 750 Union Commerce Bldg. , Euclid Ave. at
East 9th St.
Dallas 2 , Tex. -Carl F. Bartz .
Denver 2 , Colo . -Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus --
Detroit 26 , Mich. -Richard Stephenson_.
Houston 14 , Tex.- Thos. U. Purcell .
Jacksonville 1 , Fla . -William A. Dunlap- .
Kansas City 6, Mo. -Harry M. Washington
Los Angeles 12 , Calif. —Walter Measday - -
Memphis 3, Tenn.-Noland Fontaine __
Minneapolis 1 , Minn. - Will F. Kissick
New Orleans 12 , La .-Harold C. Jackson _- _-
New York 18 , N. Y. -John F. Sinnott .
Philadelphia 2 , Pa. -William M. Park___
Pittsburgh 19, Pa .-Chas . A. Carpenter
Portland 4, Oreg.-Howard E. Waterbury - -
Richmond 19 , Va.-C. Roy Mundee
St. Louis 1 , Mo. -Clyde Miller_.
San Francisco 11 , Calif. -John J. Judge- - - -
Savannah, Ga.-Joseph G. Stovall_.
Seattle 4 , Wash. -Philip M. Crawford-
II
H
Commerce Building, Room 5522 , Washington
25, D. C.
ADDRESS
Post Office Box 1595 .
1800 Customhouse!
242 Federal Building, 117 Ellicott St.
Chamber of Commerce Bldg.
357 U. S. Courthouse, 225 South Clark St.
Chamber of Commerce.
Chamber of Commerce Bldg. , 1101 Commerce
St.
566 Customhouse.
1018 New Federal Bldg. , 230 West Fort St.
603 Federal Office Bldg. , Corner Fannin and
Franklin Sts .
425 Federal Bldg. , 311 West Monroe St.
724 Dwight Bldg. , 1004 Baltimore Ave.
1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse, 312
North Spring St.
229 Federal Bldg. , Madison at Front St.
201 Federal Bldg. , Washington Ave. at Third
Ave. South .
408 Maritime Bldg. , 203 Carondelet St.
17th Floor, 130 West 42d St.
1510 Chestnut St.
1013 New Federal Bldg. , 7th Ave. and Grant
St.
Room 313 , 520 South West Morrison St.
Room 2 , Mezzanine, 801 East Broad St.
107 New Federal Bldg. , 1114 Market St.
- 307 Customhouse, Washington and Battery
Sts.
403 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Bldg.
809 Federal Office Bldg. , First and Marion .
 AIR-CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND BOLIVIA
Air - Cargo
The United
Explanatory Data
This study is the tenth of the series of
reports on air - cargo potentials, the first
one having been published in July 1944.
The list of countries and dates on which
the studies have been released are as
follows : Argentina , September 1944 ;
Brazil, July 1944 ; Colombia, October
1944 ; Paraguay, November 1944 ; Peru,
August 1944 ; Union of South Africa, No-
vember 1944 ; Uruguay, November 1944 ;
Venezuela, October 1944. The study on
Chile is now available.
A special introduction was included in
the report on Brazil, explaining the pur-
pose of the studies, giving a description
of the categories into which the com-
modities are divided , and mentioning a
number of other points of interest to the
users of the reports. It is suggested that
readers consult that introduction before
reaching conclusions based upon infor-
mation contained in any individual re-
port of the series. For ready reference,
the introduction is reprinted as an ap-
pendix to this report.
In all cases, it should be noted that the
reports refer to air -cargo potentials and
not to air cargo actually available. On
some occasions the figures in the re-
ports have been misinterpreted.
Particular attention should be given to
the bases for selection of commodities
under the following categories : Perish-
ability, fragility, and style factor . In
making these studies, all of the com-
modities that might be so considered are
included under these three headings , re-
gardless of value per pound, but an indi-
vidual analysis should be made to decide
whether the items can be considered as
potential air cargo under the specific
conditions of the study. For instance,
it is hardly likely that import cargo such
as bananas at $0.01 or $0.02 per pound
will be shipped by air in the near future.
The same considerations might apply to
grapes, which also have a low value per
pound , or to such low-priced export items
as lard or dynamite ( listed perishable
and fragile, respectively) . However, all
these commodities have been listed in
their respective categories because under
some conditions they might be shipped by
air.
In analyzing commodities, especially
for countries bordering on the Caribbean,
it should be noted that bananas comprise
a very large proportion of the perishable
cargo, and if these were eliminated there
would be a heavy reduction in total
weight of this class of cargo. However.
the value of the perishable cargo would
not be reduced in the same proportion .
In other words, the unit value for the
remaining perishable items would be
fairly high.
NOTE.-The statistics in this report were
compiled by Anne E. Corbett and Elisha E.
Early and the analysis was prepared by Bar-
bara S. Beachley.
630824-45
Potentials
States and
Attention is called also to the schedule
of values. These studies, aside from the
three special groups , include only ar-
ticles valued at $0.50 or more per pound.
While the higher-valued articles should
make up the major portion of the air
cargoes , especially during the early de-
velopment of this trade, some similar
studies are considering the possibility of
carrying articles valued as low as $0.25
per pound .
Factors To Be Considered
Using the commodity movement in
1939 as a guide to traffic volume, pro-
spective air commerce between the
United States and Bolivia seems un-
favorable , in comparison with other
South American countries. The rela-
tively small quantity of goods which
moved between the two countries is
largely balanced in favor of the United
States. In 1939 few commodities of
value warranting air shipment were im-
ported from Bolivia. However, Bolivia
is entirely an inland country so that the
speed and directness of air shipment
may be expected to have an important
influence in favor of air shipment.
Bolivia has no large airports com-
parable to the eight in Chile and nine in
Argentina which are capable of handling
any size plane . However, seven civil
airports in Bolivia are adequate for
most commercial planes currently in use
and about twice that number can ac-
commodate smaller planes.
Summary of Findings
In 1939 trade between the United
States and Bolivia comprised 1,093 com-
modities, valued at $5,300,175. Exports
of 1,065 commodities had a total value of
$4,496,427, of which 351 , with a value of
$895,734, are listed as air-cargo poten-
tials , 321 having a value of more than
$0.50 a pound. The remainder, com-
prised of commodities valued at less than
$0.50 a pound, consisted of 4¹ perishable
commodities, 23 ' fragile commodities,
and 5¹ commodities possessing style fac-
tor. Air-cargo potentials totaled 1,081 , -
391 pounds, with an average value of
$0.83 per pound.
The analysis of imports from Bolivia
to the United States in 1939 shows that
of the 28 commodities imported (valued
at $803,748 ) 9 items , or 32 percent are
classed as potential air cargo . The total
value of the potential air- cargo com-
modities is only $ 1,059, but each is valued
at more than $0.50 a pound .
The following table summarizes po-
tential air cargo between the United
¹ Includes one commodity listed also under
fragile.
2 Includes one commodity listed also under
perishable and one under style factor.
Between
Bolivia
States and Bolivia in relation to total
trade in 1939 :
Num-
ber of Shipping
Commodities analyzed com- weight Value
modi- (gross
ties pounds)
United States trade with
Bolivia, 1939:
United States exports.. 1,065 (1) $4,496, 427
United States imports. 28 (1) 803, 748
Total. 1,093 (¹) 5,300, 175
Air cargo potentials:
United States exports.. 351 1,081,391 895, 734
United States imports. 9 504 1,059
Total.. 360 1,081,895 896, 793
Percentage of total trade
represented by air-cargo
eee
potentials:
United States exports.. 33.0 19.9
United States imports. 32. 1 .001
Total.. 32.9 16.9
1 Not available.
Air Cargo Potentials
Export Commodities
The quantity of exports, valued at $0.50
a pound and over, totaled 881,774 pounds
and the value, $807,603 , with an average
value of $0.92 a pound. Of this group,
60.5 percent by weight is valued between
$0.50 and $0.99 a pound with commodi-
ties most adaptable for air cargo as fol-
lows: Brass and bronze pipe fittings and
valves, rock drills, typewriters, typeset-
ting machines, rubber and balata belting,
plumbers ' brass goods, and blasting caps .
Sixteen percent by weight of commodi-
ties valued at $0.50 a pound and over had
an average value of $ 1.27 per pound . The
most likely air- cargo commodities in this
category included radio receiving sets,
scientific and laboratory apparatus, and
aircraft parts and accessories.
The remaining 4.5 percent by weight
ranged, in value, per pound , from $3 to
$25 with radio transmitting tubes, sets,
and parts, calculating machines, and air-
craft-engine parts and accessories the
most favorable candidates for air cargo .
Perishable commodities represented
only 0.5 percent by weight and 0.3 per-
cent by value of all air- cargo potentials.
Four perishable commodities were valued
above $0.50 and moved in extremely
small amounts. Lard, the only perish-
able commodity valued under $0.50 mov-
ing in any sizable quantities, is scarcely
eligible for air carriage, since it is valued
at only $0.06 per pound .
The 78 fragile commodities constituted
41 percent by weight and 37 percent by
value of the total air- cargo potentials
analyzed. This group of commodities
weighed 449,041 pounds and had a total
value of $332,064 . Fragile commodities
valued at $0.50 a pound and more, which
offer good prospects for air cargo , in-
clude radio receiving sets, typewriters,
blasting caps , scientific and laboratory
apparatus, and lamps. Sizable traffic
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

in dynamite, safety fuses, and glassware
moved from the United States to Bolivia
in 1939, but since values were less than
$0.50 a pound they should not be con-
sidered immediate air- cargo potentials
except under special conditions.
Only 19 commodities , or 5.7 percent
of the total air-cargo potentials were
considered to possess a style factor. Five
of these commodities, including such
items as books, calendars, and advertis-
ing novelties, are not likely air cargo
because they are valued at less than $0.50
a pound. Of the 14 commodities valued
at more than $0.50, women's and chil-
dren's wearing apparel appear most
adaptable for air shipment.
Air Cargo Potentials
Import Commodities
Nine commodities , or all air-cargo po-
tential imports, in 1939, were valued at
over $0.50 a pound. The weight of these
commodities totaled 504 pounds and the
value amounted to $1,059. Calfskins, un-
dressed furs, and wildcat furs, averaging
$1.38 per pound in value, constituted 68.2
percent by weight of air-cargo potentials.
Motion-picture film, with an average
value of $5.59 per pound, made up 23.6
percent by weight of potential imports .
These commodities were also considered
to possess style factor. No import com-
modities analyzed were classified as per-
ishable or fragile.
Conclusion
The ratio of air-cargo potential exports
to imports for Bolivia is 39 : 1 as com-
pared with 16 : 1 for Chile, 5 : 1 for Brazil ,
and 25 : 1 for Venezuela . It is evident
that a greater unbalance of trade exists
between United States and Bolivia than
with other South American countries.
The fact that Bolivia is entirely inland
may increase the desirability of air
transportation, but, according to the
1939 statistics analyzed, only limited
prospects for air trade are apparent at
the present time.
Data Included in Tables
The following tables give details of the
air-cargo potentials itemized and
grouped for convenience of reference.
Table I summaries by value groups, items
valued at $0.50 a pound and over which
are considered to be air-cargo potentials.
Table II lists perishable and fragile com-
modities and those possessing a style fac-
tor. These categories might not have
any lower limit as to value per pound.
Tables III to VI contain itemized lists
of the commodities summarized in tables
I and II with regard to weight, value per
pound, and density.

TABLE I. - United States Trade with Bolivia - 1939

[Summary of commodities valued $0.50 or more per pound (category 1)]

Commodities Shipping weight Value

Percent of Percent of Gross Percent of Percent of Percent of

Number air-cargo total trade pounds air-cargo Dollars air-cargo total trade
potentials potentials potentials

EXPORTS
Group:
48887376

1-$0.50 to $0.99 per pound. 145 40. 1 13.2 656, 195 60.5 434, 919 48.5 9.7
2-$1 to $1.99 per pound. 95 27.0 8.9 177, 581 16.4 225, 225 25. 1 5.0
3-$2 to $2.99 per pound. 33 9.4 3.1 26, 258 2.4 61, 273 6.8 1.4
4-$3 to $3.99 per pound. 18 4.8 1.6 19, 282 1.8 65, 500 7.3 1.4
5-$4 to $4.99 per pound. 2.0 .7 806 3, 468 .4 1
6-$5 to $9.99 per pound. 13 3.7 1.2 1, 184 7,871 .9 2

ee
7-$10 to $24.99 per pound.. 2.0 .7 312 4, 139 .5 1
8-$25 and over.. 1.7 .6 156 5, 208 .6 .1
Total valued $0.50 or over. 321 90.7 30.0 881, 774 81.5 807, 603 90. 1 18.0
Total air-cargo potentials 2 351 100.0 33.0 1,081, 391 100.0 895,734 100.0 19.9
Total exports to Bolivia.. 1,065 100.0 (3) 4, 496, 427 100.0
IMPORTS

eee
Group:
311

1-$0.50 to $0.99 per pound.. 33.4 10.7 321 63.7 202 19.1
2-$1 to $1.99 per pound.. 11. 1 3.6 9 1.8 11 1.0
3-$2 to $2.99 per pound. 11.1 3.6 45 8.9 127 12.0
4-$3 to $3.99 per pound.
121

5-$4 to $4.99 per pound. 11.1 3.6 9 1.8 37 3.5 (1)

6-$5 to $9.99 per pound. 22.2 7.1 119 23.6 665 62.8 .1
7-$10 to $24.99 per pound . 11.1 3.6 1 .2 17 1.6 (1)
8-$25 and over..
Total valued $0.50 or over... 9 100.0 32. 2 504 100.0 1,059 100.0 .1
Total air-cargo potentials 2. 9 100.0 32.2 504 100.0 1,059 100.0 .1
Total imports from Bolivia. 28 100.0 (3) 803, 748 100.0

1 Less than 0.05 percent.

? Includes in addition to commodities valued $0.50 per pound and over, those commodities valued less than $0.50 per pound (selected because of perishability, fragility, or as pos-
sessing a style factor) . A commodity which appears under more than one category is accounted for only once in arriving at the total.
3 Not available.
 AIR- CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND BOLIVIA 3

TABLE II.- United States Trade with Bolivia— 1939

[Summary of commodities possessing perishability, fragility, or style factor]

Commodities Shipping weight Value

Categories Percent of Percent of Percent of
Number Percent of Gross Dollars Percent of
air-cargo total trade pounds air-cargo air-cargo total trade
potentials 1 potentials 1 potentials !

EXPORTS
Perishable commodities (category 2):

NN
Valued less than $0.50 per pound.. 4 1.1 0.4 4,454 0.4 $322 (2)
Valued $0.50 or more per pound. 4 1.1 4 862 1 1,996 0.2
8 2.2 8 5,316 .5 .3 0.1

00
Total... 2,318
Fragile commodities (category 3) :
Valued less than $0.50 per pound. 23 6. 5 2.2 185, 351 17.1 33,879 3.8 1
Valued $0.50 or more per pound.. 55 15.6 5.2 263, 690 24.3 298, 185 33.3 6.6
Total.. 78 22.1 7.4 449, 041 41.4 332, 064 37.1 6.7
Commodities possessing style factor (category 4):
Valued less than $0.50 per pound.. 5 1.7 6 9,820 .9 2,551 .3
Valued $0.50 or more per pound.. 14 4.0 1.3 12, 331 1.1 11, 848 1.3
Total..... 19 5.7 1.9 22, 151 2.0 14, 399 1.6 .4
IMPORTS
Perishable commodities (category 2):
Valued less than $0.50 per pound .
Valued $0.50 or more per pound.. None
Total..
Fragile commodities (category 3): ·
Valued less than $0.50 per pound...
Valued $0.50 or more per pound. None
Total..
Commodities possessing style factor (category 4):
Valued less than $0.50 per pound..
Valued $0.50 or more per pound.. 2 20.0 7.1 119 3 665 2,7 .8
Total..----- 2 20.0 7.1 119 3 665 2.7 8

! See table I for figures on total air-cargo potentials.

Less than 0.05 percent.

TABLE III.- United States Trade with Bolivia- 1939 TABLE III.- United States Trade with Bolivia- 1939— Continued
[Group 1- Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound]
Class Ship- Value Den.
No. Commodity ping Value per
Class Ship- Value Den- weight pound sity
Commodity ping Value per sity
No. weight pound
Pounds
3160 Cotton braids, trimmings, bindings, lac-

950
EXPORTS ings, tape labels. and webbing. 163 $140 $0.86 15
Pounds 3161 Other narrow fabrics, n. e. s.2.. 3, 401 1,871 .55 15
ee

0090 "Other" fish, and fish products.. 874 $583 $0.67 (1) 3171 Cotton blankets. 1,356 806 .59 8
0099 "Other" edible products, n. e. s.2. 45 42 .93 3176 Cotton bedspreads, plain, crinkle, dobby,

1-80
Upper leather (except patent) : Jacquard woven. 187 106 .57 av. 17
0301 Cattle side, grain, other. 1,781 955 .54 av. 21 3181 Cotton curtains and draperies.. 20 14 70
0308 Goat and kid (glazed kid) black.. 170 154 .91 av. 21 3189 Other housefurnishings, n.e .se.2. 720 403 56 (1)
0689 Women's and children's handbags, pocket- 3399 Flax, hemp, and rainie manufactures. 270 257 .96 (1)
books, and purses ofmaterials other than 3649 Other wool fabrics.. 137 79 58 16
leather. 11, 038 6,926 .63 5-9 3662 Carpets and rugs of wool. 1, 243 1, 204 .97 av. 13
0693 Card cases, change purses, wallets, and 3665 Wool felts.. 283 161 .57 av. 18
223

similar articles of materials other than 3741 19 17 89 8-16

42SRANSK

Underwear, silk .
96 30

leather. 6 3849.9 Piece goods, wholly or chiefly, rayon,

0697 Belts to be worn on the person. 190 165 87 and other synthetic fibers, remnants and
0699 Other leather manufactures. 278 248 (1) mill ends... 146 77 53 31
2032 Rubber shoes.. 306 189 62 14 3918 Waterproof outer garments. 966 797 .82 av. 12
2012

1
8
HEN

3990 Elastic webbing , woven, knitted or braided

ONG

2042 Druggists' rubber sundries other than

841 715 .85 13
%8

water bottles and fountain syringes……. over 1½ inches wide.. 16 8 .50 av. 22
.73 18 .75 11
2

2046 Rubber toys and balls.. 230 168 4305 Stoppers (include shell corks) 4 3
2049 Rubber erasers.. 658 392 .60 26 5291 Chemical glassware.. 2,292 1, 499 .65 6-9
2062 Automobile casings other than for trucks 5474 Brushes and stock. 1, 222 611 .50 29
and busses.. 35, 038 25, 310 .72 9-16 5478 Lighting carbons.. 44 32 .73 43-81
2066 Solid tires for automobiles and trucks. 1,964 1,004 .51 9-29 6114 Scissors, shears, and snips . 41 21 .51 44
2086 "Other" rubber and balata belting.. 43, 072 22, 013 .51 ат. 35 6115 Table cutlery, including forks. 30 15 .50 30
2094 Mats, matting, flooring, and tiling of 6156 Cross cut, hand back, and other saws,
rubber.. 249 131 .53 38-78 n. e. s.2 2,785 1,671 .60 21-30
2467 Flower seeds.. 354 243 .69 27 6169 Hand-operated pipe stocks and dies, die
2622 Cigarettes... 9, 817 7, 195 .73 stocks, dies and bushings. 637 465 .73 53-120
3015 Cotton sewing thread. 1, 076 891 .83 21-34 6170 Hand-operated pipe cutters and other
3016 Crochet, darning, and embroidery cotton.. 540 349 .65 11 metal-cutting tools. 561 314 .56 53-120
3046. 1 Cotton sheeting, bleached.. 1,616 1, 118 .69 30 6178.9 Other hand tools and parts. 16,484 16, 320 .99 28-141
3049.2 Carded broadcloth, printed , cotton.. 1,313 818 20-25 6249 Metals and alloys in primary forms. 26 15 .58 (1)
3052. 2 Printcloth, printed, cotton .. 1,305 750 33 6454 Pipe fittings and valves, brass or bronze.. 67, 009 38, 258 .57 28-112
3067 Voiles, organdies, lawns and batiste, 6456 Plumbers' brass goods.. 34,475 18, 267 .53 63-108
combed cotton. 453 311 av. 10 6457 Wire of brass or bronze.. 3, 202 2, 012 .63 60-80
3087 Plushes, cotton fabrics. 114 85 .75 av. 15 6469 Other hardware of brass or bronze. 8, 182 4,582 .56 10-90
3091. 1 Cotton work gloves, mits, and gauntlets, 6958 Silver-plated ware, knives, forks, and
fabric (woven or knit) . 301 247 .82 av. 13 steak sets. 252 192 .76 17-43
3099. 1 Men's and boys' sweaters, jersey pull- 6959 Silver-plated ware, other.. 407 330 .81 17-43
overs and sweat shirts, cotton.. 108 78 $0.72 av. 7 7000 Generators, direct current. 2,037 1,080 .53 51
3114 Other cotton wearing apparel, overalls, 7011 Selfcontained lighting outfits. 12, 623 6, 438 .51 (1)
breeches, aprons, and men's work 7019 Capacitors, ½ kilovolt ampere and larger
25

clothing, n. e. s.2. 1,488 908 .61 25 (electrical goods) . 1,575 1,024 65 120-160
3116. 1 Other cotton wearing apparel, under- 7027.1 Rotating converters (under 300 kilowatts) . 394 2,682 .68 51
85

wear, men's athletic, not knit. 471 461 .98 13 7028 Complete battery charges, nonrotating. 1, 191 643 .54 15-26
3140 Cotton woven belting for machinery . 946 704 .74 37 7031 Switchboard panels, except telephone... 5, 790 3,069 53 4-24
See footnotes at end of table.
630824-45- -2
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE III.-United States Trade with Bolivia- 1939-Continued TABLE III.- United States Trade with Bolivia-1939-Continued

Class Ship- Value Den- Class Ship- Value Den-

No. Commodity ping Value per No. Commodity ping Value per
weight pound sity weight pound sity

Pounds IMPORTS
7034 Fuses, electric. 1, 352 $906 $0.67 22
7035 Watt hour and other measuring meters.. 832 707 .85 37-64 0207 Calfskins-dry and dry salted (less than 6 Pounds
7049 Starting and controlling equipment for pounds).. 89 $68 $0.76 19-50
electric railway and vehicle motors 0295 Reptile skins, raw. 22 15 .68 17
and parts.. 4, 603 2,486 54 (1) 0720 "Other" undressed furs. 210 119 .57 8v. 17
7056 Portable electric tools. 5, 213 3,597 69 24-140
7060 Flashlight casings. 3,392 1,866 10
7064 "Other" metal filament lamps. 11,849 7,929 5-12 Total. 321 202
7065 "Other" electric lamps.. 276 138 4-12
7066 Searchlight and airport beacons. 27 17 8-15
7069.1 Electric domestic vacuum cleaners. 413 219 8-33 [ Group 2-Commodities valued from $1 to $1.99 per pound]
7069. 3 Electric domestic vacuum cleaner parts. 57 33 8-33
7073. 5 "Other" domestic electric utensils. 8, 153 4,158 6-11 EXPORTS
7075.5 Other X ray apparatus and parts. 315 240 14-60
7089 Bells, buzzers, annunciators, and alarms.. 515 479 24 0094 Meat extract and bullion cubes. 12 18 1. 50 34-57
7095 Sockets, outlets, fuse blocks, lighting 0305 Upper leather (except patent) calfand kip,
switches and parts. 5,089 4, 173 20 other. 1,299 1,40 1.08 av. 18
7142 Stationary and portable engines, Diesel 0353 Upholstery and automobile leather. 175 266 1.52 24
and semi-Diesel. 14, 267 7,847 av. 95 Boots, shoes and other footwear with
7311 Rock drills, mining.. 48, 620 29, 172 16-157 leather uppers :
7406 Thread cutting and automatic screw 0645 Men's boots and shoes. 1,430 1,702 1. 19 14
machines... 1,891 1,040 26-35 0647 Women's and misses' boots and shoes.. 81 161 1.99 11
7442 Tool grinding, cutter-grinding and uni- k4 0672 Leather gloves and mittens. 34 49 1.44 12-29

888888
versal-grinding machines. 898 449 31-49 0680 Leather belting, new. 2,861 3,996 1.40 37

Rodasknud
7443 Other metal-grinding machines and parts. 3, 542 2,692 31-49 0688 Women's and children's leather handbags,
7455 Other power-driven metalworking ma- pocketbooks, and purses.. 35 54 1.54 5-9
chines and parts. 17,381 9, 212 18-49 0695 Luggage and related articles. 229 425 1.86 av. 7
7458 Other portable and hand- or foot-operated 0698. 9 Leather wearing apparel. 240 372 1.55 8
metalworking machinery and parts. 4, 542 2,680 JOSER
88fF 15-69 0929 Feathers dressed and manufactures of
7471 Chucks for machine tools.. 10 9
88
88
42-78 feathers. 342 369 1.08 6-29
888
7691 3. 447 2,689 50-120 1766 2,297 2, 480 1.08 33-61
38
25
Ball bearings and parts, except balls. Sirups and flavors for beverages.
EX
1
2

7692 837 645 50-120 2017 Other rubberized piece goods and hos-
3
8

Roller bearings and parts, except rollers..

8
:
%

7760 Other accounting and calculating ma- pital sheeting. 1, 122 1, 137 1,01 30
chines, including used and rebuilt. 417 413 13-28 2043 Clothing of rubber or of rubberized cloth. 1, 942 3, 438 1.77 15
7763 Duplicating machines, parts, and supplies 2620 Cigars and cheroots . 61 72 1. 18 av. 23
for.. 1,724 983 13-20 Cotton hosiery:
7767 Cash-register parts. 33 3 23 3093 Women's. 186 222 1.19 av. 18
7770 Typewriters, standard, new. 37,784 31, 361 19 3094 Children's. 37 39 1.05 av. 13
7772 Typewriters, portable, new. 18, 575 15, 232 24 3095 Men's. 396 476 1.20 av. 15
7774.1 Typewriters, rebuilt. 2,328 1,304 3099. 5 Women's and children's sweaters, shawls,
7790 Typesetting machines. 42, 526 25, 856 av. 23 and mufflers, cotton.. 148 180 1.21 av. 7
7795 Other printing and typesetting machinery 3113 "Other" cotton wearing apparel: Men's
parts and accessories . 4,530 2,945 23-55 and boys' jackets and windbreakers of
7802 Other dairy equipment and parts for farm corduroy, moleskin, leatherette, and
use... 205 131 10-22 sheep-lined . 134 179 1.33 av. 25
7916 Automotive piston rings. 1,539 1,262 24 3117.2 "Other" men's and boys' shirts (except
7921 Spark plugs.. 2, 164 1,991 av. 49 knit). 2,415 4, 139 1.79 10
8130 Medicinal and reagent chemicals. 1,663 1,231 23 3120 "Other" men's and boys' clothing of
8149 Corn and foot remedies... 265 209 14 woven fabrics, n. e. s.2. 238 334 1.40 10-22
8152 Salves, ointments, for burns, cuts, skin 3122 Women's dresses and ensembles. 158 269 1.70 av. 11
diseases, etc. 834 559 33 3129 Other cotton wearing apparel, other wom-
8180 Other proprietary medicinal preparations. 6, 631 3,846 30-45 en's and children's apparel of woven
8301 Acetic anhydrides.. 2 1 24-43 fabrics n. e. s.2. 996 1,215 1.22 6-22
8316 Acetone. 2 1 30-39 3178 Cotton bed sheets and pillow cases. 230 280 1.22 20-30
******

8601 Explosives-smokeless powder. 201 107 3642 Wool cloth and dress goods. 756 797 1.05 12-16
8629 Blasting caps.. 27,370 24, 113 36 3643 Mohair cloth... 136 199 1.46 12
*****

8710 Soap, medicated . 457 277 3679 Other knit goods, wool. 444 471 1.06 (1)
8718 Shaving creams. 1,042 536 22 3689 Other wool or mohair manufactures. 655 694 1.06 10
****

8734 Dental creams. 17,356 15, 287 Piece goods, wholly or chiefly rayon, and
882

8742 Face and compact powder.. 1,055 612 19-50 other synthetic fibers:

42 2 2 *
8757 Cosmetics, other than rouges and lipsticks. 321 238 av. 30 3848 Knit fabric in the piece. 115 183 1.59
7
9
2
8

8766 Perfumery and toilet waters.. 300 291 3849. 1 Other woven fabric.. 590 910 1.54 31
9000 Cameras, motion-picture, standard gauge 3854 Hosiery, women's and children's rayon
(35 mm.).. 272 192 36 and other synthetic textiles. 182 229 1.26 av. 13
9003 Cameras, other than motion-picture box 3856 Hosiery, men's socks, rayon and other
type (set focus).. 153 138 17-40 synthetic textiles.. 42 53 1.26 av. 13
9005 Cameras, other than motion-picture, 3917 Other coated or impregnated fabrics n.e.s.2. 794 1,125 1.42 24
other.. 697 655 av. 40 Hats and hat bodies of straw, palmleaf, etc:
9011 Motion-picture sound equipment, repro- 3944 "Other" sewed . 238 409 1.72 3-10
ducing.. 2,045 1,923 av. 11 3945 "Other" woven . 80 135 1.68 3-10
9125 Cartridge or rolls of other sensitized films 3963 Artificial or ornamental flowers, fruits,
not exposed .. 4, 904 4,707 vegetables, etc.. 2 2 1.06 3-6
9126.9 Other sensitized films, not exposed, packs 3994 Garters, arm bands, suspenders, and braces. 126 132 1.05 av. 17

ee
of sheets, other.. 513 503 23-41 5513 Mica, manufactured and manufactures of
9129 Photographic paper. 4, 654 4,546 20 other.. 184 325 1.16 (1)
9140 "Other" photographic apparatus and 5990 Precious synthetic and imitation stones,
supplies. 1, 480 1,140 av. 27 including pearls. 450 765 1.70 (1)
9155 "Other" dental equipment and supplies... 11,841 7,342 8-62 6112 Razors, safety.. 265 321 1.21 38
9297 Musical instrument parts and accessories.. 5, 181 2, 746 8-18 6116 Butchers' and kitchen knives and forks,
9319 Other penholders and parts. 122 65 cleavers and steels.. 214 242 1. 13 50
9392 Carbon paper- 3,506 2,829 6118 Machine knives.. 230 392 1.70 174
9395 Typewriter ribbons.. 3,829 2,139 6154 Hacksaw blades.. 642 1,178 1.83 135
9434 Football, baseball, basketball, tennis, and 6155. 1 Circular saws. 1, 162 1,256 1.08 34
other balls. 32 30 9-30 6157.1 Augers, bits, gimlets, gimlet bits, and
9472 Rifles. 1,237 906 26-3 counter sinks; woodworking.. 300 309 1.03 40-100
9473 Shotguns 1,100 603 6158.5 Files and rasps, 7 inches or more in length. 1, 535 1,728 1. 12 90-135
9490 Shot shells. 775 648 6167 Drills, reamers and counter sinks, metal
9570 Clocks, electric. 56 55 cutting.. 2,287 3,956 1.73 30-65
9571.1 1-day alarm clocks, not electric, n. e. s.2.. 1,8 32 1,272 26-40 6173 "Other" pliers, pincers, nippers and splic-
9591 Time recording devices and parts.. 295 230 (1) ing clamps.. 618 755 1.22 50-90
9713 Button parts, bats, blanks of molds. 61 43 6-38 6179 Padlocks of iron, steel, brass, and bronze. 1,443 2,037 1.41 54-96
9793 Gasoline pressure lamps, lanterns and parts. 858 472 3-22 6181 Cabinet and other locks of iron, steel, brass
285

9794 Other lamps, except electric. 16,711 10, 673 3-22 and bronze . 25 49 1.96 21
9810 Synthetic resin products, laminated 6630 Nickel chrome electric resistance wire 85 156 1.84 50
sheets, plates, rods, tubes, and other un- 7036 Electrical indicating instruments.. 135 242 1.79 5-17
288

finished forms. 133 108 81 (1) 7038 "Other" electrical testing apparatus and
8

9820 Cellulose, n. e. s. manufactures, of all parts. 1, 136 1, 148 1.01 (1)

other compounds of.. 53 40 75 (1) 7063 Electric incandescent lamps for automo-
9824 Toilet brushes, other than tooth brushes.. 148 102 .68 5-16 biles, flashlights, and Christmas trees.. 445 579 1.30 5-12
7075.9 Other therapeutic apparatus and parts. 323 359 1.11 (1)70
Total. 656, 195 434, 918 7077 Radio receiving sets.. 87,054 107, 818 1.25 7-29
7079 Radio receiving set components. 6, 646 9, 936 1.48 11-36
See footnotes at end of table.
 AIR-CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND BOLIVIA 5

TABLE III.- United States Trade with Bolivia- 1939- Continued TABLE III.- United States Trade with Bolivia- 1939-Continued

Class Ship- Value Den- Class Ship- Value Den-

No. Commodity ping Value per sity No. Commodity ping Value per sity
weight pound weight pound

Pounds Pounds
7081 Other radio receiving set accessories. 2, 188 $2,714 $1.24 (1) 9822 Tooth brushes . 278 $735 $2.64 14
7082 Telegraph apparatus and parts.. 99 137 1.38 24 9830 Plates and cuts, electrotype, stereotype... 138 296 2. 14 12-34
7083 Telephone instruments... 552 1,037 1.89 50
7087 Other telephone equipment and parts.. 1,770 1,823 1.03 10-60 Total. 26, 258 61, 273
7159 Internal combustion engines, accessories,
and parts.....

22222
1,250 1,263 1.01 av. 45 IMPORTS
7457 Pneumatic portable tools. 857 909 1.06 24-140 0728.5 Wildcat furs. 45 127 2.82 av. 17
7644 Bottling, washing, labeling machinery,
and parts.. 1,077 1,207 1. 12 8-27
7759 Card-punching, sorting, and tabulating [Group 4.-Commodities valued from $3 to $3.99 per pound]
machines.. 777 1, 205 1.55 16
7761 Parts for accounting and calculating ma-
chines.. 772 1,082 1.40 23 EXPORTS
7764 Cash register , new. 1, 249 1,561 1.25 17-31
7775 Typewriter parts.. 189 219 1. 16 22 3090 Cotton wearing apparel, hankerchiefs . 10 34 3.40 av. 15
7779 Other office appliances and parts.. 197 223 1. 13 (1) 3680 Men's and boys' overcoats, suits, and pants 159 536 3.37 av. 17
7949 Aircraft parts and accessiores, n. e. s.2. 10, 171 15, 561 1.53 1-12 3755 Silk hosiery, women's full-fashioned .. 2,811 10, 755 3.83 av. 11
8119 Vitamin and viosterols. 17 27 1.63 (1) 3921 Corsets, brassieres, and girdles.. 723 2,423 3.35 av.12
8127 Tablets, pills, ointments, capsules, pow- 3958 Other hats, caps, and berets ofwoven fabric. 774 2,790 3. 60 10-15
ders, and similar manufactures. 4, 616 4,755 1.03 25 6168 Hand-operated screwplates, bolt dies, taps,
8155 72 223 3.31 53-120

+++
Medicinal preparations for catarrh, asth- and tap wrenches.
ma, and fever, including inhalants. 223 234 1.05 30-45 6230 Tungsten metal-wire, shapes, and alloys... 84 269 3. 20 49
8167 Pain remedies, headache, and neuralgia. 716 816 1. 14 30-45 6465 Hinges and butts of brass or bronze. 471 1, 460 3. 10 48-90
8395 Other gases, n. e. s., liquefied and solidified. 47 82 1.74 (1) 7075. 1 X-ray tubes.. 26 100 3.87 2
8755 Rouges.. 69 84 1. 21 30 7099. 1 Electric razors.. 496 1,580 3.18 16
Motion picture projectors: 7946 Aircraft engines. 7,902 27, 200 3. 48 10-40
9008. 1 Substandard gage (less than 35 mm .) 7947 Aircraft engine parts and accessories. 4, 999 15, 448 3.07 (1)

815
silent. 8121

၀၀
131 203 1.55 20-28 Biologics, serums, and antitoxins for hu-
9008. 2 Substandard gage (less than 35 mm.) man use. 57 207 3. 65 (1)
sound. 694 976 1.41 14 9112 Stereopticons, magic lanterns, and other
9010 Motion-picture sound equipment- Re- projection apparatus. 78 274 3.48 (1)
cording.. 377 559 1.48 (1) \9142 Optical goods, ophthalmic lenses. 9 31 3.44 9-29
9143 Spectacles, eyeglasses, goggles, lenses, 9149 Other optical goods.. 68 219 3. 22 (1)
n. e. s.2 and frames. 192 265 1.38 11-41 9315 Metallic pen points.. 64 236 3.68 39-45
9157 Surgical and medical instruments. 816 1,070 1.32 21 9580 Watches, without jewels.. 479 1,715 3.59 av. 46
9160 Surveying and engineering instruments. 2,577 3,376 1.31 18-33
9190 Other scientific laboratory and professional Total. 19, 282 65, 500
instruments and apparatus.. 13, 146 14,067 1.08 3-87
9247 Brass-wind instruments, band.. 21 32 1.33 6-14
9302 Mechanical pencils of other materials... 75 111 1.48 17-30 [Group 5-Commodities valued from $4 to $4.99 per pound]
9301 "Other" pencils. 2,965 3,173 1.07 17-30
9310 Fountain and stylographic pens of other EXPORTS
materials. 39 59 1.51 8-28
9436 Golf clubs... 552 764 1.38 (1) 3084
9491 Metallic cartridges. 1,770 2,335 1.32 130 Tapestries and other upholstery goods,
9579 Other clocks and parts.. 33 54 1.32 17-48 cotton fabrics... 107 443 4. 14 13-21
9629 Other articles of other materials, jewelry. 18 30 1.68 3799 Other silk manufactures. 169 748 4. 42 8
(1) 3852 Dresses, skirts, blouses and other outer-
9825 Paint brushes, except industrial. 327 496 1.52 25 331 1,357 4.10 10
9826. 1 Household brushes.. 122 122 1.00 13 wear, not knit or crocheted.
9860 Trunks..... 450 527 1. 17 4-11 7482 Milling cutters , machine-operated
threading dies and taps and similar
Total . 177, 581 225, 225 machine-operated metal-cutting tools.... 81 403 4.96 15-69
9123.9 Exposed motion-picture films, positive,
IMPORTS other (less than 4,000 linear feet) . 1 4 4.00 av. 40
9 11 1.22 av. 17 9470 Revolvers and pistols.. 111 487 4.39 av. 42
0728.4 Ocelot, furs.. 9712 Buttons, button parts, etc. , of other
materials..... 6 26 4.33 6-38
[Group 3-Commodities valued from $2 to $2.99 per pound] Total.. 806 3, 468
IMPORTS
EXPORTS

323
0729.5 "Other" undressed furs.. 9 7 4.11 av. 17
KNORRK2

Upper leather (except patent) :

0304 Calfand kip, black. 661 1, 330 2.01 av. 18
0309 Goat and kid (glazed kid) other . 81 173 2.11 av. 21 22332
[Group 6-Commodities valued from $5 to $9.99 per pound]
Patent upper leather:
0312.1 Cattle.. 130 328 2.52 10
0330 Belting leather. 101 236 2. 34 43
0650 Slippers for housewear, all leather. 25 68 2.72 EXPORTS
ONE

0692 Card cases, change purses, wallets, and

similar articles-leather.. 78 157 2.01 3091.2 Gloves, cotton (woven or knit) dress and

E
2039 Rubber gloves and mittens. all other. 20 154 7.70 av. 11
-

16 34 2. 12 12 79 499 6.32 10
3096 Cotton underwear, men's and boys'. 36 72 2.00 av. 12 3675 Wool knit bathing suits.
3185 Cotton laces, embroideries, and lace win- 3754 Silk hosiery, women's and children's seam-

= 200
dow curtains.. 162 363 2.23 less. 446 2,545 5.71 av. 11
3681 Women's and children's wool clothing. 497 1,361 2.74 16 3928 Neckties, cravats, mufflers, and scarves of
3757 Silk hosiery, men's socks . 2 5 2.50 av. 12 all fibers.. 51 359 7.04 8v. 22
3953 Wool-felt hats.. 145 328 2. 26 3-10 6189 Sewing machine needles. 55 528 9.60 37
7037 Electrical recording instruments. 376 986 2.62 25 6197 Precision scales, balances, and weights for
7076 Radio, transmitting sets, tubes and parts. 12, 453 26, 524 2. 13 9-36 laboratory use. 236 2, 035 8.62 av. 18
7078 Radio receiving tubes.. 1,245 2, 503 2.01 9 9002. 3 Aerial, studio, photo-engraving, coin-
7753 Typewriter-bookkeeping-billing machines. 45 102 2.27 15-20 operated, and similar types of cameras
for professional, scientific or commercial
115

7756 Listing-adding machines.. 1, 187 2,535 2. 13 16-34

ཌསྶ

7757 Calculating machines.. 2.90 16-23 uses... 175 952 5. 44 17-40

5, 177 15, 013 9006 Parts of cameras, except lenses . 14 82 5.98 (1)
7945 Aircraft parachutes and parts. 81 180 2.22 17-22
ཙ
❁ཝྱཱ

8122 Biologics, vaccines for human use.. 117 337 2.87 (1) 9123. 5 Exposed motion-picture films, positive, 6.00
615

8123 Biologics, glandular products, organothera- news reels (less than 4,000 linear feet) . av. 40
9312 Parts of fountain and stylographic pens.. 7.64 8-42
peutics, enzymes, ferments, and culture 9420 Fishing rods. 5.80 14-23
27 8 8 8 8 8

media 1,380 2.20 (1) 9621 Men'sjewelry, other metals than solid gold
8756 Lipsticks.. 734 1,468 2.00 av. 30 30 161 5. 43 (1)
9001 Motion-picture cameras, substandard gage or platinum
69 175 2.54 36 9623 Women's jewelry, other metals than solid
(less than 35 mm.). gold or platinum . 66 480 7.23 (1)
9007 Motion-picture projectors, standard gage
(35 mm .). 635 1,741 2. 74 av. 11 Total.. 1, 184 7,871
9123.1 Exposed motion-picture films, positive 150
features (4,000 linear feet or over). 59 2. 54 av. 40 IMPORTS
9126. 1 Other sensitized films, not exposed, packs
of X-ray sheets.. 538 1,378 2. 56 23
9158 Surgical appliances, artificial limbs, Motion- picture film negatives, exposed
crutches, trusses, etc. 450 996 2.20 4-60 but not developed:
9433 Golfballs. 31 88 2.84 18-33 9022, 1 Features (4,000 linear feet or over) . 34 190 5.59 8v. 40
9572 Mantel, novelty, and wall clocks, except 9022, 5 Shorts other than news reels.. 85 475 5. 59 av. 40
electric, n. e. 8.3. 14 35 2.50 26-40 119 665
9626 Jewelry, other articles of other metals.. 44 121 2.77 (1) Total.
គ
គ្គ
ន
8

9628 Women's jewelry of other material . 26 75 2.93 (1)

See footnotes at end of table.
6 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE III.- United States trade with Bolivia- 1939-Continued TABLE V.- United States Trade with Bolivia-1939- Continued
[Group 7-Commodities valued from $10 to $24.99 per pound] Class Ship- Value Den-
No. Commodity ping Value per sity
Class Ship- Value Den- weight pound
No. Commodity ping Value per sity
weight pound
EXPORTS
EXPORTS 5237 Tumblers, drinking glasses, and stemware, Pounds
Pounds plain, cut, or engraved.. 6,980 $349 $0.05 12-25
0753 Fur wearing apparel... 42 $931 $22.17 4-6 5239 Table glassware, n. e. s.3 plain, cut, or en-
8742 Bilk dresses, skirts, and blouses.. 14 169 12.07 10 graved . 3,760 188 .05 12-30
6190 Needles other than for sewing machines. 1 18 18.00 37 5255 Lamp chimneys and lantern globes.. 228 32 .14 3-9
9114 Negative film, less than 1 inch in width, 5261 Globes and shades for lighting fixtures. 7,217 866 .12 3-9
motion-picture, sensitized, not exposed.. 141 1, 554 11.02 1.40 5291 Chemical glassware. 2,292 1,499 .65 6-9
9152 Teeth.. 9 164 18.03 (1) 5292 Glass electric insulators. 2,405 183 .08 30
9301 Mechanical pencils of plastic materials.. 97 1,148 11.83 17-30 5299 Other glassware. 14,370 1,437 .10 (9)
9831 Umbrellas and parasols. 8 155 19.88 3.26 5320 Table and kitchen articles and utensils. 77 18 .23 12-36
6197 Precision scales, balances, and weights
Total.. 312 4,139 for laboratories.. 236 2,035 8.62 18
7036 Electrical indicating instruments.. 135 242 1.79 5-17
IMPORTS 7037 Electrical recording instruments. 376 986 2.62 25
7038 "Other" electrical testing apparatus and
9919.3 Photographic dry plates and films ofAmer- parts... 1, 136 1, 148 1.01 (1)
ican manufacture (except motion-picture Electric incandescent lamps:
films for commercial purposes) exposed 7063 For automobiles, flashlights, and
abroad whether developed or not... 1 17 17.00 (1) Christmas trees.. 445 579 1.30 5-12
7064 "Other" metal-filament lamps. 11,849 7,929 .67 5-12
7065 "Other" electric lamps.. 276 138 50 4-12
7067 Floodlights.. 210 84 .40 8-15
[Group 8-Commodities valued from $25 and up) 7075.1 X-ray tubes. 26 100 3.87 2
7075. 5 Other X-ray apparatus and parts.. 315 240 .79 14-60
EXPORTS 7075.9 Other therapeutic apparatus and parts.. 323 359 1.11 (1)
7076 Radio, transmitting sets, tubes, and parts. 12, 453 26, 524 2.13 9-36
6929 Platinum and allied metals, manufactures, 2 $110 $55.00 (1) 7077 Radio receiving sets.. 87,054 107, 818 1.25 7-29
except jewelry. 7078 Radio receiving tubes.. 1,245 2,503 2.01 9
9113 Motion-picture films, sensitized, not ex- 7079 Radio receiving-set components.. 6, 646 9,836 1.48 11-36
7080 Radio loud speakers ...
445
posed- positive film, less than 1 inch in 76 31 .41 13
888

7081 "Other" radio receiving-set accessories. 2,188 2,714 1.24

12

width. 30 30.00 av. 40 (1)

9147 Lenses, not fitted to instruments. 68 34.00 45 7082 Telegraph apparatus and parts. 99 137 1.38 24
9154 Dental gold and precious metal alloys for 7083 Telephone instruments.. 552 1,037 1.88 50
dental purposes .. 35 1,678 47.56 (1) 7099. 1 Electric razors. 496 1,580 3. 18 16
9309 Fountain and stylographic pens of plastic 7753 Typewriter-bookkeeping-billingmachines. 45 102 2.27 15-20
1995

materials.. 98 2,558 26. 10 7756 Listing-adding machines.. 1, 187 2, 535 2.13 16-34
9581 18 764 42.45 av. 46 7757 Calculating machines .. 5, 177 15,013 2.90 16-23
Watches, with jewels.. 7764 Cash registers , new 1,249 1, 561 1.25 17-31
Total. 156 5,208 7766 Cash registers, used and rebuilt. 1,006 342 34 17-31
7770 Typewriters, standard , new.. 37, 784 31, 361 .83 19
7772 Typewriters, portable, new. 18, 575 15, 232 .82 24
7774.1 Typewriters, rebuilt.. 2, 328 1,304 .56 20
Not available. 8601 Explosives-smokeless powder.. 201 107 .53 53
Not elsewhere specified. 8604 Dynamite.. 81, 925 13, 974 17 48
Conversion factor $0.98 per pound. 8609 "Other" explosives.. 2,059 815 39 30-53
8625 Safety fuses . 32, 738 11, 636 .35 22-28
8629 Blasting caps.. 27, 370 24, 113 .88 36
TABLE IV.- United States Trade with Bolivia- 1939 Cameras:
9000 Motion-picture standard gage (35
[Perishable commodities-Category 2] mm.).... 272 192 .70 36
9001 Motion-picture substandard gage (less
than 35 mm.) . 69 175 2.54 36
Class Ship- Value Den. 9002.3 Aerial, studio, photo-engraving, coin-
Commodity ping Value per operated, and similar types of cam-
No. weight pound sity eras for professional, scientific, or
commercial uses... 175 952 5.44 17-40
9003 Other than motion picture, box type
EXPORTS Pounds (set focus). 153 138 .90 17-40
0053 Lard.. 4,218 $263 $0.06 av. 36 9005 Other than motion picture, other. 697 655 94 8v. 40
0071 Fresh fish, "other". 34 10 .29 38-52 9006 Parts of cameras, except lenses. 14 82 5.98 (1)
0072 Oysters, fresh, in the shell, shucked , frozen Motion-picture projectors:
or in ice.. 54 15 .28 37 9007 Standard gage (35 mm.) . 635 1,741 2.74 av. 11
2599 All other nursery or greenhouse stock 1. 148 34 .23 16 9008. 1 Substandard gage (less than 33 mm.)
2620 Cigars and cheroots. 61 72 1. 18 av. 23 silent. 131 203 1.55 20-28
8121 Biologics , serums, and antitoxins for 9008. 2 Substandard gage (less than 35 mm .)
sound. 694 976 1.41 14
OO

human use. 57 207 3.65 (2)

8122 Biologics, vaccines for human use.. 117 337 2.87 (2) Motion-picture sound equipment:
8123 Biologics, glandular products, organother- 9010 Recording 377 559 1.48 (3)
apeutics, enzymes, ferments, and culture 9011 Reproducing. 2,045 1,923 .94 av. 11
media. 627 1,380 2.20 (2) 9112 Stereopticons, magic lanterns, and other
188

projection apparatus... 78 274 3.48 (2)

Total. 5,316 2,318 9142 Optical goods ophthalmic lenses. 9 31 3.44 9-29
9143 Spectacles, eyeglasses, goggles, lenses,
n. e. s.3 and frames. 192 265 1.38 11-41
9147 Lenses, not fitted to instruments. 2 68 34.00 45
1 Included also in category 3 (fragile). 9149 Other optical goods. 68 219 3.22 (9)
Not available. 9160 Surveying and engineering instruments. 2,577 3,376 1.31 18-33
9190 Other scientific laboratory and professional
instruments and apparatus. 13, 146 14, 067 1.08 3-87
TABLE V.- United States Trade with Bolivia- 1939 9242 Phonograph records 4 728 277 .38 40
9570 Clocks, electric.. 56 55 .98 16
[Fragile commodities-Category 3] 9571. 1 1-day alarm clocks, not electric, n. e. s. 3. 1,832 1,272 .69 26-40
9572 Mantel, novelty and wall clocks, except
electric, n. e. s.3. 14 35 2.50 26-40
Class Ship- Value Den- 9579 Other clocks and parts. 33 54 1.32 17-48
No. Commodity ping Value per 9580 Watches, without jewels. 479 1,715 3.59 av. 46
weight pound sity 9581 Watches, with jewels.. 18 764 42.45 av. 46
9591 Time recording devices and parts. 295 230 .78 (3)
9792 Lanterns, wick, not electric. 1,896 546 .29 9-17
EXPORTS 9793 Gasoline pressure lamps, lanterns and
Pounds parts. 858 472 .56 3-22
སྐྱ སཝཱ

2599 All other nursery or greenhouse stock 1. 148 $34 $0.23 16 9794 Other lamps, except electric. 16, 711 10, 673 .64 3-22
3963 Artificial or ornamental flowers, fruits, 9832 Candles.. 37 16 .43 23-41
vegetables, etc. 2 2 1.06 3-6
5212 Plate glass. 290 43 .15 64-80 Total. 449, 041 332, 064
5215 Cylinder, crown, and sheet glass. 10,396 405 .04 45-100
5230 Other glass.. 655 144 22
5232 Pharmaceutical and proprietary ware, 1 Included also in category 2 (perishable).
including prescription bottles, am- 2 Not available.
ཝཉྩ

poules and vials, unfilled .. 900 54 .06 11-26 Not elsewhere specified.
5236 "Other" unfilled glass containers. 17, 250 690 04 22-30 Included also in category 4 (style factor or obsolescence).
05
 AIR-CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND BOLIVIA 7

TABLE VI.-United States Trade with Bolivia- 1939 TABLE VI.- United States trade with Bolivia- 1939— Continued
[Commodities possessing a style factor-Category 4] Class Ship- Value Den-
No. Commodity ping Value per sity
weight pound
Class Ship- Value Den-
No. Commodity ping Value per
pound sity

88278
weight
9123. 5 Exposed motion-picture films, positive, Pounds
EXPORTS news reels (less than 4,000 linear feet). 6 $36 $6.00 av. 40

2
8
Pounds 9123.9 Exposed motion-picture films, positive,
0647 Women's and misses' boots and shoes. 81 $161 $1.99 11 other (less than 4,000 linear feet) 4 4.00 av. 40
Women's and children's handbags, pocket- 9242 Phonograph records 1. 728 277 .38 40
9512 .25 30-40

111
books, and purses: "Other" bound books.. 4,845 1, 163
0688 Leather. 35 54 1.54 5-9 9514 Unbound books in sheets.. 71 12 .17 30-40
0689 Other materials. 11, 038 6, 926 .63 5-9 9516 Catalog and pamphlets.. 1,610 483 .30 30-40
0753 Fur wearing apparel . 42 931 22. 17 4-6 9560 Calendars, printed or unprinted, and ad-
3122 Other cotton wearing apparel, women's vertising novelties.... 2, 566 616 .24 30-40
dresses and ensembles. 158 269 1.70 av. 11
3675 Wool knit bathing suits. 79 499 6.32 10 Total 22, 151 14,399
3742 Silk dresses, skirts and blouses. 14 169 12.07 10
3799 Other silk manufactures.. 169 748 4.42 8 IMPORTS
3852 Dresses, skirts, blouses, and other outer-
wear, not knit or crocheted.. 331 1,357 4.10 10 Motion-picture films, negative, exposed
Hats and hat bodies of straw, palm leaf, but not developed :
etc.: 9022. 1 Features (4,000 linear feet or over) ... 34 190 5. 59 av. 40
3944 Other sewed.. 238 409 1.72 3-10 9022. 5 Shorts other than news reels.. 85 475 5.59 av. 40
3945 Other woven.. 80 135 1.68 3-10
9123.1 Exposed motion-picture films, positive, Total. 119 665
features (4,000 linear feet or over). 59 150 2. 54 av. 40
1 Included also in category 3 (fragile).
8 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
(Introduction to "Air-Cargo Potentials Between the United States and Brazil" )
The volume of air cargo which will
move between the United States and
foreign countries after the war will de-
pend upon a number of economic factors,
such as the comparative speeds, costs,
reliability, convenience, and quality of
service of air carriers compared with
surface carriers. A substantial part of
air-cargo tonnage which is likely to move
will consist of commodities which pre-
viously moved by steamship, while an
unknown percentage of future air- cargo
shipments will consist of new traffic ,
especially perishables, made possible by
the much faster service offered by air
carriers.
In initiating this series of studies, it
is believed that an analysis of pre - war
trade will furnish some indication of the
specific commodities that may be di-
verted to air carriers in the post-war
period. Since the year 1939 is the latest
period during which United States trade
with Latin America did not show the
effects of war, it was decided to use the
United States export and import sta-
tistics for that year as the basis for study.
In studying the thousands of commodi-
ties which moved between the United
States and Latin American countries, it
was agreed that at least four basic fac-
tors are of major importance in de-
termining which should be selected as
offering the best prospects for transport
by air. These are as follows : (1) Value
per pound, (2 ) perishability, (3 ) fragility,
and (4) style factor, including obsoles-
cence.
It is recognized that no single one of
these factors is necessarily of sufficient
importance to justify the higher charges
which will have to be made for air car-
riage in comparison with surface trans-
port. It is also evident that a com-
modity which appears suitable for air
carriage on the basis of only one factor
is not as likely to go by air as one which
is suitable on the basis of two or more
factors. For example, a commodity
worth $5 per pound which is also perish-
able, fragile, or possessed of a style fac-
tor is more likely to go by air than a
commodity equally valuable lacking any
of these other favorable characteristics .
In addition to the four major cate-
gories covered in this study there are
others which merit investigation.
Among these may be mentioned econ-
omies in packing, insurance , size of ship-
ment, density, and various capital costs .
Not all of these have been investigated
here because the foreign trade statistics
utilized did not lend themselves to such
analyses. The experience of the Army
and Navy air-transport services during
the present war has demonstrated that
substantial packing economies are pos-
sible for almost all commodities flown.
These economies for certain commodi-
ties have reached 70 percent of the total
shipping weight, while the average re-
duction in shipping weight has been re-
ported as approximately 30 percent. A
special study of potential packing econ-
Appendix
omies is planned for the commodities
included under the four categories shown
in this report.
In the past many commodities have
been shipped by air to meet emergency
situations with little consideration given
to cost of service. It is clear that almost
any commodity regardless of its economic
characteristics may be sent by air under
conditions of extreme emergency. Per-
ishable pharmaceuticals and machine
tools and parts are classes of commodities
which have previously constituted im-
portant emergency shipments. Prac-
tically all of these are already included
in this study because of their high value
per pound. In addition to strictly emer-
gency shipments, there will be shipments
of odd items for the filling in of inven-
tories where sudden or unexpected in-
creases in demand result in shortages.
Categories Described
In deciding which commodities should
be included in the four categories
adopted, the question of definition of
terms immediately arose, especially in
the case of categories 2 , 3, and 4 which
cover perishability, fragility, and style
factor. The bases for selection are
briefly described below :
1. Value Per Pound
In determining which commodities
should be screened on the basis of value
per pound it was necessary to decide first
whether net weight or shipping weight
should be used, then to decide upon the
minimum value per pound, and finally,
after a minimum value per pound had
been chosen, into how many subclasses
the commodities falling above this min-
imum should be divided .
Since the charges to the shipper are
based on gross shipping weights, rather
than net weights , it was concluded that
such weights were the proper ones to use
in an analysis of air- cargo potentials, and
they will be used exclusively in each
study of the series except the first. The
first study covering trade between the
United States and Brazil was begun at
a time when an adequate body of data
on gross shipping weights was not readily
available. More recently such data have
become available. In the United States-
Brazil study, asterisks indicate where net
weights are used.
After consultation with various com-
modity specialists it was decided that all
commodities with a value of less than
$0.50 per pound should be eliminated
from the first category. It was felt that
few commodities below that minimum
would offer prospects for air carriage in
the immediate post-war period . In fact ,
it is believed that many commodities
above $0.50 , particularly between $0.50
and $1 , offer slight prospects for air car-
riage unless additional factors, such as
perishability, fragility, or style factor
are also involved. A commodity worth
$0.50 a pound has a value of $ 1,000 per
ton. If it is assumed that the typical
air-borne commodity moves 4,000 miles
between the United States and South
America and that the air- line charge is
$0.15 per ton-mile, then the transporta-
tion charges on 1 ton would equal $600
or 60 percent of the value of the com-
modity. A commodity worth $3 a pound
has a value of $6,000 per ton. On the
basis of the assumptions just stated, air-
cargo charges would amount to $600 or
only 10 percent of the value of the com-
modity. These figures may be compared
with the analogous relationships for
movement of railway freight in the
United States. In 1939 railway freight
revenue equalled 8.43 percent of the
value of all commodities carried .
The commodities valued at $0.50 per
pound and over have been divided into
eight groups as follows:
Group 1-80.50-$0.99 per pound.
Group 2-$1-$1.99 per pound.
Group 3-$2-$2.99 per pound.
Group 4-$3-$3.99 per pound.
Group 5-$4-$4.99 per pound
Group 6-$5-$9.99 per pound.
Group 7-$10-$24.99 per pound.
Group 8-$25 up per pound.
It is evident not only that the commodi-
ties in the higher-value groups offer bet-
ter prospects for air carriage than those
in the lower groups, but also that a larger
percentage of the commodities in the
higher-value groups are likely to go by
air. For example , if 2 percent of the
commodities in group 1 appear to offer
especially good prospects for air carriage
it might be expected that 4 percent in
group 2, 6 percent in group 3, and so on
would offer similar prospects.
2. Perishability
In determining the list of commodities
to be included under the second cate-
gory, perishability, it was necessary first
to define the term perishable. It is evi-
dent that a large number of commodi-
ties would be perishable if a long enough
time period and sufficient exposure to the
elements were assumed. In deciding
whether or not a commodity is perishable
when moving in international trade, con-
sideration has been given only to the nor-
mal time spent in transit via usual sur-
face methods of transportation, assum-
ing customary packing , handling, and
stowage of the commodity. If, for ex-
ample, apples packed in barrels can be
shipped from New York to Rio de Janeiro
in 4 weeks, while apples packed in
barrels normally do not deteriorate in
less than 8 weeks, then apples , for the
purposes of this study, will not be con-
sidered perishable. It should be pointed
out that any commodity which requires
refrigerants, special temperature con-
trol, or ventilation during the period of
movement is also classed as perishable.
In order to determine which of the
commodities met the tests of the defini-
tion aforementioned , the cooperation of
numerous commodity specalists of the
Department of Commerce and other
Government agencies was secured.
 AIR-CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND BOLIVIA
3. Fragility
Fragility, or breakability, is a term
which, like perishability, could charac-
terize almost all commodities under
certain conditions. For the purposes of
this study a commodity is defined as
fragile or breakable when special care in
handling or special packing is required
to avoid damage under normal condi-
tions of shipment. No attempt has been
made to classify the commodities se-
lected in respect to differing degrees of
fragility.
4. Style Factor
Under the category designated style
factor are included all of those com-
modities which lose their economic value
at an exceptionally rapid rate with the
passage of time because of a decline in
the demand rather than a change in
the physical nature of the product.
Products which are subject to obsoles-
cence are included . Examples of such
are newspapers, motion - picture films,
and certain textiles, such as wearing
apparel.
Density or Weight
The density or weight per cubic foot
of a commodity is one factor affecting
the cost of moving commodities. In any
transportation vehicle where space
rather than weight is the limiting factor,
a commodity with a low density costs
more per unit of weight to move than one
with a higher density, and consequently,
must be charged a higher rate per ton-
mile. In this series of studies the density
is shown where the information is avail-
able for all commodities included in the
four categories listed above. In some
instances, no specific density is shown
but instead a density range is given.
This indicates a variation in the method
of packing. Some commodity classifica-
tions, furthermore, cover such a wide
range of individual articles lumped to-
together that it is impossible to determine
either a specific density or a density
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
range. An example of this type of
"basket" classification is Export Class
No. 0699 (Other Leather Manufactures ) .
Upon analysis, density appears to be
of less importance than the four major
criteria already discussed, and, on the
basis of new designs for post-war air
cargo planes, may become even less sig-
nificant in the future.
Size of Shipments
The economic and technological char-
acteristics of steamship operations make
this form of transportation especially
suitable for large shipments of goods
weighing many tons. These character-
istics are reflected in steamship freight-
rate structures which in many instances
. are quoted in terms of 1 ton or 40 cubic
feet. Since it is customary to levy a
minimum bill of lading charge, which
between the United States and Brazil,
for example, amounts to $7.50, as ship-
ments fall below a certain weight, the
rate per ton-mile rises progressively so
that in the case of shipments of 25 or 50
pounds the rate per ton-mile will be sev-
eral times that of a shipment weighing
1 ton or more. On such small shipments,
therefore, the differences in costs be-
tween steamship and air carrier services
are reduced to a minimum and air car-
riers will enjoy their most favorable
competitive position .
The only important alternative to the
freight services offered by the steamship
companies is parcel post, which limits
maximum shipments to a few pounds.
Frequently, parcel- post charges, when
reduced to a rate per ton- mile basis ,
amount to $0.06 or $0.08 per ton-mile for
shipments of 25 or 30 pounds.
It is impossible to determine from pub-
lished foreign trade statistics what com-
modities are shipped in quantities weigh-
ing less than 1 ton. The figures show
the total weight shipped per year for
individual commodities , and, in many in-
stances, such shipments total much less
than 2,000 pounds but it can not be de-
termined whether these small shipments
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945
9
were shipped individually or consoli-
dated with other commodities in lots
weighing 1 ton or more. In recent years
it has become increasingly prevalent for
producers and freight forwarders to con-
solidate small shipments into large ones
to take advantage of the lower steamship
freight rates available on large ship-
ments.
Post -War Air Cargo Rates
Recent estimates of the level of air
cargo rates after the war vary from $0.05
to $0.25 per ton-mile. The differences in
the estimates are primarily the result of
differences in the assumptions on which
the forecasts are based or on the com-
pleteness of the services under considera-
tion. Some authorities in estimating air
cargo rates have in mind airport-to-
airport movement only, while others in-
clude terminal handling and pick-up and
delivery services. Some writers in mak-
ing post-war predictions are thinking of
the period immediately following the
cessation of hostilities rather than de-
velopments during the first decade. Still
others base their predictions upon the
assumption that the latest technological
improvements will be incorporated into
exclusively designed air cargo planes and
that these planes will be available shortly
after the war.
In the case of air cargo carriage be-
tween the United States and Latin Amer-
ican countries in the immediate post-
war period, air cargo rates per ton- mile
will depend upon whether the traffic in
both directions is sufficiently large to
justify specially designed air cargo
planes which carry nothing but com-
modities. If the volume of traffic should
prove to be this large , air cargo rates
from airport to airport may prove to be
feasible at a level of from $0.10 to $0.15
per ton-mile depending upon the terri-
tory served. If, on the other hand , air
cargo volume proves to be so small that
it must be carried in aircraft especially
designed for the transportation of pas-
sengers and mail, then air cargo rates
will probably be substantially higher.
Price 5 cents
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Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
EN T CO
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CA Part 1.-TRANSPORTATION
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Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 1 July 1945 Number 4

AIR - CARGO POTENTIALS

between the

U. S. and HONDURAS

SER DA 1945

Prepared by

TRANSPORTATION UNIT

James C. Nelson, Chief

D 8894
 Air -Cargo
United
By Barbara S. Beachley and Anne E. Corbett, Transportation Unit.
This is the twelfth of a series of
studies on air-cargo potentials. The
countries covered and the dates on
which the studies have been released
are as follows : Argentina, September
1944; Bolivia, March 1945 ; Brazil, July
1944 ; Chile, February 1945 ; Colombia,
October 1944 ; Paraguay, November
1944; Peru, August 1944 ; Union of South
Africa, November 1944 ; Uruguay, No-
vember 1944; Venezuela, October 1944.
The study on Ecuador is in press and
those on Costa Rica, Dominican Re-
public, Guatemala, Mexico, and Panama
are in preparation.
Explanatory Data
The appendix to this report explains
the purpose of the studies and gives a
description of the criteria applied in
selecting the commodities classified as
air-cargo potentials. It is suggested that
readers consult that appendix for an
explanation of the methods used and
for factors to be considered in formu-
lating conclusions based upon the data
contained in the report.
In all cases, it should be noted that
the statistics in these reports refer to
air-cargo potentials and not to cargo
actually carried by air in 1939. Failure
to observe this fact has led to misinter-
pretation of the figures in the reports
on some occasions.
Particular attention should be given
to the bases for selection of commodi-
ties according to the following cate-
gories: Fragility, perishability, and
style or obsolescence characteristics.
Included under these headings are all
of the commodities that might be so
considered, regardless of value per
pound, but an analysis of the value per
pound of individual commodities should
nevertheless be made to determine
whether all of the items can properly
be considered as potential air cargo
under the cost, competition, and equip-
ment conditions of the immediate
future.
For instance, it is unlikely that such
cargo as bananas will be imported in
volume by air in the near future in
view of their low value of approxi-
mately $0.01 per pound. The same con-
sideration might apply to grapes, which
also have a low value per pound, or to
such low-priced export items as lard
or dynamite (classified as perishable
and fragile, respectively) . However, all
these commodities have been included
in their respective categories for the
sake of statistical completeness and be-
cause under some conditions they might
be shipped by air.
2
Potentials Between
States and Honduras
In analyzing commodities, especially
for the countries bordering on the
Caribbean Sea, it should be noted that
bananas comprise a very large propor-
tion of the perishable cargo, and, if
these were eliminated, there would be
a large reduction in total weight of this
class of air cargo. However, the value
of the perishable cargo remaining
would not be reduced in the same pro-
portion. In other words, the unit values
for the remaining perishable items
would be comparatively high.
Attention is called also to the sched-
ule of values. These studies, aside from
the three special groups, include only
articles valued at $0.50 or more per
pound. While the higher-valued ar-
ticles probably would make up the
major portion of the air cargoes, espe-
cially during the early development of
this trade, values as low as $0.25 per
pound are being considered as indicat-
ing potential air cargo in similar studies
and some cargo with a value per pound
as low or lower actually does move by
air under present conditions.
Factors To Be Considered
Honduras, with an area of 46,000
square miles, is the second largest coun-
try of Central America. The interior of
the country consists of irregular moun-
tains, tablelands, and fertile river val-
leys, with 350 miles of the north coast-
line along the Caribbean Sea. The 1940
population numbered 1,107,859.
Honduras is mainly an agricultural
and cattle -raising country. Maintenance
of the small manufacturing industry
which prevails depends upon the im-
portation of raw materials and equip-
ment. Matches and cigars are the prin-
cipal products specifically manufac-
tured for export.
Principal sources of revenue for the
Honduran Government are customs re-
ceipts, monopoly fees, and stamp taxes.
The Government has extended tariff
protection to the few developed Hon-
duran industries and is liberal in grant-
ing concessions to specific industries
for duty-free importation of raw mate-
rials and machinery.
The United States has always been
the chief source of Honduran imports
of raw materials, and Honduras has be-
come more dependent upon the United
States since the present war began. In
1939 the United States supplied 65.3
percent of total Honduran imports.
These imports consist principally of
chemicals and related products, metals
and manufactures, machinery and ve-
hicles, textile fibers and manufactures,
and nonmetallic minerals.
the
The United States has also been the
chief market for Honduras' exports—
thus, 90.7 percent of the exports from
Honduras in 1939 went to the United
States and consisted principally of
bananas, coffee, minerals, coconuts, and
mahogany .
Railway and highway development
has been extremely slow, but air trans-
portation has grown rapidly. Although
Honduras has no large airport, many
towns which formerly depended upon
mules for transportation are now served
regularly by air-for both passengers
and freight.
Summary of Findings
The following table summarizes po-
tential air cargo between the United
States and Honduras in relation to total
trade in 1939 :
Number Shipping
Commodities of weight Value
analyzed com- (gross
modities pounds)
United States trade with
Honduras:
United States exports . 1,305 $ 5,765,903
United States imports. 48 (1) 7,015,794
Total. 1,353 (1) $ 12,781,697
Air-cargo potentials:
United States exports.. 427 3,589,982 1,083,806
United States imports.. 15 681,270,803 6,591,531
Total. 442 684,860,785 7,675,337
Percentage of total trade
.. represented by air-cargo
potentials:
cee
United States exports 32.7 18.8
United States imports. 31.3 94.0
Total. 32.7 60.0
Not available.
Total trade between the United States
and Honduras in 1939 consisted of 1,353
commodities valued at $ 12,781,697 . Of
a total of 1,305 export commodities val-
ued at $5,765,903 , 427 are classified as
air-cargo potentials. Of the export
potentials, 366, or 85.7 percent, were
valued at more than $0.50 a pound.
The remainder, valued at less than $0.50
a pound, consisted of 32 ' perishable,
29 fragile, and 3 style characteristic
commodities. Those considered as air-
export potentials weighed 3,589,982
pounds and were valued at $1,083,806.
The inclusion of the low-priced items
such as lard, fresh vegetables, grapes,
glass and glass containers, brought the
average value per pound down to $0.30 .
1 Includes two commodities also listed as
fragile.
2 Includes one commodity also listed as pos-
sessing a style characteristic.
 AIR - CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U. S. AND HONDURAS 3
S
Of a total of 48 imports from Hon- There were also large movements of Of the import commodities analyzed
duras in 1939 with a total value of other glass products, glassware, tum- none were considered fragile or as
$7,015,794, 15 commodities valued at blers and drinking glasses, table glass- possessing a style characteristic.
$6,591,531 , are listed as air- cargo po- ware, and glass, but, except for fancy
tentials. Total weight of the potential ware, their very low values per pound Summary
air imports amounted to 681,270,803 may exclude them from immediate con-
pounds, with bananas accounting for sideration as air cargo at present rates. In 1939 about 65 percent of all import
99.6 percent of the poundage. Despite Dynamite and other explosives and traffic into Honduras came from the
their perishability, bananas provide an safety fuses also moved in considerable United States, while that country in
unlikely air import under present con- volume in 1939. As is the case with turn sent about 91 percent of its total
ditions, since they are valued at only glasswares, the low values per pound exports to the United States. Of the
$0.01 per pound . Imports valued at of these products may influence ship- total value of trade between the two
$0.50 and over per pound accounted for pers not to transport them by air. countries, 18.8 percent of United States
less than 0.5 percent by both weight Commodities possessing style or obso- exports to Honduras and 94 percent of
and value of import potentials. United States imports from Honduras
lescence characteristics comprised 1.5
percent by weight and 4.2 percent by are classed as potential air cargo.
Air- Cargo Potentials Upon inspection of total export and
value of export potentials. Style char-
Export Commodities acteristic commodities valued at more import potentials, it is evident that a
Exports valued at $0.50 a pound and than $0.50 a pound which are prospec- return-haul problem exists. If all com-
tive air cargo include women's and modities listed under potential air
over amounted to 979,234 pounds with
a total value of $ 887,932, or 27.3 percent misses' shoes, wool and mohair manu- cargoes are considered as probable air
and 82 percent, respectively, of air- factures, and hat and hat bodies. Cal- traffic, regardless of such factors as
cargo potentials. The largest proportion endars and advertising novelties, phon- shipping charges and low values per
of this group, 66.6 percent by weight ograph records , and catalogues and pound, the ratios of potential air ex-
and 47.7 percent by value, ranged be- pamphlets are valued below $0.50, but ports to imports by weight and value,
tween $0.50 and $0.99 per pound. Most may be potential air cargo because of respectively, are 1 : 189 and 1 : 6. Doubt-
favorable commodities for air shipment their style characteristics. ful air traffic includes commodities
in this class include leather and leather which moved in considerable volume
articles, cotton yard goods, stationary but whose values per pound are so low
Import Commodities that despite their perishability, fragil-
and portable engines, dental creams,
leather shoes and footwear, proprie- Of the total of 15 prospective air im- ity, or style characteristics, they are
tary medicinal preparations , and face ports, 11 were valued at more than most uncertain air traffic in the im-
powders. $0.50 a pound. However, their total mediate future.
Commodities valued between $ 1 and weight, 9,517 pounds, and value , $ 17,141 , A more realistic export-import ratio
$1.99 per pound formed the next largest were relatively small. Of the import is derived when those doubtful com-
commodities valued at more than $0.50 modities-ordinarily included for the
group by weight and value of potential
export cargo. Most likely items for air a pound, reptile skins and foreign post- sake of statistical completeness- such
transport in this category include leath- age stamps provide the likely cargoes. as bananas, plantains, dynamite, com-
ers; tablets, pills, capsules, and oint- Import commodities with a value of mon glasswares, vegetables, fruits, and
ments ; engine accessories and parts ; less than $0.50 a pound weighed in total lard are excluded . The adjusted export-
women's and children's boots and shoes; 681,261,286 pounds with a total value import ratios, after exclusion of the
rayon and synthetic piece goods ; and of $ 6,574,390 . This group consisted items, listed in the table below, become
receiving sets. mainly of bananas ( 99.6 percent ) along 51 : 1 by weight and 55 : 1 by value. In
Of the total export commodities val- with small quantities of plantains and other words, the remaining 1,231,442
ued at more than $0.50 a pound, only pineapples. Since plantains are valued pounds of exports greatly overbalances
at $0.008 per pound and bananas and the 24,372 pounds of imports.
3.4 percent by weight and 12.9 percent
by value are priced at more than $2 per pineapples at $0.01 per pound, the low Thus, in any case, a return-haul prob-
pound. Most probable air exports from per-pound values probably prohibit lem exists and with the removal of
these categories include women's silk their volume shipment by air under the doubtful commodities for air ship-
hosiery; aircraft engine parts and ac- present cost conditions despite their ment, the remaining balance definitely
cessories; and transmitting sets, tubes, bulk importation . favors the United States.
and parts .
Of the 39 export potentials rated as Class
perishable, 7 are valued at more than Export commodities Shipping weight Value Value per
No. (gross pounds ) pound
$0.50 per pound. One commodity, bio- 0053 Lard 21,563 $1,553 $0.07
logics for animal and veterinary use, 0092 Eggs in shell 5,684 746 0.13
offers possibilities as air cargo. Such 1224 Other fresh vegetables 154,900 3,098 0.02
1315 Grapes 81,614 5,605 0.07
items as fresh vegetables , grapes, pears, 1316 Pears 52,981 2,258 0.04
and lard moved in considerable volume, 1317 Peaches 5,180 346 0.07
1318 Prunes. 4,888 320 0.0 7
but do not offer good prospects as air 1319 Other fresh fruit 9,300 186 0.02
exports because their low values per 2599 Nursery & greenhouse stock 7,450 596 0.08
5215 Cylinder glass . 16,223 1.170 0.07
pound would scarcely stand air-trans- 5232 Pharmaceutical glass 103,254 5,679 0.06
port costs. 5234 Beverage bottles including soda, beer, and
alcoholic . 789,157 14,994 0.02
Fragile commodities comprised 62.8 5236 Other unfilled glass containers . 200,586 8,224 0.04
percent by weight and 23.7 percent by 5237 Tumblers , drinking glasses and stemware,
plain , cut or engraved 50,547 2,679 0.05
value of potential air exports. Receiv- 5239 Table glassware, n. e. s. 52,796 2,851 0.05
5262 Glass insulators 20,074 1,254 0.06
ing sets, electrical incandescent lamps , 5299 Other glassware . 91,059 9,197 0.10
typewriters, and blasting caps are the 8604 Dynamite . 676,305 77,287 0.11
most promising fragile exports valued 8609 Other explosives . 14,979 1,289 0.09
at more than $0.50 a pound. Nearly all Total 2,358,540 139,332 0.06
fragile commodities, 96.3 percent by
weight and 62.5 percent by value, fell Import commodities
into the category with a value of less 1300.0 Plantains 2,776,250 22,210 0.008
than $0.50 a pound . Unfilled glass con- 1301.0 Bananas 678,470,181 6,551,993 0.01
tainers constituted approximately half Total 681,246,431 6,574,203 0.01
the weight of these commodities.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Although reasons of national security
prevent publication of detailed data at
the present time, a general view of
actual exports and imports by air in
1944 indicates to some extent which
commodities may become potential
traffic. Of the total exports by air to
the six Central American republics in
August 1944, Honduras received 3.8 per-
cent by value and 26.3 percent by
weight. Honduras provided 7.2 percent
by value and 9.9 percent by weight of
the United States imports by air from
the Central American countries over
the 5-month period, July through No-
vember 1944.
Especially for export traffic, where
Data Included in Tables Table II lists perishables, fragiles, and
those commodities possessing a style or
The following tables give details of obsolescence characteristic. These cate-
the air-cargo potentials itemized and gories have no lower limit as to value
are grouped for convenient reference. per pound. Tables III to VI contain
Table I summarizes, by value groups, itemized lists of the commodities sum-
items valued at $0.50 a pound and over marized in tables I and II in respect to
considered to be air-cargo potentials. weight, value per pound, and density.
TABLE I.-United States Trade With Honduras- 1939
[Summary of Commodities valued $0.50 or more per pound]
Commodities Shipping weight Value
Gross Percent of Percent of Percent of
Category 1 Percent of Percent of
Number air-cargo total trade pounds air-cargo Dollars air-cargo total trade
potentials potentials potentials
Exports
Group-Value per pound:

22531-

31754211
1. $ 0.50 to $ 0.99. 166 38.9 12.7 652,399 18.2 423,632 39.1 7.3
only 1 month's statistics are available; 2. 1.00 to 1.99 . 106 24.8 8.1 293,763 8.2 350, 100 32.3 6.1
3. 2.00 to 2.99 42 9.8 3.2 16,449 39,219 3.6
the sample of commodities actually 4 3.00 to 3.99. 20 4.7 1.5 9,518 .3 31,092 2.9
5. 4.00 to 4.99 . 7 1.6 .5 4,670 20,806 1.9
transported by air is too narrow to 6 5.00 to 9.99. 14 3.3 1.1 1,998 12,484 1.2
.6

ce
justify broad conclusions concerning 7. 10.00 to 24.99. 8 1.9 344 6,476 .6
8 25.00 and over. 3 .7 .2 93 4,123 4

.
potential air traffic. However, limited
Total valued $0.50 or over .. 366 85.7 27.9 979,234 27.3 887,932 82.0 15.4
as the data are, they are of interest Total air-cargo potentials2. 427 100.0 32.7 3,589,982 100.0 1,083,806 100.0 18.8
because they reflect value - per - pound Total exports to Honduras.. 1,305 100.0 (3) 5,765.903 100.0
considerations influencing actual air Imports
movement under wartime conditions. Group Value per pound:
1....$ 0.50 to $ 0.99 . 3 20.0 6.2 125 91 (1)
2. 1.00 to 1.99. 4 26.7 8.3 9,341 83
(1) 15,943 .2 .2
The average value per pound for ex- 3. 2.00 to 2.99 .
4. 3.00 to 3.99.
ports by air to Honduras was $0.51 5. 4.00 to 4.99. 1 6.7 2.1 2 (1) 9 (1) (1)
compared with the average value for 6... 5.00 to 9.99 .
7.. 10.00 to 24.00. 3 20.0 6.2 49 (1) 1,098 (1) (1)
all Central American countries of $3.53. 8... 25.00 and over..
=385

Of the 50 commodities exported by air Total valued $0.50 or over .. 11 73.4 22.8 9,517 (1) 17,141 .3 .2
to Honduras in August 1944, 14.9 per- Total air-cargo potentials2. 15 100.0 31.3 681,270,803 100.0 6,591,531 100.0 94.0
Total imports from Honduras 48 100.0 (3) 7,015,794 100.0
cent were valued at less than $0.50 per
pound and 63.8 percent were valued Less than 0.05 percent.
above $2 per pound, while 34 percent Includes, in addition to commodities valued $0.50 per pound and over, those commodities valued less than $0.50 per pound (se
lected because of perishability, fragility, or as possessing a style factor). A commodity which appears under more than one category i
were valued at more than $10 per accounted for only once in arriving at the total. S
3Not available.
pound. The low average value per
pound of $0.51 is not characteristic of
TABLE II.- United States Trade With Honduras -1939
the entire movement, but may be at-
tributed to a large shipment of calcium [Summary of commodities possessing perishability, fragility, or style factor]
carbide valued at $0.09 per pound . Commodities Shinning weight Value
Other major air export items in- Categories Percent of Percent of Gross Percent of Percent of Percent of
cluded pharmaceutical and medicinal Number air-cargo total trade pounds air-cargo Dollars air-cargo total trade
potentials¹ potentials¹ potentials¹
preparations, women's and children's
clothing, household and personal effects, Exports--Value per pound:
Perishable commodities (cate-
automotive and electrical replacements gory 2): 440,344
278

Less than $0.50.. 32 7.5 2.5 12.3 33,690 3.1 6

and parts, and film and newsreels . This $0.50 or more. 1.6 .5 7,822 .2 9,968 .9 2
last item provides good evidence that 39 9.1 3.0 448, 166 12.5 436,658 4.0 8
Total.
888

style characteristic commodities may in-

fluence movement of commodities by Fragile commodities (category 3):
Less than $0.50.. 29 6.8 2.2 2,172,405 60.5 160,644 14.8 2.8
air. $0.50 or more.. 54 12.6 4.2 83,058 2.3 96,426 8.9 1.7
Actual air- import data are available Total 83 19.4 6.4 2,255,463 62 8 257,070 23.7 4.5
for a 5-month period, July through No- Commodities possessing style fac-
vember 1944. Imports by air from Hon- factor (category 4):
∞∞

Less than $0.50.. 3 .7 .2 15,975 4 4,722 4 1

duras during the period averaged $2.22 $0.50 or more .. 18 4.2 1.4 38,395 1.1 41,548 3.8
per pound compared with the average 1.5
Total..... 21 4.9 1.6 54,370 46,270 4.2 8
value of $2.91 for all Central American
countries. Of the 23 commodities im- Imports-Value per pound:
ported by air from Honduras, 8.6 per- Perishable commodities (cate-
gory 2): 4 26.7 8.3 681,261,286 99.9 6,574,390 99.7 93.7
cent of the total were valued below Less than $0.50..
$0.50 a pound , 69.6 percent above $2 a $0.50 or more ..
pound, and 13 percent above $10 per Total. 4 26.7 8.3 681,261,286 99.9 6.574,390 99.7 93.7
pound. Main import items comprised Fragile commodities (category 3):
foreign stamps and stamped envelopes, Less than $0.50...
$0.50 or more. Nonc
exposed photographic dry-plates, wood Total..
and bark manufactures, household and
personal effects, cotton hose and wear- Commodities possessing style fac-
tor (category 4):
ing apparel, and leather and leather Less than $0.50.
$0.50 or more.. None
products. Perishability, fragility, and Total..
style characteristics were inconsequen▾
tial in determination of air imports , 1 See table I for figures on total air-cargo potentials.
 AIR - CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U. S. AND HONDURAS 5

TABLE III.- United States Trade With Honduras-1939 TABLE III.- United States Trade With Honduras-1939
[Group 1-Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound] [Group 1-Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
Class Commodity weight Value Value Density Class Commodity weight Value Value Density
No. (gross per No. (gross per
pounds) pound pounds) pound

EXPORTS EXPORTS-Continued
0016 Sheep . 1,000 $1,350 $0.84 (1) 6154 Hacksaw blades.. 3,453 $2,141 $0.62 135
0019 Poultry, live.. 950 499 .53 (1) 6156 Crosscut hand, back, and other saws?.. 3,342 2,005 .60 21-30
0094 Meat extracts and bouillon cubes . 105 81 .77 34-57 6169 Hand-operated pipe stocks and dies, die
0099 Other edible animal products2.. 2,353 1,224 .52 (1) stocks, dies and bushings.. 1,204 879 .73 53-120

Run
Upper leather (except patent) : 6170 Hand-operated pipe cutters and other metal
0300 Cattle side, grain, black. 34,419 21,032 .61 av. 18 cutting tools . 1,048 587 .56 53-120

CA
0301 Cattle side, grain, other. 67,834 33,582 .50 av. 21 6173 Other pliers, pincers, nippers and splicing
0302 Cattle side, finished splits. 8,069 4,862 .60 av. 21 clamps.. 785 655 .83 50-90
0305.1 Calfand kip, other.. 28,592 16,759 .59 av. 21 6178.9 Other hand tools and parts. 12, 130 12,009 .99 28-41
0307 Sheep and lamb. 980 518 .53 av. 21 6305 Aluminum tubes, moldings, castings and
Patent upper leather: other shapes.. 156 93 .60 20-40
0312.1 Cattle. 7,867 7,276 .92 10 6308 Aluminum and aluminum bronze powder . 339 191 .56 9-113
0319 Patent upper leather other than cattle, 6469 Other hardware of brass or bronze .. 1,907 1,0 68 .56 10-90
goat or kid. 2,014 1,963 .97 10 6545 Nickel, monel metal and alloys, in ingots,

KUHAKKINI
NGOINGUR
0321 Lining leather, sheep and lamb. 1,107 656 .59 31 bars, rods, sheets, plates, etc.. 13 12 .92 37-115
284 249 .88

NIRRUG
0328 Boot and shoe cut stock, other than outer 6670 Type . 93
soles .. 643 328 .51 18-30 6958 Silver plated ware, knives, forks, and steak
Leather welting . 21 13 .62 17 sets .. 2,802 2,130

KRUPA
0600 17-43
Boot, shoes, andother footwear with leather 6959 Silver plated ware, other. 975 790 17-43

***
Direct current generators . .53

COU
PAN
7000 1,044 51

USA
87
1,970

UNO
25
0645 boots and shoes. 11,357 11,041 .97 14 , 520 .51 (1)

88
ALO
7011 Self-contained lighting outfits . 8,863

**
583 427 .73 8-11

A
100 .65 120-160

*
8
O
Youths' and boys' boots and shoes..

N
0646 153

&
7019 Capacitors, 2 kilovolt ampere and larger...
0648 Infants' and children's boots and shoes... 4,694 4,428 .94 9 Rotating converters:
0650 Slippers for housewear, all leather.. 428 246 .57 9 7027.1 Under 300 kilowatts .. 21 14 .67 51
0656 Boots, shoes, and other footwear, with 7027.2 300 kilowatts and larger. 11,496 6,323 .55 51
uppers of material other than leather. 1,277 997 .78 av. 12 7028 Complete battery charges, nonrotating. 802 433 .54 15-26
0659 Discontinued models, old styles, and second- 7031 Switchboard panels, except telephone.. 3,291 1,744 .53 4-24
hand shoes. 2,474 1,559 .63 av. 12 7034 Fuses.. 1,139 763 22
Women's and children's handbags, pocket- 7035 Watt-hour and other measuring meters . 4,189 3,561 .85 37-64
books, and purses: 9985 7049 Starting and controlling equipment for elec-
0688 Of leather.. 83 63 .76 tric railway and vehicle motors and parts.. 565 305 (1)
0689 Of other materials . 3,630 1,851 .51 7056 Portable electric tools . 452 312 .69 24-140
0697 Belts to be worn on the person. 4,936 4,295 .87 7060 Flashlight cases. 12,015 6,608 .55 10
0699 Other leather manufactures. 6,962 6, 196 .89 (1) Electric incandescent lamps:
2031 Rubber boots.. 68 40 .59 7064 Other metal filament lamps . 13,345 8,941 .67 5-12
BOONAN

2042 Druggists'rubber sundries, other than water 7065 Other electric lamps.. 1,864 932 .50 4-12
bottles and fountain syringes. 2,053 1,745 .85 13 7066 Searchlights and airport beacons. 213 134 .63 8-15
2046 Rubber toys and balls. 1,715 1,252 .73 18 7069.1 Electric domestic vacuum cleaners 49 26 .53 8-33
143
568

2095 Rubber thread.. 185 .77 34 7073.5 Other domestic electric utensils.. 1,816 926 .51 6-11
No
N.

2096 Gutta-percha manufactures.. 51 27 .53 (1) 7075.5 Other X-Ray apparatus and parts. 218 172 .79 14-60
*

2602 Burley leaf tobacco.. 232 140 .60 17-24 7089 Bells, buzzers, annunciators and alarms. 225 209 .93 24
2604 Dark Virginia leaf tobacco. 234 155 .66 17-24 7095 Sockets, outlets, fuse blocks, lighting
2622 Cigarettes.. 4,293 3,091 .72 22 switches and parts... 5, 154 4,227 20
2629 Other tobacco manufactures. 104 60 .58 (1) 7142 Stationary and portable engines, Diesel and
3015 Cotton sewing thread.. 5,151 3,672 .71 21-34 semi-Diesel. 36,769 20,223 .55 av. 95
3016 Crochet, darning and embroidery cotton. 177 174 .98 11 7311 Rock drills . 4,241 2,799 .66 16-157
3036 Tobacco and cheese cloth 36 x 32 count and 7441 Internal grinding machines. 519 306 .59 31-49
lower construction.. 15 8 13 7442 Tool grinding, cutter grinding, and universal
3045.1 Finished cotton cloth, wider than 40 inches grinding machines . 4,130 2,065 31-49
-Drills, twills, and warp sateens.. 306 207 .68 . av. 11 7443 Other metal grinding machines and parts.. 2,797 2,126 .76 31-49
3050 Cheesecloth and gauze, bleached and dyed 7455 Other power driven metal working machin-
(full pieces)... 760 610 .80 17 ery and parts... 1,319 699 18-49
3062 Colored cotton duck and awning materials. 18,351 9,412 .51 25-45 7458 Other portable and hand or foot operated
3067 Voiles, organdies,lawns, and batiste, combed 31,225 22,014 .71 av. 10 metal working machines. 5,163 3,046 15-69
3073 Marquisettes , combed.. 2,292 2,013 av. 10 7552 Sewingmachines for factory or industrial use . 8,838 5,303 .60 5-37
3074 Other combed and fine carded goods. 21,702 11,347 .52 10-18 7590 Cigarette and cigar making and other to-
3084 Tapestries and other upholstery goods . 711 633 .89 13-21 bacco machinery and parts.. 3,260 1,793 (1)
Cotton knit goods: 7691 Ball bearings and parts, except balls. 1,140 889 .78 50-120
3096 Underwear, men's and boys' . 12,249 6,182 .50 av. 12 7692 Roller bearings and parts, except rollers. 374 288 .77 50-120
3097 Underwear, women's and children's. 726 686 11 7763 Duplicating machines, parts and supplies for. 2,996 1,708 .57 13-20
3099.1 Men's and boys' sweaters, jersey pull- 7767 Cash register parts. 68 67 .99 23
overs, and sweatshirts . 1,220 876 av. 7 Typewriters:
3099.9 Other knit outerwear². 1,051 937 7-22 7770 Standard, new. 8,713 7,232 .83 19
Other cotton wearing apparel: 7772 Portable, new. 2,978 2,442 .82 24
JON

2305

3114 Overalls, breeches, pants, aprons and 7774.1 Rebuilt. 559 313 .56 20
men's work clothing2. 372 239 .64 7774.9 Other, used. 32 20 .63 20
3116.1 Underwear, men's athletic, not knit . 2,570 1,624 .63 13 7795 Other printing and type-setting machinery,
3117.1 Work shirts.. 1,089 787 .72 10 parts and accessories .. 5,304 3,448 23-55
3120 Other men's and boys' clothing of woven 7802 Other dairy equipment and parts, for farm
fabric². 953 924 .97 10-22 use 473 303 10-22
3160 Cotton braids, trimmings, bindings, lacings, 7916 Automotive piston rings. 484 397 24
5528

tape, labels, and webbing. 2,045 1,759 .86 15 7921 Spark plugs.. 3,065 2,820 av. 49
3161 Other narrow fabrics?.. 335 184 .55 15 8120 Biologics for animal, and veterinary use. 3,421 3,011 (1)
3178 Cotton bedsheets and pillowcases. 10,307 5,944 .58 20-32 8130 Medicinal and reagent chemicals . 9,605 7,108 23
3181 Cotton curtains and draperies. 556 389 .70 8149 Corn and foot remedies.. 163 129 14
3187 Cotton terry-woven towels, wash cloths and 8152 Salves and ointments for burns, cuts, skin
bath mats. 6,908 3,635 .53 12 discases, insect bites, etc.. 6,407 4,293 33
3189 Other house furnishings". 652 365 .56 (1) 8180 Other proprietary medicinal preparations .. 19,798 11,483 30-45
3399 Flax, hemp, and ramie manufactures . 1,138 1,092 .96 (1) 8200 Nicotine sulphate (40% basis). 39 27 34
3662 Carpets and rugs of wool.. 461 306 .66 av. 13 8734 Dental creams. 26,827 19,418 31
3665 Wool felts. 567 331 .58 av. 18 8735 Other dentifrices. 333 204 .61 av. 23
3681 Women's and children's wool clothing. 639 546 .85 16 8742 Face and compact powder. 14,124 8,192 19-50
3699 Other hair manufactures . 1,302 664 .51 (1) 8751 Vanishing creams . 666 393 av. 30
3741 Silk underwear.. 155 141 .91 8-16 8757 Other cosmetics . 755 559 .74 av. 30
Rayon and other synthetic textiles: 8766 Perfumery and toilet waters.. 5,334 5,174 25
3840 Yarn, single and plied.. 14 11 .79 av. 24 9003 Cameras, other than motion picture , box-
3849.9 Piece goods, wholly or chiefly rayon and type (set focus) . 440 418 17-40
990

other synthetic fibers, remnants and 9008.1 Motion-pictureprojectors, substandard gage

mill ends 50 32 .64 31 (less than 35 mm.) silent 66 56 .85 20-28
៩.

3858.5 Braids, fringes, and narrow trimmings. 69 61 .89 12 9011 Reproducing motion picture sound equip-
នន

3915 Pyroxylin coated or impregnated fabrics. 501 459 .92 34 ment.. 190 179 av. 11
3942 Hats and hat bodies ofstraw,palm leaf, etc. 9129 Photographic paper. 3, 159 2,382 20
-harvest 556 481 .87 3-10 9140 Other photographic apparatus and supplies 1,249 962 .77 av. 27
4260 Boat oars and paddles . 33 26 .79 20-22 9155 Other dental equipment and supplies. 6,649 4.189 8-62
4305 Stoppers (include shell corks). 264 149 .56 11 9156 Sterilizers 691 587 5-21
5474 Brushes and stock... 576 288 .50 29 9297 Musical instruments and accessories". 3,496 1,888 8-18
5478 Lighting carbons. 292 194 .66 43-81 9304 Pencils other than mechanical. 5,174 4,594 17-30
6025 Stainless steel. 7 5 .71 180-365 9319 Other penholders and parts.. 2 14
6090 Wire cord clothing. 22 15 .68 30-40 9392 Carbon paper. 2,385 1,957 .82 36
6115 Table cutlery, including forks . 1,572 1,467 .93 30 9422 Fishing tackle and parts, other than rods
6116 Butchers'andkitchenknives, forks, cleavers and reels. 593 427 av. 30
and steels... 1,280 918 .72 50 9434 Foot, basket, base, tennis and other balls 717 660 .92 9-30
6118 Machine knives. 325 243 .75 174 9472 Rifles. 2,721 1,815 26-39
6 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE III.- United States Trade With Honduras- 1939 TABLE III.- United States Trade With Honduras- 1939
[Group 1-Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound] [Group 2-Commodities valued from $1.00 to $1.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
Class Commodity weight Value Value Density Class Commodity weight Value Value Density
No. (gross per No. (gross per
pounds) pound pounds) pound

EXPORTS-Continued EXPORTS-Continued
9565 Playing cards. 2,224 $1,582 $.71 48 3963 Artificial or ormental flowers, fruits, vege-
9572 Mantel, novelty and wall clocks-not electric 281 208 .74 26-40 tables, etc. 106 $ 112 $1.06 3-6
9591 Time-recording devices and parts. 435 339 .78 (1) 3994 Garters, arm bands, suspenders and braces.. 481 505 1.05 av. 17
9712.9 Buttons of other materials. 1,969 1,715 .87 6-38 5217 Laminated glass and manufactures. 512 627 1.22 64-80
9793 Gasoline pressure lamps, lanterns and parts 3,529 1,941 .55 3-22 5291 Chemical glassware.. 477 486 1.02 6-9
9819 Manufactures of cellulose acetate². 129 88 .68 (1) 5513 Mica manufactures, other than ground or
9820 Manufactures ofall other compounds of cel- pulverized . 10 12 1.20 av. 64
lulose². 1,260 945 .75 (1) 6112 Razors, safety. 416 679 1.63 38
9831 Umbrellas and parasols . 5,118 4,303 .84 av. 26 6114 Scissors, shears, and snips. 996 1,291 1.30 44
9872 Other coin-operated machines, except 6157.1 Augers, bits, gimlet bits, and counter sinks,
musical. 130 66 .51 17-24 woodworking.. 560 625 1.12 40-100
6167 Drills, reamers, counter sinks, and metal
Total. 652,399 243,632 cutting . 1,046 1,809 1.73 30-65
6172 Slip joint pliers.. 39 64 1.64 50-90
6179 Padlocks of iron, steel, brass, and bronze .. 1,924 2,250 1.17 54-96
6630 Nickel-chrome electric resistance wire. 19 29 1.53 50
IMPORTS 6635 Quicksilver or mercury 33 39 1.18 172-800
Transmission and distribution apparatus:
3113.9 Other cotton wearing apparel- not knit or 7036 Electrical indicating instruments . 432 773 1.79 5-17

30
1290

crocheted.. 41 30 .73 7-22 7038 Other electrical testing apparatus and

3230.70 Articles and manufactures of cotton³. 62 41 .66 (1) parts.. 701 708 1.01 (1)
3610.3 Blankets, not exceeding 3 yards in length, 7063 Electric incandescent lamps for automo-
233

plain or embroidered, valued not over

20 biles, flashlights, and Christmas trees . 2,066 2,686 1.30 5-12
$1.00 per pound... 22 20 .91 10-30 7075.9 Other therapeutic apparatus and parts . 32 35 1.09 (1)
7077 Receiving sets ... 14,286 17,858 1.25 7-29
Total.. 125 91 7079 Receiving-set components. 2,899 4,291 1.48 11-36
7081 Other receiving-set accessories . 618 766 1.24 (1)
7082 Telegraph apparatus and parts . 356 491 1.38 24
See footnotes at end of table. 7083 Telephone instruments ... 712 1,338 1.88 50
7087 Other telephone equipment and parts 3,636 3,745 1.03 10-60
7159 Engine accessories and parts. 29,681 29.978 1.01 av. 45
7457 Pneumatic portable tools 770 824 1.07 24-140
7485 Othermetal-working machine tools and parts 400 528 1.32 15-69
7553 Sewing machine parts .. 1,827 3,215 1.76 39
[Group 2-Commodities valued from $1.00 to $1.99 per pound] 7644 Bottling, bottle washing and bottle labeling
machinery and parts.. 5,794 6,489 1.12 8-27
7760 Accountingand calculating machines, other,
Shipping including used and rebuilt . 35 35 1.00 13-28
Class Commodity weight Value Value Density 7761 Parts for accounting and calculating ma-
No. (gross per chines.. 197 276 1.40 23
pounds) pound 7764 New cash registers . 668 835 1.25 17-31
7775 Typewriter parts. 41 47 1.15 22
7779 Other office applicances and parts. 463 523 1.13 (1)
EXPORTS 7949.9 Aircraft parts and accessories". 8,404 12,859 1.53 1-12
7959 Other internal-combustion marine engines.. 59 71 1.20 22-30
Upper leather, (except patent): 8119 Vitamin and vitasterols . 615 1,002 1.63 (1)
0304 Calfand kip, black. 20,671 $24,295 $1.18 av. 18 8127 Tablets, pills, capsules, powders, ointments,
0308 Goat and kid (glazed kid) black. 8,807 13,790 1.57 av. 21 and similar manufactures . 34,487 35,522 1.03 25
0309 Goat and kid (glazed kid) other 10,568 10,918 1.03 av. 21 8155 Asthma, catarrh and hay-fever prepara-
0313 Patent upper leather-goat and kid. 242 242 1.00 10 tions, including inhalants.. 2,206 2,316 1.05 30-45
0323 Other lining leather.. 235 261 1.11 31 8167 Headache, neuralgia, and pain remedies. 2,697 3,075 1.14 30-45
0647 Women's and misses' boots and shoes. 8629 Blasting caps.. 7,682 10,501 1.37 36
HR

leather uppers.. 23,285 23,813 1.02 11 8755 Rouges.... 1,106 1,338 1.21 30
0680 Leather belting, new .. 2,081 3,234 1.55 37 9005 Cameras, other than motion picture, other 435 437 1.01 av. 40
0698.9 Leather wearing apparel. 174 269 1.55 8 Exposed motion-picture film-positive fea-
0929 Feathers, dressed, and manufactures of tures:
247

feathers .. 515 556 1.08 6.29 9123.1 (4,000 linear feet or over) . 206 400 1.94 av. 40
2043 Clothing of rubber or of rubberized cloth. 1,175 1,568 1.33 15 Other sensitized films, not exposed:
2467 Flower seeds. 476 587 1.23 9125 Cartridge or rolls. 2,161 2,352 1.09 26
3090 Cotton handkerchiefs. 1,649 1,959 1.19 av. 15 9126.9 Packs of sheets, other. 420 423 1.01 23-41
3091.1 Cotton work gloves, mitts and gauntlets, 9143 Spectacles, eye glasses, goggles, lenses and
15

facric. 135 146 1.10 av. 13 frames. 1,457 2,011 1.38 11-41
Cotton knit goods: 9157 Surgical and medicinal instruments . 1,439 1,900 1.32 21
3093 Hosiery, women's. 2,425 2,836 1.17 av. 18 9160 Surveying, engineering instruments. 1,062 1,391 1.31 18-33
3094 Hosiery, children's. 4,751 6,409 1.35 av. 13 9190 Other scientific laboratory and professional
3095 Hosiery, men's. 5,545 5,816 1.05 av. 15 instruments and apparatus . 3,439 3,714 1.08 3-87
3099.5 Women's and children's sweaters, shawls 9245 Percussion band instruments . 2 2 1.00 2-14
and mufflers .. 337 415 1.23 av. 7 9293 String instruments . 4 4 1.00 2-6
Other cotton wearing apparel: 9295 Other musical instruments.. 3 3 1.00 2-27
3113 Men's and boys' jackets and windbreakers 9302 Mechanical pencils, of other materials. 200 283 1.42 17-30
of corduroy, moleskin, leatherette and 9436 Golf clubs.. 246 431 1.78 (1)
sheep lined... 347 624 1.80 av. 25 9490 Shot shells 2,100 2,279 1.09 76
3115 Nightwear, men's. 2,010 2,311 1.15 av. 7 9491 Metallic cartridges. 8,110 10,924 1.35 130
3117.2 Other men's and boys' shirts (except knit) . 5,886 8,477 1.44 10 Clocks , except electric:
3122 Women's dresses and ensembles. 397 550 1.39 av. 11 9571 1-day alarm clocks . 1,902 2,190 1.15 26-40
3127 Children's outerwear, not knit . 328 428 1.30 6-22 9579 Other clocks and parts... 61 80 1.31 17-48
3129 Other women's and children's apparel. 1,248 1,522 1.22 6-22 9629 Other jewelry articles of other materials . 83 140 1.69 (1)
3176 Cottonbedspreads, plain, crinkle, dobby and 9713 Button parts, backs, blanks, or molds . 134 172 1.28 6-38
= 9992

Jacquard woven. 93 116 1.25 av. 17 9824 Toilet brushes, other than tooth brushes .. 276 376 1.36 5-16
Wool wearing apparel: 9825 Paint brushes , except industrial . 951 1,805 1.90 25
3675 Knit bathing suits . 669 1,329 1.99 10 9826.9 Other brushes, including industrial. 894 1,066 1.19 29
3679 Other knit goods . 1,741 1,845 1.06 10 9827 Combs.. 72 106 1.47 24
3689 Other wool or mohair manufactures . 4,193 4,445 1.06 16 9830 Plates and cuts, electrotype, stereotype,
3757 Silk hosiery, men's socks . 330 611 1.85 av. 12 half-tone, lithographic or engraved .. 59 81 1.37 12-34
Rayon and other synthetic textiles:
3845 Piece goods, wholly or chiefly rayon and Total. 293,763 350,100
other synthetic fibers, pile (velvets,
etc.)... 1,182 $1,535 $1.30 21
3849.1 Piece goods, wholly or chiefly rayon and
other synthetic fibers, other woven
fabrics.. 20,877 24,486 1.17 31
3854 Hosiery, women's and children's. 3,217 4,671 1.45 av. 13 IMPORTS
3856 Hosiery, men's socks . 2,561 2,961 1.16 av. 13
3857.1 Knit underwear. 1,947 2,722 1.40 av. 10 0295.0 Reptile skins, raw 9,308 $15,897 $1.71 17
3857.2 Woven underwear. 1,108 2,158 1.95 av. 12 0699.81 Leather belts and buckles designed to be
3858.1 Ribbons.. 194 279 1.44 12 worn on the person.. 16 24 1.50 8
3859 Other synthetic textile manufactures. 1,341 1,582 1.18 (1) 0728.5 Wild cat furs, undressed. 14 17 1.21 av. 17
3918 Waterproof outer garments .. 118 160 1.36 av. 12 1510.31 Etchings, photographs and drawings (ex-
Hats and hat bodies of straw, palm leaf, etc.: cept post cards and works of art) . 3 5 1.67 30-40
3944 Other sewed. 3,121 3,420 1.10 3-10
3945 Other woven .. 992 1,327 1.33 3-10 Total. 9,341 15,943
3957 Other hats, caps and berets, knit .. 13 20 1.54 10-15
3958 Otherhats, caps and berets of woven fabric.. 1,574 2,178 1.38 10-15
See footnotes at end of table.
 AIR - CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U. S. AND HONDURAS 7

TABLE III.- United States Trade With Honduras-1939 TABLE III.- United States Trade With Honduras- 1939
[Group 3-Commodities valued from $2.00 to $2.99 per pound] [Group 5-Commodities valued from $4.00 to $4.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
Class Commodity weight Value Value Density Class Commodity weight Value Value Density
No. (gross per No. (gross per
pounds) pound pounds) pound
EXPORTS
EXPORTS 2620 Cigars and cheroots. 30 $ 138 $4.60 av. 23

199
0330 Belting leather . 54 $ 116 $2.15 43 3755 Silk hosiery, women's full fashioned. 4,297 18,994 4.42 av. 11
Card cases, change purses, wallets and 3799 Other silk manufactures. 30 4.29 8
similar articles: 6956 Sterling and other solid silverwear, other.. 11 51 4.64 17-43
0692 Of leather. 227 458 2.02 9 7482 Millingcutters, machine-operated threading
0693 Of materials other than leather. 33 77 2.33 9 dies and taps, and similar machine-oper-
2039 Rubber gloves and mittens .. 124 270 2.18 12 ated metal cutting tools. 51 252 4.94 15-69
2047 Bathing caps... 13 38 2.92 8 9420 Fishing rods.. 11 53 4.82 11-23
2268 Peppermint oil. 47 115 2.45 21-42 9711 Buttons, button parts of cellulose com-
3124 Women's and children's cotton underwear pounds, galalith, and other plastics .... 263 1,288 4.90 6-38
and nightwear, not knit . 459 916 2.00 13
3185 Cotton laces, embroideries and lace window Total. 4,670 20,806
curtains. 170 378 2.23 8
3642 Wool cloth and dress goods . 197 448 2.27 12-16 IMPORTS
3680 Men's and boys' wool overcoats, suits and 0718.0 Nutria furs, undressed. 2 9 4.50 av. 17

122
pants 1,299 3,424 2.64 av. 17
3720 Broad silks 221 452 2.05 Total. 2 9
3729 Silk and velvet ribbons . 22 55 2.50
Rayon and other synthetic textiles: 3888888
3853.2 Other knit outerwear. 8 19 2.38 8-12
3857.7 Sleeping and lounging garments, knit or [Group 6-Commodities valued from $5.00 to $9.99 per pound]
woven . 330 815 2.47 8-14
3921 Corsets, brassieres, and girdles .. 366 745 2.04 av. 12 Shipping
6146 Gasoline stoves and room and water heaters . 29 82 2.83 9 Class weight Value
6190 Needles other than for the sewing machine .. 32 73 2.28 37 No. Commodity (gross Value per Density
6197 Precision scales, balances and weights for pounds) pound
laboratory use.. 12 24 2.00 av. 18

331
7037 Electrical recording instruments. 88 230 2.61 25 EXPORTS

24
7076 Transmitting sets, tubes, and parts. 2,067 4,400 2.13 9-36 0753 Fur wearing apparel... $ 15 $7.50 4-6
7078 Radio recei ing tubes. 679 1,365 2.01 9 3719 Sewing, embroidery and crochet silk. 32 8.00 16-19
7752 Listing-adding-bookkeeping machines. 384 942 2.45 16-24 3754 Silk hosiery, women's and children's seam-
7756 Listing adding machines.. 259 552 2.13 16-34 less . 529 2,722 5.15 av. 11
7757 Calculating machines, nonlisting . 1,605 4,655 2.90 16-23 3951 Men's and boys' fur-felt hats . 672 4,113 6.12 3-10
8122 Vaccines for human use. 409 1,173 2.87 (1) 6189 Sewing machine needles .. 232 1,917 8.26 37
8123 Biologics - Glandular products, organo- 7948 Aircraft instruments and parts.. 112 680 6.07 (1)
therapeutics, enzymes fer.rents and cul- 9001 Motion-picture substandard gage cameras

83

1710
ture media. 937 2,062 2.20 (1) (less than 35 mm.). 28 177 6.32 36
8157 Malaria, chill and fever remedies. 1,442 3,130 2.17 30-45 9006 Parts of cameras, except lenses. 16 5.33 (1)
8756 Lipsticks.. 814 1,628 2.00 av. 30 Motion-picture films, sensitized, not ex-
Motion-picture films, sensitized, not exposed: posed:
9115 Positive film, 1 inch or morein width. 7 15 2.14 av. 40 9114 Negative film, less than 1 inch in width 22 187 8.50 av. 40
9123.9 Exposed motion picture films - positive, 9248 Wood-wind instruments .. 52 316 6.08 6-27
other (less than 4,000 linear feet)... 7 20 2.86 av. 40 9301 Mechanical pencils, of plastic materials. 74 559 7.55 17-30
9126.1 Other sensitized films, not exposed: packs of 9312 Parts of fountain and stylographic pens . 5 37 7.40 8-42
sheets, X-ray.. 332 833 2.51 23 9621 Men'sjewelry ofmetals other than solid gold
9158 Surgical appliances, artificial limbs, crutches, or platinum. 106 578 5.45 (1)
trusses, etc.. 1,010 2,223 2.20 4-60 9623 Women's jewelry of metals other than solid
9310 Fountainand stylographic pens , ofmaterials gold or platinum. 157 1,135 7.23 (1)
other than plastics .. 43 115 2.67 8-28
9315 Metallic pen points. 100 256 2.56 (1) Total. 1,998 12,484
9433 Golf balls. 431 1,084 2.52 18-33
9610 Paintings, etchings, engravings, andstatuary. 38 81 2.13 (1)
eee

9626 Other jewelry articles of metals other than

solid gold or platinum... 323 894 2.77 [Group 7-Commodities valued from $10.00 to $24.00 per pound]
9627 Men's jewelry of other materials. 3 7 2.33 (1)
9628 Women's jewlery of other materials. 149 438 2.94 Shipping
9791 Incandescent mantel lamps . 38 93 2.45 9 Class weight Value
9822 Tooth brushes .. 1,505 4.231 2.81 14 No. Commodity (gross Value per Density
9828 Tobacco pipes (of all materials) . 136 287 2.11 13 pounds) pound
Total .. 16,449 39,219 EXPORTS
3742 Silk dresses, skirts and blouses 6 $ 86 $14.33 10
3952 Women's and girls' fur-felt hats . 1 12 12.00 3-6
6249 Metals and alloys in primary forms. 79 1,218 15.42
6997 Gold manufactures .. 5 79 15.80
9152 Teeth... 110 1,988 18.07
9309 Fountain and stylographic pens of plastic
materials.. 135 3,001 22.22 15
[Group 4- Commodities valued from $3.00 to $3.99 per pound! 9421 Fishing reels. 1 13 13.00 (1)
9589 Watch parts. 7 79 11.29 25-66
Shipping Total. 344 6,476
Class Commodity weight Value Value Density
No. (gross per IMPORTS
pounds) pound 9503.6 Stamps, foreign postage or revenue, and
foreign government stamped envelopes or
post cards.. 40 975 24.38 8-24
EXPORTS 9620.1 Original paintings, pastels, drawings and
0672 Leather gloves and mittens. 91 $ 317 $3.48 12-28 sketches.. 8 102 12.75 5-24
2058 Combs, finished-hard rubber. 143 429 3.00 24 9919.3 Photographic dry plates and films ofAmeri-
3759 Other silk wearing apparel . 39 131 3.32 8-16 can manufacture (except motion-picture
3852 Dresses,skirts, blouses, and otherouterwear, films for commercial purposes) exposed
10

not knit or crocheted . 1,110 3,491 3.15 10 abroad, whether developed or not .. 1 21 21.00 (1)
3928 Neckties, cravats, mufflers, and scarfs, ofall
fibers. 540 1,846) 3.42 av. 22 Total.. 49 1,098
3953 Wool-felt hats. 556 2,084 3.75 3-10
6155.1 Circular saws. 65 243 3.74 34
6168 Hand-operated screw plates, bolt dies, taps
and wrenches .. 145 480 3.31 53-120 [Group 8-Commodities valued at $25.00 and over per pound]
7075.1 X-ray tubes. 6 23 3.83 2
7099.1 Electric razors. 20 65 3.25 16 Shipping
7946 Aircraft engines. 718 2,500 3.48 10-40 Class weight Value
7947 Aircraft engine parts and accessories . 4,460 13,782 3.09 (1) No. Commodity (gross Value per Density
8121 Serums and antitoxins for human use. 475 1,735 3.65 (1) pounds) pound
9007 Standard-gage motion picture projectors EXPORTS
(35mm). 91 310 3.41 av. 11
9112 Stereopticons magic lanterns, and other pro- 9154 Dental gold and precious metal alloys for
234 815 3.48 (1) dental purposes . 43 $2,039 $47.41 (1)
jection apparatus . 62 3.23 (1) 9581 Watches with jewels. 45 1,661 36.91 av. 46
9149 Other optical goods . 200 5
9150 Dentalinstruments. 9 33 3.67 13-20 9620 Jewelry of solid gold or platinum. 423 84.60 (1)
&

9247 Brass-wind instruments. 36 114 3.17 6-14

9580 Watches, without jewels . 595 2,050 3.45 av. 46 Total.. 93 4, 123
9635 Jewelry findings, parts and materials. 123 444 3.61 (1)
Total ..... 31,092 1 Not available.
9,518 ? Not elsewhere specified.
Not specially provided for.
8 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE IV.- United States Trade With Honduras- 1939 TABLE V.- United States Trade With Honduras- 1939
[Perishable Commodities-Category 2] [Fragile Commodities- Category 3]
Shipping Shipping
Class Commodity weight Value Value Density Class Commodity weight Value Value Density
No. (gross per No. (gross per
pounds) pound pounds) pound

EXPORTS EXPORTS-Continued
0010 Cattle for breeding . 2,670 $ 925 $0.35 Transmission and distribution apparatus :
0016 Sheep... 1,600 1,350 .84 7035 Watt-hour and other measuring meters... 4,189 $ 3,561 $0.85 37-64
0019 Poultry, live.. 950 499 .53 7036 Electrical indicating instruments . 432 773 1.79 5-17
0020 Beefand veal, fresh or frozen.. 446 133 .30 7037 Electrical recording instruments.. 88 230 2.61 25
0027 Pork, fresh or frozen.. 2,697 489 .18 25-36 7038 Other electrical testing apparatus and
0034 Mutton and lamb. 841 235 .28 25-50 parts... 701 708 1.01 (2)
0040 Poultry and game, fresh.. 405 99 .24 (1) Electric incandescent lamps:
0053 Lard.. 21,563 1,553 .07 av. 36 7063 For automobiles, flashlights, and Christ-
0065 Butter. 38,014 9,501 .25 37 mas trees.. 2,066 2,686 1.30 5-12
0070 Salmon, fresh. 64 4 .06 38-52 7064 Other metal filament lamps . 13,345 8,941 .67 5-12
0071 Other fresh fish. 224 2 .009 38-52 7065 Other electric lamps.. 1,864 932 .50 4-12
0072 Oysters, fresh, in the shell, shucked, frozen 7067 Floodlights... 1,323 529 .40 8-15
or in ice.. 4,672 947 .20 37 7075.1 X-ray tubes. 6 23 3.83 2
0074 Shrimp, fresh, frozen or in ice.. 51 10 .20 (1) 7075.5 Other X-ray apparatus and parts. 218 172 .79 14-60
0092 Eggs in the shell2.. 5,684 746 .13 24 7075.9 Other therapeutic apparatus and parts . 32 35 1.09 (2)
0901 Horses, other than for breeding. 1,027 100 .10 7076 Transmitting sets, tubes, and parts. 2,067 4,400 2.13 9-36
0903 Mules, asses, and burros.. 13,260 900 .07 7077 Receiving sets. 14,286 17,858 1.25 7-29
0909 Other live animals ... 513 159 .31 7078 Radio receiving tubes. 679 1,365 2.01 9
Vegetables, fresh: 7079 Receiving-set components . 2,899 4,291 1.48 11-36
1207 Beans... 681 59 .09 19-48 7080 Loud speakers ... 385 158 .41 13
1210 Peppers . 353 23 .07 14-23 7081 Other receiving-set accessories. 618 766 1.24 (2)
1224 Other fresh vegetables . 154,900 3,098 .02 14-48 7082 Telegraph apparatus and parts. 356 491 1.38 24
1256 Yeast.. 22,107 4,7 61 22 22 7083 Telephone instruments.. 712 1,338 1.88 50
1305 86 3 04 34-43 7099.1 Electric razors .. 20 65 3.25 16

NNZ
Oranges.
1307 382 15 .04 28-38 7742 Water meters and parts.. 3,465 1,663 .48

****
Pineapples..
1309 Cherries . 840 112 .13 23-42 7752 384 942 2.45 16-24

I
Listing, adding bookkeeping machines.
1313 1,823 300 .16 14-34 7756 259

³U
Berries .. Listing adding machines. 552 2.13 16-34

II
1314.1 Watermelons .. 2,020 41 .02 31 7757 Calculating machines. 1,605 4,655 2.90 16-23
1314.5 Other melons . 3,472 157 .05 31-40 Cash registers:
1315 Grapes.. 81,614 5,605 .07 24-40 7764 New 668 835 1.25 17-31
1316 Pears. 52,981 2,258 .04 35-39 7766 Used and rebuilt . 718 244 .34 17-31
1317 Peaches. 5,180 346 .07 32-37 Typewriters:
1318 Prunes and plums. 4,888 320 .07 33 7770 Standard, new. 8,713 7,232 .83
1319.1 Apricots... 136 7 .05 33 7772 Portable, new. 2,978 2,442 .82
1319.9 Other fresh fruits.. 9,300 186 .02 24-40 7774.1 Rebuilt. 559 313 .56
eeee

2599 All other nursery or greenhouse stock2. 7,450 596 .08 16 7774.9 Other, used. 32 20 .63
2620 Cigars and cheroots.. 30 138 4.60 av. 23 7948 Aircraft instruments and parts .. 112 680 6.08
Biologics: 8604 Dynamite.. 676,305 77,287 .11
8120 For animal and veterinary use. 3,421 3,011 .88 (1) 8609 Other explosives. 14,979 1,289 .09 30-53
8121 Serums and anti-toxins for human use. 475 1,735 3.65 (1) 8625 Safety fuses. 82,620 19,505 .24 22-28
8122 Vaccines for human use... 409 1,173 2.87 8629 Blasting caps .. 7,682 10,501 1.37
8123 Glandular products, organotherapeutics , Cameras:
enzymes, ferments and culture media.. 937 2,062 2.20 9001 Motion picture substandard gage (less

338
than 35 mm.). 28 177 6.32 36
Total.. 448, 166 43,658 9003 Other than motion picture box type (set
focus). 440 418 .95 17-40
9005 Other than motion picture, other. 435 437 1.01 av. 40
IMPORTS 9006 Parts of cameras, except lenses.. 3 16 5.33 (2)
9007 Standard gage (35 mm. )... 91 310 3.41 av. 11
0906.9 Live animals . 26 6 .23 (1) 9008.1 Substandardgage (less than 35 mm.) silent.. 66 56 .85 20-28
1300.0 Plantains, green or ripe. 2,776,250 22,210 .008 15 9011 Reproducing motion picture sound equip-
1301.0 Bananas . 678,470, 181 6,551,993 .01 18 ment.. 190 179 .94 av. 11
1308.1 Pineapples, in bulk. 14,829 181 .01 28-56 9112 Stereopticons, magic lanterns, and other
projection apparatus.. 234 815 3.48 (2)
Total.. 681,261,286 6,594,390 9143 Spectacles, eye glasses, goggles, lenses and
frames. 1,457 2,011 1.38 11-41
9149.9 Other optical goods.. 62 200 3.23 (2)
1 Not available. 9160 Surveying and engineering instruments . 1,062 1,391 1.31 18-33
2 Included also in category 3 (fragile). 9190 Other scientific laboratory and professional
Not specially provided for. instruments and apparatus .. 3,439 3,714 1.08 3-87
9242 Phonograph records . 4,842 1,840 .38 40
9293 String instruments. 4 4 1.00 2-6
TABLE V.- United States Trade With Honduras- 1939 9570 Clocks, electric. 805 127 .16 16
Clocks, except electric:
[Fragile Commodities- Category 3] 9571 1-day alarm clocks. 1,902 2,190 1.15 26-40
9572 Mantel, novelty and wall clocks . 281 208 .74 26-40
Watches:
Shipping 9580 Without jewels .. 595 2,050 3.45 av. 46
Class Commodity weight Value Value Density 9581 With jewels. 45 1,661 36.91 av. 46
No. (gross per 9589 Parts. 7 79 11.29 25-66
pounds) pound 9591 Time-recording devices and parts . 435 339 .78 (9)
9610 Paintings, etchings, engravings, andstatuary. 38 81 2.13 (9)
EXPORTS Lamps and illuminating devices, except
electric:
9791 Incandescent mantles . 38 93 2.45 9
215

0092 Eggs in the shell¹. 5,684 $ 746 $0.13 24 9792 Lanterns , wick. 9,674 2,251 .23 9-17
2599 All other nursery or greenhouse stock'. 7,450 596 08 16 9793 Gasolinepressurelamps,lanternsandparts . 3,529 1,941 .55 3-22
3963 Artificial or ornamental flowers, fruits, vege- 9794 Other lamps, except electric.. 8,107 1,781 .22 3-22
tables, etc.. 106 112 1.06 3-6 9832 Candles.. 485 97 .20 23-41
5212 Plate glass... 6,312 826 .13 64-80
5215 Cylinder, crown, and sheet glass. 16,223 1,170 .07 45-100 Total. 2,255,463 257,070
5217 Laminated glass and manufactures. 512 627 1.22 64-80
5218 Rolled glass.. 590 46 .08 30-60
5230 Other glass.. 6,267 1,404 .22 (2)
Unfilled glass containers:
5232 Pharmaceutical and proprietary ware,in-
cluding prescription bottles, ampoules
and vials.. 103,254 5,679 .06 11-26
5234 Beveragebottles,including soda, beer, and
alcoholic beverage bottles . 789,157 14,994 .02 22-30
5235 Used glass containers of all types. 1,610 66 .04 22-30
5236 Other unfilled . 200,586 8,224 .04 22-30
5237 Tumblers, drinking glasses, and stemware,
plain, cut, or engraved... 50,547 2,679 .05 12-25
5239 Table glassware plain, cut, or engraved.. 52,796 2,851 .05 12-30
5255 Lamp chimneys and lantern globes... 5,904 797 .14 3-9
5261 Globes and shades for lighting fixtures. 4,960 615 .12 3-9
5291 Chemical glassware. 477 486 1.02 6-9
5292 Glass electric insulators. 20,074 1,254 .06 30
5299 Other glassware.. 91,059 9,197 .10 (2) 1 Included alsoin category 2 (perishable).
5320 Table and kitchen articles and utensils. 6,224 2,729 .44 12-36
6197 Precision scales, balances, and weights for 2 Not available.
laboratory use.. 12 24 2.00 av. 18 Not elsewhere specified.
• Included also in category 4 (style factor).
 AIR - CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U. S. AND HONDURAS 9

TABLE VI.-United States Trade With Honduras- 1939 TABLE VI.- United States Trade With Honduras - 1939
[Commodities Possessing a Style Factor-Category 4] [Commodities Possessing a Style Factor-Category 4]
Shipping Shipping
Class Commodity weight Value Value Density Class Commodity weight Value Value Density
No. (gross per No. (gross per
pounds) pound pounds) pound
EXPORTS- Continued
EXPORTS Rayon and other synthetic textiles:
0647 Women's and misses' boot and shoes with 3852 Dresses, skirts, blouses and other outer-
leather uppers. 23,285 $23,813 $1.02 11 wear, not knit or crocheted.. 1,110 $ 3,491 $ 3.15 10
Women's and children's handbags, pocket- 3853.2 Other knit outerwear. 8 19 2.38 8-12
books and purses: Hats and hat bodies ofstraw, palmleaf, etc:
0688 Leather... 83 63 .76 5-9 3944 Other sewed . 3,121 3,420 1.10 3-10
0689 Of materials other than leather. 3,630 1,851 .51 5-9 3945 Other woven. 992 1,327 1.33 3-10
0753 Fur wearing apparel.. 2 15 7.59 4-6 3952 Women's and girls' fur-felt hats.. 1 12 12.00 3-6
3122 Cotton, women's dresses and ensembles. 397 550 1.39 av. 11 Exposed motion picture films:
Wool wearing apparel: 9123.1 Positive feature (4,000 linear feet or over). 206 400 1.94 av. 40
3675 Knit bathing suits. 669 1,329 1.99 10 9123.9 Positive, other (less than 4,000 linearfeet) . 7 20 2.86 av. 40
3681 Women's and children's wool clothing. 639 546 .85 16 9242 Phonograph records¹ . 4,842 1,840 .38 40
3689 Other wool or mohair manufactures. 4,193 4,445 1.06 16 9516 Catalogs and pamphlets.. 3,496 1,049 .30 30-40
3742 Silk dresses, skirts and blouses. 6 86 14.33 10 9560 Calendars, printed or unprinted and adver-
3759 Other silk wearing apparel.. 39 131 3.32 8-16 tising novelties... 7,637 1,833 .24 30-40
3799 Other silk manufactures.. 30 4.29 8
Total. 54,370 46,270
1 Included also in category 3 (fragile).

Appendix

The volume of air cargo which will
move between the United States and
foreign countries after the war will de-
pend upon a number of economic factors,
such as the comparative speeds, costs,
reliability, convenience, and quality of
service of air carriers compared with
surface carriers. A substantial part of
air-cargo tonnage which is likely to
move will consist of commodities which
previously moved by steamship, while
an unknown percentage of future air-
cargo shipments will consist of new
traffic, especially perishables, made pos-
sible by the much faster service offered
by air carriers.
In initiating this series of studies, it
is believed that an analysis of pre -war
trade will furnish some indication of the
specific commodities that may be di-
verted to air carriers in the post-war
period. Since the year 1939 is the latest
period during which United States trade
with Latin America did not show the
effects of war, it was decided to use the
United States export and import sta-
tistics for that year as the basis for study.
In studying the thousands of commodi-
ties which moved between the United
States and Latin American countries, it
was agreed that at least four basic fac-
tors are of major importance in de-
termining which should be selected as
offering the best prospects for transport
by air. These are as follows : ( 1 ) Value
per pound, (2 ) perishability, (3 ) fragil-
ity, and (4 ) style factor, including obso-
lescence.
It is recognized that no single one of
these factors is necessarily of sufficient
importance to justify the higher charges
which will have to be made for air car-
riage in comparison with surface trans-
port. It is also evident that a com-
modity which appears suitable for air
carriage on the basis of only one factor
is not as likely to go by air as one which
is suitable on the basis of two or more
factors. For example, a commodity
worth $5 per pound which is also perish-
able, fragile, or possessed of a style fac-
tor is more likely to go by air than a
commodity equally valuable lacking any
of these other favorable characteristics.
In addition to the four major cate-
gories covered in this study there are
others which merit investigation.
Among these may be mentioned econ-
omies in packing, insurance , size of ship-
ment, density, and various capital costs.
Not all of these have been investigated
here because the foreign trade statistics
utilized did not lend themselves to such
analyses. The experience of the Army
and Navy air-transport services during
the present war has demonstrated that
substantial packing economies are pos-
sible for almost all commodities flown.
These economies for certain commodi-
ties have reached 70 percent of the total
shipping weight, while the average re-
duction in shipping weight has been re-
ported as approximately 30 percent. A
special study of potential packing econ-
omies is planned for the commodities
included under the four categories
shown in this report.
In the past many commodities have
been shipped by air to meet emergency
situations with little consideration given
to cost of service. It is clear that almost
any commodity regardless of its eco-
nomic characteristics may be sent by air
under conditions of extreme emergency .
Perishable pharmaceuticals and machine
tools and parts are classes of commodi-
ties which have previously constituted
important emergency shipments. Prac-
tically all of these are already included
in this study because of their high value
per pound. In addition to strictly emer-
gency shipments, there will be shipments
of odd items for the filling in of inven-
tories where sudden or unexpected in-
creases in demand result in shortages.
Categories Described
In deciding which commodities should
be included in the four categories
adopted, the question of definition of
terms immediately arose, especially in
the case of categories 2, 3, and 4 which
cover perishability , fragility, and style
factor. The bases for selection are briefly
described below :
1. Value Per Pound
In determining which commodities
should be screened on the basis of value
per pound it was necessary to decide first
whether net weight or shipping weight
should be used, then to decide upon the
minimum value per pound, and finally,
after a minimum value per pound had
been chosen, into how many subclasses
the commodities falling above this min-
imum should be divided.
Since the charges to the shipper are
based on gross shipping weights, rather
than net weights, it was concluded that
such weights were the proper ones to use
in an analysis of air-cargo potentials ,
and they will be used exclusively in each
study of the series except the first. The
first study covering trade between the
United States and Brazil was begun at
a time when an adequate body of data
on gross shipping weights was not read-
ily available. More recently such data
have become available. In the United
States-Brazil study, asterisks indicate
where net weights are used .
After consultation with various com-
modity specialists it was decided that all
commodities with a value of less than
$0.50 per pound should be eliminated
from the first category. It was felt that
few commodities below that minimum
would offer prospects for air carriage in
the immediate post-war period. In fact,
it is believed that many commodities
above $0.50, particularly between $0.50
and $1, offer slight prospects for air-car-
riage unless additional factors, such as
perishability, fragility, or style factor
are also involved. A commodity worth
$0.50 a pound has a value of $1,000 per
ton. If it is assumed that the typical
air-borne commodity moves 4,000 miles
between the United States and South
America and that the air- line charge is
$0.15 per ton-mile, then the transporta-
tion charges on 1 ton would equal $600
or 60 percent of the value of the com-
modity. A commodity worth $3 a pound
10
has a value of $6,000 per ton. On the
basis of the assumptions just stated, air-
cargo charges would amount to $600 or
only 10 percent of the value of the com-
modity. These figures may be compared
with the analogous relationships for
movement of railway freight in the
United States. In 1939 railway freight
revenue equalled 8.43 percent of the
value of all commodities carried .
The commodities valued at $0.50 per
pound and over have been divided into
eight groups as follows:
Group 1-$0.50-$0.99 per pound.
Group 2-$1-$1.99 per pound.
Group 3-$2-$2.99 per pound.
Group 4- $3-$3.99 per pound.
Group 5-$4-$4.99 per pound.
Group 6-$5-$9.99 per pound.
Group 7-$10-$24.99 per pound.
Group 8-$25 up per pound.
It is evident not only that the commodi-
ties in the higher-value groups offer bet-
ter prospects for air carriage than those
in the lower groups, but also that a larger
percentage of the commodities in the
higher-value groups are likely to go by
air. For example, if 2 percent of the com-
modities in group 1 appear to offer espe-
cially good prospects for air carriage
it might be expected that 4 percent in
group 2, 6 percent in group 3, and so on
would offer similar prospects.
2. Perishability
In determining the list of commodities
to be included under the second cate-
gory, perishability, it was necessary first
to define the term perishable. It is evi-
dent that a large number of commodi-
ties would be perishable if a long enough
time period and sufficient exposure to
the elements were assumed . In deciding
whether or not a commodity is perish-
able when moving in international trade,
consideration has been given only to the
normal time spent in transit via usual
surface methods of transportation , as-
suming customary packing, handling,
and stowage of the commodity. If, for ex-
ample, apples packed in barrels can be
shipped from New York to Rio de Janeiro
in 4 weeks, while apples packed in
barrels normally do not deteriorate in
less than 8 weeks, then apples, for the
purposes of this study, will not be con-
sidered perishable. It should be pointed
out that any commodity which requires
refrigerants, special temperature con-
trol, or ventilation during the period of
movement is also classed as perishable.
In order to determine which of the
commodities met the tests of the defini-
tion aforementioned, the cooperation of
numerous commodity specialists of the
Department of Commerce and other
Government agencies was secured.
3. Fragility
Fragility, or breakability, is a term
which, like perishability, could charac-
terize almost all commodities under cer-
tain conditions. For the purposes of this
study a commodity is defined as fragile
or breakable when special care in han-
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dling or special packing is required to
avoid damage under normal conditions
of shipment. No attempt has been made
to classify the commodities selected in
respect to differing degrees of fragility .
4. Style Factor
Under the category designated style
factor are included all of those com-
modities which lose their economic value
at an exceptionally rapid rate with the
passage of time because of a decline in
the demand rather than a change in the
physical nature of the product. Products
which are subject to obsolescence are
included . Examples of such are news-
papers, motion-picture films, and certain
textiles, such as wearing apparel.
Density or Weight
The density or weight per cubic foot
of a commodity is one factor affecting
the cost of moving commodities. In any
transportation vehicle where space
rather than weight is the limiting factor,
a commodity with a low density costs.
more per unit of weight to move than one
with a higher density, and consequently,
must be charged a higher rate per ton-
mile. In this series of studies the density
is shown where the information is avail-
able for all commodities included in the
four categories listed above. In some
instances, no specific density is shown
but instead a density range is given.
This indicates a variation in the method
of packing. Some commodity classifica-
tions, furthermore, cover such a wide
range of individual articles lumped to-
gether that it is impossible to determine
either a specific density or a density
range. An example of this type of
"basket" classification is Export Class
No. 0699 (Other Leather Manufactures) .
Upon analysis, density appears to be
of less importance than the four major
criteria already discussed , and, on the
basis of new designs for post-war air
cargo planes, may become even less sig-
nificant in the future.
Size of Shipments
The economic and technological char-
acteristics of steamship operations make
this form of transportation especially
suitable for large shipments of goods
weighing many tons. These character-
istics are reflected in steamship freight-
rate structures which in many instances
are quoted in terms of 1 ton or 40 cubic
feet. Since it is customary to levy a
minimum bill of lading charge, which
between the United States and Brazil,
for example, amounts to $7.50, as ship-
ments fall below a certain weight, the
rate per ton-mile rises progressively so
that in the case of shipments of 25 or 50
pounds the rate per ton-mile will be sev-
eral times that of a shipment weighing
1 ton or more. On such small shipments,
therefore, the differences in costs be-
tween steamship and air carrier services
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945
are reduced to a minimum and air car-
riers will enjoy their most favorable
competitive position.
The only important alternative to the
freight services offered by the steamship
companies is parcel post, which limits
maximum shipments to a few pounds.
Frequently, parcel -post charges, when
reduced to a rate per ton-mile basis,
amount to $0.06 or $0.08 per ton-mile for
shipments of 25 to 30 pounds.
It is impossible to determine from pub-
lished foreign trade statistics what com-
modities are shipped in quantities
weighing less than 1 ton. The figures
show the total weight shipped per year
for individual commodities, and , in many
instances, such shipments total much
less than 2,000 pounds but it can not be
determined whether these small ship-
ments were shipped individually or con-
solidated with other commodities in lots
weighing 1 ton or more. In recent years
it has become increasingly prevalent for
producers and freight forwarders to con-
solidate small shipments into large ones
to take advantage of the lower steamship
freight rates available on large ship-
ments.
Post -War Air Cargo Rates
Recent estimates of the level of air
cargo rates after the war vary from $0.05
to $0.25 per ton-mile. The differences in
the estimates are primarily the result of
differences in the assumptions on which
the forecasts are based or on the com-
pleteness of the services under consid-
eration. Some authorities in estimating
air cargo rates have in mind airport-to-
airport movement only, while others in-
clude terminal handling and pick-up and
delivery services. Some writers in mak-
ing post -war predictions are thinking of
the period immediately following the
cessation of hostilities rather than de-
velopments during the first decade. Still
others base their predictions upon the
assumption that the latest technological
improvements will be incorporated into
exclusively designed air cargo planes
and that these planes will be available
shortly after the war.
In the case of air cargo carriage be-
tween the United States and Latin
American countries in the immediate
post-war period, air cargo rates per ton-
mile will depend upon whether the
traffic in both directions is sufficiently
large to justify specially designed air
cargo planes which carry nothing but
commodities. If the volume of traffic
should prove to be this large, air cargo
rates from airport to airport may prove
to be feasible at a level of from $0.10 to
$0.15 per ton- mile depending upon the
territory served . If, on the other hand,
air cargo volume proves to be so small
that it must be carried in aircraft espe-
cially designed for the transportation of
passengers and mail, then air cargo rates
will probably be substantially higher.
 19

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Volume 3- Part 1 September 1945 Number 5

AIR -CARGO POTENTIALS

between the

U.S. and GUATEMALA

Prepared by

TRANSPORTATION UNIT

James C. Nelson, Chief

D 9684
 Air -Cargo
United
Guatemala is the most northern of
the Central American Republics and
the third in size, having a land area of
approximately 42,364 square miles. Its
population, 3,283,209 , according to the
1940 official census, exceeds that of any
other country of the group. The south
and west sections of the country are
the most densely populated.
The topography of Guatemala is
mountainous in the interior broken by
high plateaus and valleys, and bordered
by a narrow plain on the Pacific Coast
and a much wider one on the Carib-
bean. Though there are numerous
rivers in Guatemala, most of them are
not navigable.
Agricultural Country
Guatemala is an agricultural country,
and the status of its economy is depend-
ent on a few crops, particularly coffee
and bananas. Though industrial expan-
sion has been a recent national objec-
tive, a lack of fuel and raw materials,
together with high transportation costs
and limited markets, impedes this de-
velopment.
The Guatemalan tariff is established
mainly for revenue purposes, but it
also affords protection for certain in-
dustries, principally textiles, cattle, and
sugar. Combined import and export
customs duties generally account for
more than 50 percent of Guatemalan
revenues- import duties amounting to
more than 35 percent of the total and
export duties to more than 15 percent.
The United States usually has occu-
pied the most important position in
Guatemala's international commerce ,
buying about two - thirds of Guatemalan
exports and supplying about one-half
of its imports. Both countries benefit
by most-favored -nation commercial
agreements and other reciprocal cus-
toms tariff preferences .
Exports of coffee, bananas, and chicle
ordinarily account for nine -tenths or
more of the total value of exports.
While the wage and salary earnings of
a large proportion of the Guatemalan
people are relatively low, and the per
capita value of imports is only around
5 dollars a year, Guatemala is the larg-
est importing market in Central Amer-
ica. An extensive variety of products
must be imported owing to the limited
domestic production. Items imported
in the largest quantity include : cotton
fabrics and yarn, railway materials,
automotive vehicles, gasoline and naph-
tha, paper and cardboard manufactures,
wheat flour, and petroleum. United
Potentials Between the
States and Guatemala
By Anne E. Corbett , Transportation Unit
Countries on which reports of this
series have been issued to date in-
clude Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras,
Paraguay, Peru, Union of South
Africa, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
States exports to Guatemala are chiefly
manufactured products.
Transportation in Guatemala presents
problems similar to those in neighbor-
ing republics. Though main traffic
routes are fairly well developed, many
rural areas are lacking in adequate
transportation facilities. Up to the pres-
ent, some areas, the relatively large
northern Peten area in particular, have
been inaccessible except by air. This
problem demanded the early establish-
ment of internal air-transport routes.
Guatemala has two airports adequate
for the operation of all types of com-
mercial airplanes and two other air-
ports which can be used under favor-
able conditions.
Background of Series
The appendix contains an explana-
tion of the purpose of this series of re-
ports on air- cargo potentials. It gives
a description of the criteria applied in
selecting the commodities classified as
potentials, and mentions a number of
points of interest to the users of the
reports. It is suggested that readers
consult that appendix for the methods
used and for factors to be considered
in formulating conclusions based on the
data contained in any individual re-
port of the series.
In all cases, it should be noted that
the statistics in the reports refer to air-
cargo potentials and not to cargo ac-
tually carried by air in 1939. Failure to
observe this fact has led to misrepre-
sentation of the figures in the reports
on some occasions.
Particular attention should be given
to the bases for selection of commodi-
ties according to the following cate-
gories: Fragility, perishability, and
style or obsolescence characteristics.
In making these studies, all of the com-
modities having fragility, perishability,
and style or obsolescence characteristics
are included under such categories as
air-cargo potentials, regardless of value
per pound. However, an analysis of the
value per pound of individual com-
modities should nevertheless be made
to determine whether all of the items
included can properly be considered as
potential air cargo under the cost, com-
petition, and equipment conditions of
the immediate future.
For instance, it is unlikely that such
cargo as bananas will be shipped in
volume by air in the near future in
view of their low value of approxi-
mately $0.01 per pound . The same con-
sideration might apply to grapes, which
also have a low value per pound , or to
such low-priced export items as lard or
dynamite (classified as perishable and
fragile, respectively) . However, all
these commodities have been included
in their respective categories for the
sake of statistical completeness and be-
cause under some conditions they might
be shipped by air.
In analyzing commodities , especially
for countries bordering on the Carib-
bean Sea, it should be noted that ba-
nanas comprise a very large propor-
tion of the perishable cargo, and, if
these were eliminated , there would be
a large reduction in total weight of
this class of cargo. However, the value
of the perishable cargo would not be
reduced in the same proportion. In
other words, the unit values for the
remaining perishable items would be
comparatively high.
Attention is called also to the sched-
ule of values. These studies, aside from
the three special groups, include only
articles valued at $0.50 or more per
pound. While the higher-valued ar-
ticles probably would make up the
major portion of the air cargoes, espe-
cially during the early development
of this trade , values as low as $0.25 per
pound are being considered in similar
studies as indicating potential air cargo,
and some cargo with as low or lower
values per pound actually does move
by air under present conditions.
Potential Air Cargoes
The total value of trade between the
United States and Guatemala in 1939
($ 19,231,418) was greater than that
with any of the other Central American
Republics. In that year United States
exports to Guatemala amounted to $8,-
510,126 and United States imports from
Guatemala amounted to $10,721,292, ac-
cording to the United States source,
"Foreign Commerce and Navigation."
Thus, a trade balance existed in favor
of Guatemala.
The following table summarizes po-
tential air cargo between the United
 AIR - CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U.
States and Guatemala in relation to
total trade in 1939:
Number Shipping
Summary item of weight Value
com- (gross
modities pounds)
United States trade with
Guatemala:
elee
United States exports. 1,330 $8,510 , 126
United States imports.. 61 10,721,292
Total. 1,391 (1) 19,231,418
Air-cargo potentials:
United States exports.. 458 4,671,259 1,497,668
United States imports.. 21 574,384,014 5,269, 198
Total 479 579,055,273 6,766,866
Percentage of total trade
represented by air-cargo
potentials:
United States exports .. 34.4 17.6
United Statesimports.. 34.4 49.1
Total.. 34.4 (1) 35.2
1 Not available.
Thirty-four percent, or 479, of the
1,391 export and import commodities
analyzed in this study are considered
air-cargo potentials by reason of a
value per pound of $0.50 or higher or
because of the presence of a charac-
teristic of perishability, fragility, or
style (obsolescence ) .
Exports with possibilities for air
shipment comprised 458 of the total
number of export commodities ( 1,330 ) ,
and had a value of $ 1,497,668. Of these
potentials, 397 had a value of $0.50 or
more a pound, including 84 which had
an additional air -cargo characteristic.
Also included as export potentials were
27 perishables, 29 fragiles and 3 com-
modities with a style characteristic, all
with values per pound below $0.50 . In
addition, one commodity valued below
$0.50 a pound had both fragile and per-
ishable characteristics and another pos-
sessed characteristics of style and fra-
gility.
Imports considered as air-cargo po-
tentials numbered 21 of a total of 61
import commodities, and their value
amounted to $ 5,269,198 . Nineteen of
these import potentials were valued
over $0.50 a pound, and included 2 com-
modities having a style characteristic
of interest from the standpoint of air
cargo. The single perishable item, ba-
nanas, amounted to more than 99 per-
cent of the weight of all import poten-
tials. However, this item's low value
per pound limits its consideration for
air shipment. The single fragile import
item was valued below $0.50 a pound.
The total value of air-cargo poten-
tials between the United States and
Guatemala amounted to 35.2 percent of
the value of total trade between the two
countries in 1939. This ratio represents
a higher percentage of potential air
trade than was indicated for the previ-
ously analyzed South American Repub-
lics, although consideration should be
given to the fact that it was materially
S. AND
weighted by the large banana move-
ment. (The air - cargo potentials for the
other countries averaged only 11.1 per-
cent of their total trade , with percent-
ages ranging from 5 for Uruguay up to
21.3 for Ecuador. )
Export Commodities
Export commodities having a value
of $0.50 a pound or higher ( category 1 )
comprised 87 percent of the total num-
ber of commodities selected as poten-
tially suitable for air shipment. The
weight of the commodities in this group
amounted to 1,312,196 pounds and their
value was $ 1,282,621—28 percent and
86 percent, respectively, of the total
weight and total value of all air-export
potentials.
The average value of commodities
in category 1 amounts to $0.98 per
pound. Commodities valued at $3 or
more a pound are considered as having
exceptionally good possibilities for air
shipment. Only 13 percent by value
and less than 3 percent by weight of
commodities in category 1 are in this
value group which includes such items
as silk hosiery and wearing apparel ;
fur felt hats ; neckwear ; undergarments ;
wool clothing; toothbrushes ; and air-
craft engines, parts and accessories.
Additional commodities having high-
er values per pound though small in
export volume were pens, jewelry, and
dental gold and alloys. Commodities
ranging from $0.50 to $3.00 a pound
moved in large volume. They repre-
sented 87 percent of the aggregate value
of shipments of commodities valued at
50 cents or more per pound. They in-
cluded upper leather; Diesel engines ;
cotton fabrics and yarn ; radio receiv-
ing sets; piece goods of rayon or other
synthetic fibers ; tablets, pills, and cap-
sules.
The total weight of export commodi-
ties possessing perishable, fragile, or
obsolescence characteristics which have
values below $0.50 a pound amounted
to 3,359,063 pounds, and they were val-
ued at $215,047, giving them an aver-
age value of only $0.06 per pound . Ex-
port commodities having one or more
of these air -cargo characteristics and
values per pound of $0.50 or higher
equaled less than 5 percent in weight
and slightly less than 20 percent in
value of total air-cargo potentials
analyzed.
The total weight of perishable export
commodities amounted to 1,305,050
pounds and the value, $ 107,601 , with
an average value of $ 0.08 per pound.
Lard, yeast, and grapes made up 86
percent ( 1,116,580 pounds ) of the
weight and 69 percent ( $ 74,675 ) of
the value. * 1,783 pounds and their value $829, or
Fragile commodities weighed 2,255, -
886 pounds and were valued at $328, -
276. Sixty-two percent of the weight
of these fragiles is made up of unfilled
glass containers. Explosives comprise
GUATEMALA 3
6 percent. Both commodities have val-
ues per pound below $0.08, with little
attractiveness for air shipment under
present rate and cost conditions. Sixty-
five percent of the commodities in the
fragile group have the additional ad-
vantage of values over $0.50 a pound.
Some of these which moved in the
greatest volume are receiving sets, with
a shipping weight of 62,833 pounds and
a value of $ 78,541 ; typewriters, with a
weight of 33,584 pounds and a value of
$27,696 ; metal filament lamps, with a
weight of 28,463 pounds and a value of
$19,070.
Commodities possessing a style or
obsolescence feature represent only 5
percent of the value and less than 2
percent of the weight of air-cargo po-
tentials, though only 4 of the total 24
in the group are valued below $0.50 a
pound. Commodities of this type which
moved in relatively large volume were :
Handbags, pocketbooks , and purses
with a shipping weight of 23,483 pounds
and a value of $ 18,743, and exposed
motion-picture film, with a weight of
6,586 pounds and a value of $ 16,777.
Other items in this category with pos-
sible prospects for air shipment, though
their values were below $0.50 a pound,
are phonograph records, calendars, and
advertising novelties.
Import Commodities
Imports worth $ 0.50 or more per
pound ( category 1 ) comprised all but
two of the import commodities con-
sidered suitable for air shipment, but
they represented less than .01 percent
(49,410 pounds ) of the total weight and
only 0.7 percent ($34,797) of the total
value. The average value per pound
was $0.70.
Imports of cardamom seeds (43,375
pounds with a value of $ 28,750 ) repre-
sent 88 percent of the total weight and
83 percent of the total value of com-
modities in category 1. Commodities
imported in smaller volume include
stamps, envelopes, and postcards, mis-
cellaneous personal effects, and cotton
manufactures.
The air-potential import picture is
far overbalanced by the single perish-
able item, bananas. Imports of bananas
in 1939 amounted to 574,332,821 pounds
and were valued at $5,233,572, an aver-
age value per pound of $0.01 . Despite
the favorable factor of perishability,
transportation costs for moving bananas
by air would probably be too high to
permit shippers to consider that mode
of shipment for volume movements.
Orchid plants were the only fragile
items imported . Their total weight was
$0.46 per pound.
Commodities having a style trait were
leather footwear and motion- picture-
film negatives. Though they moved in
small volume, their values per pound

of $0.90 and $20.00, respectively, give
them distinct possibilities for air ship-
ment.
Conclusion
The value of 1939 trade between the
United States and Guatemala that may
be considered as potentially suitable
for air shipment on the basis of the
criteria used in this study totaled $6, -
766,866, with total import potentials
more than three times greater by value
and about 123 times greater by weight
than the export potentials.
Consistency of statistical method in
applying air-cargo - potential criteria
required the inclusion of several items,
both exports and imports, with values
per pound so low that they could not
profitably bear air-transport charges
and costs of the present or immediate
future. A few of these items occurred
in such volume as to distort the picture
of potential air traffic by direction of
movement and volume.
Adjustment of the situation by ex-
cluding certain of these items would
shift the air- trade ratio in favor of
United States exports. For example, if
bananas were excluded from the con-
sideration of potentials for air ship-
ment, the value of air -import potentials
would decrease to $35,626 and the vol-
ume would be reduced to 51,193 pounds.
In order, then, to effect a proper rela-
tionship, exports having low values
per pound should also be excluded .
Such adjustment would reduce the
value of air -export potentials to $ 1 , -
351,178 and their volume to 1,588,696
pounds. Specific commodities excluded
for this comparison are the following :
Shipping
Class Commodity weight
No. (pounds)
EXPORTS
0953 Lard.
1224 "Other" fresh vegetables.
1256 Yeast..
1315 Grapes.
Glass:
5212 Plate glass.
Unfilled glass containers:
5232 Pharmaceutical and
proprietary ware, in-
cluding prescription
bottles, ampoules,
and vials.
5234 Beverage bottles, in-
cluding soda, beer,
and alcoholic bever-
agebottles 1, 109, 350 22, 187
5236 "Other" unfilled glass
containers .
5237 Tumblers,drinkingglasses,
and stem-ware, plain ,
cut or engraved .
5239 Table glassware nes.
plain, cut, or engraved.
5292 Glass electric insulators .
5299 "Other" glassware .
8604 Dynamite...
8609 "Other" explosives .
Total.... 3,082,563 146,490
IMPORTS
1301.0 Bananas, green or ripe.. 574,332,821 5,233,572
INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
The result of this adjustment is an
overbalance of United States export
potentials in the magnitude of 38 times
the value and 31 times the shipping
weight of the air- cargo import poten-
tials. Moreover, the modifications change
the average values per pound, from
$0.32 to $0.85 for exports and from $0.01
to $0.70 for imports. Only a relatively
few of the lower-valued commodities
were excluded for this adjustment. It . Guatemala of largest value for the
is likely that several other items, which
constituted a smaller volume in 1939,
should also be excluded from immedi-
ate consideration in connection with
air carriage because of low values per
pound.
Actual air statistics both for 1939 and
for 1944 show that commodities valued
at $1 a pound and higher moved by air
in greatest volume.
Total Guatemalan exports by air to the
world in 1939, which is considered rep-
resentative of prewar trade, amounted
to 14,706 pounds and were valued at
$28,549, with an average value per
pound of $1.94 . Imports from the world
by air into Guatemala in the same year
totaled 36,612 pounds, were valued at
$150,377, and had an average value of
$4.11 per pound. The United States was
the only market of significance , so these
amounts may be accepted as indicative
of the composition of air trade between
the United States and Guatemala .'
The 1944 statistics on air trade be-
tween the United States and Guatemala
are recorded in detail, but under war-
time restrictions existing at the time
of this writing these data are held to
be confidential . However, certain aver-
ages from 1944 exports and imports by
air may be presented . These indicate
some of the characteristics of commodi-
ties considered for air shipment during
Value that war year .
Value per
nound United States exports by air to
Guatemala in August 1944 averaged
783,466 $46,676 $ .06 $2.25 a pound and imports by air from
66,950 1,339 02 Guatemala for the 6-month period,
181.260 18,372 .10
151,854 9,627 .06 July through December 1944, averaged
$2.88 a pound. Low-valued items were
18,511 1,693 .09
moved in appreciable numbers, though
their value and volume were but mini-
atures of a larger trade . Commodities
valued below $1 a pound were carried
97, 117 5,827 .06
only in sample amounts and their value
comprised a very small percentage of
the total value of exports and imports
.02
(only 8 percent and 3 percent , respec-
185,300 7,412 .04
tively ) . The concentration in value and
volume of actual exports and imports ,
73,740 3,687 .05
amounting to over 50 percent , appeared
155, 180 7,759 .05
21,968 1,102 .05 in the $1 and $2 value groups. Higher-
94,860 9,486 .10 valued commodities , $5 or more a
22,657 3,034 13
98
pound, occurred in very small weight ,
120,350 8,289 07
30 នផ
but their value, accounting for more
05
I See Guatemalan official report, Memoria de
Las Labores del Poder Ejecutivo en el Ramo
ཅ
.01 de Hacienda y Credito Publico, Guatemala-
1940.
than 35 percent of the total, was sig-
nificant.
Export items which moved from the
United States to Guatemala by air in
the largest value in August 1944 were
clothing, wood furniture, paper and
paper products, scales and balances,
medicinal chemicals, surgical and med-
ical instruments, notions, and personal
effects. United States imports from
6 months of 1944 were vertivert oil,
cotton cloth, unmanufactured Brazilian
pebble, necklaces, and stamps and for-
eign stamped envelopes. A noteworthy
point on the 1944 trade is that less
than 1 percent in weight and value
of the total exports or imports for the
months considered actually moved by
air.
It appears that characteristics of per-
ishability, fragility, or obsolescence are
generally not determining factors in
the consideration of a commodity for
air shipment unless the particular com-
modity has the additional feature of a
value per pound high enough for profit-
able shipment by air. However, the
presence of one of these characteristics
might be the decisive factor when sev-
eral low valued items are under con-
sideration for air shipment . Or in the
case of a perishable product, air trans-
port may be the only useful means of
carriage.
The relatively short distance between
the United States and Guatemala is an
encouragement to the air trade between
the two countries. A problem exists,
however, in the development of a more
balanced trade, since the volume of ad-
justed export potentials far exceeds
that of commodities considered as im-
port potentials on the same basis.
Nevertheless, smaller charges for the
shorter distance will permit air car-
riage of lower- valued items, which will
probably comprise a greater part of
Guatemala's return shipment. Also, re-
ductions in the rate schedules from
lowered costs would further expand
the number of commodities on the po-
tential list.
Data Included in Tables
The tables on the following pages give
details of the air-cargo potentials item-
ized and grouped for convenience of
reference. Table I summarizes, by value
groups, items valued at $0.50 and more a
pound considered to be air- cargo poten-
tials. Table II lists perishables, fragile
commodities and those possessing a style
factor. These categories have no lower
limit as to value per pound . Tables III
to VI contain itemized lists of the com-
modities summarized in Tables I and
II according to weight, value per pound,
and density .
 AIR CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U. S. AND GUATEMALA 5

TABLE I- Summary of United States Trade with Guatemala ―― 1939

[Summary of commodities valued $0.50 or more per pound (Category 1 ) ] .

Commodities Shipping weight Value

Categories Percent of Percent of Percent of Percent of

Number air-cargo Gross air-cargo Dollars air-cargo Percent of
potentials total trade pounds potentials potentials total trade

EXPORTS
Group-Value per pound:

889020

058431
1-$0.50 to $0.99 per pound . 156 34. 1 11.7 886,019 19.0 $587,052

92077BIL
39.2 6.9
21.00 to 1.99 per pound 126 27.5 - 9.5 352,558 7.5 439,106 29.3 5.2
32.00 to 2.99 per pound . 45 9.8 3.4 36,696 85,250 5.7 1.0
43.00 to 3.99 per pound . 26 5.7 2.0 17.497 62,503 4.2 .7
5 4.00 to 4.99 per pound 10 2.2 8 14,475 61,922 4.1
6: 5.00 to 9.99 per pound 21 4.6 1.6 4,050 25,628 1.7 3
7- -10.00 to 24.99 per pound.

GE
6 1.3 5 603 9,619 6 1
8- 25.00 and over per pound . 7 1.5 5 298 11,541 8
Total valued $0.50 or over . 397 86.7 30.0 1,312 , 196 28.1 1,282,621 85.6 15.0
Total air-cargo potentials . 458 100.0 34.4 4,671,259 100.0 1,497,668 100 0 17.6
Total exports to Guatemala 1,330 100.0 (3) 8,510, 126 100.0
IMPORTS
Group-Value per pound:

60
74
9 42.9 14.8 49,036 09 32,591

eee
1-$0.50 to $0.99 per pound.

eee
6 .3
21.00 to 1.99 per pound. 19.0 6.6 278 (1) 419 (1) (1)
32.00 to 2.99 per pound

e
:

:e
:
4 3.00 to 3.99 per pound 2 9.5 3.3 22 (1) 76 (¹) (1)
5- 4.00 to 4.99 per pound.
6- 5.00 to 9.99 per pound. 1 4.8 1.6 44 (1) 351
122
4.8 1.6 (1) (1)
7--10.00 to 24.99 per pound. 8 160
8-25.00 and over per pound . 2 9.5 3.3 * 22 (1) 1,200
225

Total valued $0.50 or over.. 19 90.5 31.2 49,410 09 34,797 7 3

Total air-cargo potentials?.. 21 100.0 34.4 574,384,014 100.0 5,269,198 100.0 49 1
Total imports from Guatemala. 61 100.0 (3) 10,721,292 100.0

1 Less than 0.05 percent.

Includes in addition to commodities valued $0.50 per pound and over, those commodities valued less than $0.50 per pound (selected because of perishability, fragility or as
possessing a style factor) . A commodity which appears under more than one category is accounted for only once in arriving at the total.
3 Not available.
*The shipping weight of one of the commodities in this group amounts to less than one pound.

TABLE II.- Summary of United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939

[Commodities possessing perishability, fragility or style factor] .

Commodities Shipping weight Value

Categories
Percent of Percent of Percent of
Number air-cargo Percent of Gross air-cargo Dollars air-cargo Percent of
potentials¹ total trade pounds potentials¹ total trade
potentials !

EXPORTS (Value per pound)

8288

Perishable commodities (Category 2):

∞

Valued less than $0.50 per pound. 6.1 2.1 1,296,509 27.8 $33,880 6.3 1.1
Valued $0.50 or more per pound . 7 1.5 5 8,541 .2 13,721 9 2
Total... 35 7.6 2.6 1,305,050 28.0 107,601 7.2 1.3
Fragile commodities (Category 3) :
Valued less than $0.50 per pound. 31 6.8 2.3 2,073,244 44.4 118,686 7.9 1.4
Valued $0.50 or more per pound . 57 12.4 4.3 182,642 3.9 209,590 14.0 2.5
Total. 88 19.2 6.6 2,255,886 48.3 328,276 21.9 3.9
Commodities possessing style factor (Category 4) :
94

4 9
78

Valued less than $0.50 per pound. 3 31,060 9,582 6 1

Valued $0.50 or more per pound. 20 4.4 1.5 36,958 .8 65,206 4.4 8
Total. 24 5.3 1.8 68,018 1.5 74,788 5.0 9
IMPORTS (Value per pound)
Perishable commodities (Category 2) :
Valued less than $0.50 per pound . 1 4.8 1.6 574,332,821 99.9 5,233,572 99.3 48.8
Valued $0.50 or more per pound .
Total.. 1 4.8 1.6 574,332,821 99.9 5,233,572 99.3 48.8
Fragile commodities (Category 3) :
Valued less than $0.50 per pound. 1 4.8 1.6 1.783 (2) 829 (2)
Valued $0.50 or more per pound .. (2)
Total.. 1 4.8 1.6 1,783 (2) 829 (2) (2)
Commodities possessing style factor (Category 4) :
Valued less than $0.50 per pound.
Valued $0.50 or more per pound .. 2 9.5 3.3 542 (2) 640 (2) (2)
Total.. 2 9.5 3.3 542 (2) 640 (2) (2)

1 See table I for figures on total air-cargo potentials.

2 Less than 0.05 percent.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE III.- United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939 TABLE III.- United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939-Continued
[Group 1-Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound] [Group 1 - Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
Class weight Value Class weight Value
No. Commodity (gross Value per Density No. Commodity (gross Value per Density
pounds)

ENING
pound

ANNAG
pounds) pound

THANH
OKIA
CRANE
OONG
EXPORTS EXPORTS Continued

CAIN
BING
IX88

* 358 28 3 5852
7028 Complete battery chargers, non-rotating 1,489 $804 $0.54 15-26

**
0019 Live poultry. 1,038 $541 $0.52 (1) Transmission and distribution apparatus:

--
255 4-24

B
H
7031 481

S
Meat products: Switchboard panels, except telephones .

K
8
S
*
7
N
H
I
B
*
0040 Fresh poultry and game.. 31 16 52 (1 ) 7034 Fuses. 2,143 1,436 .67 22
0046 Hog sausage casings.. 535 398 .74 av. 44 7035 Watt-hour and other measuring meters . 4,665 3,965 37-64
0049 "Other" sausage casings. 98 93 .95 av. 52 7048 Starting and controlling equipment for industrial
0099 "Other edible animal products2. 1,888 1,114 .59 (1) motors and parts. 534 267 50 (1)
Upper leather (except patent) : 7056 Portable electric tools 2,893 1,996 69 24-140
0300 Cattle side, grain, black. 56,888 36,997 .65 av. 18 Electric appliances :
0302 Cattle side, finished splits . 1,202 631 52 av. 21 7060 Flashlight cases . 13,229 7,276 55 10
0305 "Other" calf and kip skin. 44 , 134 33,024 av. 18 Electric incandescent lamps:
0310 Horse and colt.. 258 193 .75 av. 21 7064 "Other" metal filament lamps . 28,463 19,070 67 5-12
0312.1 Cattle patent upper leather. 8,212 7,783 10 7065 "Other" electric lamps.. 1,320 660 .50 4-12
0323 "Other" lining leather. 1,927 1,891 .98 31 7069.1 Electric domestic vacuum cleaners. 1,436 761 53 8-33
0353 Upholstery and automobile leather. 833 823 24 7073.5 "Other" domestic electric utensils. 3.951 2,015 .51 6-11
0689 Women's and children's handbags, pocketbooks 7075.5 "Other" X-ray apparatus and parts. 3.576 2,825 79 14-60
and purses of " other" materials. 22,779 17,691 5-9 7089 Bells, buzzers, annunciators and alarms. 319 297 .93 24

976
0693 Card cases, change purses, wallets, and similar 7095 Sockets, outlets, fuse blocks,lighting switches

8 38
articles of other materials . 300 159 .53 and parts..... 4,779 3,919 .82 20
0695 Luggage and related articles. 1,334 1,090 .82 av. 7 7142 Stationary and portable engines, Diesel and
0697 Belts to be worn on the person.. 3,124 2,718 8 semi-Diesel. 109,055 59,980 .55 av. 95
0699 "Other" leather manufactures.. 3,416 3,040 (1) 7311 Rock drills. 424 280 .66 16-157
Druggists ' rubber sundries : Power-driven metal-working machinery:
2040 Water bottles and fountain syringes.. 331 182 8-12 7406 Thread-cutting and automatic screw La-
2012 "Other" druggists' rubber sundries. 2,904 2,468 13 chines . 1,036 570 .55 26-35
2043 Clothing of rubber or of rubberized cloth 5,888 4,415 15 7408 "Other" milling machines . 5,971 3,105 47

KITISHANKKBX
2046 Rubber toys and balls. 2,575 1,880 18 7442 Tool grinding, cutter grinding, and univer-
2095 Rubber thread.. 851 555 34 sal grinding machines. 900 450 .50 31-49
2468 Vegetable seeds. 6,059 3,603 10-36 7443 "Other" metal grinding machines and parts 370 281 .76 31-49
2622 Cigarettes. 3,394 2,962 22 7455 "Other" power driven metal working machinery
3012 Cotton yarn, mercerized, all kinds for manu- and parts. 2,694 1,428 .53 18-49
facturing. 76,937 38,437 21 7458 "Other" portable and hand or foot-operated
3013.2 Cotton yarn, combed, finished, except mercer- metal working machines and parts. 5,153 3,040 .59 15-69

BINNE
ized for manufacturing . 3,679 2,083 21 7504 "Other" knitting machines and parts. 3,281 2,986 .91 15-46

KN500
TASR
****
3015 Cotton sewing thread. 14,495 8,996 21-34 7552 Sewing machines for factory or industrial use. 13,843 8,306 60 5-37

BON
308
3050 Cheesecloth and gauze, bleached or dyed (full 7590 Cigarette and cigar-making and other tobacco

52
85
pieces).. 139 73 .53 17 machinery and parts.. 6,595 3,627 .55 (1)

R
3
5
8
3067 Voiles, organdies, lawns, and batiste, combed . 43,671 31 , 131 .71 av. 10 7691 Ball bearings and parts, except balls. 396 309 78 50-120
3074 "Other" combed and fine carded goods?. 28,870 17,370 10-18 7692 Roller bearings and parts, except rollers. 136 105 77 50-120
"Other" accounting and calculating machines,

228
"Other" cotton fabrics: 7760

22
188 186 .99

88
3084 Tapestries and other upholstery goods. 771 728 13-21 including used and rebuilt 13-28
3087 Plushes. 211 181 av. 15 7763 Parts and supplies for duplicating machines. 3,318 1,891 .57 13-20
Cotton wearing apparel: Typewriters:
3090 Handkerchiefs. 1,386 1,368 av. 15 7770 Standard , new. 24,789 20,575 83 19
Knit goods: 7772 Portable, new 8,426 6,909 82 24
3096 Underwear, men's and boys' . 10,429 8,860 av. 12 7774.1 Rebuilt 298 167 .56 20
3099.1 Men's and boys' sweaters, jersey pull- 7774.9 "Other," used. 71 45 .63 20
overs, and sweat shirts. 1,026 970 av. 7 7795 "Other" printing and type-setting machinery,
3099.5 Women's and children's sweaters, parts and accessories. 7,535 4,898 .65 23-55
shawls, and mufflers.. 171 136 av. 7 7802 "Other" dairy-equipment and parts, for farm use 1,494 956 64 10-22
3117.1 Cotton work shirts. 6.651 4,157 10 7916 Automotive piston rings. 478 392 82 24
3140 Cotton woven belting for machinery. 136 109 37 7921 Spark plugs.. 2,655 2,443 92 av. 49
3160 Cotton braids, trimmings, bindings, lacings, 7954 Motorcycle parts and accessories (except tires) 5,295 3,336 1)
tape-labels, and webbing.. 814 700 .86 15 7958 Internal-combustion marine engines-Diesel and
3161 "Other" narrow fabrics2. 1,487 818 15 and semi-Diesel 777 676 87 27-47
3175 Cotton bedspreads, candlewick, chenille and 7970 Railway signals, attachments and parts. 156 89 57 (14)
tufted.. 977 850 av. 14 8059 Coal-tar colors, dyes, stains, and color lakes. 14,366 9,541 .66 18-58
3178 Cotton bed sheets and pillow cases . 1,861 970 .52 20-32 8120 Biologics for animal and veterinary use 3,673 3,232 .88 (1)
eee

3181 Cotton curtains and draperies . 363 254 .70 8 8130 Druggists' nonproprietary preparations- medi-
3189 "Other" house furnishings . 1,466 821 cal and reagent chemicals. 12,531 9,273 .74 23
22332

3399 Flax, hemp, and ramie manufactures. 751 721 8149 Corn and foot remedies. 281 222 .79 14
3699 "Other" hair manufactures.. 104 53 8152 Salves and ointments for burns, cuts, skin dis-
3840 Single and plied yarns of rayon and other syn- eases, insect bites, inflammation , etc.. 11,918 7,985 .67 33
thetic textiles .. 6,423 3,418 av. 24 8180 "Other" proprietary medicinal preparations . 14,236 8,257 .58 30-45
3858.5 Braids, fringes, and narrow trimmings . 289 257 12 8264 Pyroxylin sheets, rods or tubes and other unfin-
3913 Window shade cloth. 129 106 52 ished forms.. 153 109 71 10-68
3914.2 Starch-filled book cloth (all types) . 314 187 .60 29-33 8329 "Other" organic chemicals. 1,703 923 .54 (1)
3917 "Other" coated or impregnated fabrics 8,979 4,702 24 8718 Shaving creams ... 901 567 63 22
3940 Hat braids, strips and sheets of natural fibers or 8719 Shaving cakes, powders and sticks. 168 127 76 32
synthetic textiles. 71 50 14 8734 Dental creams. 23,290 18,694 80 31
3988 Elastic webbing, woven, knitted or braided, not 8735 "Other" dentifrices 4,488 3,753 84 av. 23
over 1½ inches wide. 732 512 .70 av. 22 8742 Face and compact powder. 12,909 7,487 58 19-50
4260 Boat oars and paddles. 311 209 .67 (1) 8757 "Other" cosmetics . 850 629 74 av. 30
5291 Chemical glassware. 1,752 1,346 .77 6-9 8766 Perfumery and toilet waters. 524 508 97 25
447
280

5455.5 Packing asbestos. 4,637 2,563 .55 23-56 9005 Cameras, other than motion picture, " other". 493 .91 av. 40
5459 "Other" asbestos manufactures . 111 70 (1) 9008.1 Motion-picture projectors-substandard gauge
5474 Carbon or graphite products-brushes and stock 646 323 .50 29 (less than 35 mm.) silent 920 872 .95 20-28
6116 Butchers' and kitchen knives, forks and cleavers 9011 Reproducing motion-picture sound equipment . 2,429 2,283 94 av. 11
and steels.. 1,132 1,101 50 9129 Photographic paper. 5,415 4,494 82 20
6145 Kerosene room and water heaters. 600 441 av. 10 9140 "Other" photographic apparatus and supplies. 3,830 2,949 77 av. 27
6151 Industrial oil burners 1,396 1,136 .81 (1) 9155 "Other" dental equipment and supplies . 9,083 5,722 63 8-62
6154 Hacksaw blades 2,260 1.529 135 9232 Organs, other than pipe. 819 582 71 9
6156 Crosscut, hand, back, and other saws . 4,458 2,675 21-30 9297 Musical instrument parts and accessories ? 1,135 613 54 8-18
6169 Hand-operated pipe stocks and dies, die stocks, 9304 "Other" pencils.. 7,146 4,482 63 17-30
dies and bushings .. 703 513 53-120 9319 "Other" penholders and parts. 242 128 53 14
6170 Hand-operated pipe cutters and other metal 9392 Carbon paper. 3,115 2,810 90 36
cutting tools2. 307 172 .56 53-120 9422 "Other" fishing tackle and parts. 1.983 1,428 72 av. 30
6178.9 "Other" hand tools and parts . 19,793 19,595 28-141 9434 Foot, basket, base, tennis, and other balls. 878 817 93 9-30
6179 Padlocks of iron , steel, brass, and bronze . 1,871 1,768 .94 54-96 9473 Shotguns. 396 210 .53 av. 29
6182 Hinges and butts, iron and steel 1,776 1,421 .80 35-90 9491 Metallic cartridges . 9,570 5,224 .55 130
6303 Aluminum, plates, bars, strips, and rods. 135 70 .52 76-100 9591 Time recording devices and parts. 422 329 .78 (1)
6456 Plumbers' brass goods . 8,809 4,366 .50 63-108 Buttons, button parts, etc.:
838

6469 "Other" hardware of brass or bronze. 5,109 2,861 .56 10-90 9711 Of cellulose compounds, galalith, and other
6545 Nickel, monel metal, and alloys, in ingots, bars, plastics. 2,579 2,058 .80 6-38
rods, sheets, plates, etc.. 173 97 .56 37-115 9713 Button parts, backs, blanks or molds. 1,612 1,065 .66 6-38
6958 Silver plated ware, knives, forks, and steak sets . 2,297 1.746 .76 17-43 9793 Gasoline pressure lamps, lanterns, and parts .. 1,739 974 .56 3-22
6959 Silver plated ware, "other". 535 433 .81 17-43 Synthetic resin products:
7000 Direct current generators. 909 482 53 51 9810 Laminated sheets, plates, rods, tubes, and
6,463 3,296 51 (1) other unfinished forms . 86 63 .73
ee

7011 Self-contained lighting outfits .

7027.1 Rotating converters under 300 kilowatts . 168 114 68 51 9812 Molded products ...... 330 266 .81
£
8
 AIR - CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U. S. AND GUATEMALA 7

TABLE III.- United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939- Continued TABLE III .— United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939- Continued
[Group 1 - Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound] [Group 2-Commodities valued from $ 1.00 to $1.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
Class weight Value Class weight Value
No. Commodity (gross Value per Density No. Commodity (gross Value per Density
pounds) pound pounds) pound

EXPORTS- Continued EXPORTS-Continued

9819 Manufactures of cellulose acetate². 43 $29 $0.67 (1)
9820 Silk wearing apparel:
lose2 ...... of all other compounds of cellu-
Manufactures
477 358 75 (1) 3741 Underwear.. 852 $1,201 $1.41 8-16
9870 Coin-operated phonographs .. 4,992 3,354 67 17-24 3757 Hosiery, men's socks. 445 735 1.65 av. 12
Rayon and other synthetic textiles:
Total 886,019 587,052 3845 Piece goods, wholly or chiefly rayon and

17
other synthetic fibers, pile (velvets, etc.).. 2,983 3,000 1.01 21
IMPORTS 3848 Piece goods, wholly or chicfly rayon and
other synthetic fibers, knit fabrics in the
0352.9 "Other" women's and misses' leather footwear, piece... 340 430 1.26
480 3849.1 Piece goods, wholly or chiefly rayon and

183
boots and shoes2. 534 .90 11
0980.27 Natural history specimens for scientific purposes 49 35 .71 other synthetic fibers, other woven fabric . 47,352 52,910 1.12 31
0980.30 Skeletons and anatomical preparations. 18 15 83 3854 Women's and children's hosiery. 541 808 1.49 av. 13
1530.0 Cardamom seed. 43,375 28,750 .66 3856 Men's socks . 954 1
1,63 1.71 av. 13
3083.0 Table and bureau covers, center pieces, runners, 3857.1 Knit underwear. 253 404 1.60 av. 10
scarfs, napkins, and doilies of plain woven 3858.1 Ribbons. 570 821 1.44 12
1,065 1.18

1988
cotton cloth³. 121 91. 75 (1) 3859 "Other" synthetic textile manufactures 903 (1)
3230.70 Articles and manufactures of cotton³ . 1,300 858 .66 (1) 3944 "Other" sewed hats and hat bodies of straw,
3680 8 Manufactures of wool³ . 12 7 .58 10-30 palm leaf, etc... 573 1,045 1.82 3-10
9510.57 Tourist literature, including maps, charts, texts, 3958 "Other" hats, caps and berets of woven fabric. 815 1,499 1.48 10-15
etc.-not of bonafide foreign authorship.. 19 10 53 (1) 3963 Artificial or ornamental flowers, fruits, vege-
9950.0 Household furniture, wearing apparel, tools of tables, etc. 87 92 1.06 3-6
trade, books, and professional and personal 3994 Garters, arm bands, suspenders, and braces. 1,213 1,274 1.05 av. 17
effects, not merchandise 3,608 2,345 65 (1) 5217 Laminated glass and manufactures .. 93 113 1.22 64-80
5478 Lighting carbons. 1,170 1,428 1.22 43-81
Total. 49,036 32,591 5990 Precious, synthetc, and imitation stones, in-
cluding pearls. 59 101 1.71 (1)
6112 Razors, safety.. 468 748 1.60 38
6114 Scissors, shears and snips.. 232 344 1.48 44
[Group 2-Commodities valued from $1.00 to $1.99 per pound] 6157.1 Augers, bits, gimlets, gimlet bits, and counter
sinks, woodworking .. 653 718 1.10 40-100
6167 Drills, reamers, and counter sinks, metal cutting. 975 1,687 1.73 30-85
EXPORTS 6172 Slip joint pliers . 73 78 1.07 50-90
6173 "Other" pliers, pincers, nippers, and splicing
0091 Meat extracts and bouillon cubes. 90 $166 $1.84 34-57 clamps .. 409 521 1.27 50-90
Upper leather (except patent): 6197 Precision scales , balances and weights for labora-
0304 Calfamd kip, black. 13,218 21,074 1.59 av. 18 tory use.. 12 15 1.25 av. 18
0307 Sheep and lainb. 630 951 1.51 av. 21 6308 Aluminum and aluminum bronze powder. 13 17 1.31 19-113
0308 Goat and kid (glazed kid), black. 2,551 4,407 1.73 av. 21 6630 Nickel chrome electric resistance wire 112 175 1.56 50
0309 Goat and kid (glazed kid) " Other' 10,299 14,944 1.45 av. 21 6635 Quick-silver or mercury 135 227 1.68 172-800
0321 Lining leather, sheep and lamb. 446 616 1.38 31 Transmission and distribution apparatus:
0326 "Other" sole leather. 25 25 1.00 (1) 7036 Electrical indicating instruments . 407 728 1.79 5-17
Boot and shoe cut stock: 7038 "Other" electrical testing apparatus and
0327 Soles, outer... 30 36 1.20 51-53 parts... 1,004 1,014 1.01 (4)
0330 Belting leather. 283 437 1.54 43 Electric appliances:
0336 Sheep and lamb-glove and garment leather. 2,063 2,660 1.29 19 7063 Incandescent lamps for automobiles, flash-
0357 Reptilian and aquatic leather for all purposes. 53 91 1.72 18-30 lights and Christmas trees .. 1,274 1,656 1.30 5-12
Boots and shoes, and other footwear with leather 7075.9 "Other" therapeutic apparatus and parts. 2,162 2,400 1.11 (1)
uppers: Radio apparatus:
0845 Men's boots and shoes. 796 840 1.06 14 7077 Receiving sets .. 62,833 78,541 1.25 7-9
0648 Infants' and children's boots and shoes. 68 74 1.09 9 7079 Receiving set components . 5,376 7,956 1.48 11-36
0656 Boots, shoes and other footwear, with uppers of 7081 "Other" receiving set accessories. 1,097 1,360 1.24 (1)
material other than leather. 6 8 1.33 av. 12 7082 Telegraph apparatus and parts . 381 526 1.38 24
0680 Leather belting, new.. 6,312 6,873 1.09 37 7083 Telephone instruments .. 424 798 1.88 50
0688 Women's and children's hand bags , pocketbooks 7087 "Other" telephone equipment and parts 2,684 2,765 1.03 10-60
and purses ofleather. 704 1,052 1.49 5-9 7159 Engine accessories and parts. 23,974 24,214 1.01 av. 45
0698.9 Leather wearing apparel. 1,010 1,566 1.55 8 "Other" metal-working machinery:
0723 Oppossum-undressed fur 273 540 1.98 6-17 7457 Pneumatic portable tools. 1,922 2,037 1.06 24-140
0929 Feathers, dressed, and manufactures of feathers. 582 629 1.08 6-29 7485 "Other" metal-working machine tools and
2039 Rubber gloves and mittens. 317 407 1.28 12 parts... 676 892 1.32 15-69
2047 Bathing caps 27 41 1.52 8 7553 Sewing machine parts. 3,071 5,405 1.76 39
2058 Combs, finished . 120 231 1.93 24 7644 Bottling, bottle-washing, and bottle-labeling
Essential or distilled oils: machinery and parts. 1.792 2,007 1.12 8-27
2269 Spearmint and other mint oils? 63 93 1.48 21-42 7759 Card-punching, sorting, and tabulating machines . 2,009 3,114 1.55 16
2271 Citrus oils. 97 140 1.44 21-12 7761 Parts for accounting and calculating machines.. 614 859 1.40 23
2279 "Other" natural essential and distilled oils 1,462 1,878 1.28 21-42 Cash registers:
2467 Flower seeds. 136 241 1.77 27 7764 New.. 2,340 2,925 1.25 17-31
2820 Cigars and cheroots . 121 190 1.57 av. 23 7767 Parts 18 18 1.00 23
3073 Marquisettes , combed. 575 589 1.02 av. 10 7775 Typewriter parts. 572 663 1.16 22
"Other" cotton fabrics: 7779 "Other" office appliances and parts. 1,797 2,031 1.13 (1)
3032 Table damask in the piece. 822 886 1.08 25-33 7949 Aircraft parts and accessories". 2,526 3,865 1.53 1-12
3088 "Other" pile fabrics. 480 748 1.56 10-21 7959 "Other" internal combustion marine engines. 473 568 1.20 22-30
Cotton, knit goods: 8119 Vitamines and vitasterols . 507 827 1.63 (1)
3093 Women's hosiery . 344 631 1.83 av. 18 8127 Tablets, pills, capsules, powders, ointments and
3094 Children's hosiery. 1,489 2,842 1.91 av. 13 similar manufactures. 35, 130 36, 184 1.03 25
3995 Men's hosiery. 1,601 2,180 1.36 av. 15 8155 Asthma, catarrh, and hay fever preparations, in-
3097 Women's and children's underwear. 2,437 3,071 1.26 11 cluding inhalants. 1,977 2,076 1.05 coat
30-45
3098 Women's and children's nightwear. 499 505 1.01 av.7 8167 Headache, neuralgia and pain remedies. 3,348 3,817 1.14 30-45
&
3099.9 "Other" knit outerwear 2. 3,405 3,838 1.13 7-22 8601 Smokeless powder explosives. 67 92 1.37 53
"Other" cotton wearing apparel: 8755 Rouges. 1,029 1,245 1.21 30
3113 Men's and boys' jackets and windbreakers 9003 Cameras " other" than motion picture, box-type
of corduroy, moleskin, leatherette and (set focus). 135 189 1.40 17-40
sheep-lined.. 63 67 1.06 av. 25 Exposed motion-picture films:
3114 Overalls, breeches, pants, aprons, and men's 9121.5 Negative newsreels (less than 4,000 linear
work clothing? 65 121 1.86 25 feet) 11 20 1.82 av. 40
3115 Men's nightwear. 1,629 1,755 1.08 av. 7 9123.5 Positive newsreels (less than 4,000 linear feet) 254 462 1.82 av. 40
3116.1 Underwear, men's athletic, not knit . 6,379 7,249 1.14 13 "Other" sensitized films, not exposed:
3117.2 "Other" men's and boys' shirts (except 9125 Cartridge or rolls. 4,654 5,436 1.17 26
knit). 25,699 38, 122 1.48 10 9126.1 Packs of sheets X-ray 800 1,330 1.66 23
3127 Children's outerwear, not knit . 498 911 1.83 6-22 9126.9 Packs of sheets, "other" 573 751 1.31 23-41
3129 "Other" women's and children's apparel of 9143 Spectacles, eye glasses, goggles, lenses2 and
woven fabrics? 1,013 1,236 1.22 6-22 frames. 2,563 3,537 1.38 11-41
3173 Cotton quilts, comfortables and quilted bed pads. 11 15 1.36 av. 13 9157 Surgical and medical instruments . 2,318 3,060 1.32 21
3642 Wool cloth and dress goods. 6,637 7,454 1.12 12-16 9160 Surveying and engineering instruments.. 1,387 1,817 1.31 18-33
3643 Mohair cloth. 2,901 4,500 1.55 12 9190 "Other" scientific laboratory and professional
3879 "Other" knit goods of wool. 3,328 3,528 1.06 10 instruments and apparatus. 4,644 5,016 1.08 3-87
3689 "Other" wool or mohair manfactures. 2,575 2,730 1.06 (¹) 9302 Mechanical pencils of other materials. 225 420 1.87 17-30
Fabrics wholly or chiefly silk: 9395 Typewriter ribbons. 1,487 2,399 1.61 47
3720 Broad silks 1,521 2,404 1.58 22 9436 Golfclubs. 384 607 1.58 (1)
3725 Velvets, plushes, and chenilles . 91 119 1.31 10-21 9490 Shot shells. 300 312 1.04 76
 8 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE III.- United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939- -Continued TABLE III - United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939- Continued
[Group 2-Commodities valued from $1.00 to $ 1.99 per pound] [Group 4- Commodities valued from $3.00 to $3.99 per pound)

Shipping Shipping
Class weight Value Class Value
No. Commodity (gross Value per Density No. weight
Commodity (gross Value per Density
pounds) pound pounds) pound
EXPORTS- Continued EXPORTS
0749 Dressed or dyed furs, " other". 53 $176 $3.32 6-17
Clocks, except electric:

ཝཙྩུབྷཱུ
9571 0758 Fur waste, fur pieces and damaged fur skins. 72 3.00 6-17

སྒྱུདྷུ
1-day alarm clocks . 1,699

ཎྞབྷཱ
$ 1.27 26-40

ཧནྟི
ཎྜོད
$2,162

ཝཾམ
3675 Woolknit bathing suits. 1,100 4.095 3.72 10
9579 "Other" clocks and parts . 132 174 1 32 17-48

ཝཱ
ཟླ
*
༣
©
ཡཱ
ཉྫཱ
3927 Silk and velvet ribbons. 11 36 3.27 12
9629 "Other" jewelry articles of other materials. 101 170 1.68 (1) 3759 Silk wearing apparel, " other" 604 3.32 8-16
9791 Incandescent mantels . 118 131 1.11 9 Rayon and other synthetic textiles:
9824 Toilet brushes, other than toothbrushes. 307 421 1.37 5-16 3857 2 Woven underwear. 1,107 3.15 av. 12
9831 Umbrellas and parasols.. 856 1,311 1.53 av. 26 3857.7 Sleeping and lounging garments, knit or
Total. Woven 289 3.71 8-14
352,558 439,106 3921 Corsets, brassieres, and girdles. 2,721 9.312 3.42 av. 12
3951 Men's and boys' fur felt hats. 3,901 15,186 3.89 3-10
5513 Manufactured and manufactures of mica, " other" 160 3.90 (1)
IMPORTS 6118 Machine knives. 301 3.01 174
3113.2 6168 Hand operated screw plates, bolt dies, taps, and
Coats, valued $4 or more each of cotton or other tap wrenches. 149 3.31 53-120
95
vegetable fiber, not knit. 95 148 1.56 7-22 6181 Cabinet and other locks of iron, stee!, brass, and
9503.2 Books, maps, music, engravings, prints , photo- bronze 814 3.08 21
graphs, charts and etchings imported for edu- 7075.1 X-ray tubes 915 3.88 2
888
cational or religious purposes not for sale. 128 1.45 (1) 7099.1 Electric razors. 17 3.40 16
9640.9 "Other" artistic antiquities, works of art, etc. 7946 Aircraft engines. 2,174 7,564 3.48 10-40
(except rugs and carpets) produced prior to 7947 Aircraft engine parts and accessories . 2,013 6,219 3.09 4-40
the year 1830 92 140 1.52 (1) 8121 Serums and antitoxins for human use. 3.65
9800.99 "Other" smokers' articles. 3 3 1.00 3-24 1,005 3,670 (4)
9008. Motion-picture projectors, substandard and
Total... 278 419 gauge (less than 35 mm.) sound. 1,021 3.44 14
9012 Stereopticans, magic lanterns, and other pro-
jection apparatus .. 168 3.50 (1)
9123.9 Exposed motion-picture filmus, positive, other
(less than 4,000 linear feet) 1.661 3.77 av. 40
9149 Optical goods, " other". 110 3.24 (1)
[Group 3- Commodities valued from $2.00 to $2.99 per pound] 9150 Dental instruments . 102 3.78 13-20
9420 Fishing rods. 206 3.03 14-23
9635 Jewelry findings, parts and materials. 262 3.64 (1)
9822 Toothbrushes. 2.206 8.287 3.76 14
EXPORTS Total. 17.497 62,503
0647 Women's and misses' boots and shoes with IMPORTS
leather uppers . 445 $934 $2.10 11 0295.0 Reptile skins, raw.
0672 Leather gloves and mittens . 533 1,195 2.24 12-28 18 63 3.50 17
0692 Card cases, change purses, wallets, and similar 3840. 16 Manufactures of rayon or other synthetic textiles
articles of leather. 131 283 2.16 9 not knit or crocheted,3 . 4 13 3.25 10
0729 "Other" undressed furs 221 567 2.57 6-17 Total. 22
0759 "Other" fur manufactures. 33 83 2.52 4-6 76
2268 Essential or distilled oils · peppermint. 119 279 2.34 21-42
2280 Blended, compounded, or mixed perfume flavor [Group 5 Commodities valued from $4.00 to $4.99 per pound]
oils. 263 532 2.02 24
Gloves, cotton (woven or knit) : EXPORTS
3091.1 Work gloves, mits and gauntlets, fabric . 253 581 2.30 av. 13
3091.2 Dress gloves and all other.. 105 290 2.76 av. 11 3681 Women's and children's woo! clothing. 1.486 $6,563 $4.42 16
3124 Women's and children's cotton underwear and 3755 Hosiery, women's full fashioned 8.909 38,000 4.27 av. 11
nightwear, not knit .. 593 1,576 2.66 13 3799 "Other" silk manufactures . 129 568 4.40 8
3185 Cotton laces, embroideries, and lace window 3928 Neckties, cravats, mufflers and scarfs of all fibers 3,080 13 , 130 4.26 av. 22
curtains.. 874 1,950 2.23 8 3952 Women's and girls' fur-felt hats. 128 555 4.34 3-6
3633 Wool yarns. 592 1,484 2.51 13 6956 Sterling and other solid silverware, "other" 41 197 4.80 17-43
67

3649 "Other" wool fabrics . 244 539 2.21 16 7482 Milling cutters, machine operated threading dies
3680 Men's and boys' wool overcoats, suits and pants . 591 1,519 2.57 av. 17 and taps and similar machine operated metal
3853.2 "Other" knit outerwear of rayon, or other syn- cutting tools. 64 318 4.97 15-69
thetic textiles. 247 599 2.43 8-12 9115 Motion-picture films, sensitized, not exposed ;
3945 Hats and hat bodies of straw, palm leaf, etc. , positive film , 1 inch or more in width. 7 30 4.29 av. 40
"other" woven. 579 1,223 2.11 3-10 9310 Fountain and stylographic pens, of materials
3953 Wool-felt hats. 2,398 5,825 2.43 3-10 other than plastic. 28 137 4.89 8-28
3957 "Other" hats, caps and berets, knit. 21 56 2.67 10-15 9580 Watches without jewels. 603 2,424 4.02 av. 46
4305 Cork stoppers (include shell corks) . 79 164 2.08 11
7037 Electrical recording instruments . 57 149 2.61 25 Total 14,475 61.922
Radio apparatus:
7076 Transmitting sets, tubes and parts. 3,197 6,810 2.13 9-36
7078 Radio receiving tubes. 2,81 5,650 2.01 9 [Group 6-Commodities valued from $5.00 to $9.99 per pourd
Accounting and calculating machines: EXPORTS
7752 Listing-adding-bookkeeping machines . 789 1,934 2.45 16-24
7753 Typewriter-bookkeeping-billing machines. 854 1,948 2.28 15-20 0714 Red fox fur, undressed 21 $195 $9.29 6-17
7756 Listing adding machines. 1,415 3,015 2.13 16-34 3122 Women's cotton dresses and ensembles 62 401 6.47 av. 11
7757 Calculating machines. 1,793 5,201 2.90 16-23 3711 Spun silk 10 55 5.50 16-19
7945 Parachutes and parts.. 1,374 3,050 2.22 17-22 Silk wearing apparel:
Biologics: 3742 Silk dresses, skirts and blouses. 734 4,636 6.32 10
8122 Vaccines for human use.. 284 816 2.87 (1) 3754 Hosiery women's and children's seamless . 284 1,775 6.25 av. 11
8123 Glandular products, organotherapeutics, en- 3852 Dresses, skirts, blouses and other outerwear, not
zymes, ferments and culture media. 2,389 5.256 2.20 (1) knit or crocheted of rayon and other synthetic
8157 Malaria, chill and fever remedies ... 338 734 2.17 30-45 textiles . 1,081 5,706 5.33 10
8756 Lipsticks.. 2,207 4,413 2.00 av. 30 6155.1 Circular saws 319 2,312 7.25 34
Cameras: 6189 Sewing machine needles. 94 817 8.69 37
9000 Motion picture, standard gauge (35 mm.).. 91 209 2.30 36 6465 Hinges and butts of brass or bronze. 144 1,000 6.94 48-90
9001 Motion picture substandard gauge (less than 6955 Sterling and other solid silverware,knives, forks,
35 mm.). 221 637 2.88 36 and steak sets... 6 6.00 17-43
9123.1 Exposed motion-picture films-positive features 7948 Aircraft instruments and parts . 26 157 6.04 4-12
(4,000 linear feet) . 5,880 14.634 2.49 av. 40 8629 Blasting caps . 60 451 7.52 36
9127 Dry plates... 472 981 2.08 59 9002.3 Aerial, studio, photo engraving, coin-operated,
9158 Surgical appliances, artificial limbs, crutches, and similar types of cameras for professional,
trusses, etc... 996 2, 191 2.20 4-60 scientific or commercial uses . 1.551 6.63 17-40
9315 Metallic pen points. 157 454 2.89 39-45 9006 Parts of cameras, except lenses . 735 5.98 (1)
9421 Fishing reels. 21 56 2.67 (1) 9248 Wood wind instruments. 250 6.10 6-27
588
287

9433 Golfballs.. 302 629 2.08 18-33 9301 Mechanical pencils of plastic materials 958 7.73 17-30
**

9565 Playing cards. 24 56 2.33 48 9312 Parts of fountain and stylographic pens.. 177 7.70 8-42
=

9610 Paintings, etchings, engravings and statuary 109 233 2.14 (1) 9470 Revolvers and pistols.. 429 7.15 av. 42
9626 "Other" jewelry articles of other metals. 328 908 2.77 (1) A Jewelry:
9628 Women's jewelry of other materials . 522 1,530 2.93 (1) F 9621 Men's jewelry of other metals. 1,296 5.42 (9)
9825 Paint brushes, except industrial.. 1,175 2.905 2.47 25 9623 Women's jewelry of other metals. 2,370 7.23 10
9826.9 "Other" brushes, including industrial. 569 1,172 2.06 29 9828 Tobacco pipes (of all materials). 42 291 6.93 13
Total... 36,696 85,250 Total.. 4,050 25,628
 AIR - CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U. S. AND GUATEMALA

TABLE III.-United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939- Continued TABLE IV.- United States Trade with Guatemala— 1939-Continued
[Group 6 -Commodities valued from $5.00 to $9.99 per pound] [Perishable commodities (Category 2)]

Class Shipping Shipping

weight Value Class weight Value
No. Commodity (gross Value per Density No. Commodity (gross Va'ue per Density
pounds) pound pounds) pound

IMPORTS EXPORTS-Continued
9919.3 Photographic dry plates and films of American Fresh vegetables:
manufacture (except commercial) exposed 1207 Beans.. 371 $45 $0.12 19-48
abroad whether developed or not . 44 $351 $7.98 40-59 1213 Tomatoes 186 15 .08 29-36
1224 "Other" fresh vegetables . 66,950 1,339 .02 14-48
Total.. 44 351 1256 Yeast. 181,260 18,372 .10 22
1305 Oranges. 257 6 .02 34-43
"Other" fresh fruits:
1309 Cherries. 1,419 176 .12 23-42
[Group 7- Commodities valued from $10.00 to $24.99 per pound] 1313 Berrics 1,010 130 13 14-34
1314.5 "Other" melons 1,013 59 .06 31-40
1315 Grapes. 151,854 9,627 .06 24-40
EXPORTS 1316 Pears. 9,805 499 .05 35-39
1317 Peaches. 1.699 101 .06 32-37
0716 Undressed fox fur, "other". 74 $956 6-17
12.92 1318 Prunes and plums . 6.052 431 .07 33
0753 Fur wearing apparel... 140 2,654 4-6
18.96 1319.1 Apricots .. 622 43 .07 33
3853.1 Knit or crocheted dresses and ensembles ofrayon 1319.9 "Other" fresh fruits 1,600 32 02 24-40
and other synthetic textiles . 3 43 14.33 10 2599 2 All other nursery or greenhouse stock . 29,213 2,337 .08. 16
6997 Gold manufactures? 17 287 16.88(1) 2620 Cigars and cheroots . 121 190 1.57 av. 23

000
9114 Motion-picture films, sensitized, not exposed: Biologics:
negatives, less than 1 inch in width. 187 2,397 12.82 av. 40 8120 For animal and veterinary use. 3,673 3,232 .88
9152 Teeth 182 3,282 18.03 (1) 8121 Serums and anti-toxins for human use. 1,005 3,670 3.65
8122 Vaccines for human use... 284 816 2.87
Total. 603 9,619 8123 Glandular products, organotherapeu-
tics, enzymes, ferments and culture
IMPORTS media 2,389 5,256 2.20 (1)
9022.5 Motion-picture film negatives, unexposed shorts Total 1,305,050 107.601
(less than 4,000 linear feet) " other" than
newsreels .. 8 160 20.00 ат. 40 IMPORTS
Total. 8 160 1301.0 Bananas, green or ripe. 574,332,821 5,233.572 .01 18
Tota!. 574,332,821 $5,233,572 $.01 18
[Group 8- Commodities valued at $25.00 and over per pound 1 Not available.
2 Included also in category 3 (fragile) .
EXPORTS
0713 $
192

Fox furs, silver and black-undressed. 5 $140 28.00 6-17

6109 "Other" needles .. 26 761 29.27 37
9147 Optical lenses, not fitted to instruments . 148 74.00 45
ེ་ྒུ

9154 Dental gold and precious metal alloy for dental TABLE V - United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939
purposes . 76 3,600 47 37 (1)
9309 Fountain and stylographic pens of plastic [Fragile Commodities (Category 3)]
materials 144
56

5,315 36.91 15
9581 Watches , with jewels. 42 1,299 30.93 av. 46
9620 Jewelry of solid gold or platinum 3 278 92 67 (1) Shipping
Class weight Value
Total 298 11,541 No. Commodity (gross Value per Density
pounds) pound
IMPORTS
9503.6 Stamps, foreign postage or revenue and foreign EXPORTS
government stamped envelopes or post cards 22 1,000 45.45 8-24
9620.1 Original painting , pastels, drawings and sketches 200 510.20 5-24 2599 1 All other nursery or greenhouse stock. 29,213 $2,337 $0.08 16
3963 Artificial or ornamental flowers, vegetables,
etc.. 87 92 1.06 3-6
22

Tota! 22 1.200 5212 Plate-glass. 18,511 1,693 .09 64-80

5215 Cylinder crown, and sheet glass. 8,623 664 .08 45-100
1 Not available. 5217 Laminated glass and manufactures. 93 113 1.22 64-80
2 Not elsewhere specified. 5218 Rolled glass. 932 279 .30 30-60
3 Not specifically provided for. 5220 Rolled cylinder, crown and sheet glass, ob-
Less than 1 pound. scured by coloring prior to solidification,

3246
not less than 1/4 inch in thickness. 891 135 15 30-100
5230 "Other" glass . 1,795 395 .22 (3)
Unfilled glass containers:
5232 Pharmaceuticals and proprietary ware,
includingprescription bottles, ampoules
TABLE IV. - United States Trade with Guatemala-1939 and vials 97,117 5,827 .06 11-26
5234 Beverage bottles, including soda, beer,
[Perishable comme ties (Category 2)] and alcoholic beverage bottles . 1,109,350 22, 187 .02 22-30
5235 Used glass containers of all types. 3,750 150 .04 22-30
5236 "Other" unfilled glass containers . 185,300 7,412 .04 22-30
Shipping 5237 Tumblers, drinking glasses and stemware,
Class weight Value plain, cut or engraved. 73,740 3,687 .05 12-25
22282990

No. Commodity (gross Value per Density 5239 Table glassware2 plain, cut or engraved 155 , 180 7,759 .05 12-30
pounds) pound 5255 Lamp chimneys and lantern globes. 5,007 676 .14 3-9
5261 Globes and shades for lighting fixtures. 7,500 900 .12 3-9
5291 Chemical glassware. 1.752 1,346 .77 6-9
EXPORTS 5292 G'ass electric insulators. 21.968 1,102 .05 30
222
eee

5299 "Other" glassware . 94,860 9,486 .10 (a)

**

0010 Cattle for breeding. 7,476 $1,533 $0.21 5320 Pottery Table and kitchen articles and
0013 Hogs (swine). 920 155 .17 (1) utensils . 24,345 4,412 .18 12-36
0019 Poultry, live. 1,038 541 .52 (1) Transmission and distribution apparatus:
Meat products: 7035 Watt-hour and other measuring meters 4,665 3.965 .85 37-64
0020 Beef and veal, fresh or frozen. 1,587 262 25-50 7036 Electrical indicating instruments.. 407 728 1.79 5-17
0027 Pork fresh or frozen.. 962 198 21 25-36 7037 Electrical recording instruments .. 57 149 2.61 25
0034 Mutton and lamb. 798 190 24 25-50 7038 "Other" electrical testing apparatus and
0040 Poultry and game, fresh. 31 16 52 (1) parts... 1,004 1,014 1.01 (3)
0053 Lard.. 783,466 46.676 06 av. 36 Electric incandescent lamps:
0059 Olcomargine of animal or vegetable fats . 1,465 142 .10 37-42 7063 For automobiles, dashlights, and Christ-
0960 Fresh and sterilized milk and cream. 99 6 .06 47 mas trees. 1,274 1,656 1.30 5-12
0065 Butter. 37,965 9.832 26 37 7064 "Other" metal filament lamps. 28,463 19,970 67 5-12
0071 "Other" fresh fish. 2,951 231 38-52 7065 "Other" electric lamps . 1,320 660 .50 4-12
ee∞

0072 Oysters fresh, in the shell, shucked, frozen 7067 Flood lights. 665 266 .40 8-15
or in ice.. 3,847 953 .25 37 7075.1 X-ray tubes. 236 915 3.88 2
0074 Shrimp fresh, frozen or in ice 333 78 23 (1) 7075.5 "Other" X-ray apparatus and parts. 3,576 2.825 79 14-60
0909 "Other" live animals 1,329 412 31 (1) 7075.9 "Other" therapeutic apparatus and parts. 2,162 2.400 1.11 (a)
10 INDU
REF SERV
ERE STRI ICE
AL NCE
TABLE V.- United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939- Continued TABLE V.-United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939-Continued
[Fragile Commodities (Category 3)] [Fragile Commodities (Category 3) ]

Shipping Shipping
Class weight Value Class weight Value
No. Commodity (gross Value per Density No. Commodity (gross Value per Density
pounds) pound pounds) pound

EXPORTS -Continued EXPORTS-Continued

Radio apparatus: Motion-picture projectors:
7076 Transmitting sets, tubes and parts. 3, 197 $6,810 $2.13 9-36 9008.1 Substandard gauge (less than 35 mm)
7077 Receiving sets .. 62,833 78,541 1.25 7-29 silent. 920 $972 $0.95 20-28
7078 Radio receiving tubes. 2,811 5.650 2.01 9 9008.2 Substandard gauge (less than 35 mm)
7079 Receiving-sets-components . 5,376 7.956 1.48 11-36 sound .. 297 1,021 3.44 14
7080 Loud speakers. 229 94 .41 13 9011 Reproducing motion-picture sound equipment . 2,429 2,283 .94 av. 11
7081 "Other" receiving set accessories. 1,097 1.360 1.24 (3) 9012 Stereopticans, magic lanterns, and other pro-
7082 Telegraph apparatus and parts 381 526 1.38 24 jection apparatus ... 48 168 3.50 (3)
7083 Telephone instruments.. 424 798 1.88 50 Optical goods:
7092 Starting, lighting and ignition equipment. 8,516 3.662 43 (3) 9143 Spectacles, eye glasses, goggles, lenses?
7099.1 Electric razors.. 5 17 3.40 16 and frames. 2,563 3,537 1.38 11-41
7741 Gas meters and parts. 709 234 33 (3) 9147 Lenses not fitted to instruments . 2 148 74.00 45
7742 Water meters and parts. 52,273 25,091 48 (3) 9149 "Other" optical goods . 34 110 3.24 (3)
Accounting and calculating machines: 9160 Surveying and engineering instruments 1,387 1,817 1.31 18-33
7752 Listing adding-bookkeeping machines. 789 1,934 2.45 16-24 9190 "Other" scientific laboratory and professional
7753 Typewriter-bookkeeping - billing instruments and apparatus. 4,644 5,016 1.08 3-87
machines.. 854 1,948 2.28 15-20 9242 Phonograph records . 12,537 4,764 .38 40
7756 Listing adding machines . 1,415 3,015 2.13 16-34 9570 Clocks, electric. 1,062 244 23 16
7757 Calculating machines. 1,793 5,201 2.90 16-23 Clocks, except electric:
7759 Card-punching, sorting, and tabulating 9571 1-day alarm clocks . 1,699 2,162 1.27 26-40
machines. 2,009 3.114 1.55 16 9572 Mantel, novelty, and wall clocks 1,471 660 .45 26-40
7764 New cash registers . 2,340 2,925 1.25 17-31 9579 "Other" clocks and parts. 132 174 1.32 17-48

***
Typewriters: Watches :
603 2.424 4.02 av. 46

ªãå
7770 Standard, new 24.789 20,575 83 9580 Withoutjewels .
7772 Portable, new 8,426 6.909 82 9581 With jewels. 42 1,299 30.93 av 46

**
329 .78 (3)
**
7774.1 Rebuilt. 298 167 56 9591 Time recording devices and parts . 422
7
å
233 2.14 (3)
*
7774.9 "Other," used. 71 45 63 9610 Paintings, etchings, engraving and statuary. 109
7948 Aircraft instruments and parts . 26 157 6.04 Lamps andilluminatingdevices, except electric:
Explosives: 9791 Incandescent mantels.. 118 131 1.11 9
8601 Smokeless powder 67 92 1.37 9792 Lanterns, wick. 8,122 1,863 23 9-17
8604 Dynamite 22,657 3.034 13 9793 Gasoline pressure lamps, lanterns and
8609 "Other" explosives . 127,350 8,289 07 39-53 parts 1.739 974 .56 3-22
8625 Safety fuses.. 1,440 377 26 22-28 9794 "Other" lamps, except electric . 4,645 957 .21 3-22
8629 Blasting caps . 60 451 7.52 9832 Candles. 486 50 10 23-41
Cameras:
9000 Motion-picture, standard gauge (35 mm) . 91 209 2.30 Total. 2,255,886 328,276
9001 Motion-picture, substandard gauge... 221 637 2.88
9002.3 Aerial, studio, photo-engraving, coin-operated,
andsimilar types of cameras for professional, IMPORTS
scientific or commercial uses. 234 1,551 6.63 17-40
9003 "Other" than motion-picture, box-type (set 2559.2 Orchid plants. 1,783 829 46 6
focus). 135 189 1.40 17-40
9005 "Other" than motion-picture, " other" 493 447 .91 av. 40 Total 1,783 829 0.46 6
9006 Parts of cameras, except lenses . 123 735 5.98 (3)
1 Included also in category 2 (perishables). Not available.
2 Not clsewhere specified. Included also in category 4 (style factor).
TABLE VI.- United States Trade with Guatemala- 1939
[Commodities possessing a style factor (Category 4)]
Class Shipping Value
No. Commodity weight Value Density
(gross pounds) per pound

EXPORTS
0647 Women's and misses' boots and shoes with leather uppers . 445 $934 $2.10 11
Women's and children's hand bags , pocketbooks, and purses:
0688 Leather.. 704 1,052 1.49 5-9
0689 "Other" materials. 22,779 17,691 .78 5-9
0753 Fur wearing apparel. 140 2,654 18.96 4-6
3122 Women's dresses and ensembles of cotton. 62 401 6.47 av. 11
Wool wearing apparel:
3675 Knit bathing suits .. 1,100 4,095 3.72 10
3681 Women's and children's wool clothing . 1,486 6,563 4.42 16
Silk wearing apparel : 10
3742 Silk dresses, skirts and blouses .. 734 4,636 6 32
3759 "Other" silk wearing apparel. 182 604 3 32 8-16
3799 "Other" silk manufactures .. 129 568 4.40 8

10993
Rayon and other synthetic textiles : 5,766 5 33
3852 Dresses, skirts, blouses and other outerwear not knit or crocheted :. 1,081
3853.1 Knit or crocheted dresses and ensembles . 3 43 14.33
3853.2 "Other" knit outerwear. 247 599 2.43 8-12
Hats and hat bodies of straw, palm leaf, etc.: 573 1,045 1.82 3-10
3944 "Other", sewed .
3945 "Other", woven . 579 1,223 2 11 3-10
3952 Women's and girls' fur-felt hats. 128 555 4.34 3-6
9121.5 Exposed motion-picture films : 11 20 1.82 av. 40
Negative, newsreels (less than 4,000 lincar feet) 14,634 2 49
9123. 1 Positive features (4,000 linear feet or over) . 5,880 av. 40
9123.5 Positive newsreels (less than 4,000 linear feet) . 254 462 1.82 av. 40
9123.9 Positive, other (less than 4,000 linear feet) 441 1,661 3 77 av. 40
9242 1 Phonograph records. 12,537 4,764 38 40
9516 Catalogs and pamphlets . 5,520 1,656 30 30-40
9523 Music in books and sheets. 295 112 38 30-40
9560 Calendars, printed or unprinted, and advertising novelties . 12,708 3,050 24 30-40
Total... 68,018 74.788
88

IMPORTS 480
0352.9 "Other" women's and misses' leather footwear, boots and shoes 534 .90 11
9022.5 Motion-picture film negatives, unexposed shorts (less than 4,000 linear feet) " Other"
than newsreels . 8 160 20.00 av. 40
542 640
1 Included also in Category 3 (Fragile). 2 Not elsewhere specified.
 AIR CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE U.
The volume of air cargo which will
move between the United States and
foreign countries after the war will de-
pend upon a number of economic factors,
such as the comparative speeds, costs,
reliability, convenience, and quality of
service of air carriers compared with
surface carriers. A substantial part of
air-cargo tonnage which is likely to
move will consist of commodities which
previously moved by steamship , while
an unknown percentage of future air-
cargo shipments will consist of new
traffic, especially perishables, made pos-
sible by the much faster service offered
by air carriers.
In initiating this series of studies, it
is believed that an analysis of pre - war
trade will furnish some indication of the
specific commodities that may be di-
verted to air carriers in the post-war
period. Since the year 1939 is the latest
period during which United States trade
with Latin America did not show the
effects of war, it was decided to use the
United States export and import sta-
tistics for that year as the basis for study.
In studying the thousands of commodi-
ties which moved between the United
States and Latin American countries, it
was agreed that at least four basic fac-
tors are of major importance in de-
termining which should be selected as
offering the best prospects for transport
by air. These are as follows : ( 1 ) Value
per pound, ( 2 ) perishability, ( 3 ) fragil-
ity, and (4 ) style factor, including obso-
lescence.
It is recognized that no single one of
these factors is necessarily of sufficient
importance to justify the higher charges
which will have to be made for air car-
riage in comparison with surface trans-
port. It is also evident that a com-
modity which appears suitable for air
carriage on the basis of only one factor
is not as likely to go by air as one which
is suitable on the basis of two or more
factors. For example, a commodity
worth $5 per pound which is also perish-
able, fragile, or possessed of a style fac-
tor is more likely to go by air than a
commodity equally valuable lacking any
of these other favorable characteristics.
In addition to the four major cate-
gories covered in this study there are
others which merit investigation.
Among these may be mentioned econ-
omies in packing, insurance , size of ship-
ment, density, and various capital costs.
Not all of these have been investigated
here because the foreign trade statistics
utilized did not lend themselves to such
analyses. The experience of the Army
and Navy air-transport services during
the present war has demonstrated that
substantial packing economies are pos-
sible for almost all commodities flown.
These economies for certain commodi-
ties have reached 70 percent of the total
shipping weight, while the average re-
duction in shipping weight has been re-
S. AND GUATEMALA
Appendix
ported as approximately 30 percent. A
special study of potential packing econ-
omies is planned for the commodities
included under the four categories
shown in this report.
In the past many commodities have
been shipped by air to meet emergency
situations with little consideration given
to cost of service . It is clear that almost
any commodity regardless of its eco-
nomic characteristics may be sent by air
under conditions of extreme emergency .
Perishable pharmaceuticals and machine
tools and parts are classes of commodi-
ties which have previously constituted
important emergency shipments . Prac-
tically all of these are already included
in this study because of their high value
per pound. In addition to strictly emer-
gency shipments , there will be shipments
of odd items for the filling in of inven-
tories where sudden or unexpected in-
creases in demand result in shortages.
Categories Described
In deciding which commodities should
be included in the four categories
adopted, the question of definition of
terms immediately arose, especially in
the case of categories 2, 3 , and 4 which
cover perishability, fragility, and style
factor. The bases for selection are briefly
described below :
1. Value Per Pound
In determining which commodities
should be screened on the basis of value
per pound it was necessary to decide first
whether net weight or shipping weight
should be used, then to decide upon the
minimum value per pound, and finally,
after a minimum value per pound had
been chosen, into how many subclasses
the commodities falling above this min-
imum should be divided.
Since the charges to the shipper are
based on gross shipping weights, rather
than net weights, it was concluded that
such weights were the proper ones to use
in an analysis of air-cargo potentials,
and they will be used exclusively in each
study of the series except the first. The
first study covering trade between the
United States and Brazil was begun at
a time when an adequate body of data
on gross shipping weights was not read-
ily available. More recently such data
have become available. In the United
States-Brazil study, asterisks indicate
where net weights are used.
After consultation with various com-
modity specialists it was decided that all
commodities with a value of less than
$0.50 per pound should be eliminated
from the first category. It was felt that
few commodities below that minimum
would offer prospects for air carriage in
the immediate post -war period . In fact,
it is believed that many commodities
above $0.50 , particularly between $0.50
and $ 1, offer slight prospects for air- car-
riage unless additional factors, such as
11
perishability, fragility, or style factor
are also involved. A commodity worth
$0.50 a pound has a value of $ 1,000 per
ton. If it is assumed that the typical
air-borne commodity moves 4,000 miles
between the United States and South
America and that the air-line charge is
$0.15 per ton-mile, then the transporta-
tion charges on 1 ton would equal $600
or 60 percent of the value of the com-
modity. A commodity worth $3 a pound
has a value of $6,000 per ton. On the
basis of the assumptions just stated , air-
cargo charges would amount to $600 or
only 10 percent of the value of the com-
modity. These figures may be compared
with the analogous relationships for
movement of railway freight in the
United States. In 1939 railway freight
revenue equalled 8.43 percent of the
value of all commodities carried.
The commodities valued at $0.50 per
pound and over have been divided into
eight groups as follows:
Group 1-$0.50-$0.99 per pound.
Group 2-$1-$1.99 per pound.
Group 3- $2-$2.99 per pound.
Group 4- $3-$3.99 per pound.
Group 5-$4-$4.99 per pound.
Group 6-$5-$9.99 per pound.
Group 7-$10-$24.99 per pound.
Group 8-$25 up per pound.
It is evident not only that the commodi-
ties in the higher-value`groups offer bet-
ter prospects for air carriage than those
in the lower groups, but also that a larger
percentage of the commodities in the
higher-value groups are likely to go by
air. For example, if 2 percent of the com-
modities in group 1 appear to offer espe-
cially good prospects for air carriage
it might be expected that 4 percent in
group 2, 6 percent in group 3, and so on
would offer similar prospects.
2. Perishability
In determining the list of commodities
to be included under the second cate-
gory, perishability, it was necessary first
to define the term perishable. It is evi-
dent that a large number of commodi-
ties would be perishable if a long enough
time period and sufficient exposure to
the elements were assumed. In deciding
whether or not a commodity is perish-
able when moving in international trade,
consideration has been given only to the
normal time spent in transit via usual
surface methods of transportation , as-
suming customary packing, handling,
and stowage of the commodity. If, for ex-
ample, apples packed in barrels can be
shipped from New York to Rio de Janeiro
in 4 weeks, while apples packed in
barrels normally do not deteriorate in
less than 8 weeks, then apples, for the
purposes of this study, will not be con-
sidered perishable. It should be pointed
out that any commodity which requires
refrigerants, special temperature con-
trol, or ventilation during the period of
movement is also classed as perishable.
12 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
In order to determine which of the
commodities met the tests of the defini-
tion aforementioned, the cooperation of
numerous commodity specialists of the
Department of Commerce and other
Government agencies was secured.
3. Fragility
Fragility, or breakability, is a term
which, like perishability, could charac-
terize almost all commodities under cer-
tain conditions. For the purposes of this
study a commodity is defined as fragile
or breakable when special care in han-
dling or special packing is required to
avoid damage under normal conditions
of shipment. No attempt has been made
to classify the commodities selected in
respect to differing degrees of fragility.
4. Style Factor
Under the category designated style
factor are included all of those com-
modities which lose their economic value
at an exceptionally rapid rate with the
passage of time because of a decline in
the demand rather than a change in the
physical nature of the product. Products
which are subject to obsolescence are
included . Examples of such are news-
papers, motion-picture films, and certain
textiles, such as wearing apparel.
Density or Weight
The density or weight per cubic foot
of a commodity is one factor affecting
the cost of moving commodities. In any
transportation vehicle where space
rather than weight is the limiting factor,
a commodity with a low density costs
more per unit of weight to move than one
with a higher density, and consequently,
must be charged a higher rate per ton-
mile. In this series of studies the density
is shown where the information is avail-
able for all commodities included in the
four categories listed above. In some
instances, no specific density is shown
but instead a density range is given.
This indicates a variation in the method
of packing. Some commodity classifica-
tions, furthermore, cover such a wide
range of individual articles lumped to-
gether that it is impossible to determine
either a specific density or a density
range. An example of this type of
"basket" classification is Export Class
No. 0699 ( Other Leather Manufactures) .
Upon analysis, density appears to be
of less importance than the four major
criteria already discussed, and, on the
basis of new designs for post-war air
cargo planes, may become even less sig-
nificant in the future.
Size of Shipments
The economic and technological char-
acteristics of steamship operations make
this form of transportation especially
suitable for large shipments of goods
weighing many tons. These character-
istics are reflected in steamship freight-
rate structures which in many instances
are quoted in terms of 1 ton or 40 cubic
feet. Since it is customary to levy a
minimum bill of lading charge, which
between the United States and Brazil,
for example, amounts to $7.50 , as ship-
ments fall below a certain weight, the
rate per ton-mile rises progressively so
that in the case of shipments of 25 or 50
pounds the rate per ton-mile will be sev-
eral times that of a shipment weighing
1 ton or more. On such small shipments,
therefore, the differences in costs be-
tween steamship and air carrier services
are reduced to a minimum and air car-
riers will enjoy their most favorable
competitive position.
The only important alternative to the
freight services offered by the steamship
companies is parcel post, which limits
maximum shipments to a few pounds.
Frequently, parcel-post charges, when
reduced to a rate per ton-mile basis,
amount to $0.06 or $0.08 per ton-mile for
shipments of 25 to 30 pounds.
It is impossible to determine from pub-
lished foreign trade statistics what com-
modities are shipped in quantities
weighing less than 1 ton. The figures
show the total weight shipped per year
for individual commodities, and, in many
instances, such shipments total much
less than 2,000 pounds but it can not be
D TY
N
I
determined whether these small ship-
ments were shipped individually or con-
solidated with other commodities in lots
weighing 1 ton or more. In recent years
it has become increasingly prevalent for
producers and freight forwarders to con-
solidate small shipments into large ones
to take advantage of the lower steamship
freight rates available on large ship-
ments.
Postwar Air Cargo Rates
Recent estimates of the level of air
cargo rates after the war vary from $0.05
to $0.25 per ton-mile. The differences in
the estimates are primarily the result of
differences in the assumptions on which
the forecasts are based or on the com-
pleteness of the services under consid-
eration. Some authorities in estimating
air cargo rates have in mind airport-to-
airport movement only, while others in-
clude terminal handling and pick-up and
delivery services. Some writers in mak-
ing postwar predictions are thinking of
the period immediately following the
cessation of hostilities rather than de-
velopments during the first decade. Still
others base their predictions upon the
assumption that the latest technological
improvements will be incorporated into
exclusively designed air cargo planes
and that these planes will be available
shortly after the war.
In the case of air cargo carriage be-
tween the United States and Latin
American countries in the immediate
postwar period, air cargo rates per ton-
mile will depend upon whether the
traffic in both directions is sufficiently
large to justify specially designed air
cargo planes which carry nothing but
commodities. If the volume of traffic
should prove to be this large, air cargo
rates from airport to airport may prove
to be feasible at a level of from $0.10 to
$0.15 per ton-mile depending upon the
territory served. If, on the other hand,
air cargo volume proves to be so small
that it must be carried in aircraft espe-
cially designed for the transportation of
passengers and mail, then air cargo rates
will probably be substantially higher.
✩U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945-662849
UN
A IV
N ER
A SI
I
1072-1945
LIBRARY
Documents Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE , Secretary

T Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
EN
R TM CO
PA MM
ER
DE OF
CE
Part 1. TRANSPORTATION AND
A
RIC

UNI ST
TED ATE
AME

PUBLIC UTILITIES
Of

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $1.50. Price this report.5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 1 November 1945 Number 6

Highways of Peru

Prepared by the Transportation Unit, James C. Nelson , Chief

Line of the Pan American Highway in Southern Peru As It Descends Into One of the Many Valleys South of Arequipa

D 10740
 Highways
Prepared by Edgel C. Skinner, Transportation Unit
Based on reports of Foreign Service Officers, United States Embassy, Lima
This series of Latin American high-
way reports is being initiated to present
data concerning the highway mileage
and type of construction, adequacy of
the highway system in terms of econo-
mic needs, and national policy in regard
to new road construction. It is believed
that this information will aid the motor
vehicle and construction machinery
and equipment industries in making
analyses of market potentialities in
these countries not only for a short-
range program in the immediate post-
war years, when equipment depreci-
ated and retired during the war will
be replaced , but for a long-range pro-
gram in the later years, when the
present demand for replacements will
have been met.
Basic information concerning econo-
mic and financial factors to be consid-
ered in analysing market potentialities
are being published in the International
Reference Service. Information con-
cerning motor vehicle registration and
construction machinery and equipment
will be published in the motive prod-
ucts and equipment series of the In-
dustrial Reference Service.
General Information
The Republic of Peru has an esti-
mated area of 482,250 square miles and
a population, estimated in 1940, of
7,023,000 . While the apparent population
density is 14.6 persons per square mile,
a preliminary survey of Peruvian agri-
culture in 1943 indicates that the den-
sity of population to cultivated area is
1.9 persons per acre.
The pattern of the country's economic
development has been determined by
the Andean mountain system, which
extends the 1,400 -mile length of the
country in two and sometimes three
major parallel ranges. This mountain
system, which reaches altitudes higher
than any in North America, separates
Peru into three topographic and cli-
matic areas : The dry coastal region,
the sierra or mountainous region, and
the partially explored montana or
eastern region.
The coastal region covers about 12
percent of the area ; the sierra, 27 per-
cent; and the montana, 61 percent.
Except for points where the Andes
have been penetrated by rail or road,
there are no surface links between the
coastal and sierra economies, and the
region east of the Andes carries on
the major portion of its commerce
through the 2,300-mile river route
between Iquitos, on the Upper Amazon ,
and Belem, near the mouth of the
great river.
of Peru
Highway Development
The highway system of Peru, at the
end of 1944, totaled 20,350 miles. On
the basis of an estimated area of 482, -
250 square miles, the area per mile of
road was 23.7 square miles. As meas-
ured by ranking this figure with the
comparable statistic of each of the
other 20 American Republics, Peru
was thirteenth among the American
Republics in highway development.
As of December 31 , 1944, 12,269
trucks, 1,278 buses, and 15,774 passen-
ger cars were registered in Peru. The
number of motor vehicles per mile of
road was 1.4. In 1941 , before war-
time shortages of motor equipment
affected the normal ratio of motor
vehicles to mile of road in the 21
American Republics, Peru, with 1.5
motor vehicles per mile of road, was
tenth when ranked with the other 20
American Republics.
Within the country, however, the
growth of highway transportation
compared favorably with the develop-
ment of the other transportation me-
dia. On the basis of 2,650 miles of
common carrier and industrial track,
as reported in 1944, the area per mile
of railroad track was 181.9 square miles.
Owing to the fact that the cost of
constructing railroads over the Andes
is great as compared with the potential
returns from the investment, there
probably will be relatively little ex-
tension of the rail lines in the near
future. Navigable inland waterways
in the region east of the Andes total
between 3,000 and 4,000 miles, but
serve only as an eastward and inter-
national outlet except where connected
by highway's extending westward.
In view of the economic disad-
vantages of rail transportation and the
geographic limitations of water trans-
portation, the construction of highways
seems to offer the best solution to the
problem of developing a transportation
system adequate to bring about the
full economic growth of the country .
It is significant that the highway mile-
age reported in 1944 showed an increase
of about 55 percent relative to the
mileage of December 1936, when the
Peruvian Government adopted a policy
of road promotion as an approach to
the country's transportation problem.
Highway Mileage
Table 1 shows the mileage (as re-
ported in preliminary statistics) of each
type of road construction in 1938 and
1944 . About 36 percent of the high-
way mileage in 1944 consisted of
surfaced roads as compared with 28
percent in 1938. Surfaced road mileage
in 1944 increased 92 percent over that
in 1938 ; improved earth road mileage,
40 percent. The great increase in
asphalt pavement mileage was due to
the paving of a great part of the length
of the Pan American Highway be-
tween 1938 and 1943. In view of plans
to surface, in the future, all roads under
initial construction, the trend toward
a greater portion of surfaced highways
may be expected to continue.
Highway Expenditures
The total cost of road construction,
improvement, and maintenance since
the adoption, in 1936, of the road
promotion policy has been 253,090,720
soles, approximately $45,297,740. The
amount spent in each year since 1936 ,
with the construction and improve-
ment mileage in each year since 1939,
may be noted in table 2.
As the Peruvian statistics of expen-
ditures do not separate construction
and maintenance expenses, it is not
possible to any more than approximate
the cost of construction. The great
increase in expenditures in 1944 as
compared with the previous years was
due to increased costs resulting from
higher wage rates.
The road construction program has
been financed by special budget ap-
propriations, revenues from a gasoline
excise tax, revenues derived from an
unemployment tax, appropriations from
the National Defense Funds, and in-
ternal loans. Since January 1 , 1937,
all revenues from the gasoline excise
tax-estimated to be about $ 1,692,300
in each year between 1943 and 1945-
have been allocated for road purposes .
The difference between the total re-
venues collected from this gasoline
tax and the amount spent for road
construction, improvement, and main-
tenance is used to amortize a loan
from the International Petroleum Com-
pany for road purposes in 1939 and
the latter part of 1938. The allocations
from the National Defense Funds were
derived from advances by the Central
Reserve Bank.
The income from the gasoline
tax has been sufficient to fund and
service the loans contracted for the
construction and improvement of roads.
The loans have been either from in-
ternal sources or foreign interests own,
ing business enterprises within the
country .
Table 3 shows the principal sources
and amounts of funds used for road
construction, improvement , and main-
 HIGHWAYS OF PERU

tenance in 1943 and the first 9 months

of 1944. In both years, more than
50 percent of the funds spent for con- COLOMBIA
struction, improvement, and mainten-
ance were allocated from the National
Defense Funds. ECUADOR
Administration
All matters relating to the purchas-
ing, planning, construction, repair, Internationalboundary webishedby arbitration
1947MODE JANEIROtheprovisionsofthe
1944, carryingout PROTOCOL
general administration, and financing Varde
of highways is under the jurisdiction
of the Direccion de Caminos y Ferro-
carriles (Bureau of Roads and Rail- aloreElAne
ways) of the Ministrio de Fomento Bullan Prom
y Obras Publicas (Ministry of Fomento Quere Carrasquille

C
and Public Works). A National Board.
DESERT LesMuertos Belleral BRAZIL

I
of Highway Standardization was cre- BECHURA

P
F
ated early in 1945 to issue regulations
for highway use and make recommen-

I
Pimentel Chelays
dations concerning the classification of

C
highways, mileage methods, and mark-
dePedro
Lo
ing systems. In general, road con- Chicome
struction, improvement, and main-
tenance is a Government activity and Selarry
private contractors are not employed.
Tings
Motor Transportation
There are few organized trucking
enterprises, and highway transporta-
Pavlice CorredeAces
tion, to date, has competed with other

C
Merged
transportation media only on traffic
E
O
moving in small volume. Motor trans-
portation on the highways paralleling LIMA Puerto Maldonado
the Central Railway and the Southern
Railway has been of little significance ‫اسماء‬
in the transportation of metals, min-
erals, and other commodities moving in
volume. In the transportation of food
staples, however, the trucking industry
has become most important to the ropeta
national economy .
HIGHWAYS
OF
Principal Highways PERU Alpesy
The road construction program has PAN AMERICAN HIGHWAY
followed a basic plan for developing CENTRAL HIGHWAY LaJoya
PENETRATING ROADS
a national highway system. This plan, --OTHER ROADS
........... PROJECTED ROADS
based on Peru's topography and its
great length as compared with its Taco
width, projects one north-south CHILE
longitudinal trunk highway (Peru's 0.0.40-007
section of the Pan American Highway) ,
running through the coastal region,
and several east-west penetration trunk Desaguadero road, passing through face between Lambayeque, in the
roads, connecting the longitudinal Puno to the Bolivian border, and the North, and Chala, in the south.
highway with the interior. Local Vitor-Tacna road, running through After skirting the Sechura Desert
feeder roads connect the various dis- Moquegua to the Chilean border. This from Sullana to Lambayeque, the sec-
tricts with the trunk system. highway has a continuous asphalt sur- tion of the Pan American Highway
Table 4 shows the length and surface
classification, by sections, and the
altitude at various points, of each of TABLE 1.-Peruvian Highway Mileage by Construction Type, 1938 and 1944
the trunk highways and the principal
feeder roads. Miles Percent of total
Construction type
North-South Route (Pan American Highway) 1944 1938 1944 1938
Peru's section of the Pan American Unimproved and unsurfaced earth. 1,864 1,864 9.2 13.7
Highway starts on the Ecuadoran Improved earth... 11,231 8,015 55.2 58.6
border from two points, Aguas Verdes, Surfaced (excluding paved surfaces ). 6,064 3,482 29.8 25.5
near the coast, and La Tina, in north- Asphalt pavement.. 1,090 223 5.3 1.6
Cement concrete.... 101 82 0.5 0.6
eastern Peru, and, after the two
branches join at Sullana, runs via Total. 20,350 13,666 100.0 100.0
Lima to Vitor, at which point it forms
two branches - the Vitor Arequipa- Source : Foreign Service Report No. 36, January 28, 1945.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

north of Lima follows the coast and TABLE 3.-Principal Sources and Amounts of Funds Used for Road Construction,
passes through territory near sea level Improvement, and Maintenance
in altitude.
The section of the Pan American 1943
January-September 1944
Highway south of Lima follows the
Source
coast line to Pisco. On the Lima-Pisco Expenditures Percent of Expenditures Percent of
section, the highest altitude reached is (dollars) total (dollars) total
2,329 feet at Quilmana, 24 miles north
of Canete. At Pisco, the road runs National Defense Funds. 3,559,154 56.3 3,145,385 52.8
Internal loan.. 1,369,922 21.7 1,120,228 18.8
inland to Ica and Nasca, 1,325 and Gasoline tax...... 753,231 11.9 737,234 12.4
1,798 feet, respectively, above sea Pro-unemployed tax. 307,692 4.9 461,538 7.7
level. From Nasca, the road descends Budget appropriations.. 329,683 5.2 494,885 8.3
to the coast, which it follows from the Total. 6,319,682 100.0 5,959,270 100.0
vicinity of Lomas to Atico.
Between Atico and Pescadesu, there Source : Foreign Service Report No. 36, January 28, 1945.
are two branches. One branch leaves
the coast and passes over Calavera Cerro
(Hill of the Skull) before coming to the TABLE 4.-Principal Peruvian Highways
coast again at Pescadesu. The other
branch follows the coastline to Pesca-
desu and will be more suitable for Approximate Approximate
altitude at
Highway and sections Type of surface length of initial
commercial trucking than the variant section terminus
passing over Calavera Cerro. (miles) (feet)
From Camana, 400 feet above sea
level, the highway runs inland to
Vitor, 5,348 feet above sea level, and Pan American Highway :
Aguas Verdes-Tumbes. Surfaced 1 16 10
Arequipa, 7,549 feet above sea level. Tumbes-El Alto. .do 93 43
The Vitor-Tacna road descends again El Alto-Talara. Asphalt... 18
to 1,863 feet at the Chilean border Talara-Sullana.. Surfaced and asphalt 2. 56 48
La Tina-Lomas. Improved earth. 47 3
while the Vitor-Arequipa-Desaguadero Lomas-Sullana.. Surfaced. 28
road continues to an altitude of 13,974 Sullana-Piura... Asphalt. 28 249
feet at Pati. From Puno, the road Piura-Lambayeque. Surfaced and asphalt 186 164
follows the shore of Lake Titicaca to Lambayeque-Chiclayo.. Asphalt.. 9 59
Chiclayo-Trujillo... .do. 153 $2
Desaguadero, on the Bolivian frontier. Trujillo-Chimbote. do. 93 210
Chimbote-Casma. do. 44 16
Penetration Routes Casma-Huarmey. do. 60 197
Huarmey-Huacho. .do. 105 98
Three roads connect the Pan Amer- Huacho-Lima.. do. 119 197
ican Highway with the eastern slopes Lima-Pisco.... ..do. 174 512
Pisco-Ica.. ..do. 53 98
of the Andes.. These are the Olmos- 96
Ica-Nasca.. .do. 1,325
Bellavista road (northern penetration Nasca-Chala. ..do 116 1,798
route), the Central Highway, and the Chala-Atico.. Surfaced and asphalt 4.. 61 16
Atico-Ocona.. Surfaced. 69 66
Urcos-Quincemil road (southern pene- Ocona-Camana. ..do. 38 125
tration route). Camana-Arequipa.. .do. 130 400
Central Highway.-The most im- Arequipa-Puno. do. 174 7,549
portant of these penetration routes is Puno-Desaguadero.. .do . 93 12,539
Camana-Vitor. do. 88 400
the Central Highway, which begins on Improved earth ". 140 5,348
Vitor-Moquegua..
the coast at Callao, passes through Moquegua-Tacna.. Surfaced.. 115 4,495
Lima, and crosses the Andes to Oroya, Connecting penetration and feeder roads-

***
where it forms three branches- the Pan American Highway :
Piura-Paita.. Asphalt. 164
Oroya-Pucallpa road, the Oroya-Oxa-
252
22
Pan American Highway-Carrasquilly-
**
22
pampa-Huancabamba road, and the Huancabamba.. Improved and unimproved earth. 2
*
Oroya-Puno road. Olmos-Bellavista :

ཎྜ 88
The Callao-Lima- Oroya section of Olmos-Las Huertas. Improved earth. 607
Las Huertas-Bellavista. Unimproved earth. 78
the Central Highway and the Central Chiclayo-Pimentel.. Asphalt. 82
Railroad, which runs parallel to it, Chiclayo-Eten.. .do. 82
Unimproved and improved
Chiclayo-Llama.. earth 78 སྨྱ
82
TABLE 2.-Highway Expenditures, 1937- Pacasmayo-Balsas :
Pacasmayo-Chilete. Surfaced... 10
ྡ

44, and Miles of Construction, 1939-44

Chilete-Balsas ... Surfaced and improved earth..
Chicama-Sayapulloo. Unimproved and improved earth. 410
Expenditures Miles Trujillo-Salaverry. Asphalt... 210
Year (dollars) constructed Trujillo-Cajabamba.. Surfaced. 109 210
Santa-Tablones. .do.
Casma-Huaras :
1937. 4,887,095 Casma-Callan. do. 197
1938. 6,844,080 Callan-Huaras.. .do. 13,779
1939. 6,796,879 1,593 Pativilca-Huaras :
1940. 2,159,378 636 Pativilca-Abra Conococha.. do 361
1941. 4,789,138 988 Abra Conococha-Puente Bedoya. .do. 13,451
1942. 6,169,594 1,419 Puente Bedoya-Huaras. .do.. 10,499
1943. 5,959,270 1,303 Chancay-Acos :
1944. 17,692,308 746 Chancay-Huaral. Asphalt. 190
Huaral-Acos. Surfaced.
Total.. 45,297,742 Lima-Canta-Cerro de Pasco :
Lima-Quives.. Asphalt 512
Quives-Canta. Surfaced.
1 Estimated. Canta-La Viuda Pass... .do 9,121
Source : Foreign Service Report No. 36, January La Viuda Pass-Cerro de Pasco.. Improved earth. 15,617
28, 1945.
 HIGHWAYS OF PERU 5

rise from sea level at Callao to 15,889 TABLE 4.- Principal Peruvian Highways- (Continued)
feet at the Anticona Pass, a distance
of about 95 miles from Callao, and Approximate
Approximate altitude at
descends to 12,224 feet at Oroya, a length of
distance of about 29 miles from the Highway and sections Type of surface initial
section terminus
Anticona Pass. Throughout, this sec- (miles) (feet)
tion of the Central Highway is an .
asphalt paved road , about 20 feet wide.
The Oroya-Pucallpa branch of the Central Highway : 95
Callao-Lima-Anticona.. Asphalt 15,889
Central Highway runs through Cerro Anticona-Oroya.. .do.. 29
de Pasco, 14,436 feet above sea level, Oroya-Pucallpa 12,224
Oroya-Carhuamayo.. Surfaced 54
to Huanuco, 6,272 feet above sea level. 6
Carhuamayo-Colquijirca.. Improved earth. 14,222
Between Huanuco and Tingo Maria, Colquijirca-Cerro de Pasco... Surfaced.. 3 14,436
the road crosses an eastern range of Cerro de Pasco-Huanuco... ..do.... 70 6,272
the Andes at an altitude of 9,244 feet Huanuco-Tingo Maria.. .....do ... 86
Tingo Maria San Alejandro 2,205
and descends to 2,205 feet at Tingo River do. 131
Maria, on the Huallaga River. From San Alejandro River-Pucallpa Improved earth. 47
Tingo Maria, the highway runs across Oroya-Huancabamba
Oroya-San Luis de Shuaro..... Surfaced . 109 12,224
the Divisoria range, 5,291 feet above 16 2,474
San Luis de Shuaro-Oxapampa... Improved earth.
sea level, continues to the Boqueron Oroya-Puno
of Padre Abad, 1,542 feet above sea Oroya-Huancayo.... Surfaced. 82 12,224
level, and crosses the forested lowlands Huancayo-Huanta. .do.. 132 10,696
Huanta-Ayacucho. Improved earth. 32 8,694
to Pucallpa, 656 feet above sea level. Surfaced 8 245 9,065
Ayacucho-Abancay.
Pucallpa, on the Ucayali River, is con- Abancay-Cuzco... ..do.. 124 8,070
nected with Iquitos, on the Upper Cuzco-Puno .. Surfaced. 289 11,155
Canete-Yaugos.. Unimproved earth. 78 246
Amazon, by both river steamer (of Pisco-Huancavelica.. Surfaced ... 202 98
8 to 10 feet draft) and air service. Poroma-Marcona-San Juan.. Unimproved earth 31
During the rainy season, the eastern Nasca-Abancay
end of the highway is closed. Nasca-Portachuelo Pass .... Improved earth. 93 1,798
Portachuelo Pass-Cralhuanca... Unimproved earth. 35 14,337
The Oroya-Oxapampa-Huancabam- Chalhuanca-Abancay. Surfaced. 92 9,285
ba branch of the Central Highway at Arequipa-Mollendo.. Improved earth. 91 7,546
Tacna-Ilave... Surfaced.. 186 1,864
present runs as far as Oxapampa, al- Connecting penetration and feeder roads-
though the road will eventually extend Central Highway :
as far as Huancabamba . From Oroya, Concepcion-Satipo..... Surfaced. 93 10,663
the road runs eastward to Cumbre, Huambutio-Pillahuata. do. 99 10,238
Urcos-Quincemil.. .do.. 168 10,048
. 14,105 feet above sea level, and de- Other Important highways connecting
scends within a distance of 19 miles to penetration roads-
10,005 feet at Tarma. From Tarma, Huaras-Huallanca... Surfaced. 68 10,141
the road continues to San Ramon,
(2,657 feet above sea level), San Luis 1 Paved surfaces excepted.
de Shuaro (2,474 feet above sea level), 2 Between the vicinity of Vichaya and Sullana, a distance of about 24 miles, the road is paved with
and Oxapampa. asphalt.
The Oroya-Puno branch of the Cen- 3 There is asphalt pavement in 2 sections : (1 ) Between Piura and the vicinity of Ternique, a distance
tral Highway and the main line of the of 78 miles, and (2 ) between Casa Rosada and Lambayeque, a distance of 3 miles.
Central Railroad, which runs parallel 4 The road is paved with asphalt for a distance of 20 miles south of Chala.
to the road, follow the valley of the 5 There are short sections of surfaced and unimproved earth around Cachendo.
Mantaro River to Huancayo, 10,696 feet The road is surfaced in the vicinity of Ilave.
above sea level. At Huancayo, the ' The surfaced road extends about 16 miles beyond San Luis de Shuaro.
road forms two branches-the Huan- 8 Three short sections of about 6 miles each are of improved earth surface.
cayo-Mejorada-Mantacra road, which 9 The road is being surfaced at the present time.
follows the valley of the Mantaro River Sources : Ministry of Fomento and Public Works, Peru ; Carreteras del Peru, International Petroleum
Co. Ltd., 1942-43.
and the line of the Huancayo-Huan-
calvelica Railway, and the Huancayo-
Pampas-Mantacra road, which, except
for a descent into a valley at Pampas,
runs across a paramo at an altitude of line of the Southern Railway, which Dios River. At present, the road, which
14,000 feet until it descends to meet runs parallel to the road, follow the passes through the region of the Marca-
the road from Mejorada at Mantacra. Vilcanota River, cross the La Raya pata gold placer deposits, extends be-
From Mantacra, the road continues Pass ( 14,148 feet above sea level) and yond Quincemil to the Nusiniscato
along the Mantaro River valley to run along the Pucara River to Puno River.
Ayacucho, 9,065 feet above sea level. (12,539 feet above sea level) . Between Northern penetration route.- The
Between Ayacucho and Cuzco, the road Cuzco and Puno, the road and railroad northern penetration highway starts
runs across a paramo at altitudes be- run across paramo plains at altitudes from Olmos, on the Pan American
tween 13,000 and 14,000 feet, except from 12,000 to 13,000 feet. At Puno, Highway, crosses the Andes at the
for descents at the Pampas River valley the road joins the Vitor- Arequipa- Porculla Pass ( 7,072 feet in altitude ) ,
(6,889 feet above sea level), the town Desaguadero branch of the Pan Amer- and runs across the Quebrada de Tier-
of Andahuaylas (9,267 feet above sea ican Highway. ras Negras and the Huallapampa to
level) the town of Abancay (8,070 feet Southern penetration route.- From the Huancabamba River which the
above sea level), the Apurimac River Urcos, south of Cuzco on the Oroya- road follows to Bellavista, on the Ma-
valley, and the town of Cuzco ( 11,155 Puno branch of the Central Highway ranon River. It is planned to extend
feet above sea level) . and the Arequipa- Cuzco trunk line of the road as far as Manuel Prado, where
From Anta to Cuzco, the road runs the Southern Railway, it is planned to the Maranon River is navigable, from
parallel to the Cuzco-Santa Ana Rail- extend a southern penetration highway September to May, by vessels of 7 to
way. From Cuzco, the road and the to Puerto Maldonado, on the Madre de 8 feet draft.
 INDUSTRIAL
Adequacy of Highway System
Although large areas in the only
partially explored eastern regions and
many valleys of the Andes are not
yet served by any modern means of
transportation, the plan of the highway
system is excellent in terms of both
strategic and economic needs. The Pan
American Highway fills an obvious
strategic and economic need in provid-
ing an overland means of transpor-
tation between the ports and river
valleys of the coastal region.
The building of the three penetration
roads toward the eastern lowlands is
an important step in opening up the
eastern slopes of the Andes. These
have great agricultural possibilities and
in the future should support a larger
number of people than Peru's present
population of 7,023,000 - which is dense
in terms of present cultivable acre-
age as well as make the country more
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3 , Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass . , 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3 , N. Y., 242 Federal
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill ., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave. ,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo ., 566 Custom-
house.
REFERENCE SERVICE
self-sufficient in regard to its food
supply. The Central Highway-parti-
cularly the Callao-Lima-Oroy'a and
Oroya-Puno sections- has become an
important route for moving food sta-
ples, the greater part of which are
grown in the valleys of the Andes to
the Callao-Lima district, which is the
largest metropolitan area.
Thus highway transport promises to
become an increasingly important me-
dium of transportation, and the vigor-
ous execution of the highway program
according to the present plan will be
of great value to the country's econo-
mic welfare.
Summary
Since 1936 Peru has made notable
progress in building a highway system
adequate for the economic needs of
the country . The highway mileage
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 Federal
Bldg .
Houston, 14, Tex. , 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg .
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federa
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1 , Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg .
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Mari-
time Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor,
130 W. 42nd St.
✩u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-669635
reported in 1944 was 55 percent greater
than that reported in 1936. Between
1938 and 1944, surfaced road mileage
increased 92 percent ; improved earth
road mileage, 40 percent. It is planned,
in the future, to surface all roads under
initial construction .
Peru ranks among the first of the
American Republics in progress on the
Pan American Highway. Of the ap-
proximate 2,250 -mile length of Peru's
section of the Highway, about 1,100
miles are paved with asphalt and 990
miles are surfaced with other materials.
The highway program has been in
accordance with Peru's economic needs
and ability to finance. In view of the
Peruvian Government's policy of road
promotion and encouragement of motor
truck and bus transportation, it seems
likely that highway transportation will
dominate Peru's postwar transportation
industry .
Philadelphia 2, Pa. , 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New
Federal Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313 , 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307
Customhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg.,
Bull Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal
Office Bldg.
 EY
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Volume 3- Part 1 November 1945 Number 7

Electric Power Industry of Cuba

Prepared by Transportation Unit, James C. Nelson, Chief

HAVANA
Santiago de las Vegas Matonzos Cardenas

Pinar del Rio SenteClare

Cienfuegos

ISLE Trinidad
OF
PINES Nu vilas
Cemazusy

•Holguin

Bayamo
Manzanillo Guantanamo
Santiago deCuba

D. 10741
 Electric Power
Cuba is the largest island in the
West Indies group and the nearest
foreign country noncontiguous to the
United States. Including the Isle of
Pines and several small adjacent is-
lands, the area of Cuba is about 44,215
square miles, and the coastline (includ-
ing the larger Keys) is about 2,500
miles in length. The Island is ap-
proximately 780 miles long and varies
in width from 25 to 160 miles. The
population in 1943 was about 4,779,000
persons, of which 40 percent are white,
and the remaining 60 percent are Ne-
gro, Mestizo and other races. The
official language of Cuba is Spanish.
Habana, the capital (population 800, -
000) has one of the finest and safest
harbors in the world and about three-
fifths of the Island's imports and one-
fourth of its exports clear Habana's
wharves. Other important cities with
good harbors are : Matanzas, Cardenas,
Caibarien, Isabela de Sagua, Neuvitas,
Banas, Puerto Padre, Nipe, Gibara and
Baracoa on the north or Atlantic Ocean
side of the Island, and Santiago de
• In 1943, there were a total of 286,256
Cuba, Manzanillo, Guantanamo, Suigi-
dero de Batabano and Cienfuegos on
the south coast.
The Island is divided into six prov-
inces namely: Pinar del Rio, Habana,
Matanzas, Las Villas, Camaguey and
Oriente. The eastern end of the Island
and the western Province of Pinar del
Rio are mountainous. Santa Clara is
rough and broken, but Matanzas and
Habana are flat and rolling.
The climate is semitropical but mod-
erated by the ocean influences. At
Habana temperatures average 70 de-
grees Fahrenheit in January and 79
degrees Fahrenheit in July. The hotter
or rainy season extends from mid-May
through October, while the colder or
dry season begins in November and
continues until May. Mean rainfall is
about 40 inches.
The only navigable rivers on the
Island are the Rio Cauto in Oriente
Province (50 miles) and the Sagua la
Grande in Las Villas (20 miles).
Hydroelectric Potential Low
Cuba depends chiefly upon the im-
portation of foreign fuels in generating
electricity to supply the Island's de-
mands for power. Diesel-operated
power plants predominate . An occa-
sional hydraulic plant or hydraulic and
steam-operated plant is found, but the
hydroelectric resources of the Island
are extremely limited.
2
Industry
Industry
By Guida Berrigan Hall
There are only a few rivers and
streams which are considered capable
of being utilized for the production
of hydroelectric energy on a commer-
cial basis. During the past 20 years
some study has been given to the
development of the Hanabanille River
in the southern part of the Province
of Las Villas. The results of this
investigation indicate that the com-
mercial utilization of this stream would
be impractical both financially and
technically. It is doubtful if postwar
expansion of hydroelectric power in
Cuba will be developed to any con-
siderable degree. The expansion of
steam-generated facilities, however, is
being given consideration at this time,
as is indicated later in this article.
Types of Power Plants
Cuban power plants can be listed in
two principal groups. The first, the
so-called "public utilities," supply elec-
tric current to the public. The second
group is comprised of the plants oper-
ated by the sugar mills. This latter
group often supplies current to the
towns in their immediate vicinity, and
in other instances ties in with the
lines of the public utility companies.
Large industrial establishments, such
as mines, also operate their own private
electric power plants, and in addition
a number of them supply electric
energy to the homes and industries
in the adjoining communities.
In recent years there have been no
large additions to Cuba's power gene-
rating facilities and following statistics
substantially represent present condi-
tions in the power-supply field .
Increased Consumption of Energy
The Cia. Cubana de Electricidad,
a subsidiary of a United States holding
company, is the most important dis-
tributor of electric current in Cuba
and supplies about 90 to 95 percent
of all the current consumed on the
Island . Data issued by that company
showed an increase of 2.6 percent in
the consumption of electricity during
1941 compared to the consumption in
1940. The kilowatt -hours of energy
consumed in the 2 years mentioned
totaled 301,346,000 in 1940 and 309,510-
000 in 1941 .
In 1942 and 1943, the consumption
of electricity in Cuba also increased
in four of the six categories of con-
sumer groups, as shown in a following
table. The only groups which showed
of Cuba
of
a decline in the amount of current
used were the "Government" and
"Municipal" classifications. During the
first half of 1943, the monthly variation
of consumption followed the usual sea-
sonal pattern, although the output of
electricity was carried at a lower rate
than in the corresponding period of
1942, due chiefly to rationing measures
in effect and which are described in
some detail in another section of this
study. The upswing of electric current
sales commenced with the month of
June 1943, and for the remaining
months of the year showed a con-
siderable increase over the same
months of the preceding year.
A following tabulation shows the
comparison of electric current con-
sumption in the six consumer-groups
during the years 1942 and 1943, and
the comparative totals both for the
2 years as a whole and by territorial
divisions. All figures are in thousand
kilowatt-hours.
Electric Consumers Increase
customers of all categories receiving
electricity from the Cia. Cubana de
Electricidad, as compared with 274,375
customers at the end of 1942. The
increases in the number of customers
for electric power is a reflection among
other things of the increased com-
mercial and financial activity which
took place in Cuba in 1943 compared
to 1942. Electric customers in the
"Residential," "Industrial" and "Mu-
nicipal" groups showed an increase
over the number of new customers
in the "Government" and "Public
Utility" categories.
The tabulation on page 2 shows the
number of electric customers of the
above named company which , as stated
elsewhere in this article , supplies from
90 to 95 percent of the Island's electric
current. The territorial divisions are
the same as noted in a preceding table
which indicates the sale or consumption
of electric current.
The number of electrical connections
on the company's lines again rose
during 1944. Comparative figures for
1944 and 1943 are 303,108 and 286,258
respectively .
The total number of customers for
electric energy at the close of 1944
would have indeed been much larger
if it had been possible for the company
to supply all of the requests for power,
but the lack of necessary materials and
equipment prevented full compliance
 ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF CUBA 3

with all requests. Many industrial and Total Installed Generator Capacity of Public Utility Plants
agricultural installations which in- [ In kilowatts]
volved the use of electric motors had.
to be postponed owing to the im- Hydro- Hydro. and
Province electric Diesel Diesel Steam Gasoline
possibility of obtaining the required
equipment. The company reports that
at the end of 1944 there were over Pinar del Rio.... 33 1,124 86 10
1,500 residential services and approxi- Habana .. 1,600 43 100,536
Matanzas. 550 218 5,000
mately 1,000 line extensions held up Las Villas.. 6,585 315 65
for lack of materials. Camaguey 4,828 5,200
Oriente.. 300 2,952 905 7,025
1944 Consumption Increases
Totals. 883 12,261 6,395 117,826 10
The increased number of electrical
connections on the lines of the Cia. Source : Department of Public Works, Cuba.

Sales of Electric Current During 1942 and 1943

[In 1,000 kw.-hr.]

Residential Commercial Industrial Government Municipal Public Utility Total

Territorial division
1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943

Habana City. 25,627 26,109 40,390 39,961 28,218 36,464 23,925 23,852 9,796 7,560 32,676 35,921 160,632 169,867
Habana rural. 14,546 15,854 7,963 9,501 32,132 30,867 2,848 2,989 5,400 6,260 11,474 8,972 74,363 74,443
Matanzas.. 3,076 3,396 2,507 2,709 4,672 4,636 173 176 709 653 911 935 12,048 12,505
Las Villas. 4,458 4,949 4,618 4,777 4,412 5,243 341 355 1,229 1,220 15,058 16,544
Camaguey. 4,290 4,663 4,517 4,865 6,607 7,174 2,769 2,001 820 798 941 950 19,944 20,451
Oriente.. 5,673 6,167 5,413 5,766 24,158 23,235 940 1,207 2,549 2,552 1,971 1,967 40,704 40,894
Total.. 57,670 61,138 65,408 67,579 100,199 107,619 30,996 30,580 20,503 19,043 47,973 48,745 322,749 334,704

Number of Electric Customers Connected as of December 31, 1942–1943

Residential Commercial Industrial Government Municipal Public Utility Total

Territorial division
1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943

193
Habana City.. 80,498 82,067 23,305 23,791 714 857 338 344 8 8 1 104,864 107,068

895
Habana rural.. 48,123 51,771 8,421 8,437 464 559 331 315 64 65 6 6 57,409 61,153
Matanzas. 16,343 18,133 3,235 3,365 163 162 195 186 67 88 2 20,006 21,936
Las Villas. 26,314 28,362 5,586 5,601 167 162 242 224 83 100 32,392 34,449

TT
Camaguey. 22,964 23,583 4,717 5,031 135 165 127 118 16 16 1 27,690 28,914
Oriente... 26,649 27,268 4,973 5,023 163 223 185 174 43 49 1 1 32,014 32,738
Total. 220,621 231,184 50,237 51,248 1,806 2,128 1,418 1,361 671 281 12 11 274,375 286,258

Cubana de Electricidad increased the
sales of the current in 1944 over that
of the preceding year, when 366,122,000
kilowatt-hours for 1944 were reported
compared to 344,170,000 kilowatt-hours
in 1943.
Rationing of Electricity
It is believed that the growth of the
electrical industry in Cuba during 1943
and 1944 would have been greatly en-
hanced had it not been for the rationing
of electric current necessiated by the
shortages of fuel oil, and the restraints
placed upon the utilization of fuel oil
and electricity for nonessential pur-
poses. The rationing of electric energy
was put in force by the Cuban Govern-
ment on July 13, 1942. Rationing cut
the use of current for so-called "luxury
purposes" by 75 percent and street
lighting by 50 percent. It also forbade
the use of lights in homes at other
times than between the hours of 8 p.m.
and 11 p.m., except in case of illness
or exceptional cases which must have
the approval of the local police authori-
ties. Even radio stations came under the
rationing of electricity by the Govern-
ment's order as well as numerous other
large users of electric current. A con-
siderable savings is believed to have
been effected .
Electric Current Characteristics
The electric energy distributed by
the public service power companies in
Cuba is generally supplied at 110/220
volts, 3 phase, 60 cycles, alternating
current. Direct current of 110/220
volts is supplied in some areas, but
alternating current predominates. Motor
installations, unless the units are of
large size, are serviced at 220 and 440
volts.
Transmission Lines
There are no very high voltage trans-
mission lines in Cuba. The Cia.
Cubana de Electricidad has certain
transmission lines insulated for 110,000
volts, but the actual voltage in use
on these lines is 33,000 volts. While
lines of higher voltage have been plan-
ned, at the present time 33,000 volts
is the maximum . In 1941 , the above-
named company constructed a new
33,000 -volt, 3 phase, transmission line
extending from the town of Camaguey
to Neuvitas, passing through the town
of Minas. By means of this line,
power is supplied to Neuvitas, and
replaces the old power plant located
in that town. The substation at Neu-
vitas is said to have a capacity of
500 kilowatts. The secondary voltage
for distribution is 4,000 volts.
Another line was constructed shortly
after the above -mentioned line was
completed. It connects the towns of
Guantanamo and Caimamera at 4,000
volts primary.
The voltage from the 33,000 -volt
lines is stepped down to 4,000 volts
 INDUSTRIAL
in the large communities. Secondary
voltages for domestic service are 230
and 115, with the latter prevailing.
Rural Electrification
Of the 4,778,583 inhabitants of Cuba
(census of 1943) , 1,562,305 individuals,
or about 32.6 percent, live in urban
areas, and the remaining 3,216,278 per-
sons, or about 67.31 percent, comprise
the rural population of the Island . The
majority of this group are employed
on the sugar plantations only three
or four months during the year.
At the present time there are about
250 farms that have tie-line service ,
and approximately 150 of these farms
are located in Habana Province. The
Cia. Cubana de Electricidad reports
that a total of 5,200 rural customers
(including the 250 above-mentioned
farms) receive electric power-line serv-
ice approximating 517 miles.
Wiring Regulations
Decree No. 410 of March 21 , 1927,
set forth the maximum voltages to be
used in Cuban electric light and power
distribution circuits, the method of
making connections, procedure to be
followed in "grounding" circuits, the
types of circuits that are permitted,
requirements concerning conductors,
lighting arrestors, connections to ground
and other requirements which were
published in the January 26, 1927 issue
of the Official Gazette. A later pro-
vision of the law, namely a Resolution,
(published in the Gazette on August
31, 1927) of the Consejo Central de
Servicios Publicos (Central Public Serv-
ice Council) provided that the neces-
sary laws and regulations applying to
safety conditions in public service in-
stallations require the application of
the provisions of the above-mentioned
Decree. The resolution also provides
that installations should follow the
regulations of the National Electrical
Safety Code and National Electrical
Code of the Board of Fire Underwriters ,
for electric wiring and apparatus.
Power plants and other electrical in-
stallations for private use must be
constructed in conformity with regula-
tions established by Reglamento Espe-
cial set forth in Decree No. 3309, issued
on November 17, 1937.
Government Rates for Resellers
The rates for plants selling electric
light and power which operated
independently of the Cuban Electric
Company system (Cia. Cubana de
Electricidad) were fixed over 10 years
ago by the then Provisional President
of Cuba. Since that time, however,
the number of resellers of electric
current have increased to such an
extent, and the rates which they
REFERENCE
charged by obtaining the current from
sugar mills, smaller electric companies
and other generating plants, were so
high that the Cuban Government found
it necessary to fix the rate schedule
as shown in the following tabulation :
GROUP A
[Capacity over 100 kv.-a. ]
Minimum
Residential tariff:
the first 20 kw.-hr.
11 cents for
Minimum 10 kw.-hr..
10 cents for the subsequent 50
kw.-hr..
7 cents for all consumption in
excess of the above..
Commercial tariff:
11 cents for the first 28 kw.-hr..
Minimum 15 kw.-hr....
10 cents for the subsequent 100
kw.-hr...
7 cents for all consumption in
excess of the above.
Permanent lights (flat rate per month) :
25 watts 40 watts 60 watts 100 watts
$0.80 $1.00 $1.50 $1.90
GROUP B
[Capacity from 50.1 to 100 ky . -a.l
Minimum
Residential tariff:
13 cents for the first 10 kw.-hr.
Minimum 10 kw.-hr..
12 cents for the subsequent 100
kw.-hr..
9 cents for all consumption in
excess of the above...
Commercial tariff:
13 cents for the first 19 kw.-hr.
Minimum 10 kw -hr..
12 cents for the subsequent 100
kw .-hr...
9 cents for all consumption in
excess of the above...
Permanent lights (flat rate per month) :
25 watts 40 watts 60 watts 100 watts
$0.90 $1.45 $2.16 $2.50
GROUP C
[Capacity from 1 to 50 kv.-a.l
Minimum
Residential tariff:
15 cents for the first 19 kw.-hr.
Minimum 10 hw.-hr.
14 cents for the subsequent 50
kw.-hr.
13 cents for all consumption in
excess of the above.
Commercial tariff:
15 cents for the first 25 kw.-hr..
Minimum 15 kw.-hr..
14 cents for the subsequent 100
kw.-hr ...
11 cents for all consumption in
excess of the above.
Permanent lights (flat rate per month) :
25 watts 40 watts 60 watts 100 watts
$1.15 $1.60 $2.38 $2.90
Permanent lights half the night:
25 watts 40 waits 60 watts 100 watts
$0.86 $1.22 $1.84 $2.52
MAXIMUM TARIFF FOR MOTIVE POWER
For those included in Group "A"
of these fariffs
$2.10 for every hp. connected, as a minimum,
with a right to 30 kw.-nr. per hp. connected,
and the excess at $0.06.
For those included in Group "B"
of these tariffs
$2.25 for every hp . connected, with a right
to 25 kw.-hr. per hp. connected, and the
excess at $0.07.
For those included in Group "C"
of these tariffs
$2.40 for every hp. connected, with a right to
20 kw.-hr. per hp. connected, and the excess
at $0.09.
TARIFFS FOR RADIO BROADCASTING
STATIONS, NEWSPAPERS, PUBLIC
AMUSEMENTS AND PUBLIC SERVICE
COMPANIES
For those included in Group "A"
of these tariffs
SERVICE
$0.06 per kw.-hr. with a minimum of $2.22
per hp. connected.
For those included in Group “B”
of these tariffs
$0.08 per kw.-hr. with a minimum of $2.40
per month per hp. connected.
For those included in Group "C"
of these tariffs
$0.10 per kw.-hr. with a minimum of $2.50
per month per hp. connected.
SPECIAL TARIFF FOR
MOVING PICTURE HOUSES
charge
For those included in Group "A"
of these tariffs
$0.07 per kw.-hr. for the first 100 kw.-hr. ,
$1.10 and the excess at the rate of $0.06 with a
monthly minimum of 60 kw.-hr.
For those included in Group "B"
of these tariffs
$0.09 per kw.-hr. for the first 100 kw.-hr.,
and the excess at the rate of $0.07 with a
1.65 monthly minimum of 50 kw.-hr.
For those included in Group "C"
of these tariffs
$0.10 per kw.-hr. for the first 100 kw.-hr., and
the excess at the rate of $0.08 with a
monthly minimum of 40 kw.-hr.
Increased Rates Refused
The Cia. Cubana de Electricidad was
charge refused permission by the Public Utili-
ties Commission to increase the electric
rates of certain of their customers who
1.30 held optional contracts. The company
appealed this decision. However, on
September 21, 1943, the Civil and Con-
tentious Administrative Chambers of
1.95 the Supreme Court announced that it
had denied this appeal, and sustained
the decision rendered by the Public
Utilities Commission.
According to the terms of these
optional contracts, the consumer was
allowed reduced electric rates in ac-
cordance with the amount of power
charge consumed. A clause, however, was
contained in the agreement by which
$1.50 the company maintained the right to
increase special rates if the cost of
production of the electric energy ex-
ceeded the maximum amount specified
in the contract. The prevailing high
2.25 cost of production of the electric energy
exceeded the maximum amount speci-
fied in the contract. Cost of fuel oil and
coal caused the company to invoke this
clause, which brough forth protests
from the residential consumers and
caused the Public Utilities Commission
to reverse its decision to permit the
increased rates.
Contemplated Additions
Considerable additions to the gener-
ating capacities of Cuba's central sta-
tions are contemplated in the postwar
era. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad is
reported to be contemplating the con-
struction of a new 25,000 to 50,000
kilowatt steam -operated unit which
will cost, including the machinery,
equipment and installation, from 5 to
7 million dollars.
An expenditure of about $400,000 for
the installation of additional generating
equipment (consisting of two 5,000
kilowatt generator units) is said to be
 ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF CUBA

considered by one of the largest textile
organizations in Cuba, as soon as war
conditions permit.
One of the more important independ-
ent public-service electric power com-
panies which supplies current to the
town of Pinar del Rio and vicinity, is
understood to be in the market for one
1,500 kilowatt generating unit which
will cost about $60,000.
Ten coal-fired boilers will be con-
verted to fuel oil at an early date by
the Cia. Cubana de Electricidad, and
it is estimated that the oil burners, oil
heaters, meter and blower equipment,
structural steel, steel castings and
piping will require an expenditure of
at least $50,000.
The construction of additional trans-
mission lines and a few new trans-
formers will be required if the above-
mentioned additions to the generating
equipment are made.
Cuban Power Plants
In the following list of Cuban power
plants, three classifications are made to
show which cities and towns receive
their electricity from public service
power companies, and those obtaining
their current from sugar mills or other
industrial establishments. The electric
current characteristics available in each
city or town is also noted, as well as
the names of the owners of the power
plants. When the address of the power
plant differs from that of the city it
serves, the postal address is also fur-
nished.

Electrical Energy Supplied by Public Service Companies

City Owners of Plant Capacity Class of Plant

(kw.) Туре Voltage

Abrous... Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220

Aguacate Cia. Servicios Publicos Aguacate. AC 220
Aguada de Pasajeros... Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Agramonte.. .do. AC 110/220
Alacranes.... .do... AC 110/220
Alonso Rojas. Juan Escobar 3.5 DC 110 Gasoline.
Alquizar.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Altamisal. Ramon Lefont... 6 DC 110 Diesel.
Altagracia.. Elpidio Moran... 7.5 DC 220 Do.
Alto Cedro.. Enrique e Hijo.. 12 DC 220 Do.
Alto Songo. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Amarillas.. ..do. AC 110/220
Antilla. Galvani y Nunez... 94 AC 110 Do.
Arcos de Canasi.. Otegui Hno. y Cia... AC 220
Arriete.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Arroyo Arenas.. .do. AC 220
Arroyo Naranjo.. do.. AC 220
Arroyos de Mantua.. Galdo y Cia.. 6.5 DC 110 Do.
Artemisa.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Auras Chaparra Light and Power Co.. AC 110/220
Bacuranao.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad ... AC 110/220
Baez... Felix Endemano.. AC 110/220
Bahia Honda. Manuel Gonzale.. 7.5 DC 220 Do.
Bainca. Jaruco, Luz y Fuerza.. AC 220
Baire.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. 10 AC 220 Do.
Banaguises. Juan G. Quian.. 12 DC 220 Do.
Banes.... Galvani y Doria... 90 AC 220 Do.
Baracoa . Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba. 300 AC 110/220 Hydraulic.
Barrera. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Bartle Cia. Industrial de Bartle.. 25 DC 110 Steam .
Batabano. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 220
Bayamo.. do . AC 110/220
Bejucal do AC 220
Bellamota. Galvez y Alsola. DC 220 Diesel.
Benavides. Jose Luis del Rosario.. AC 110/220
Bolondron.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
127

Buena Vista Pedro Poblador.. 12 DC 110 Do.

Cabaiguan. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Cabanas .do.. AC 110/220
Cabezas. .do. AC 110/220
Cacocum. Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba.. DC 220 Do.
Caibarien. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Caimanera. .do. AC 110
Caimito.. .do. AC 110/220
Calabazar. .do. AC 220
Calabazar de Sagua. .do.. AC 110/220
Calimete.... .do AC 110/220
Calvario.. .do. AC 220
Camaguey .do.. 5,050 AC 110/220 Steam.
Camajuani.. .do.. AC 110/220
Campechuels.. Diego Caso Bombi.. 75 AC 110/220 Diesel.
Campo Florido. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 220
Candelaria.. .do. AC 110 Do.
Candonga.. .do. AC 110
Caney.. .do. AC 220
Cano... ..do. AC 220
Canas... .do. AC 110/220
Caraballo.. Jaruco, Luz y Fuerza... AC 220
Cardenas. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. 5,000 AC 110/220
Carlos Miguel de Cespedes .. .do.. AC 110/220
Carlos Rojas.. do. AC 110/220
Cartagena... do. AO 110/220
Casa Blanca. do. AC 110/220
Cascorro.. Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba. AC 110/220 Do.
Casilda. Hidro-Electric Trinitaria.. AC 110/220
Catalina de Guines. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Cayo Nambi. Cia. Frutera de Cuba.. AC 220
Ceballos.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Ceiba del Agua. .do. AC 110/220
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Electrical Energy Supplied by Public Service Companies— (Continued )

City Owners of Plant Capacity Туре Voltage Class of Plant

(kw. )

Ceiba Mocha.. Jose Luis del Rosario.. 25 AC 110/220 Do.

Cespedes (Camaguey) . Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Cespedes (Matanzas ) . ...do ..... AC 110/220
Chambas. Ezequiel de la Rosa.. 64 DC 220 Do.
"Chaparra" "Delicias" Chaparra Light and Power Co.. 3,500 AC 110/220
Cidra.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Ciego de Avila. ..do . 4,100 AC 110/220 Do.
Cienfuegos.. do. 6,100 A.C 110/220 Hydraulic and Steam.
Cifuentes. do. AC 110/220
Cobre... .do.. AC 110/220
Cojimar... do. AC 110/220
Coliseo.... do. AC 110/220
Colon.... ..do... AC 110/220
Condado. Paulino Oliva... 10 DC 110 Diesel.
Congojas Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Consolacion del Norte. Braulio Morales y Hno.. 26 AC 110 Do.
Consolacion del Sur.. Hernandez y Hno..... AC 110/220
Cotorro.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Cristo.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Cruces.. .do.. AC 110/220
Cuatro Caminos. .do.. AC 110/220
Cueto..... Cia. Electrica de Alumbrado de Cuba. AC 110
Cumanayagua.. Miguel Sanchez Rodriguez. 145 AC 110/220 Hydraulic and Steam.
Dimas. Manuel Montero Rodriguez.. 6 DC 110 Gasoline.
Dos Caminos. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Duran. do.... AC 110/220
.do.. AC 110/220

11357
Encrucijada..
Esmeralda.. Rogelio Arriete y Hno. 5 AC 110/220 Diesel.
Esperanza. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Estrada.. Miguel Galdo.... 3 DC 110 Do.
Falla... Cia. Azucarera Adelaida. 150 DC 220 Steam .
Florencia. Benjamin Vinas.. 7.5 DC 110 Diesel.
Florida.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Fomento... Felix Endemano... 65 AC 110/220 Steam .
Gabriel. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Gaspar.. ....do.... AC 110/220

20
General Carrillo. Teodoro Meneses.. 20 DC 220 Diesel.
Gibara.. Chaparra Light and Power Co... AC 110/220
Guaimaro. Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba. AC 110/220
Guanabacoa. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Guanabana. Jose Luis del Rosario.. AC 110/220
Guane... Hernandez y Hnos.... 30 AC 220 Do.
Guantanamo. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. 1,752 AC 110/220 Hydraulic and Steam.
Guareiras. do.... AC 110/220
Guanajay.. ..do... AC 110/220
Guasimal.. Rafael Meneses... 3 DC 110
Guayacanes. Nunez y Cia.. DC 220 Steam .
Guayos.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Guines .do. AC 110/220
Guinia de Miranda. Angel Cruz Bravo.. 6 DC 110 Diesel.
Guira de Macurijes.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Guira de Melena.. do.. AC 110/220
Guiro de Marrero. .do.. AC 110/220
Guisa.. Teofilo Espinosa .. DC 110 Do.
Habana. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. 94,500 AC 110/220 Steam .
Hatuey. Elpidio Moran... 15 DC 110 Diesel.
Hershey. Hershey Corporation... 6,000 AC 110/220 Steam .
Holguin Chaparra Light and Power Co.. AC 110/220
Horquita.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Hoyo Colorado. .do. AC 110/220
29

Iguara. Francisco E. Delgado Cardenas.. 20 AC 220 Diesel.

Isabela de Sagua. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Itabo... Ricardo Triana... 15 DC 220 Do.
Jaguey Grande. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Jamaica.. .do.. AC 110/220
Jaruco. Cia. Electrica de Jaruco, S. A.. AC 110/220
Jatibonico. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Jibacoa... Joaquin Cortes..... AC 110/220
Jicotea (Camaguey). Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Jicotea (Santa Clara). Labayen y Cia... AC 110
Jiguani Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 220 Steam .
Jobado. Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba. AC 110/220
Jose Miguel Gomez. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Jovellanos... .do..... AC 110/220
La Maya.. .do.. AC 110/220
1333

La Salud.... Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220

Las Martinas. Antonio Sabatier.. 11 DC 110 Diesel.
Limonar.. Guamacaro Fabril, S. A. 35 AC 220 Do.
Los Arabos.. Pompilio Vega.. 23 DC 220 Do.
Madruga.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Maffo... .do... AC 110
Majagua. .do.. AC 110/220
Manacas. ..do. AC 110/220
Managua.. .do.. AC 110/220
Manguito. .do. AC 110/220
Manicaragua.. do. AC 110/220 Diesel.
Manzanillo. .do. 1,200 AC 110/200 Steam and Diesel.
 ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF CUBA 7

Electrical Energy Supplied by Public Service Companies (Continued)

City Owners of Plant Capacity Туре Voltage Class of Plant

(kw. )

Marianao... do.. AC 110/220

Mariel. .do. AC 110/220
Marti (Camaguey) Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba.. AC 110/220
Marti (Matanzas) Bienvenido Castillo.... 27 DC 220 Diesel.
Mata... Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Matagua.. do...... AC 110
Matanzas. do... 550 AC 110/220 Hydraulic.
Mayajigua. Jose Miguel Artze.. 37.5 DC 220 Diesel.
Mayari.. J. Landa y Cia... 170 AC 110/220 Do.
Maximo Gomez.. Marco Andreu y Cia. 35 DC 220 Do.
Mazorra.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Media Luna. Cia. de Hielo y Electricidad.. 50 DC 110 Do.
Melena del Sur. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Mendoza... Hernandez y Hnos..... AC 220
Meneses.. The Meneses Spectacle Co..... 15 AC 220 Do.
Minas (Camaguey) . Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba.. 37 DC 220 Do.
Minas (Habana). Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Mir.. Basadre y Hermano.... 75 AC 220 Do.
Moron.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Navajas. .do... AC 110/220
AC Do.

。་
Nazareno. Francisco Solis.. 5 110
Niquero... Cia, de Hielo y Electricidad. 34 DC 220 Do.
Nueva Gerona... Maristany y Cia... AC 220
Nueva Paz... Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Nuevitas.. .do. AC 110/220
Omaja... Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba. 12 DC 110 Do.
Ovas. Hernandez y Hnos.. AC 220
Palacios.... Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Palma Soriano. do. AC 110/220
Palmira.. .do. AC 110/220
Palo Seco. Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba.. AC 110/220
Palos Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Paso Real.. ..do... AC 110/220
Pedro Betancourt. do. AC 110/220
Perico..... .do. AC 110/220
Piedrecitas. .do... AC 110/220
Pilotos.. Hernandez y Hnos... AC 110/220
Pina Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Pinar del Rio. Hernandez y Hnos.... 1,124 AC 110/220 Hydraulic and Diesel.
Pipian...... Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 220
Placetas. .do.. AC 110/220

25
Playa de Baracoa.. Antonio Barbazan de Jimenez. 25 DC 220 Diesel.
Playa de Guanabo. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Playa de Santa Fe. Juan Antonio Gonzalez.. 12.5 DC 110 Do.
Potrerillo.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110
Pozo Redondo... ..do.. AC 110/220
Puerta de Golpe... Hernandez y Hnos.. AC 110/220
Puerto Esperanza. Cia. Hidro Electrica Occidente.. AC 220
Puerto Padre.. Chaparra Light and Power Co.... AC 110/220
Punta Alegre.... J. E. Bringuier Laredo... 40 AC 220 Do.
Punta Brava.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Quemados de Guines. ..do.... AC 110/220
Quiebra Hacha... ..do.. AC 110/220
Quintana.... .do. AC 110/220
Quivican... .do.. AC 110/220
Rancho Boyeros.... .do.. AC 110/220
Rancho Veloz.. do AC 110/220
Ranchuelo.... do AC 110/220
Real Campina.. .do. AC 110/220
Regla...... .do. AC 110/220
Felix Garcia. DC 110 Do.
ст

Remates.
Remedios. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Rincon. ..do .... AC 110/220
Rodas.. ....do . AC 110/220
Sabanilla del Este.. .do. AC 110/220
Sagua la Grande.. .do. AC 110/220
Sagua de Tanamo.. Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba. 35 AC 110 Do.
San Agustin de Aguaras Laureano Estevez B.. 8 DC 110 Do.
San Antonio de los Banos.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. 1,600 AC 110/220 Hydraulic and Steam.
San Antonio de Rio Blanco. Jaruco, Luz y Fuerza... AC 110/220
San Antonio de las Vegas.. Niceto del Valle.... AC 220
San Cristobal. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
San Diego de los Banos. Municipio de San Diego de los Banos ..
San Diego del Valle.. Labayen y Cia..... 25 AC 220 Diesel.
San Fernando de Camarones. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
San Felipe....... .do. AC 110/220
San Francisco de Paula (Habana) . do. AC 110/220
San Francisco de Paula (Matanzas) . J. Luis del Rosario.. AC 220
San German... Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba. 25 AC 220 Do.
San Jose de las Lajas. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
San Jose de los Ramos .. Santos Vera Reyes.. 25 DC 220 Do.
San Juan y Martinez.. Hernandez y Hnos... AC 220
San Juan de las Yeras. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
San Luis (Oriente) ... do.... AC 110/220
San Luis (Pinar del Rio) . Hernandez y Hnos... AC 110/220
San Miguel de los Banos. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
San Nicolas. .do. AC 110/220
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Electrical Energy Supplied by Public Service Companies ( Continued)

City Owners of Plant Capacity Class of Plant

Туре Voltage
(kw. )

San Vincente. Cia. Hidro-Electrica Occidente. 33 AC 110/220 Hydraulic.

Santa Clara. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Santa Cruz del Norte.. Jaruco, Luz y Fuerza... AC 220
Santa Cruz de los Pinos. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Santa Cruz del Sur.. Luis de P. Doria.... 125 AC 110/220 Diesel.
Santa Fe... Maristany y Cia.. 36 AC 220 Steam .
Santa Isabel de las Lajas. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Santa Lucia... Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba.. 325 AC 110/220 Diesel.
Santa Maria del Rosario.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Santiago de Cuba.. do.. 7,000 AC 110/220 Steam .
Santiago de las Vegas. .do.. AC 110/220
Santo Domingo. .do.. AC 110/220
Sibanicu....... Elpidio Moran. DC 110 Diesel.
Sierra Morena.. Maria Noriega Perez.. 15 DC 220 Do.
Sola.. Elpidio Moran.. 15 DC 110 Do.
Surgidero de Batabano. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Taco-Taco. ..do... AC 220 Do.
Taguasco.... ..do. AC 220
Tamarindo.. F. Flores Moreno. 17 DC 110 Do.
Tapaste Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 220
Torriente... Felix de Armas. 15 DC 220 Do.
Trinidad.. Hidro-Electrica Trinitaria. 340 AC 220 Hydraulic and Diesel.
Tunas de Zaza.. Placido Fernandez.... 2.5 DC 110 Diesel.
Union de Reyes.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Varadero... .do... AC 110/220
Vega Alta.. ..do. AC 110/220
Vega de Palma.. ....do. AC 110/220
Vegas.... .do. AC 110/220
Veguita do. AC 110/220
Vereda Nueva. do. AC 110/220
Vertientes.. do. AC 110/220
Victoria de las Tunas. Union Light and Power Co. of Cuba. 195 AC 110/220 Do.
Vinales.. Cia. Hidro-Electrica Occidente.. AC 220
Vieja Bermeja.. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad.. AC 110/220
Vueltas.. do.... AC 110/220
Wajay... .do. AC 110/220
Yaguajay.. Pedro L. Martinez.. 149 AC 220 Do.
Yaguaramas. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Yarey de Vazquez.. Antonio Diaz...... 10 DC 110 Do.
Zaza del Medio. Cia. Cubana de Electricidad. AC 110/220
Zulueta.. do. 110/220

Electrical Energy Power Supply to Sugar Mills

There follows a list showing sugar mill electric power supply facilities. The abbreviation T.s. indicates the stations receiving
power supply from the Cia. Cubana de Electricidad, the input voltage to the substation being shown in each case wherein such
data are available.

Name of Mill Owner of Plant Postal Address Capacity Type Voltage

(kw.)

Adela.. Cia. Zarraga, S. A.... Adela (Santa Clara) . 108 DC 110

Adelaida.. Adelaida Cia. Azucarera, S. A.. Falla (Camaguey) . 150 DC 220
Agramonte.. Cia. Azucarera Vertientes. Florida (Camaguey). 1,850 AC 110/220/440
Alava... Cuba Cane Sugar Co..... Banaguises (Matanzas). 118 AC 220
Algodonal.. Cia. Azucarera Central Algodonal, S. A.. Cristo (Oriente) . AC 110/220/2300
Algodones.. Sugar Plantation Operating Co.... Algodones (Camaguey). 1,600 AC 110/220/440
Almeida..... Cia. Azucarera Oriental , S. A... Almedia (Oriente). 1,455 AC 110/220/440
Alto Cedro. Cia. Azucarera Altagracia, S. A.. Marcane (Oriente) . 2.138 AC 110/220/440
Amazona (Mapos) . Central Amazonas, S. A... Central Mapos (Santa Clara) . 35 DC 110
America.. Cia. Azucarera Central America, S. A.. America (Oriente) . 2,500 AC 110/220/440
Amistad. Cia. Azucarera A. Gomez Mena. Guines (Habana) . 3,125 AC 110/220/440
Andorra.. Central Andorra, S. A....... Artemisa (Pinar del Rio). 1,500 AC 110/220/440
Andreita.. Central Andreita Cia. Azucarera, S. A. Cruces (Santa Clara). 1,250 AC 110/220/440
Araujo..... Cia. Azucarera Araujo, S. A... Manguito (Matanzas). 50 DC 110
Australia. Central Australia, S. A.... Jaguey Grande (Matanzas). 1,000 AC 110/220/440
Baguanos.. Cia. Azucarera Antilla, S. A. Baguanos (Oriente) ... 1,370 AC 110/220/440
Bahia Honda. Cia. Azucarera Bahia Honda, S. A. Bahia Honda (Pinar del Rio). 45 DC 220
Baragua... Cia. Azucarera Baragua.... Baragua (Camaguey) . 3,638 AC 110/220/440
Borjita .. Cia. Azucarera Oriental, S. A. Dos Caminos (Oriente). 26 AC 110/220/440
Boston.. United Fruit Company... Banes (Oriente). 4,600 AC 110/220/440
Cacocum. Cia. Azucarera Central Cacocum, S. A... Central Cacocum (Oriente) .
Camaguey. Cia. Azucarera Camaguey, S. A... Piedrecita (Camaguey).. 1,035 AC 110/220/440
Cape Cruz (Pilon) . Cape Cruz Company.. Ensenada de More (Oriente) . 86 DC 110
Caracas. Cia. Agricola Caracas, S. A.... Caracas (Santa Clara) . 260 AC 110/220/440
Carmita.. Cia. Comercial la Habana, S. A.. Carmita (Santa Clara) 140 DC 110
Carolina. Cia. Azucarera Guamacaro, S. A. Coliseo (Matanzas). 40 DC 220
Cespedes. Cia. Azucarera Cespedes, S. A.. Cespedes (Camaguey). 4,700 AC 110/220/440
Chaparra. Cuban American Sugar Co.... Chaparra (Oriente) . 2,000 AC 110/220/440
Ciego de Avila. Cia. Azucarera Ciego de Avila. Ciego de Avila (Camaguey). 100 DC 220
Conchita.. Cuba Cane Sugar Co........ Union de Reyes (Matanzas) . 124 DC 220
 ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF CUBA 9

Electrical Energy Power Supply to Sugar Mills— ( Continued)

Name of Mill Owner of Plant Postal Address Capacity Туре

(kw. ) Voltage

Constancia.. Cia. Agricola de Sagua... Constancia (Santa Clara) . 50 DC 110

Constancia.. Colonial Sugar Corp. Encrucijada (Santa Clara). 1,405 AC 110/220/440
Corazon de Jesus. Corazon de Jesus, S. A.. Sitiecito (Santa Clara) . 80 DC 110
Covadonga.. Manuel Carreno... Carreno (Santa Clara). 1,500 AC 110/220/440
Cuba.. Central Cuba Sugar Co ... Pedro Betancourt (Matanzas) 2,400 AC 110/220/440
Cunagua. Central Cunagua, S. A... Cunagua (Camaguey) . 8,480 AC 110/220/440
Cupey Cia. Central Altagracia, S. A... Cupey (Oriente) . 1,418 AC 110/220/440
Delicias. Cuban American Sugar Co.. Delicias (Oriente) . 6,500 AC 110/220/440
Dolores.. Ingenio Dolores , S. A..... Jovellanos ( Matanzas) . 17 DC 110
Dos Amigos Sucesion de Nicolas Castanos. Campechuela (Oriente) . 50 DC 110
Dos Hermanas.. Dos Hermanas Sugar Co.. Cruces (Santa Clara) . 39 DC 110
Dos Rosas. The Hires Sugar Co.... Cardenas (Matanzas) . 37 DC 220
Elena.. Pedro Urquiza Bea. Ceiba Mocha (Matanzas) . 25 DC 110
Elia Cuban Trading Co... Elia (Camaguey) . 6,750 AC 110/220/440
El Pilar. Cia. Azucarera Pilar.. Artemisa (Pinar del Rio) . 100 AC 110/220/440
Ermita.... Central Ermita, S. A.. Ermita (Oriente) 1,800 AC 110/220/440
Escambray (Agabama). Escambray Sugar Co.. Agabama ( Santa Clara) . 100 DC 220
Espana.... Cia. Ing. Azucareros Matanzas.. Espana (Matanzas ) . 1,210 AC 110/220/440
Esperanza... Cia. Azucarera Oriental, S. A. Guantanamo (Oriente). 1,290 AC 110/220/440
Estrada Palma. Central Estrada Palma, S. A. Yara (Oriente) . 115 DC 220
Estrella.. Cia. Azucarera de Camaguey... Cespedes (Camaguey) . 95 DC 110
Fe.... Cia. Azucarera Central Fe, S. A. Salamanca (Santa Clara) . 120 AC 110/220/440
Fidencia. Cia. Azucarera Convenio, S. A.. Placetas (Santa Clara) . 50 DC 110
Florida... Cia. Azucarera Florida.. Florida (Camaguey) . 5,175 AC 110/220/440
Francisco.. The Francisco Sugar Co... Francisco (Camaguey) . 2,880 AC 110/220/440
Galope... Cia. Azucarera Pinarena, S. A... Galope (Pinar de Rio) 125 DC 220
Gomez Mena... Nueva Cia. Azucarera Gomez Mena. San Nicolas (Habana). 3,917 AC 110/220/440
Guipuzcoa... Ramon y Alejo Curruchaga.. Hato Nuevo (Matanzas). 850 AC 110/220/440
Habana. Central Habana, S. A... Hoyo Colorado (Habana) 75 DC 220
Hatillo.. Cia. Central Altagracia, S. A.:. Hatillo (Oriente) . 80 DC 220
Hershey.. Hershey Corporation...... Hershey (Habana) . 8,000 AC 110/220/440
Hormiguero.. Central Hormiguero, S. A.. Hormiguero (Santa Clara). 291 DC 110
Isabel.. Guantanamo Sugar Co...... Guantanamo (Oriente ) . 25 DC 110
Isabel. Cia. Azucarera Vicana, S. A.. Media Luna (Oriente) . 192 AC 110/220/440
Jagueyal. Cuban Cane Products Co .... Jagueyal (Camaguey) 2,000 AC 110/220/440
Jaronu... Central Cunagua, S. A.... Jarenu (Camaguey) . 12,480 AC 110/220/440
Jatibonico. Cia. Cubana Ingenio Jatibonico. Jatibonico (Camaguey). 2,375 AC 110/220/440
Nazabal. Sucesion de D. Nazabal... Encrucijada (Santa Clara). 63 AC 110/220/440
Nela... Patricio A. Sanchez Cordoves... Mayajigua (Santa Clara) 130 DC 110
Niagara. S. A. Central Niagara..... Niagara (Pinar del Rio) 92 DC 110
Niquero... New Niquero Sugar Co... Niquero (Oriente) . 160 DC 110
Occidente.. Cia. Azucarera de Quivican, S. A.. Guiro Marrero (Habana). 615 AC 110/220
Oriente... Cia, Azucarera Central Oriente, S. A.. Oriente (Oriente) .. 890 AC 110/220/440
Orozco .. Orozco Sugar Co..... Orozco (Pinar del Rio) . 40 DC 110
Palma.. Cia. Central Altagracia, S. A... Palma (Oriente) . 5,976 AC 110/220/440
Parque Alto . Parque Alto Sugar Co.... Parque Alto (Santa Clara) . 40 DC 110
Pastora ... Cia. Azucarera San Juan de las Yeras. San Juan de las Yeras (Santa Clara). 51 DC 110
Patria. Cia. Azucarera Central Patria, S. A.. Moron (Camaguey) . 100 DC 110
Perseverancia.. Cuba Cane Sugar Co.. Perseverancia (Santa Clara) . 2,100 AC 110/220/440
Por-Fuerza. Cia. Agricola Indarra. Por-Fuerza (Matanzas) . 2,000 AC 110/220/440
Portugalete. Banca Lopez Bru... Cuatro Caminos (Habana) 22 DC 110
Portugalete. Palmira Sugar Co....... Palmira (Santa Clara). 14 DC 110
Preston.... United Fruit Company. Preston (Oriente) . 5,937 AC 110/220/440
Providencia. Cia. Azucarera de Guines , S. A. Providencia ( Habana) . 2,900 AC 110/220/440
Puerto... Jose Avendano Canasi (Matanzas) . 10 DC 110
Punta Alegre.. 110/220/440
5333

Cia. Azucarera Punta Alegre, S. A. Punta San Juan (Camaguey). 2,800 AC

Purio... Cia. Azucarera Comercial, S. A... Calabazar (Santa Clara) . 62 DC 110
Progreso.. Cia. Azucarera del Norte, S. A.. Central Progreso (Matanzas ) 85 D.C 220
Ramona. Cia. Azucarera Sagua-Placetas, S. A. Ramona (Santa Clara) . 62 DC 110
Reforma. Cia. Industrial Agricola Caibarien. Reforma (Santa Clara). 80 DC 110
Resolucion. Central Resolucion, S. A....... Ramona (Santa Clara) . 45 DC 110
Resulta Cia. Azucarera Central Resulta.. Sagua la Grande (Santa Clara). 80 DC 110
Rio Cauto.. Cuban Canadian Sugar Co... Rio Cauto (Oriente) . 1,510 AC 110/220/440
Romelie.. Central Romelie, S. A.... Guantanamo (Oriente) . 20 DC 110
Rosario. Rosario Sugar Co. (Hershey Corp. ) Aguacate (Habana) . 50 AC 110
Salvador.. Godwal Macao Company.. Caliceto (Oriente). 23 DC 110
San Agustin .. Cia. Mercantil Azucarera San Agustin.. Zulueta (Santa Clara) . 70 AC 110/220/440
San Agustin. Cia. Azucarera de Lajas, S. A.. Cruces (Santa Clara) . 2,000 AC 110/220/440
San Agustin. Sucesion de Nicolas Castanos. San Agustin (Santa Clara) . 2,000 AC 110/220/440
San Antonio. Hershey Corporation.. Madruga (Habana) . 2,000 AC 110/220/440
San Antonio.. Vicente C. Abreu. Santa Clara (Santa Clara) . 16 DC 110
San Antonio. Sucesores de Luis Redox... Rio Seco (Oriente) 70 DC 110
San Cristobal. Cia. Azucarera San Cristobal, S. A. San Cristobal (Pinar del Rio) . 1,250 AC 110/220/440
San Francisco.. Cia. Azucarera Cienfuegos, S. A.... Cruces (Santa Clara). 152 AC 220
San German. Cia. Azucarera Fidelidad, S. A .. San German (Oriente) . 3,850 AC 110/220/440
San Ignacio.. Central San Ignacio, S. A. Agramonte (Matanzas). 66 DC 110
San Isidro. Santa Clara Operating Co... Quemados de Quines (Santa Clara) 3,250 AC 110/220/440
San Jose.. Ofelia Abreus de Morales.. San Jose (Santa Clara) . 123 DC 220
San Pablo (Tahoh). San Pablo Cia. Azucarera, S. A.. Zulueta (Santa Clara) . 52 DC 110
San Ramon.. Central San Ramon, S. A..... San Juan Bautista (Pinar del Rio) . 30 DC 110
Santa Amalia. Cia. Azucarera Santa Amalia, S. A... Coliseo (Matanzas) . 63 DC 110
Santa Ana.... Cia. Central Altagracia, S. A... Ausa (Oriente) . 730 AC 110/220/440
Santa Catalina.. Cia. Azucarera Central Santa Catalina.. Cruces (Santa Clara) . 50 DC 110
Santa Cecilia. Santa Cecilia Sugar Corp.. Guantanamo ( Oriente) . 164 DC 220
Santa Gertrudis.. Cuba Cane Sugar Co.. Santa Gertrudis (Matanzas). 80 DC 110
Santa Isabel. Central Santa Isabel, S. A. Fomento (Santa Clara) 1,003 AC 110/220/440
Santa Lucia.. Santa Lucia, S. A... Santa Lucia (Oriente) . 2,550 AC 110/220/440
10 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Electrical Energy Power Supply to Sugar Mills-( Continued)

Name of Mill Owner of Plant Postal Address Capacity Туре Voltage

(kw.)

Santa Lutgarda. Central Santa Lutgarda, S. A. Mata (Santa Clara). 150 AC 220
Santa Maria.. Esteban Cacicedo.. Ranchuelo (Santa Clara) . 50 AC 110/220/440
Santa Marta. Central Santa Marta, S. A... Santa Marta (Camaguey). 3,555 AC 110/220/440
Santa Rita.. Central Santa Rita, S. A... Baro (Matanzas) .. 25 DC 110
Santa Rosa. Cia. Cooperativa de Santa Clara.. Ranchuelo (Santa Clara). 1,000 AC 110/220/440
Santa Teresa Cia. Azucarera Santa Teresa, S. A. Sitiecito (Santa Clara) . 356 AC 110/220/440
Santo Domingo. Cuba Sugar Company. Union de Reyes (Matanzas) 41 DC 110
Senado. Central Senado, S. A.... Senado (Camaguey) . 3,380 AC 110/220/440
Siboney. Cia. Azucarera Najasa, S. A... Marchena (Camaguey). 1,200 AC 110/220/440
Sofia. Sucesion de J. Alsina Yara (Oriente) .... DC 110/220/440
Soledad. Guantanamo Sugar Company. Guantanamo (Oriente). 50 DC 110
Soledad. Cia. Azucarera Soledad, S. A. Cienfuegos (Santa Clara). 115 DC 110
Soledad. Cuba Cane Products Co.... Jovellanos (Matanzas ). 77 DC 110
Stewart.. Eastern Cuba Sugar Corp. Stewart (Camaguey) . 2,000 AC 110/220/440
Tacajo. Antilla Sugar Estates.. Tacajo (Oriente) . 1,575 AC 110/220/440
Tanamo.. Cia. Tanamo Sugar Co..... Cayo Mambi (Oriente). 3,800 AC 110
Teresa.. The Teresa Sugar Co..... Ceiba Hueca (Oriente) 1,000 AC 110/220/440
Tinguaro.. The Tinguaro Sugar Co... Tinguaro (Matanzas). 155 DC 110
Toledo. Cia. Azucarera Central Toledo. Marianao (Habana) . 5,525 AC 110/220/2300
Trinidad. Cia. Azucarera Trinidad. Iznaga (Santa Clara) 239 AC 110/220/440
Triunfo. Cia. Azucarera Central Triunfe, S. A Limonar (Matanzas) . 25 DC 110
Tuinicu. The Tuinicu Sugar Co... Tuinicu (Santa Clara). 2,125 AC 110/220/440
Ulacia. Cia. Azucarera Central Ulacia. Rodrigo (Santa Clara)
Unidad . The Unidad Sugar Co...... Unidad (Santa Clara) . 70 DC 110
Union Southern Sugar Co.... Lezama (Matanzas) . 1,340 AC 110/220/440
Union..... Jose Rousseaou San Luis (Oriente). 41 DC 110
Velasco.. Eastern Cuba Sugar Co... Velasco (Camaguey) 1,392 AC 110/220/440
Vertientes.. Cia. Azucarera Vertientes, S. A. Vertientes ( Camaguey). 3,000 AC 110/220/440
Victoria . Cia. Azucarera Central Victoria.. Yagujay (Santa Clara) 30 DC 110
Violeta.... Eastern Cuba Sugar Co... Violeta (Camaguey) . 3,240 AC 110/220/440
Washington. Central Washington, S. A. 6.. Hatuey (Santa Clara). 100 DC 110
Zaza. Zulueta Hnos .. Placetas (Santa Clara) . 103 AC 110/220/440
Zorrilla. Azucarera Dulce Nombre. Cuatro Esquinas (Matanzas ). 105 DC 110/220

Electrical Energy Supplied by Industrial Establishments

The following manufacturing, mining and commercial organizations, and private individuals operate power supply facilities
mainly to satisfy their own needs :

Town Capacity Generation Service

Owner of Plant Туре Voltage Voltage Application
(kw.)

Abras Grandes... Cia. Minera Chambas , S. A.. 160 AC 440 220/110 Mine.
Artemisa.. Cia. Ind. y de S. P. de Artemisa. 80 AC 440 220/110 Water supply.
Artemisa.. Mendez Pavon y Cia.... DC 110 110 Commercial.
Irrigation and light-
Bayamo... Jaime Pellicer.. 26.5 AC 2,300 220/110 ing.
Bayamo. Cia. Nacional de Alimentos. 330 AC 440 110 Factory.
Caimanera. Requera Brooks, Bernard Cia.. 15 DC 120 120 Salt works.
Calabazar. Ind. Alfarera Cubana... 120 AC 240 240 Pottery.
Calimete F. Fernandez y Cia.. 7.5 DC 125 125 Commercial.
Refinery and dis-
Cardenas. Jose Arechabala, S. A.. 1,312 AC 440 440/110 tillery .
Cienfuegos..... Cia. Frigorifica de Cienfuegos.. 4 DC 110 110 Ice plant.
Cobre (Santuario) . Juan Antonio Veyrunes... 1.5 DC 110 110 Lighting.
Camaguey. Colonia Espanola (Quinta) . 16 AC 115 115 Do.
Cristo.. Cuban Mining Co... 1,000 AC 2300/220 Mine.
Daiquiri. Bethlehem Cuba Iron Mines Co. 31.5 DC 220 220 Do.
Felton.. do.. 1,500 DC 220 220 Do.
Guanabacoa. Fabrica Cubana de Tejidos, S. A... 36 AC 220 220 Textile mill.
Guanabacoa Garcia y Rodriguez, S. A... 132 AC 220 220 Factory.
Guayacanes. Nunez y Hnos.......... 9 DC 220 220 Sawmill.
Irrigation and light-
Guines Elias de la Torre.. 26.5 AC 440 440/110 ing.
Guines.. Felipe Marrero . 15 AC 220 220 Commercial.
Habana.. Pedro Rodriguez y Garcia.. 45 AC 220 220 Factory.
Habana.. Vicente Montes.. 11.5 AC 220 220 Cafe and restaurant.
Habana. Gonzales y Suarez.. 57 AC 220 220 Commercial lighting.
Habana.. Eduardo Garcia y Cia. 45 AC 220 220 Woodworking.
Manufacture of al-
Habana Cia. Licorera de Cuba. 5 DC 220 220 coholic beverages .
Habana.. Manuel del Valle y Cia.. 15 AC 220 220 Factory.
Habana.. J. Sabates Perez... 150 AC 220 110 Do.
Habana. Cia. Primer Molino Arrocero.. 24.4 DC 110 110 Rice mill.
Habana. S. Tuma y Hnos. 19 AC 220 220 Garage.
Habana. Dra. Antonia Perez.. 19.5 AC 220 220 Commercial,
Habana. Cia. Nacional de Espejos.. 28 AC 220 220 Factory.
Habana. Drogueria Johnson. 19 AC 110 110 Laboratory.
Habana. Salvador Rodriguez.. 5 AC 110 110 Garage.
Habana. J. Simon y Cia.. 14.3 AC 220 220 Factory.
Habana. Juan Balaguer.. 6 DC 220 220 Do.
Habana... Avelino Gonzales... 3 DC 110 110 Commercial.
 ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF CUBA 11

Electrical Energy Supplied by Industrial Establishments- ( Continued )

Capacity Generation Service

Town Owner of Plant Type Voltage Voltage Application
(kw.)

Habana. Villamil Santalla y Cia. 32 AC 220 220 Factory.

Habana.. Garcia y Garcia.. 10.5 ÁC 220 220 Motion picture thea-
tre.
Ruperta Rodrequez Huerta . 18 AC 110 110 Residential lighting.
Habana. 220 Factory.
Habana. Nicolas Merino.. 6.5 AC 220
Joaquin Alemany. 6.5 AC 220 220 Machine shop.
Habana. Factory .
Habana.. Havana Bel Co..... 65.5 AC 220 220
Habana. Olemberg y Grabouski. 28 DC 220 220 Do.
Habana.. Jose R. Iglesias ..... 1.5 DC 110 110 Battery charging sta-
tion.
Habana.. Cuban Transatlantic Radio Corp.. 5 AC 220 110 Do.
Habana.. Constantino Fernandez .. 9.5 AC 220 220 Commercial.
Habana.. Molina y Cia..... 96 AC 220 220 Printing shop .
Habana. Diaz y Hnos... 15 AC 220 220 Motion picture.
Habana.. Julio C. Blanco. 4 DC 110 110 Garage.
Habana. Ramon Garcia y Hno.. 4.5 AC 220 110 Restaurant.
Habana. Antonio Coroalles.. AC 110 110 Do.
Habana. Arias, S. A.... AC 110 110 Store.
Habana. La Paz, S. A..... 121.5 AC 220 220 Factory.
Habana. Juan Miguel Fernandez.. 3 DC 220 110 Do.
Habana. Menendez Garcia y Cia. 3.5 DC 220 220 Commercial.
Habana.. Max Borges..... 9.5 AC 220 220 Woodworking.
Habana.. Vda. de Rabionet y Cia... 26 AC 220 220 Machine shop.
Habana.. Wainstein y Kausanski. 9.5 AC 220 220 Factory.
Habana.. Cia. de Productos Extranjeros. 13 AC 220 220 Commercial.
Habana .. Carlos Alonso.......... 15 AC 220 220 Do.
La Maya. Cuban Mining Co..... 500 AC 4,000/220 Mine.
Limonar. Lopez y Garcia.... 2 DC 110 110 Commercial.
Mantua.. Municipio de Mantua... 8 AC 220 220 Lighting.
Mariel. Cia. Cubana de Cemento Portland. 4,400 AC 2,300 220/110 Factory.
Matanzas Cia. de Jarcia de Matanzas, S. A... 1,470 AC 220 220 Do.
Minas de Matahambre.. S. A. Minas de Matahambre. 4,020 AC 2,300 220/110 Mine.
Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines. Quong Huing Long.. 1.5 DC 110 110 Commercial.
Palmarito de Cauto.... Juan Deas.. 1.5 DC 32 32 Do.
Sagua la Grande.... Pino y Cia.. 36 AC 220 220 Ice plant.
San Antonio de los Banos. Casino Espanol.. 12 AC 220 220 Residential lighting.
San Antonio de los Banos. Jose Alvarez Mosquera.. 3 DC 110 110 Commercial.
San Diego de los Banos .. Vincente Rodrequez y Cia.. 2.5 DC 110 110 Do.
San Diego de los Banos.. Vincente Soler.. 1.5 DC 110 110 Do.
San Francisco de Paula.. Cia. Aguas Minerales San Francisco. 35 AC 220 220 Factory.
San Antonio de los Banos.. Levadura Fleischmann, S. A... 650 AC 440/110 Do.
San Jose de los Ramos. Santiago Bock........ 3 DC 110 110 Commercial.
San Luis...... Adriano Enriguez e Hijo.. 14 DC 110 110 Machine shop.
Sancti-Spiritus.. Jose Gutierrez.. 1.5 DC 110 110 Commercial.
Refinery and dis-
Santa Cruz del Norte.. S. A. Cia. Cubana de Alcohol y Ref. 45 AC 220 220 tillery.
San Juan y Martinez. Jacinto Regalado... 2.5 DC 110 110 Residential lighting .
San Luis. Antonio G. Barrera. 1.5 DC 110 110 Do.
Santiago de Cuba. Instituto Medico Quirugico.. 15 AC 220 220 Do.
Santiago de Cuba. Tercilla y Regato... 3 DC 220 220 Bakery.
Santiago de Cuba... Jose Llarch y Cia.. 9 DC 110 110 Coffee roasting plant.
Santiago de Cuba.. Lorenzo Vidal. 1.5 DC 110 110 Factory.
Santiago de Cuba. L. Rubio y Cia. 17.5 AC 220 220 Do.
Santiago de Cuba.. Canellas Roca Eno... 1.5 AC 220 220 Do.
Santiago de Cuba.. Compania Ron Ba ardi, S. A.. 112.5 DC 220 220 Distillery .
Santiago de Cuba. Ernesto Puig y Cia....... 19 AC 220 220 Factory .
Santiago de Cuba.. Josefa Lamarque Vda. de Bosch. 10 DC 110 110 Residential lighting.
Union de Reyes... E. Marrero y Cia.. 2 DC 110 110 Commercial.
Woodfred Bethleham Cuba Iron Mins Company 50 AC 2,400 220 Mine.

Department of Commerce Field Service

Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg .
Boston 9, Mass ., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce .
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at East 9th
St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 Federal Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg .
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La ., 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
Philadelphia 2 , Pa .. 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa.. 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va.. Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah , Ga., 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.

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Volume 3- Part 1 December 1945 Number 8

Power Facilities of Venezuela

Prepared by Transportation Unit, James C. Nelson, Chief

Maracaibo CARACAS La Guaira

Puerto Cabello Guanta
O
Barquisimeto Maracay: Cumana:
Valencia Barcelona
Maracaibo Maturin
Trujillo
Merida
N
Barinas
San Fernando de Apure
Ciudad Bolivar:
San Cristobal

NI
VE
RS
IT
I Y
D
N ..
I .

JAN 11 1946

LIE ARY

D 10610
 Power Facilities
Large regions of Venezuela remain to
be explored and the nation's natural
resources are virtually untapped. Only
recently has one resource-oil- been de-
veloped on a large scale.
Venezuela lies on the coast of the
Caribbean Sea, bounded by Brazil on the
south, on the east by British Guiana and
on the west by Colombia. Known offi-
cially as "Estados Unidos de Vene-
zuela," the Republic is comprised of 20
States, 2 territories, and the Federal
District. It is the seventh largest coun-
try in South America and covers an
area of 352,170 square miles. Its coast
line extends for 2,000 miles.
Fuels and Power
Venezuela has abundant reserves of pe-
troleum, coal, forest products, and water
power. Their development and utilization
in regard to the generation of electricity
will be briefly outlined in this report.
Petroleum
Venezuela holds third place among
the world's largest oil-producing coun-
tries. Its oil fields cover more than
22,000 square miles and petroleum prod-
ucts constitute 90 percent of its exports.
Annual production of crude oil in Vene-
zuela in 1925 was 19,022,200 barrels.
This figure was increased to 255,549,128
barrels in 1944.
Development of the petroleum indus-
try has been encouraged in recent years
by the Venezuelan Government, and the
royalties and taxes paid by producing
companies constitute the principal
sources of national revenue.
Most of Venezuela's petroleum indus-
try is carried on by United States and
British companies which hold conces-
sions for exploration totaling 10,546,773
hectares or 26,050,513 acres. According
to official figures a total of 4,161,645 cu-
bic meters or 26,176,747 barrels (42 gal. )
of crude oil were processed during 1944.
Forests
Forests cover approximately two-
fifths of the territory of Venezuela, but
their resources have been barely tapped
owing primarily to the lack of transpor-
tation facilities. More than 600 species
of trees have been identified, many of
which are used for fuel. The major por-
tion of the forested area is Government-
owned.
Coal
Coal is not considered an important
fuel in Venezuela, although the market
has been expanding in recent years.
Few industries, other than those manu-
facturing brick and lime, burn coal in
Venezuela. Only about one-fourth of the
coal consumed locally is mined in the
2
of Venezuela
By Guida Berrigan Hall
country. Because of transportation facili-
ties, it has been found cheaper to import
the coal than to mine it in Venezuela.
Over 97 percent of Venezuela's prewar
coal imports came from England.
There are only two important groups
of coal mines in operation in Venezuela,
one group is privately owned, and the
other is operated by the National Gov-
ernment for its exclusive use.
Reliable sources estimate that the
total consumption of coal in Venezuela
is approximately 1,200 tons a month ex-
clusive of the requirements of the Na-
tional Government. In addition, 20,000
tons of coke are used annually.
The bituminous coal obtained from
the Government mines has a high calo-
rific value and averages about 14,000
B.t.u. a pound. This coal is high volatile
(averaging about 44 percent) , and has
a low humidity content, which makes it
most economic to use as a gas coal. If
pulverized, this coal is suitable for use
in a powdered-coal burner type of boiler,
but a large percent of its calorific con-
tent is lost when it is used as a fuel in
the ordinary class of boiler. Its ash
content is only 2 percent, and a com-
paratively small clinker residue remains
after combustion.
A test made in Venezuela from the
distillation of 100 metric tons of Govern-
ment-mined coal gave the following
results :
Coke 69.12 metric tons
Benzole 1.70 do.
Ammonium sulphate 1.15 do.
Pitch (tar) 7.04 do.
Gas 12,000 cubic meters
Calorific power of the coke- 7,000 calories per kilogram
Calorific power of the gas 7,894 calories per kilogram
Venezuelan Government engineers
have made drilling tests to a depth of
about 200 feet, which indicate a reserve
of approximately 3 million tons of coal,
according to information supplied by the
Administrator of the Naricual Mines
(Government owned) . It is estimated
that there are reserves of at least 3
million tons of coal in addition to the
figure previously mentioned, although
actual tests at depths below 200 feet
have not been made.
Use of coal for fuel encouraged.-The
Venezuelan Government has in the past
attempted to sponsor the production of
coal and coke in an effort to reduce the
high consumption of charcoal, which is
used throughout the country as a house-
hold fuel. The production of charcoal
has been one of the principal reasons for
the extensive deforestation and conse-
quent erosion of much of the country's
land. However, no notable results have
been achieved in promoting coke pro-
duction, and the constant increase in the
use of petroleum products for fuel
makes it appear likely that coal produc-
tion in Venezuela will not materially in-
crease in the near future.
Gas
During the latter part of 1939, a natu-
ral gas distribution system was installed
in the city of Maracaibo and included a
gas-sphere within the city limits in order
to maintain a more uniform pressure.
Efforts to locate a satisfactory quan-
tity of gas in the vicinity of Sibucana
were not successful, and the gas main
was laid to the field at Concepcion, State
of Zulia, approximately 18 miles from
the city, where the gas is available in
sufficient quantities to supply the city.
The vast majority of employees of the
petroleum companies located in Cabi-
mas, Lagunillas, and other centers of
production, use natural gas for domestic
purposes. Compressed natural gas in
steel cylinders is also used in various
cities for cooking purposes .
Water Power
Venezuelan water power resources
have been estimated at 3 million horse-
power, of which only 12,500 horsepower
had been developed in 1920, 13,000 in
1926, and 28,000 in 1929. Of the total
installed capacity of 86,825 horsepower
at the end of July 1942, 46,601 horse-
power was derived from water power.
The demand for electric power is in-
creasing annually in Venezuela and the
installed water power capacity of the
country cannot be regarded as adequate
since the lack of storage facilities leads
to a great scarcity of water for power
during the dry season. It is to be re-
membered that almost all rain falls
during one season of the year, and the
rest of the year is comparatively dry.
The larger centers of population where
electric power is needed are in or near
mountains, many of which have been
almost deforested, thus causing the
water to run off rapidly.
Power Plants
In recent years, Diesel-operated gen-
erating stations in Venezuela have
shown an increase in number over
plants operated by steam or water
power. The abundance of Diesel fuel in
the country, compared with the lack of
coal and water power, and the Govern-
mental restrictions on the cutting of
timber for fuel are contributing factors
to this increase.
All Venezuelan power plants generate
alternating current with the exception of
one 40-watt plant located in El Callao,
State of Bolivar. The prevailing elec-
tric current characteristics in principal
Venezuelan towns are given in table 1.
1 To produce 1 kilogram of charcoal, 5 kilograms
of wood are required. To supply the Caracas area
alone, where 60,000 tons of charcoal are consumed
annually, it is necessary to destroy 300,000 tons of
wood yearly, or 1,200 trees daily.
 POWER FACILITIES OF VENEZUELA 3

TABLE 1.-Electric Current Characteristics in Venezuelan Towns

11Regespeenelo
A.C. or A.C. or
Town D.C. Phase Cycle Voltage Town D.C. Phase Cycle Voltage

3 3 3 3 11

333333 133 33333

858515
Acarigua A.C. 110 La Victoria A.C. 60 110/220
Altagracia de Orituco. A.C. 110 A.C. 50 110/220
Aragua de Barcelona. A.C. 110 Las Delicias A.C. 50 110/220
Aroa A.C. 3 110/220 Las Morochas A.C. 60 440
D.C. 125 Las Tejerias A.C. 50 110
Asuncion D.C. 220 Lira A.C. 50 110/190
Los Guayas 115
Barcelona A.C. 3 110 Los Naranjos A.C. 50 110/190

818181
Barcelona A.C. 3 110/220 Los Teques A.C. 60 110/220
Barinas ' D.C. 115
Mamo

3333 3333
Barquisimeto A.C. 110/220 A.C. 110/190

ngsonun

ou
A.C. 50 110/220 Maracaibo A.C. 60 110/220
Bocono A.C. 60 110 A.C. 50 110/220
110

18288
Bocono de Trujillo. A.C. Maracay A.C. 50 110/220

118
8188
Marapa A.C. 50 110/190
Cagua A.C. 50 110/220 Maturin 115

81

1888 1811818 1880

D.C.
Calabozo 60 110

on
A.C. Merida A.C. 3 60 110/220

1
50

8
Camaguan A.C. 110

33
Campo Quiriquire A.C. 115 Niagata A.C. 3 50 110
Cantaura D.C. 115 Nirgua A.C. 3 50 110
3 3 3 3 3 3 333 3 3

Caoma A.C. 50 110/190 Ocumare del Tuy. A.C. 3 60 110/220

Caracas A.C. 50 110/220
Caripito A.C. 60 110 Pampatar D.C. - 110
Carora A.C. 60 110/220 Porlamar A.C. 3 60 110
Carupano A.C. 110/220 Pregonero D.C. 220
Chejende A.C. 110 Puerto Altagracia D.C. 110
50 Puerto Cabello 60
wwwwwwww

Choroni A.C. 110/220 A.C. 3 110/220

Ciudad Bolivar A.C. 60 110 Puerto La Cruz . D.C. 110 .
Cordero A.C. 60 110 Punta Gorda A.C. 60 110
Coro A.C. 110 A.C. 3 - 115
3 60 110 Quiriquire
A.C.

333
Cristobal Colon D.C. 125 Rio Caribe A.C. 3 60
Cua ..... A.C. 3 60 Rio Claro A.C. 60 110/220
50
.

Cumaca-Valencia A.C. 3 110/220 Rubio (El Encantado) . A.C. 215/375

Cumana A.C. 3 60 110
San Carlos D.C. 115

1888888818
Cumana A.C. 3 60 110
Cumana 110/220 A.C. 3 60 110
A.C.

33 3 3 3 3
Cumareba 50 110 San Casimiro A.C. 50 110
A.C. A.C. 110/220/380
Cura A.C. 3 50 110 San Cristobal 60
Curupao A.C. 3 50 110/190 San Felipe A.C. 60 110/220
San Fernando A.C. 60 110
A.C.
www

Duaca A.C. 3 60 110/220 San Joaquin 50 220

San Juan de los Morros . A.C. 60 110
/ w

El Chorro A.C. 60 110/220 San Sebastian D.C. 115

1333
Iw

El Cobre D.C. 230

/

Santa Cruz de Tovar. A.C. 3 60 110

El Encantado A.C.
Timotes D.C. 110

1088111188 lulull
(See also Rubio) A.C. 110/190
El Consejo D.C. 115 Tinaquillo A.C. 50 110
E A.C. 50 125 Tocuyo A.C. 60 110/220
El Mene A.C. 110/220 Trujillo A.C. 60 110/220
El Peru Esd. Bolivar. A.C. 110/220 Tucacas D.C. 115
Tucujito D.C. 115

111mm
El Rio A.C. 60 110/220
Encontradoa D.C. - 110 Tucupido D.C. 115
Tucupita D.C. 110
33

Gaoma A.C. 3 50 110/190 Tumeremo A.C. 3 60 250

Guacara A.C. 3 110 Turmero A.C. 60 110/220
Guanare D.C. 110
Guarenas A.C. 110 Upata D.C. 115
ww

Guatire A.C. Uraca-Choroni A.C. 3 50

110/220
|

w
|
I

Urichiche D.C. 115

23

A.C. 50
33.

Higuerote 110 Valencia A.C. 50 110/220

Humacaro A.C. 110 A.C. 50 120/240
Irapa D.C. 115 Valera A.C. 60 110/220
D.C. 110 Valle de la Pascua . D.C. 115
Villa de Cura. A.C. 3 50 110
Juan Griego A.C. 3 60 110 Vaguaraparo D.C. 115
333

Varitagua A.C. 50 110

5555

La Entrada D.C. - 115 Zaraza A.C. 50 110

A.C. 3 50 110
33

La Grita A.C. 50 110

La Guaira A.C. 50 110/190 Zig-Zag D.C.

The ownership of the various power remainder. The approximate percent- In 1942, there were 149 power plants
plants is as follows : 27 are private age of the prime movers and generating operating in Venezuela, with a com-
Venezuela companies ; 9 are owned by equipment which were received from bined generating capacity of 56,998 kilo-
municipalities ; 5 are owned and con- various sources is shown in table 2. watts and with a peak load of about
trolled by United States interests ; 3 are 52,533 kilowatts approximating 92 per-
TABLE 2.-Percentage of Equipment
controlled by State Governments ; 1 is cent of capacity. These plants have a
controlled by the Federal Government, from Various Sources total installed horsepower of 86,825.
1 by British-United States interests, 1 by Type of United Switzer- Other During the dry season, the lack of ade-
Venezuela-United States interests ; and equipment States land German countries quate water storage facilities compels a
1 by Venezuela-British interests. large number of the hydroelectric plants
A large portion of the equipment used Prime to reduce their output, while other
movers 25 32.4 18.9 23.7
in the power centrals of Venezuela is of plants must entirely cease their hy-
Generating
United States manufacture ; Switzerland equipment 27.7 14.8 16.2 41.3 draulic operations. A heavier load is
and Germany supplied the bulk of the thereby placed on the remaining steam
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

and Diesel centrals which, accordingly, standards will be maintained than has Motatan, Chama, Palmar, Tocuyo,
increases the peak load in percent of been possible in the past through the Neyeri, Unare, Caroni, Guaviare,
capacity. installation of parallel feeder systems Arauca, Guarico, Yaracuy, Escalante,
Inefficient distributing networks also and additional generating plants for Portiguesa and Zul-a-Catatumbo. Their
tend to increase the load on the genera- emergency purposes. total navigable length is over 6,000
tors. In the metropolitan areas the Another benefit to the consumers to miles.
overload on many transformers is esti- be derived by the merger will be a prom- The largest of Venezuela's 208 lakes
mated as high as 20 to 25 percent. ised reduction in rates. Municipal and is Lake Maracaibo, which covers an
other governmental taxation , both area of 8,000 square miles and is navi-
As indicated in table 5, Diesel-oper-
direct and indirect , has always pre- gable in its entirety by vessels drawing
ated prime movers lead all other types. from 6 to 10 feet of water. Lake Valen-
There are 75 Diesel generators com- sented a serious problem to Venezuelan
public utilities . As an example , the cia, which lies between the cities of
pared with 57 hydraulic prime movers.
present meter tax is considered exces- Caracas and Valencia, is navigable only
Fourteen plants utilize steam, 2 utilize
gasoline, and one is equipped with a fre- sive by the local companies. The an- by small steamers.
nual certification of watt-hour meters The mountainous character of Vene-
quency changer. zuela provides a somewhat diversified
range from Bs. 7.50 ($2.50 in United
Merger of electric light and power States currency ) for small domestic climate even though the country lies
companies.- Completion of negotiations meters and upward for power meters, entirely within the tropics.
There are three well-marked climatic
involving the merger of two important depending upon the capacity of the
Venezuelan electric light and power meter. La Electricidad has proposed to zones which vary in temperature accord-
companies awaits governmental ap- the Venezuelan Government that, pro- ing to their elevation above sea-level.
proval necessary for the transfer of vided no further increase in taxes is The torrid zone begins at the coast, ex-
tends to an altitude of about 1,750 feet,
certain public lighting contracts held by made, a reduction in rates amounting
the companies. The companies involved to approximately 10 percent of the gross and has a temperature ranging from 78
in this merger are the Compania Ano- earnings would be extended to the con- to 82 degrees Fahrenheit. The temper-
nima Luz Electrica de Venezuela, a ate zone extends from 1,750 feet altitude
sumers within 8 months after the pro-
subsidiary of an United States holding posed merger . up to 6,500 feet, and the temperature
company, and the Compania Anonima range is from 54 to 77 degrees Fahren-
La Electricidad de Caracas, which is Contemplated expansions of power heit. Temperatures of 35 to 38 degrees
plants. A large number of Venezuelan Fahrenheit are found in the cold region
operated wholly with Venezuelan capital
and personnel. power plants have been considering ex- which is found above 6,500 feet.
pansion while others require replace- Venezuela has only two seasons, rainy
The growth of La Electricidad is indi-
ment equipment and parts for efficient and dry. On the plains, the rainy season
cated in table 3, which shows the num- operation. It is expected that an addi- extends from April to October, while the
ber of kilowatt-hours of electric energy tion of 17,000 or more horsepower will dry season extends from November to
generated by the company from 1938 to March, inclusive.
result if the proposed expansions mate-
1944 inclusive, as well as the additional rialize. Table 4 shows the altitude and aver-
power purchased by the company and
the total amount of current distributed. age mean temperatures ( Fahrenheit ) of
Venezuelan Power Plants.- The ap-
pendix contains a tabulation of the 149 the principal Venezuelan cities.
TABLE 3. Electric Energy Distributed power plants operating in Venezuela in
by the Compania Anonima La Elec- 1942, together with a summarization of TABLE 4.-Altitude and Temperatures
tricidad de Caracas 1938-44 their location, ownership, installed of Principal Cities in Venezuela
equipment, and capacities.
[In kilowatt-hours]
Average
Mean
Additional Economic Features Temp.
Power power Total power Altitude (F.)
Year generated purchased distributed City State (feet) (degrees)
Geography
1938 . 29,647,403 33,314,061 62,961,464 Venezuela can be divided into four Aragua de
1939. 28,247,053 35,630,330 63,877,383 distinct geographical regions, namely: Barcelona Anzoategui 363 82
1940 .. 67,795,900 12,826,727 80,622,627 The Guayana Highlands, which com- Ascuncion Nueva
1941 . 72,487,967 12,736,438 85,224,405 Esparta 356 79
1942 . 84,701,385 12,502,426 97,203,811 prise the southern half of the country; Barcelona ... Capital of
1943. 77,353,298 24,355,702 101,709,000 the Llanos, or central planes ; the area Anzoategui 46 80
1944 ... 97,885,265 10,312,953 108,198,218 of the Andean and Coastal mountain Barquisimeto Lara 1,868 78
Caracas Capital ofthe
ranges, which contain the principal 3,036 68
Republic
agricultural regions and population cen- Carupano Sucre 26 81
The culmination of this merger is ex- ters; and the lowlands around Lake Ciudad
Maracaibo . There are three principal Bolivar Bolivar 125 86.5
pected to benefit greatly the consumers Coro Falcon 53 82
of both companies. Under the present chains of mountains in the country, with Cumana Sucre 23 80
system, one company furnishes elec- three mountain peaks over 16,000 feet La Guaira Dept. of On the 85
in height, and 22 mountain peaks 15,000 Vargas, Caribbean
tricity for heating and lighting purposes Federal
only, and the other company maintains or more feet high. District
a distribution system for the supply of Seventy-two islands are included in Los Teques Aragua 3,864 68
electrical power. As a result there has the territory of Venezuela, of which the Maracaibo Zulia 20 82
Maturin Monagas 244 80.5
always been a certain amount of ineffi- largest is the Margarita ( 20 by 40 Merida Merida 5,141 64.6
ciency in the use of the lines through miles ) , or better known as the State of Puerto Cabello Carabobo On the 81
the cycle of daily change in electrical Neuva Esparta and important as a shores of
Mar de
28228

requirements. pearl-fishing center. las

The company La Electricidad agrees There are 1,059 rivers and streams of Antillas
after the merger is effected that all high varying size in Venezuela, of which 436 San Cristobal Tachira 2,722 70.5
emanate from the Orinoco River. The San Felipe Yaracuy 808 80
tension feed lines, secondary lines, and San Fernando Apure 240 91
distribution lines will be placed under- Orinoco has a total length of 1,600 miles Trujillo Trujillo 2,640 72
ground as soon as the required equip- and drains four-fifths of the country. Valencia Carabobo 1,581 80
ment becomes available. It further Other important Venezuelan rivers are :
agrees that a higher degree of service Apure, Oro, Meta, Coura, Negro, Mitare, Source: South American Handbook.
 POWER
General
Population. The population of Vene-
zuela is roughly 3,839,747 and is com-
posed mainly of Spanish, Indian, Negro,
and White races. The latter are few in
number. Immigration laws permit only
a few persons to enter the country an-
nually, and in some years emigration
has equaled immigration.
Standard of living.-Luxuries are en-
joyed by the business and professional
people living in the cities, where the
standard of living is considered high.
However, the purchasing power of
nearly 80 percent of the population of
Venezuela is sufficient only for bare
necessities.
Monetary unit, system of weights and
measures and commercial language.-
The monetary unit of Venezuela is the
gold bolivar (usually written B. ( s) )
which is divided into 100 centimes.
The metric system of weights and
measures has been adopted by law in
Venezuela.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2 , Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at
East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
FACILITIES OF VENEZUELA
Spanish is the commercial language
of the country. It is spoken throughout
Venezuela with the exception of the
States of Amazonas and Bolivar, where
Arawak dialects are used by the abo-
rigines.
Agriculture and Pastorial
- Agricultural activities in Venezuela
engaged approximately two-thirds of
the population prior to the extensive de-
velopment of petroleum. Over 115,384
square miles are devoted to agricultural
pursuits of which coffee, cocoa, sugar,
cotton, tobacco, chicle, balata, and
tonka beans represent the chief crops.
Coffee and cocoa are the chief agricul-
tural exports of the country.
The pastoral industries of Venezuela
occupy a prominent part in the coun-
try's economy. Meat and dairy products
are supplied for domestic consumption,
and live animals, hides, and skins are
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1028 Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex. , 603 Federal
Office Bldg .
Jacksonville 1, Fla. , 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor,
130 W. 42nd St.
5
exported. There are 112,000 square
miles suitable for grazing.
Industrial Development
Venezuela has 8,025 manufacturing
enterprises, of which the food proc-
essing and cotton textile industries lead
all others. The Federal District and the
State of Aragua are the principal indus-
trial areas.
In an endeavor to encourage manu-
facturing within the country, the Gov-
ernment established The Industrial Bank
of Venezuela in July 1937. Its chief
function is to grant loans at low interest
rates to new industries.
As a further inducement to the devel-
opment of Venezuelan industry, the
President has the authority to reduce
import duties or grant full exemption to
tools, machinery, or certain raw prod-
ucts necessary to industry. In 1941,
more than 20,000,000 bolivars in duty
exonerations and refunds were granted.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg.,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Of-
fice Bldg.
 APPENDIX
6

P
-
5.
TABLE
ower
Operating
Plants
Venezuela
in
,1 942

Prime
mover Generating
equipment Service .
Approxi
mate
, iesel
DSteam peak
Ownership Volt load
,
of
compa
Name ny City hydraulic Make HP Speed Make KW Volts Phases
Cycles Hourss KW

Elec
Aragua
.dPlanta
.. e Municipal B..
.de
Aragua Diesel Caterpillar 80 GE
900 41 2400 60 3 110 12 50
.... do do 720 ASEA
.... do .... 70 30 2400 60 3

88
de
Electrica
n
.Auz
LCia ene-
V(Private
Barcelona zuelan
) .... Barcelona S.
..
Const
P. 50 GE
190 40 2300 60
do Deutz 50 150 do 40 2300 60
do Atlas 110 275 do 72 2300 60 110 12 175
do Atlas 128 275 ASEA 92 2300 60
do Fahrzeug 235 450 AEG 152 2300 60
.dBarinas
Elec
Planta
...
e Municipal Barinas do Caterpillar GE
45
1500 20 120/208 60 110 12 20
.de
Elec
Planta
Barinitas
.. Municipal Barinitas do Caterpillar 45
1500 do 20 120/208 60 110 12 20
333 3 3 3 3

8888888
de
C.
Electrica
Energia
A. Engi
Montreal
20

fVenezuela
Vene-
(ormerly Co.
neering
zuela
Power
Co.
). ()Canadian Barquisimeto Hydraulic ...
&o
CGordon
J. 400 720 Westinghouse 300 2300 60 110 24 600
do Voith
.M.
J. 400 720 GE 300 2300 60
Diesel Deutz 200 300 Siemens
S. 160 2300 60 ...
Deutz 200 300 do 160 2300 60 ....
.... do
333 3

.Cia
An Hidroelectrica
de (VStock
Co.
en-
Borburata )
ezuelan Borburata Hydraulic Escher
Wyss 1150 900 Oerlikon 800 2300 60 3 110 24 750
Electricidad
Cia
.dVeen ....
& .
SCo.
B.
).(A.merican Cagua Diesel Sulzer 100 375 do 70 2300 50
do do Deutz 50 1000 Gleishschlorom 32 2300 50
do do Deutz 300 Lloyd 165 2300 50 110 24 400
Freq
INDUSTRIAL

do .Changer AEG KVA

246 600 AEG 200 2400 50/60
Planta
Elec
Caicara
.de
..... Municipal Caicara
del
O. Diesel Caterpillar 27 1200 GE 15 120/208 60 110 12 15
33333

Cia
L
.y
Elec
FAuerza
uz
n VCo. en-
(Stock
de
Calabozo ezuelan
) Calabozo do Deutz 85 428 Siemens 56 2300 50 3 110 50
127

....
.de
Elec
Planta
Cantaura Privat
V(ene- e
zuelan
) Cantaura do Caterpillar 1200 GE
25 12 480 60 110 12 12
8g8gggg88883
3

Electricidad
Cia
.Anomina
La Co.
(VStock
en- Caracas
Caracas
de )
ezuelan
.... La
Guaira Steam Brown
Bovery
. 5700 3000 Bove n
.Browry 4000 4750 50
c(1ontemplated
-943 expan
. do do do 3000
7100 do 5000 4750 50
9375
-
)sion
KW do Diesel Sulzer 1650 150 Oerlikon 1000 4750 50
do do do 960 150 do 660 4750 50
Marapa Hydraulic Escher
.Wyss 1950 Brown
Bovery
.710 1360 5000 50
REFERENCE

do do do 1950 710 1360 5000 50

Caoma do do 700 710 480 11000 50 110 24 25000
3 3 3 33 3 3

do do do 860 710 600 11000 50 3

do do do 1825 710 1280 11000 50 3
Mamo do do 920 710 B.T.H. 640 11000 50 3
do ,do do 920 710 640 11000 50 3
do do do 920 710 640 11000 50 3
.do do do 920 710 640 11000 50 3
9999999

Curupao do do 2350 Brown

710 .Bovery 1650 6600 50 3
SERVICE

do do do 2350 710 do 1650 6600 50 3

Izcaragua do do 2500 Oerl
710 ikon 1760 7200 50 3
Encantado
El
.. do do 500 Bove n
.Browry 355 5000 50
Los
Naranjos
.. do do 510 do 350 5000 50 3
do do do 700 do 480 5000 50 3
do do do 700 do 480 5000 50
Lyra do do 700 Oerlikon 490 5000 50
233

Venezolana
.Cia
Electrici
de &
Bond
Electric
dad ....... Co.
Share
A).(merican Caracas Steam Morgan 2250 Lancashire 1500 2300 50
do do Crossley 286 200 Mather
Pratt
. 160 2300 50
do do do 286 200 do 160 2300 50
do do do 286 200 do 160 2300 50 110 24 111000
do do do 286 200 do 160 2300 50
do do do 160 2300 ....
do 286 200
do do Craz
Elin 450 187 .Elin
Craz 300 2300 50
Flor
.de
Elec
Planta
..
Isabal
'음 은 은은 은은

ene-
V(Private Caripito Diesel Manheim 600 A.S.E.A. 16 115 50 110 12
zuelan
) do Gasoline International 1500 do 10 115 50 15
Electrica
Alanta
.PCia
n
de ....
Stock
Co.
(Ven- Carora Deutz Sasherwerk
Diesel 100 300 65 2300 60
Carora )
ezuelan do do do 150 300 Siemens 100 2300 110 12 165
do do do 150 300 do 100 2300 60
3 3 3 3 333 3 3 3 3 3
 Co. do .
Deutch Works 180 600 GE 120 2300 60 110 12 200
....
R
&
CoR
Pier
Carupano (VStock
en- Carupano
ezuelan
) do do Tony 220 450 Marelli 140 2300
Private (Vene-
Electricidad
de
Cia
Aan
.L Bolivar
Ciudad
. .Producer Deutz
Gas 180 180 A.E.G. 120 2300 60
Bolivar
Ciudad zuelan
) do Steam Allis Chalmers
. 150 120 Westinghouse 100 2300 60
.......... do Diesel Atlas 240 GE
600 175 2300 110 24 200
do Caterpillar 160 900 do 80 2300 60 ....
do
.... do .
Severin
Van 275
25 A.S.E.A. 17 2300 60 ....

3333333
Hidrauli-
n
.Andustrial
ICia VStock
Co.
( en- 12 180
...
Lyobatera ezuelan
) Colon Hydraulic Escher
.Wyss 350 Oerlikon 225 6600 60 220
Ayacucho
ca 200 428 Siemens 130 2300 60
Elec-
L
y uz
n
.Auerza
FCia Stock
VCo.
( en- Coro Diesel Deutz
do 200 428 Lloyd 130 2300 60 110 24 350
Coro
de
trica )
ezuelan do .... do
.... do do Worthington 450 428 Westinghouse 300 2300 50
Electrica
L
y uz
.Fuerza
Cia Stock
Co.
(Ven- Cumana Steam GE 90 2300 60
do do 100 2300 60 110 24 350
Cumana
de ezuelan
) do
.... do
.... do do 30 2300 60
do Diesel Crossley 500 240 .
GE.STD 200 2300 60 333 3 3 3 33

88888888888888
&o.
CCasale
Pompeyo Stock
VCo.
( en-
ezuelan
Brit- 12 20
)
ish Callao
El
.. Diesel National 56 240 GE 40 250 DC .... 220
20

........BStock
(rit-
Co. Peru
El do National
Std
. 600 273 GE.Std
. 400 3300 50 3 ...... ....
New
..
Venezuela
of
Goldfields 3300 50 3 440-3
.ph
- merican
A)ish do do do 600 273 do 400
do do 600 273 do 400 3300 50 3 ...... 24 1200
do 110-1
do do do 600 273 do 400 3300 50 3 .
ph
do do do 600 273 do 400 3300 50 3 ......
Som-
El
de
Electrica
Planta 2300 50 3 110 20
brero Municipal Sombrero
El ·· do Koch
W.
C&o. 260 Oerlikon 32
El
de
Electrica
Planta
Nueva (VPrivate
ene- 120/208 60 110 12 40
Caterpillar 120 900
GE 66 3
POWER

Tigre zuelan
) Tigre
El do
200

020

500
Vene-
de
Cases
Industriales Stock
Co
zuela (American- 74 900 do 40 480 60 3 120 25
El
Venezuelan
.
)Tigrito do
6

.... do
00

Cia
F.Auerza
y lumbrado
n ·
.Jaure-
Dist
del
Electricida Co.
Stock
(Ven- 2100 50 3
gui ezuelan
) La
Crita Hydraulic Voith 120 1000 A.E.G. 80 125
1271

Electrici-
de. enezolana
VCia .... .
SCo.
&B.
do 750 1200 Siemens 500 2400 60 3 110 24 400
dad ).(A.merican Victoria
La .... do
88888

Electrici-
Cia
.Venezolana
de Co.
S&B.. 55
dad ).(American Los
Teques do Leffel 75 1200 GE 2400 60 3 ....
do ... do do 75 1200 do 55 2400 60 3
128 2400 60 110 24 340
FACILITIES

do Diesel Bessemer 250 300 A.S.E.A. 3

do Crossley 286 Mather
Pratt 160 2400 60 3 ....
3333

.... do
88888

85

de
Electrica
Energia
C
.A* . Montreal
Engi
neering
OF

Venezuela Co. Westinghouse 6000 2300 60 110/220 241

.....f- enezuela
V(ormerly )(Canadian Maracaibo Steam Westinghouse 3600 4500
Diesel Korting 200 A.E.G. 1400 5250 60 110/220 245
)
Co.
Power
· 33

00

c- 943
1( ontemplated
KW
expansion
)5000
Aan
Cia
.L
de
Electricidad 160 1000 6600 50
Maracay Gov.
Federal Maracay do Sulzer 1500 Oerlikon
do do do 1500 160 do 1000 6600 50
do do do 1500 160 do 1000 6600 50
Uraca Hydraulic S.E.M. 2000 1000 S.E.M. 1350 6200 50
do do do 2000 1000 do 1350 6200 50 ....
.... do do do 2000 1000 do 1350 6200 50 110 24 3000
Escher
Wyss 900 1000 Oerlikon 600 3000 50
VENEZUELA

Choroni do
do do do 900 1000 do 600 3000 50
.... do do do 900 1000 do 600 3000 50
Las
Delicias do do 160 1000 do 100 6600 50
333 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

de
Electrica
Planta
Nueva (VPrivate
ene- 60
Maturin )
zuelan Maturin Diesel Atlas 86 300 A.S.E.A. 525 50
.... M.W.M. 100 600 Siemens 64 525 50 110 12 80
33

.... do .... do
de
Electrica
lanta
.An
PCia Stock
V
(
Co. en-
ezuelan
) Merida Hydraulic Boving 300 720 GE 200 2300 60
Merida .... 300 720 do 200 2300 60 220 24 580
do do do
do do M.
J. Voith
also 480 480 Siemens 160 2300 60
.do do connected
shaft
to West 160 2300 60
3333

80 8888

turbine
. ame
sext
de
Planta
Hidroelectrica Stock
Co.
(Ven-
)
ezuelan do do Voith 180 500 Brown
Bovery 160 2300 50 3 220 24 120
Mucujun
Cia
.UAnion
de
Venezolana
n Stock
Co.
(Ven-
Electricidad Naiguata do Escher
Wyss 1000 1000 Oerlikon 660 2300 50 25000 24 $2000
..... )
ezuelan
.... do do 1000 1000 do 660 2300 50
do do do 1000 1000 do 660 2300 50
do do do 3500 1000 do 2350 2300 50 3
333 m

.Purchases
Caracas
de
E.
power
1from .volts
25,000
at
Caracas
de
E.
to
power
all
S'ells
7
 P5.
TABLE
ower
Operating
Plants
Venezuela
Cin
,1
—
-942
ontinued
8

move
Primre Generating
equipment Service- Approxi-
mate
, iesel
DSteam peak
Nam
comp
of eany Ownership City hydraulic ,
load
Make HP Speed Make KW Volts
Phases
Cycles HoursKW
Pariaguan
.de
Elec
Planta Municipal Pariaguan Diesel Buchman 720 A.E.G. 31 440 60 3 110 6 20
Auerza
.FLCia
uz
n
Elec- ....

60
de
eIndustrias
trica
Porla- Stock
VCo.
( en-
mar ezuelan
) .... Porlamar do Crossley 37.5 375 GE 2300 60 3
do do .... doCaterpillar 37.5 375 do 25 2300 60 110 24 150
do do 160 900 do 80 2300 60 3
do do Rand
Ingersoll 240 600 do 172 2300 60
Cia
F.L
y n
uz
Auerza (Ven-
Co.
Stock

9998
Elec- wwww

8888

3382

:999
.Ctrica
Pto
de
abello ezuelan
) ... Cabello
Puerto Steam Oerlikon 500 3600 Oerlikon 350 2300 60
.....
do ....Diesel do 500 3600 do 350 2300 60 110 24 1000
Crossley
88
do 250 240
GE 160 2300 60
do do do 250 240 do 160 2300 60
Elec
.dPlanta
LPto
Cruz
ea Municipal Cruz
La
Puerto .... M.W.M. 60 1000 Stillco 26 440 50
do ... Wolf 18 650 Siemens 12 440 50 110 60
do Caterpillar 120 900 66 440 60
60

GE ....
Planta
Electrica
Carlos
San
de Gov.
State Carlos
San do Davy
Pascman 60 500 Parkinson
Cromton 30 2300 50
do do Buchane
Wolf 90 600 Lehmeyer 60
Garbe 2300 50 110 12 55
333333333

do do Vern
Severin 100 331 engine
Spare
.....

៩៩៩ ៖៖៖៖ . ៖
Electrica
Planta
Casi-
San
de
miro Municipal Casimiro
San do Caterpillar 60 1200 GE 30 2400 60 3 110 12 25

៖
y Anergia
n
L.Cia
uz
EElec- VStock
(en-
Co.
Cristobal
San
de
trica ezuelan
) Cristobal
San Hydraulic J.
Voith
M. 400 514 Bovery
Brown 252 500 60 220 24
.... 440
do Diesel Sulzer 286 600 do 192 2300 60
8 88

.El
Elec
"Planta
Torbes State
.
Govt do Hydraulic Voith
M.
J. 520 1000 A.E.G. 220 400 50 220 ....
24 500
INDUSTRIAL

do do do 520 1000 do 220 400 50 ....

3333

Electricidad
Veen
.dCia B.
S.
& Co.
A)( merican San
Felipe do Pelten 90 300
GE 60 2300 60
do do do 300 do 60 2300 60 110 24 200
do Diesel Crossley 200 Pratt
Mather 160 2300 60
do do do 285 West 80 2400 60
3333

8888

228880
F.Cia
A n
Luerza
y
Elec-
uz
Fernando
San
trica
de ene-
V(Private
Apure
....... )
zuelan .... San
Fernando do do 50 220
GE 30 2300 60 110 12 60
do do do 50 220 do 30 2300 60
69

.... ...... ....

33

(
VPrivate
ene-
88

de
Electrica
Planta
Tovar... zuelan
) Hydraulic Pelton 60 500 Siemens 30 2300
Tovar 60 3 110 30
REFERENCE

Stock
(en-
VCo.
580
Anergia
L.ECia
y
Elec-
uz
n
1241

trica
Trujillo
de )
ezuelan Trujillo do do 150 900 GE 90 2300 60
do do Saschenwerk 276 1200 Saschenwerk 184 6600 60 110 24 260
do Diesel Worthington 300 400
GE 200 2300 60
do do 300 do 200 2300 60
.... do 400 ....
3333

999
Cia
88888

Ele
de
.Anctricidad ene-
(VPrivate
Valencia )
zuelan Valencia Hydraulic Escher
Wyss 570 750 Oerlikon 380 5000 50 3
contemplated ....
expan-
(1943 do do do 570 750 do 380 5000 50
1350
KW
)sion do do do 585 1000 Siemens
..
Schucket 400 5000 50
SERVICE

do do do 585 1000 do 4000 5000 50 110 24 1755

do Diesel Sulzer 1000 214 Oerlikon 640 2300 50
do do do 1000 214 do 640 2300
do do do 1000 214 GE 2300 50
0333333

Electrica
P.Cia
deAlanta
n Co.
VStock
( en-
Valera ezuelan
) Valera do Ingersoll
-Rand 300 600 200 2300 60
.... do do 300 600
do 200 2300 60
do Hydraulic Baldwin 450 720 do 300 2300 60 110 24 480
do do Pelton 360 900 do 180 2300 60
do do do 160 900 West 100 2300 60

은은 응 .
333 3 3

88888

Electrica
Planta
Valle
de
Pascua
La Municipal Valle de
La
Pascua
..... Diesel Wolf
Buchane 60 600 GE 35 2300 60 3 110 12 32
60

Government
S.
U.
1Office
:Printing
945-672798
Cuments Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

T CO Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
EN
RTM MM
ER
PA CE
DE

Part 1. TRANSPORTATION and

UNIT
ED

PUBLIC UTILITIES
STATES

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $1.50. Price this report 5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 1 December 1945 Number 9

Railways of Peru
Prepared for publication in the Transportation Unit, James C. Nelson, Chief

2848 :

Zig Zag de Viso (F. C. C. del Peru)

D. 11003
 Railways
Digested from a report by Findley Weaver, Economic Analyst, United States Embassy, Lima, and other Governmental data.
The Republic of Peru has approxi-
mately 482,256 square miles of land with
an officially estimated population of
7,023,000 ( 1940 census ) . A survey of
Peruvian agriculture in 1943 estimated
the population density to cultivated area
as 1.9 per acre.
Geographically, as well as economi-
cally, Peru is longitudinally divided into
three distinct zones with as many varie-
ties of climate, products, and soil. The
30-mile wide strip along the 1,400 mile
coast is a long narrow desert, except for
the widely separated irrigated valleys
which are sparsely settled or developed
by 27 percent of the population.
The plateaus and tablelands ( Puna )
are nestled among the three Andean
ranges of lofty peaks traversing the
country from north to south at an aver-
age height of 17,000 feet. This section
contains more than 60 percent of the
population. On the eastern Andean
slopes is the Amazon basin, a fertile
tropical lowland region of luxuriant
forest and great rivers called the Mon-
tana, where only 13 percent of the
population resides.
Agriculture, stock raising, and mining
are the basic economic activities. De-
spite the fact that mining is one of the
chief sources of wealth, 85 percent of the
people are dependent directly or in-
directly upon agriculture and stock
raising.
Although the coast is skirted by a
longitudinal trunk highway, there is a
need for greater coordination of trans-
portation facilities. Some of the areas
are served by inland water streams, some
by feeder roads to the main highway
arteries and existing railroad lines, but
most of the transportation facilities serve
no more than the limited needs of a small
area isolated from the rest of the country.
Trackage and Ownership
The total trackage of the 22 principal
common carrier railroads in Peru is
3,183.8 kilometers. Of this total, the
Peruvian Corporation, Limited , a British
Company, owns 54 percent or a total of
1.707.9 kilometers of main line (6 rail-
road lines ) ; the Peruvian Government
owns 30 percent or a total of 975.5 kilo-
meters of main line ( 10 railroad lines ) ;
while various other owners have the re-
maining 16 percent or 500.4 kilometers
of main line. Not only is the greater part
of the total length in the hands of the
Peruvian Corporation ( British ) but two
of its roads, the Ferrocarril Central and
the Ferrocarril del Sur are economically
the most important in the country .
In addition to the foregoing common
carrier lines, there are now 15 private
traffic railroads with a total length of
2
of Peru
Prepared by Irma Grace Bate
principal line of 602.7 kilometers which
are owned by various Peruvian and for-
eign concerns. In the main, they serve
the oil fields, mines or sugar haciendas.
Electrified Lines
There are 89.5 kilometers of electrified
street railway in and connecting the two
cities Lima and Callao ; 18.2 kilometers
in Arequipa, and about 10 kilometers in
the yards of the Ferrocarril Central in
Lima. All of these lines use 500 volts
direct current conveyed by trolley.
Physical Characteristics
On all, except some of the short coastal
lines, the Peruvian railroads are charac-
terized by severe gradients and curva-
tures, and by differences in gage which
are shown in meters and in feet on map
on page 3.
Equipment
The principal need of all Peruvian rail-
roads is equipment. The facilities have
been used to move the increased volume
of traffic during the war period so that
now the motive power, rolling stock, and
right of way show the wear and tear of
such prolonged and intensive utilization .
In order to reestablish prewar mainte-
nance standards, and to replace obsolete
equipment, the purchase of materials and
equipment should be heavy as soon as
restrictions are lifted . In the case of the
Peruvian Corporation , Limited, many of
the purchases will be placed with British
manufacturers.
Signaling equipment.-In accordance
with existing regulations, signaling equip-
ment is either visual or acoustic . Visual
equipment consists of small flags, lan-
terns, semaphores, and disks, while acous-
tical devises require the use of steam and
air whistles, of bells, and of petards.
Trains on such roads as the Central
and Sur run on telegraphic orders from
station to station, and block signals are
used between Callao and Lima on the
Central.
Radio.-Radios are not used on the
railway trains in Peru ; nor is radio tele-
phone service available on any Peruvian
train. However, the Government line
from Cuzco to Santa Ana is provided
with an intracommunicating telephone
system confined to the train itself, while
passenger trains of the Peruvian Cor-
poration are equipped with portable tele-
phones which can be operated in connec-
tion with the telephone lines running
parallel to the railroad.
Air conditioning.-No air-conditioning
equipment nor refrigerator cars have
been introduced on the Peruvian rail-
ways .
Table 1 shows the imports of railroad
materials into Peru for 1939, 1943, and
1944.
TABLE 1.-Imports of Railroad Materials
into Peru, 1939, 1943, and 1944
[Value in thousands of soles ; 1 quantities
in metric tons]
1939 1943 1944
Commodity
item Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value
Rails and ac-
cessories. 2,450 $ 711 1,897 $ 955 14,544 $5,796
Railway sleep-
23
ers . 95 27 5 4 100 118
Railcars and
locomotives.. 214 936 245 1,359 108 652
Railway freight|
cars and
spares and
push cars ... 1,160 1,509 875 1,486 1,325 2,135
Passenger cars
for railways ,
tramways
171
122
and spares .. 97 212 21 160 72 373
1 One sole equal in value to $0.15 U. S. currency.
Peruvian Railroad System
Peru does not have a well integrated
railroad system, mainly because of the
differences in gages of the common car-
rier lines. Its railroad system may easily
be broken up into two group systems—
the central and southern groups-and
several short lines serving isolated sec-
tions of the country or as feeder lines to
highways or other transport facilities.
The greater portion of the Peruvian
railroad traffic flows through the port of
Callao and Lima, the capital and principal
city 14 kilometers inland from the Pacific
coast. These two cities, and part of cen-
tral Peru lying across the Andes, are
served by the Ferrocarril Central with
six connecting railroad lines.
The Ferrocarril Central is not only im-
portant as far as the economy of the
country is concerned , but is exemplary of
the most notable railroad engineering in
the world. Henry Meiggs, a United
States engineer, surveyed the road in
1868 and began its construction in 1870.
Starting from sea level at Callao, the
road immediately begins to climb to a
height of 15,806 feet, the highest point
reached by any standard-gage railway,
in 173.3 kilometers. This roadbed skirts
precipices, spans canyons, crosses and
recrosses rivers, bores through rocky
projections, and zigzags back and forth
throughout the long hard climb. (See
photograph on the front cover. )
The Ferrocarril Central serves as the
main artery of the Central railroad sys-
tem bringing to the coast Peru's wealth
in copper, gold, silver, and vanadium.
Over the Central system are carried the
 RAILWAYS OF PERU 3

n Bus or Truck Lines

ECUADOR CO LOMBI The Ferrocarril Central has a fleet of
25 trucks which offer a pick-up and
delivery service in Lima without addi-
tional charge. The Trujillo-Guadalupe
PuertaPizar road has one truck which offers the same
QUITOS service in Trujillo. Outside of this
service, none of the Peruvian roads oper-
Labiles
Megfo ate bus or truck lines or provide any type
LaMesaBallons

............
Parte Tambo Grande RAILWAYS
COMMON CARRIERSOF PERU of transportation service other than on
D •PIURA GAME
PZET ENCIES N
PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS railroads, by train, or motor rail-cars.
Chiebels-Tables
1.2. Cusco-Vachupicch 0.91
9. Huancayo-Huancavel ica 0.91
6.11 >
110-Vog
8.U.. Ling-Luri 0.01 ·
Mere

Forre torosio del Paru 0.81

ate Balupe Tablon - alon
ten

Tarapate 9.7. Tacna-Arica 0.01

1,000 Financial Condition
10.9. Tusbes-PuertoPlaarro
Tandoda Sel-Pachitos 0.00
0,79

ass
CHICLAYO Pátzge
Pre PERUVIAN CORPORATION,
Pimentel
Puert oElen Caye 1.Central del Paru LIMITED, RAILWAYS: 1.00
CAMARCA Paconaye-Sudatuse
12. Pulte-Plura

.
Lassetes Christo 13. . Operating Profits
Paresmaya it.10. Place-Ica
Sur del Peru 1.1.
18. Trujillo 0.91 α
OTHER CON CARRIERS: The operating profits 1 of the Govern-
Senting TRUJILLO
Coo 17, Cerro do Face Oraya 11.09
18. ElectraChucarapi-EnnadaArequipade Tratulas 0.10 ment-owned railroads in 1943 were
Table

SelowafeDeli deNacional 1.00

nes

Ances 10. Egress

Eten-Chiclayo-Patapo 0.00.
Carensere 20. Pangs Blanc -Engen 0.00 $301,000, or 65 percent above the 1936-39
21. Pinental-Ponsico
22. Supo-Barranca Alge 0.91
Chagole 0.60 average. Those of the Peruvian Corpo-
PRIVATE CARRIERS:
EtuTRAFFIC
23. Lobito-() -Hacienda Cayait 6.00 ration lines for the fiscal year ending

B
Cosme PARAS 2. Tobias
Minasragra-Riccan 0.78
28.
20. Shelby-San Jose da Nuaran 0.81
0.79 June 30, 1944, were $ 9,629,000 , or nearly
10
Puerto
Vene 27. Other Talara(ElectrifiedTrach)
Negritan Plastables 6.79 0.60 •
three times the prewar average and
29. (HotIndustrial
son andmay) Lises Varloun
Georg0 INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS greater than for any year since its forma-
Carra de Pans 1.a.C. Gueul-Le
Arica-Lapar
Antofagaste Rativio Railway 1.0
1.0 tion in 1890. The only one of its rail-
octricStreat Parallers not shown on 253. 1.0
roads operating at a deficit was the
Marcoche Grape Chimbote -Tablones which was sold to the
CALLAO Matu HUANCATO Peruvian Government in September 1944.
On the other hand, the Ferrocarril Cen-
LeMered tral accounted for more of the increase
MUERCAVELICA Beam Ang
Come 4 AYAGUONG WatchOngefoltambe
Pitch over the prewar average than any of the

‫סי‬
Urubente other Peruvian Corporation lines.
Chinglede Mere
Tombe And Congella ABGECAT UPERS
1
Plese
Given
LaBese
14,188 Pass
P Operating Ratios
Ayavir
B

RAILWAY MAP As may be noted in tables 2 and 3, the

OF PorteLone Grater Alle Pan Lola operating ratio for Government-owned
Timeta
lines is appreciably higher than that of
PERU
AREQUIPA the Peruvian Corporation lines which is,
SCALE Le J no doubt, accounted for by the fact that
Malere 50 percent of the Government -owned
MILES MOQUEQUA
-LEGEND- lines usually show an operating deficit.
********* RAILWAYS
PAN AMERICAN HIGHWAY In 1943, the operating ratio for all
STEAMSHIP ROUTE TAC Government -owned lines was 91 percent,
NATIONAL HIGHWAY
being surpassed twice in the preceding
CHILE 7 years with ratios of 95 and 97 percent
re 76 74 in 1938 and 1940, respectively.
00.48-071
The operating ratio for the Peruvian
Corporation lines hit an all-time low in
1944 with 71 percent ; the highest operat-
agricultural products from the interior to group, there are 11 other common carrier ing ratio from 1936 to 1944 was reached
Lima and Callao and manufactured roads each running a short distance in 1939 with 88 percent . Although Peru-
goods from Lima and Callao to the inland from a point on the Pacific coast. vian Corporation roads are efficiently
interior. Collectively, these 11 roads in 1943 operated and show increasing profits in
The southern system composed of four accounted for only 8 percent of the total terms of soles, their profitability in terms
roads, of which the Ferrocarril del Sur freight ton-kilometers and 25 percent of of pounds sterling is reduced by the
is the principal line, serves the populous passenger-kilometers. depreciated rate of exchange for Peru-
and fertile inter-mountain basin extend- vian currency which has prevented pay-
Individually, from a general economic ment of interest on debentures .
ing from Lake Titicaca to Cuzco and standpoint , they are of little importance.
connects this agricultural region with However, if the steel hydroelectric power
the coast. By means of steamers over 1 Values expressed here and throughout this re
and other industries should be developed port are in soles. One sol has an average value of
Lake Titicaca, it also connects with the $0.15 U. S. currency .
railroad owned by the same company in the Chimbote area, two of them- the
Chimbote -Tablones and Tablones-Hual-
leading to La Paz, Bolivia. lanca- may be of substantial importance . TABLE 2.-Peruvian Government Owned
These two groups of railroads just Railroads Revenue , Expense, and Profit
described account for 67 and 26 percent, In addition to these roads , there are
15 short line railroads that are not from Operations
respectively, of the total 1943 freight
ton-kilometers for all Peruvian common common carriers but classified as indus- [Value in thousands of soles]
carrier roads , and 48 percent and 27 per- trial roads serving the sugar plantations,
Year Revenue Expense Profit Operating
cent, respectively, of total passenger- mines, or other enterprises. There are ratio
kilometers. also two electric street railways in opera-
Exclusive of the 7 roads in the Central 1939. 1,939 1,748 192 90
tion, making a grand total of 39 railroads 1942. 2,660 2,409 252 91
group and the 4 roads in the southern operating in Peru at the present time. 1943 . 3,321 3,020 301 91
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 3.—Peruvian Corporation Railroads Revenue, Expenses, Profit from Operations Classification of freight.—With the ex-
and Net Receipts Fiscal Year Ending June 30 ception of mineral shipments, most of
[Value in thousands of soles] which originate on the Government-
owned extension of the line, the freight
Net receipts carried by the Chimbote-Tablones Rail-
Operating Operating Operating Operating Rate of (pounds
Year revenue expense profit ratio exchange¹ sterling)2 way is predominantly agricultural, with
cattle and rice shipments making up the

822
1939. 17,720 15,556 2,164 88 1014 93,943 largest individual items.
1943 . 25,815 18,593 7,221 72 914 229,458
1944 . 32,841 23,212 9,629 71 914 313,168 Territory served.-Though small when
considered from the standpoint of Peru-
1 Exchange rate in pence per sol.
2 Net receipts are the operating profit of the Peruvian railroads and also those of the Lake Titicaca steamers vian railways, it is destined to play a con-
and the Quaqui-La Paz railroad in Bolivia, less general and administrative expense. In 1944, 89 percent of
the total net receipts were attributable to the Peruvian railroads. stantly increasing part in the economy of
the country and in the movement of
Capitalization and Cash Position tion lines, and other common and private strategic and critical materials, as it acts
carriers : as an outlet to the Pacific coast. Chim-
The Government-owned roads are not bote may become one of the most im-
Common Carriers- Government portant ports on the Pacific coast of
encumbered by specific indebtedness but Railways
are owned outright and their obligations South America, if the proposed large
Address : Direccion de Caminos y
consist of current liabilities payable by steel industry is established there.
the Peruvian Government. Their moder- Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de Fomento,
Lima, Peru. Acquisition. This line was purchased
ate profits and the Central Reserve by the Government, in September 1944,
Ownership : Federal Government.
Bank's shortage of foreign exchange from the Peruvian Corporation for a con-
impair their position with respect to Route sideration of $ 1,962,000 or £75,000 . This
replacement of equipment as compared length Total
main track. purchase included 36.6 kilometers of line,
with the position of the foreign-owned lines age 5 locomotives, 2 switch engines, 49 freight
roads. The Government-owned lines, Local (Kilo- (Kilo-
however, are smaller and haul much less Name address meters) meters) cars, 5 tank cars, and other rolling stock.
traffic than the principal foreign-owned Chimbote-Tablones Chimbote.. 56.6 60.7
roads. Therefore, their general needs Chimbote-Tablones Traffic Statistics
Cuzco-Machupicchu Cuzco 110.0 112.8
for foreign exchange and for replace- Huancayo-Huancavelica . Huancayo 150.0 154.2
Ilo-Moquegua Ilo 98.1 101.0 Item 1939 1942 1943 1944
ments are accordingly less. Lima-Lurin Lima 45.3 48.1

60
Noroeste del Peru Huacho 258.5 282.1
The capital structure of the Peruvian Tablones-Huallanca Chimbote 105.0 112.4 Passengers per kilo.
Corporation, consisting of ordinary stock, Tacna-Arica Tacna 62.0 65.8 meter (000) 5.0 ....
Tambo de Sol-Pachitea .. Huachon 78.0 81.0 Tons of freight per
preference stock, and debenture bonds, Tumbes-Puerto Pizarro . Tumbes 12.0 13.0 kilometer (000) 10.9
Total revenue per
is shown in the accompanying statistics. kilometer ( soles) .. .... 1,620
Total Peruvian
It has been the policy of the Peruvian Government railways.. 975.5 1,031.1 Freight ton-kilometers
(in millions) 1.2 0.8 0.6
Corporation to strengthen its cash posi- Passenger kilometers
tion both in Peru and abroad. This policy (in millions) 0.8 0.3 0.3

229
accounts for the fact that no interest TABLE 4.-Peruvian Corporation Rail- Freight revenue (000
soles) 111 59 52
was paid in 1944 when both earnings and roads Cash and Marketable Securities Passenger revenue
(000 soles) 34 12 41 ....
cash would have permitted at least the [Amounts in pounds sterling] Operating revenue
ordinary servicing of the bonds. The (000 soles) 187 90 92 309
earnings were left in the business and June 30, June 30, Operating deficit (000
Item 1939 1944 soles) 28 50 103 130
the result of this policy, as it has been
applied, is obvious, as may be observed Cash in London . 119,627 565,290
in table 4, showing the cash and market- Cash in Peru and Bolivia 33,576 72,531
able securities in 1944 more than three CUZCO- MACHUPICCHU ( Ferrocarril
Total cash 153,203 637,821 de Cuzco Machupicchu ) :
times the cash and investments in 1939. Investments :
From the standpoint of replacing equip- British Government securi- Purchasing method.-Purchases are
ties 240,250
ment, the Corporation's position is most Peruvian and Bolivian in- usually made through Direccion de
favorable. vestments 13,077 12,424 Caminos y Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de
Other investments 130,000 Fomento, Lima, Peru. Length : Main
Total investments 143,077 252,674 line, 110 kms.; total, 112.8 kms. Gage :
PERUVIAN CORPORATION RAILROADS CAPITALIZATION Total cash and investments 296,280 890,495 0.91 m. Rails : 35 pounds per yard in
AND CASH POSITION, JUNE 30, 1944 24-foot sections. Cross ties : 8"x8"x6",
Founds sterling¹ spaced 24 inches on centers of California
6 percent debentures issued. 5,700,000 CHIMBOTE-TABLONES (Ferrocarril
Less amount amortized .. 1,753,100 de Chimbote a Tablones ) : redwood and Colombian nato. Bridges :
11, average length, 23.4 m. Tunnels : 6,
Outstanding 3,946,900 Purchasing method.-Purchases are average length, 52.6 m. Minimum radius
Accrued interest 2,254,024 usually made through Direccion de
Total debentures and interest .. 6,200,924 curves : 60 m. Maximum grade : 3.5 per-
5 percent noncumulative preference stock 7,500,000 Caminos y Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de cent. Brakes : Air and hand . Signaling
Ordinary stock 9,000,000 Fomento, Lima, Peru. Length : Main line,
"Reserve account" and other proprietary equipment : flags, by hand. Equipment :
reserves 1,267,218 56.6 kms.; total, 60.7 kms. Gage : 0.91 m. (1943) Locomotives , 6 ; passenger
Rails : 40-50 pounds per yard in sections coaches, 8 ; freight cars, 34 ; work cars,
Total long term debt and capital liabilities 23,968,142 of 30 feet. Cross ties : 6 "x8 "x6', spaced (1941 ) 3. Capacity : Data unavailable.
1 The pound sterling has an average value of 70 cm. on centers of Chilean roble
$4.035 U. S. currency . Repair shop : Located at Cuzco.
pellin and Colombian nato. Bridges and
tunnels : None. Minimum radius curves : Territory served. This line serves as
324 m. Maximum grade : 3 percent. an outlet for the agricultural commodi-
Brakes : Air and hand. Equipment : ties produced on the high plateaus and
Common and Private Carriers ( 1943 ) Locomotives , 6 ; passenger in the river valleys through which it
coaches, 6; freight cars, 48 ; work cars, 5 . passes. It also caters to the steady
The following data give a breakdown Capacity : Freight cars, 8 to 10 metric volume of tourist traffic en route to the
of all Peruvian railways including Gov- tons ; passenger cars, 33 passengers per historic Inca ruins at Pisac, Ollantay-
ernment-owned lines, Peruvian Corpora- car. Repair shop : Located at Chimbote. tambo, and Machupicchu.
 RAILWAYS OF PERU 5

Cuzco-Machupicchu Traffic Statistics per yard in 32-foot sections. Cross ties : Fomento, Lima, Peru. Length : Main
6 "x8"x8', spaced 28 inches on centers of line, 258.5 kms.; total, 282.1 kms. Gage :
Item 1939 1942 1943 pine and rauli. Bridges and tunnels : 0.91 m. Rails : 30 and 50 pounds per
None. Minimum radius curves : 80 m. yard in 30-foot sections. Cross ties :
Passengers per kilo. Maximum grade : 4.15 percent. Brakes : 5"x7"x6', spaced 28 inches on centers of
meter (000) 5.0
Tons of freight per Air. Equipment : ( 1939 ) Locomotives, 1 ; California redwood and Colombian nato.
kilometer (000) .. 10.9
Total revenue per passenger coaches, none ; freight cars, 4 ; Bridges : 2, average length, 84.25 m.
kilometer (soles) .. 1,620 work cars, none ; motor rail cars, 14. Tunnels : None. Minimum radius curves :
Freight ton-kilometers Capacity : Data unavailable. Repair 60 m. Maximum grade : 4 percent.
(in millions) 1.3 1.8 1.9
Passenger kilometers shops : None listed. Brakes : Air and hand. Signaling equip-
(in millions) 2.6 4.4 5.9 ment : Hand signals of the usual visual
Freight revenue (000 Classification of freight.- The principal
soles) 158 237 260 commodities handled by the line are type, such as flags, lanterns, semaphores,
Passenger revenue cotton and cotton seed, fruits and vege- and discs, are used. Equipment : ( 1943 )
76 156 210
13
(000 soles) Locomotives, 7; passenger coaches, 3;
Operating revenue tables, sugar, rice, wines, flour, and other
(000 soles) 242 409 490 freight cars, 100 ; work cars, 1. Repair
Operating profit (000 foodstuffs .
soles) 43 13 45 Territory served. This railroad oper- shops : Located at Huacho, Peru.
ates from the most southerly located Classification of freight. - Cotton,
port of Peru of Ilo to the agricultural sugar, and other agricultural products of
HUANCAYO HUANCAVELICA ( Fer- interior regions of the Department of the Province of Chancay are the prin-
rocarril de Huancayo a Huancavelica ) : Moquegua. cipal items of freight.
Purchasing method.-Purchases are Traffic and operating statistics.— Op- Territory served.- Noroeste del Peru
usually made through Direccion de erating statistics, available for 1943 only, is the longest and most prominent of the
are as follows : Passengers per kilo- Government-owned railways in Peru. It
Caminos y Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de
meter, 100 ; total revenue per kilometer, furnishes the most important segment of
Fomento, Lima, Peru. Length : Main
$383; freight revenue, $19,000 ; passenger the longitudinal transportation system
line, 150 kms.; total, 154.2 kms. Gage :
0.91 m. Rails : 50 pounds per yard in revenue, $16,000 ; operating revenue, connecting the coastal railroads. There
50-foot sections. Cross ties : 6 "x8 "x6'′ , $49,000 ; operating deficit, $9,000. is practically no rainfall in the territory
served, the yearly average amounting to
spaced 28 inches on centers of Chilean less than 1 inch.
roble pellin and California redwood. LIMA- LURIN (Ferrocarril de Lima a
Bridges : 17, average length, 28.4 m. Lurin) :
Tunnels : 45, average length, 74 m. Purchasing method.- Purchases are
Minimum radius curves : 80 m. Maxi- Noroeste del Peru- Traffic Statistics
made through Direccion de Caminos y
mum grade : 3.5 percent. Brakes : Air Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de Fomento, Item 1939 1942 1943
and hand. Equipment : ( 1943 ) Locomo- Lima, Peru. Length : Main line, 45.3
tives, 5 ; passenger coaches, 10; freight kms.; total, 48.1 kms. Gage : 0.91 m. Passengers per kilo-
cars, 37; work cars, 2. Capacity : Data meter (000) 18.4
Rails: 45 pounds per yard in 30-foot sec- Tons of freight per
unavailable. Repair shop : Located at tions. Cross ties : 6 "x8 "x6' , spaced 28 kilometer (000) 35.0
Huancayo ; equipped for rolling stock Total revenue per kilo-
inches on centers of native carob tree. meter (soles) 3,459
with a carpenter shop and a machine Bridges : 1, average length, 52 m. Tun- Freight ton-kilometers
shop . nels : None. Brakes : Air and hand. (in millions) 6.8 8.9 9.0
Passenger · kilometers
Territory served. This line runs from Equipment : ( 1943 ) Locomotives , 6 ; pas- (in millions) 3.8 4.7 4.8
Huancayo, the terminal point of the senger coaches, 7 ; freight cars, 46 ; work Freight revenue (000
soles) 393 539 614
Central Railway, southeastward through cars, 2. Classification of freight : Agri- Passenger revenue
the gorges in the highlands of the Sierras cultural and mineral products . (000 soles) 67 100 125
Operating revenue
to Mejorada, then swings southward to Territory served. The Lima-Lurin (000 soles) 544 723 894
Huancavelica, its current terminal point. Operating profit or
railroad provides an outlet for the agri- deficit (000 soles) 112 64 107
cultural products of the Lurin and 1 Deficit.
Pachacamac districts and for the marble
Huancayo-Huancavelica Traffic
Statistics quarries located in the Pachacamac area.
Climate of the area serviced is sub- TABLONES HUALLANCA ( Ferrocar-
Item 1939 1942 1943 tropical and with practically no rainfall. ril de Tablones a Huallanca) :

Passengers per kilo- Lima-Lurin Traffic Statistics Purchasing method.-Purchases are

meter (000) 88.9 usually made through Direccion de
Tons of freight per
kilometer (000) 28.8 Item 1939 1942 1943 Caminos y Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de
Total revenue per kilo- Fomento, Lima, Peru. Length : Main
meter (soles) 4,454 line, 105 kms.; total, 112.4 kms. Gage :
Freight ton-kilometers Passengers per kilo-
(in millions) 2.1 3.9 4.3 meter (000) 118.0 0.91 m. Rails : 40 and 50 pounds per
Passenger kilometers Tons of freight per
(in millions) 6.2 8.1 11.6 kilometer (000) 147.0 yard in 30-foot sections. Cross ties :
Freight revenue (000 Total revenue per kilo- 6"x8"x6', spaced 28 inches on centers of
soles) 213 324 394 meter (soles) 21,282
Passenger revenue Freight ton-kilometers Chilean roble pellin and native carob tree.
(000 soles) 143 164 212 (in millions) 4.6 6.4 6.7 Bridges : 11, average length, 39.1 m.
Operating revenue Passenger kilometers
2.3 4.2 Tunnels : 13, average length, 100.8 m.
81939

(000 soles) 368 505 617 (in millions) 5.3

Operating profit (000 Freight revenue (000 Minimum radius curves : 324 m. Maxi-
soles) 33 11 37 soles) 555 819 862
Passenger revenue mum grade : 3 percent. Brakes : Air
(000 soles) 31
Operating revenue 77 and hand. Equipment : ( 1939 ) Locomo-
(000 soles) 590 893 964 tives, 4 ; passenger coaches, 4 ; freight
ILO- MOQUEGUA ( Ferrocarril Ilo a Operating profit (000 cars, 16.
soles) 144 302 293
Moquegua ) : Territory served.-Serving the interior
Purchasing method.-Purchases are sections of the Department of Ancash ,
NOROESTE DEL PERU (Northwestern this line pushes through the Santa River
made chiefly in local market through
Railway of Peru ) : Valley through difficult mountain gorges
Direccion de Caminos y Ferrocarriles,
Ministerio de Fomento , Lima, Peru. Purchasing method.- Purchases are and rocky projections necessitating
Length : Main line, 98.1 kms.; total, 101 usually made through Direccion de numerous tunnels and frequent crossings
kms. Gage : 1.44 m. Rails : 50-60 pounds Caminos y Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de of the Santa River.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
6

Tablones- Huallanca Traffic Statistics on centers of domestic hardwoods. Route

Bridges : 4, average length, 18.4 m. length Total
main track-
Item 1939 1942 1943 Tunnels ; None. Brakes : Hand . Classi- lines age
fication of freight : Minerals. Equip- Local (Kilo- (Kilo-
Name address meters) meters)
Passengers per kilo- ment : ( 1939 ) Locomotives, 2 ; passenger
meter (000) 0.1
Tons of freight per coaches, 3 ; freight cars, 7; motor rail Central del Peru ... Callao,
kilometer (000) cars, 3. Lima,
Total revenue per kilo- Junin 423.4 524.6
meter (soles) 592 Traffic statistics.- Operating statistics, Pacasmayo- Guadalupe Pacasmayo . 131.2 139.9
Freight ton-kilometers available for 1943 only, are as follows : Paita-Piura Paita 105.3 115.1
(in millions) 1.2 Pisco-Ica Pisco 73.4 74.2
Passenger - kilometers Passengers per kilometer, 100 ; total Sur del Peru Arequipa 861.0 932.6
(in millions) 1.5 revenue per kilometer, $634 ; operating Trujillo Trujillo 113.6 128.1
Freight revenue (000 2 94
soles) 108 revenue, $49,000; operating deficit, Total Peruvian
Passenger revenue $35,000. Corporation,
(000 soles) 71 2 15 Ltd., rail-
Operating revenue ways 1,707.9 1,914.5
(000 soles) 184 5 33
Operating deficit (000 135 TUMBES-PUERTO PIZARRO ( Ferro-
soles) 4 95
carril de Tumbes a Puerto Pizarro ) : CENTRAL DEL PERU (Ferrocarril
Central del Peru-The Central Railway
Purchasing method.- Purchases are
TACNA-ARICA ( Ferrocarril de Arica of Peru ) :
usually made through Direccion de
a Tacna ) : Purchasing methods. All purchases
Caminos y Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de
are made through the London office of
Fomento, Lima, Peru. Length: Main
Purchasing method.-Purchases are the Peruvian Corporation, Limited.
line, 12 kms.; total, 13 kms. Gage : 0.75
usually made through Direccion de m. Rails : 45 pounds per yard in 26-foot
Length : Main line, 423.4 kms.; total,
Caminos y Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de 524.6 kms. Gage : 1.44 m. Rails : 70
sections. Cross ties : 4 "x6 "x6', spaced
Fomento, Lima, Peru. Length : Main 26 inches on centers of native carob tree. pounds per yard in 30-foot sections.
line, 62 kms.; total, 65.8 kms. Gage : Bridges : 6, average length, 7.6 m. Tun- Cross ties : 6"x8 "x8', spaced 60 cm. on
1.44 m. Rails : 60 pounds per yard in centers of California redwood and Chilean
nels : None. Minimum radius curves :
36-foot sections . Cross ties : 6"x8"x6', roble pellin. Bridges : 67, all are of
300 m. Maximum grade : 1.38 percent.
spaced 70 cm. on centers of California Hand. Equipment : steel construction ranging in length from
Brakes : (1943 )
redwood and Chilean roble pellin. 52 meters to 175.2 meters. Tunnels : 66,
Bridges : 3, average length, 8.5 m. Tun- Locomotives, 1 ; passenger coaches, 4; average length, 481.6 m. Minimum radius
nels : None. Brakes : Air and hand. freight cars, 14 ; work cars, 3. curves : 100 m. Maximum grade : 4.3
Equipment: ( 1943 ) Locomotives, 4 ; pas- Classification of freight.-Principally percent. Brakes : Air and hand. Equip-
senger coaches, 6 ; freight cars, 36 ; work charcoal and tobacco . ment : ( 1944 ) Locomotives, 48 ; passenger
cars, 3. Territory served. This is a short coaches, 52 ; freight cars, 926 ( 324 box
Territory served. This railroad crosses narrow-gage line in the extreme northern and cattle, 320 flat, 241 gondola and
the International Boundary between section of Peru, connecting Tumbes, the hopper, 41 tank ) ; work cars, 45.
Chile and Peru 19.8 kilometers from capital of the Province, with its port at Classification of freight.- Minerals.
Arica, connecting the Chilean port of Puerto Pizarro. The line is of relatively Repair shop : Located at Guadalupe, 1.3
little economic importance because of the kilometers south of Callao. This plant
Arica with Tacna.
short distance covered and the existence includes : machine shop, boiler shop,
Acquisition.-Prior to the termination powerhouse, foundry, erecting sheds,
of a good highway connecting its terminal
of a contract under provisions of which roundhouse, carpenter shops, blacksmith
the line would later have passed to points.
shops, coppersmith shops, paint shops,
Government ownership, the Government and various warehouses and stores. All
in 1942 took over this line from the Tumbes Puerto Pizarro Traffic type of repair and rebuilding operations
Statistics
Tacna-Arica Railway Company, then a can be carried out for all the rolling and
British concern . 1939 1942 1943 stationary equipment belonging to the
Item
line. The shop does not accept contract
Tacna-Arica Traffic Statistics work for outside customers. Production
Passengers per kilo-
meter (000) .... 15.0 capacity is very limited but repair
Item 1939 1942 1943 Tons of freight per
kilometer (000) ... 2.8 capacity is considered good.
Total revenue per kilo- Territory served.-The Central Del
Passengers per kilo- meter (soles) 1,235 Peru is an important trans- Andean rail-
meter (000) 48.6 Freight ton-kilometers
Tons of freight per (in millions) road connecting Callao (the principal
kilometer (000) 5.4 Passenger - kilometers seaport of the country ) with Lima (the
Total revenue per kilo- (in millions) 0.1 0.2 0.2
meter (soles) 3,533 Freight revenue (000 capital ) and continuing eastward sery-
Freight ton-kilometers soles) 8 6 10
(in millions) 0.7 0.3 0.3 revenue ing as an outlet for the minerals of the
Passenger 2 2
Passenger kilometers (000 soles) 1 Cordillera and Sierras.
(in millions) 1.0 2.6 3.0 Operating revenue
Freight revenue (000 (000 soles) 10 11 15
200

soles) 170 60 77 Operating deficit (000 Central del Peru Traffic Statistics
Passenger revenue soles) 13 14 18
(000 soles) 35 64 115 Item 1939 1942 1943 1944
Operating revenue
(000 soles) 114 219
Operating profit or Passengers per kilo-
deficit (000 soles) 129 14 PERUVIAN CORPORATION, meter (000) 158.0
Tons of freight per
LIMITED, RAILWAYS kilometer (000) .. 263.1
1 Deficit. Total revenue per
Address : Peruvian Corporation, Ltd., kilometer (soles) 33,479
144 Leadenhall Street, London, E. C. Freight ton- kilo-
TAMBO DE SOL-PACHITEA ( Ferro- meters (in mil-
Local Address : Peruvian Corporation, lions) 87.7 100.0 111.4 122.0
carril Tambo de Sol a Pachitea) : Ltd., 398 Plazuela de San Pedro, Lima, Passenger kilome-
ters (in millions) 36.4 47.6 66.9 74.7
Peru. Freight revenue
Purchasing method.-Purchases are 8,471 9,540 11,670 13,593
usually made through Direccion de Ownership : British. (000 soles)
Passenger revenue
Purchases : Usually made through the (000 soles) 915 1,168 2,144 2,465
Caminos y Ferrocarriles, Ministerio de Operating revenue
Fomento, Lima, Peru. Length : Main London office. For additional informa- (000 soles) 9,589 10,926 14,176 17,039
line, 78 kms.; total, 81 kms. Gage : 0.91 tion regarding purchases, see accom- Operating profit
(000 soles) 1,322 2,309 4,164 3,955
m. Cross ties : 6 "x8 "x6' , spaced 24 inches panying data on the individual railroad.
 RAILWAYS OF PERU

PACASMAYO- GUADALUPE ( Ferro- ducing areas in Peru-the Chira and per yard in 30-foot sections. Cross ties :
carril Pascasmayo y Guadalupe ) : Piura River valleys. It is a typical 6"x8"x8', spaced 60 cm. on centers of
coastal-zone railway running only a short California redwood and Chilean roble pel-
Purchasing method. All purchases distance into the interior. lin. Bridges : 23. Tunnels : 1, length-
ale made through the London office of 140 m. Minimum radius curves : 100 m.
the Peruvian Corporation, Ltd. Length : Paita- Piura Traffic Statistics Maximum grade : 4 percent. Brakes :
Main line, 131.2 kms.; total, 139.9 kms. Air and hand. Equipment : ( 1944 ) Loco-
Gage : 1.44 m. Rails : 45 pounds per Item 1939 1942 1943 1944 motives, 48 ; passenger coaches, 45;
yard in 30-foot sections. Cross ties : freight cars, 431 ( 271 box and cattle, 136
6"x8"x6', spaced 36 inches on centers of Passengers per kilo-
meter (000) .... 134.8 ... flat, 7 gondola and hopper, 17 tank ) ;
California redwood, native carob tree, Tons of freight per work cars, 36.
and Chilean roble pellin. Bridges : 39, kilometer (000) .... 38.2
Total revenue per kilo- Classification of freight.- Predomi-
average length, 79.9 m. Tunnels : 1, meter (soles) .... 6,449 .... nantly agricultural in character. Repair
length, 48 m. Minimum radius curves : Freight ton-kilometers shops : Located at Arequipa. They are
(in millions) 5.2 3.2 4.0 4.4
120 m. Maximum grade : 2.5 percent. Passenger · kilometers fully equipped with modern machinery
Brakes : Air and hand. Equipment : (in millions) 5.5 8.5 13.1 10.5
Freight revenue (000 and are capable of handling all kinds of
( 1944 ) Locomotives, 7; passenger soles) 448 281 402 448 repairs to locomotives and rolling stock.
coaches, 11 ; freight cars, 57 ( 16 box and Passenger revenue
(000 soles) 165 153 253 263 For many years all new passenger and
cattle, 30 flat, 11 gondola and hopper) . Operating revenue freight cars have been constructed in
Signaling equipment : Hand with flags (000 soles) 687 492 679 734
Operating profit (000 Arequipa. The plant includes machine
and lanterns. soles) 2 127 202 185 shops, powerhouse, roundhouse, foundry,
Classification of Freight.- Composed boiler shop, blacksmith shop, carpenter
almost exclusively of agricultural com- shop, and storehouses.
modities, with rice and livestock account- PISCO-ICA ( Ferrocarril de Pisco a
Ica ) : Territory served.—This line ranks sec-
ing for almost half of the total. Repair ond in importance in the Republic. It
Shops : Located at Pacasmayo. It is well Purchasing methods.- All purchases connects the two principal southern
equipped with modern tools and machin- are made through the London office of cities of Peru-Arequipa and Cuzco-
ery and is capable of handling the limited the Peruvian Corporation , Limited. and provides them with an outlet to the
requirements of the railway. Length : Main line, 73.4 kms.; total, 74.2 Pacific through its terminal point at Mol-
Territory Served. This railroad serves kms. Gage : 1.44 m. Rails : 45 pounds lendo. It also provides access to Bolivia
the valleys extending inland from the per yard in 30-foot sections. Cross ties : and Argentina through its other terminal
port of Pacasmayo on the northern coast 6"x8"x8', spaced 70 cm. on centers of point at Puno on Lake Titicaca, where
of Peru ; one section of the line runs from California redwood and Chilean roble pel- steamers form a connecting link with
Pacasmayo to San Pedro, Chepen, and lin. Bridges : 2, average length, 55 m. the Guaqui- La Paz railway in Bolivia.
Guadalupe ; the other runs eastward from Maximum grade : 4 percent. Brakes : Air
San Pedro through Calasnique, Pay Pay, and hand. Equipment : ( 1944 ) Locomo- Sur del Peru Traffic Statistics
and Yonan to Chilete. tives, 5; passenger coaches, 12 ; freight
cars, 68 (2 box and cattle ; 62 flat, 3 gon- Item 1939 1942 1943 1944
Pacasmayo- Guadalupe Traffic Statistics
dola and hopper, 1 tank ) ; work cars, 4.
Passengers per kilo-
Item 1939 1942 1943 1944 Capacity : Box cars-weight, 13 tons; meter (000) 59 ....
capacity 20 tons ; passenger cars- Tons of freight per
kilometer (000) .. 107.9
Passengers per kilo- weight 20 to 25 tons ; capacity, 75 to 80 Total revenue per
meter (000) 89.3 passengers. Repair shops : Located at kilometer (soles) .... 10,709
Tons of freight per Pisco. Freight ton . kilo-
kilometer (000) 19.7 meters (in mil-
Total revenue per kilo- Territory served.— This railroad serves lions) 84.4 109.9 92.9 102.0
meter (soles) .... 4,032 .... as an outlet for a number of fertile val- Passenger · kilome-
Freight ton-kilometers ters (in millions) 31.1 37.1 50.8 53.9
(in millions) 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.6 leys in the Provinces of Ica and Pisco. Freight revenue
Passenger · kilometers It is a typical short coastal-plain line, (000 soles) 4,986 7,496 7,195 9,749
(in millions) 7.1 9.0 10.1 13.0 Passenger revenue
Freight revenue (000 serving the cotton district. (000 soles) 1,051 1,257 1,795 2,371
soles) 201 243 269 318 Operating revenue
Passenger revenue (000 soles) 6,254 9,000 9,221 12,569
(000 soles) 140 217 243 323 Pisco-Ica Traffic Statistics Operating profit
Operating revenue (000 soles) 814 3,038 2.571 5,034
(000 soles) 356 483 529 658
Operating profit (000 Item 1939 1942 1943 1944
soles) 42 126 139 161
TRUJILLO ( Ferrocarril de Trujillo) :
Passengers per kilo-
meter (000) 8.6
PAITA- PIURA (Ferrocarril de Paita a Tons of freight per Purchasing method. All purchases
Piura) : kilometer (000) 21.1 are made through the London office of
Total revenue per kilo- the Peruvian Corporation, Limited.
meter (soles) .... 2,175
Purchasing method. All purchases are Freight ton-kilometers Length : Main line, 113.6 kms.; total,
(in millions) 2.5 1.6 1.5 2.0
made through the London office of the Passenger kilometers 128.1 kms. Gage : 0.91 m. Rails : 30
Peruvian Corporation, Limited. Length : (in millions) 2.2 .... 0.6 0.1 and 50 pounds per yard in 30-foot sec-
Main line, 105.3 kms ; total, 115.1 kms. Freight revenue (000 tions. Cross ties : 6"x8"x6', spaced 70
soles) 215 106 126 187
Gage: 1.44 m. Rails : 45 pounds per yard Passenger revenue cm. on centers of Chilean roble pellin
(000 soles) 27 14 3
in 30-foot sections. Cross ties : 6"x8 "x6", Operating revenue and native carob. Bridges : 2, average
spaced 60 cm. on centers of California (000 soles) 113 160 197 length, 257 m. Minimum radius curves :
redwood and Chilean roble pellin. Bridges Operating profit (000 35 m. Maximum grade : 1.5 percent .
soles) 12 27 15
and tunnels : None. Minimum radius Brakes : Air and hand. Equipment :
curves : 120 m. Maximum grade : 2.55 ( 1944) Locomotives , 7; passenger
percent. Brakes : Air and hand. Equip- SUR DEL PERU ( Ferrocarril del Sur coaches, 10 ; freight cars, 214 ( 24 box
ment : ( 1944 ) Locomotives, 6 ; passenger and cattle, 186 flat, 4 tank) ; work cars,
del Peru-The Southern Railway of
coaches, 9; freight cars, 100 ( 24 box and Peru : 1. Signaling equipment : Hand with flags
cattle, 49 flat, 20 gondola and hopper, 7 and lanterns . Repair shops : Trujillo,
tank) ; work cars, 7. Repair shop : Lo- Purchasing methods.-All purchases main shop ; smaller shop at Laredo on
cated at Piura. Capacity, type of equip- are made through the London office of the Menocucho branch.
ment and labor used not available. the Peruvian Corporation, Limited. Territory served.-This line operates
Territory served.—This railroad serves Length : Main line, 861 kms.; total 932.6 from Salaverry. to Ascope, Trujillo to
one of the most important cotton pro- kms. Gage : 1.44 m. Rails : 70 pounds Menocucho, and Moche to Delicias. It
8 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

serves as an outlet for the numerous in the Sierra region have converted the Traffic and Operating Statistics.-
sugar plantations in the Chicama and Cerro de Pasco Railway into an impor- Operating statistics, available for 1943
Santa Catalina Valleys. The area has a tant trunk line for the mining operations only, are as follows : Passengers per
semitropical climate with the heat mod- of the entire area. It also serves the kilometer, 760 ; tons of freight per kilo-
erated by the Humboldt current. The towns and villages of the Department of meter, 1,010 ; total revenue per kilometer
rainfall is so slight as to be almost negli- Junin, and, through connecting highways, $1,345; freight ton-kilometers, 200,000 ;
gible. furnishes an outlet to the Huallaga passenger-kilometers, 200,000 ; freight
Valley and the Amazon region. revenue $35,000 ; passenger revenue ,
Trujillo Traffic and Operating Statistics $2,000.
Cerro de Pasco Oroya Traffic Statistics
Item 1939 1942 1943 1944
Item 1939 1942 1943 1944 Electric Street Railways
Passengers per kilo-
meter (000) 80.8 Passengers per kilo- ELECTRO DE AREQUIPA ( Empresa
Tons of freight per meter (000) 72.9 del Tranvia Electrico de Arequipa,
kilometer (000) .. 52.8 Tons of freight per
Total revenue per kilometer (000) 570.6 S. A. ) :
kilometer (soles) 8,435 Total revenue per kilo-
Freight ton kilo- meter (soles) ... 23,084 Purchasing method.-Purchases are
meters (in mil- Freight ton-kilometers
lions) 4.8 7.1 6.0 7.5 (in millions) 93.6 102.5 108.4 106.4 made direct through local representa-
Passenger · kilome- 10.2
Passenger kilometers tives of foreign manufacturers. Length :
ters (in millions) 9.6 8.3 9.2 (in millions) 6.8 9.1 13.9 17.1
Freight revenue Main line, 18.2 kms.; total, 19.2 kms.
723 699 910 Freight revenue (000
(000 soles) 458 soles) 2,818 3,118 4,165 4,225 Gage : 1.06. Rails : 50 pounds per yard
Passenger revenue Passenger revenue
129 141 175 209 (000 soles) 104 146 221 360 in 20- and 24-foot sections. Cross ties :
(000 soles)
Operating revenue Operating revenue 6"x8 "x6', spaced 0.70 m. on center of
(000 soles) 647 939 958 1,334 (000 soles) rauli. Brakes : Air and hand. Equip-
Operating profit Operating profit or
(000 soles) 17 284 221 408 deficit (000 soles) ment : (1938 ) Passenger coaches, 21 ;
freight cars, 3. Capitalization : Author-
Other Common Carriers ized- $480,000 ; issued : $300,000 . Securi-
Purchases: See accompanying data on individual line for purchase information. ties not quoted on market.

Route Total EMPRESA NACIONAL DE TRAN-

length trackage VIAS :
Local (kilo- (kilo-
Name Ownership Main address address meters) meters) Purchasing method.- Purchases are
made direct or through local representa-
Cerro de Pasco Oroya .. United States Cerro de Pasco Railway Co. ,
44 Wall Street, New York, tives of foreign manufacturers. Length :
N. Y. Lima, Peru 190.0 202.9 Main line, 89.5 kms.; total, 99.1 kms.
Chucarapi -Ensenada .. Peruvian Testamentaria Eduardo L. de
Gage : 1.44 m. Rails : 60 , 75, 107, 120
Romana, Arequipa, Peru ... 27.0 52.0
Electro de Arequipa¹ ... Peruvian ... Tranvia Électro de Arequipa, pounds per yard in 30-foot sections. Cross
Calle Tacna y Arica 167,
Arequipa, Peru 18.2 19.2 ties : 6 "x8 "x8', spaced 0.70 m. on centers
Empresa Nacional de Peruvian Cia Nacional de Tranvias, of Chilean roble pellin and California
Tranvias¹ Avenida Pierola 149, Are- redwood. Brakes: Air, electrical, and
quipa, Peru 89.5 99.1
Eten-Chiclayo Patapo . Peruvian Empresa del Ferrocarril y hand. Equipment : (1938) Passenger
Muelle de Eten, Eten, Peru 67.0 73.8 coaches, 100 ; trucks, 6 ( for private use
Pampa Blanca- Ensenda Peruvian ... Negociacion Guillermo Lira,
Arequipa, Peru 20.0 20.0 only) ; busses, 11 (used in the Miraflores
Pimentel-Pomalca .... Peruvian ... Cia del F. C. y Muelle de District ) . Capitalization : Authorized
Pimentel, Peru 42.7 56.4
Supe-Barranca y Alpas United States W. R. Grace & Company, and paid-up, $ 1,000,000. Securities not
Lima, Peru Supe, Peru 46.0 46.6
quoted on Lima Stock Exchange.
Total, other common car-
rier railroads 500.4 570.0 ETEN-CHICLAYO—PATAPO (Em-
Total, all common presa del Ferrocarril y Muelle de
carrier railroads 3,183.8 3,515.6 Eten) :
1 Electric street railways. Purchasing method.-Purchases are
made direct or through local representa-
CERRO DE PASCO OROYA ( Ferrocar- CHUCARAPI-ENSENADA ( Ferrocar- tives of foreign manufacturers, Edificio
ril Oroya Cerro de Pasco ) : ril La Ensenada-Chucarapi- Cocotea ) : Banco Popular No. 301, Lima, Peru.
Purchasing method.- Purchases are Purchasing method.-Purchases are There are no purchasing agents. Length :
made through the New York office. made through Testamentaria Eduardo L. Main line, 67 kms.; total, 73.8 kms.
Length : Main line 190 kms.; total, 202.9 De Romana, Arequipa, Peru. Length : Gage : 0.60 m. Rails : 60 pounds per
kms. Gage : 1.44 m. Rails : 90 pounds Main line, 27 kms.; total, 52 kms. Gage : yard in 36-foot sections. Cross ties :
per yard in 32-foot sections. Cross ties : 0.60 m. Rails : 20 pounds per yard in 6 "x8 "x8', spaced 70 cm. on centers of
6"x8"x6', spaced 70 cm. on centers of 20-foot sections. Cross ties : 6 "x6 "x7", oak pellin and Colombian nato. Bridges :
eucalyptus and California redwood. spaced 36 inches on centers of rauli. 4. Maximum grade : 0.20 percent. Equip-
Bridges : 41, average length, 10.2 m. Bridges : 2, average length, 87.5 m. ment : ( 1943 ) Locomotives , 8 ; passenger
Minimum radius curves : 27 ° . Maximum Brakes : Air and hand. Equipment : coaches, 14 ; freight cars, 96 ; work cars,
grade : 3.7 percent. Brakes : Air. Equip- (1938) Locomotives, 6; passenger 1. Brakes : Air and hand. Signaling
ment: (1944 ) Locomotives, 17 ; passen- coaches, 6 ; freight cars, 78 ; motor rail equipment : Flags and kerosene lamps.
ger coaches, 9; freight cars, 384; work cars, 2. Signaling equipment : Hand Repair shops : Located at Eten.
cars, 14 ; tank cars, 3. Repair shops : with flags. Repair shops : Located at Classification of freight.-Principally
Located at Oroya and Cerro de Pasco . Hacienda Chucarapi. cotton and sugar.
Classification of freight.- Ores and Classification of freight. - Chief com- Territory served.- Serves the culti-
mineral products. Capitalization : Au- modity is sugar. vated areas in the valleys of the Eten and
thorized- securities not quoted in Peru. Territory served. -Operates from La Lambeyeque Rivers. Capitalization : Au-
Territory served. This is the most im- Ensenada, a station on the Southern thorized and issued-$2,200,000 ( 1940 ) .
portant and best equipped of the private Railway near Mollendo, to the Chucarapi Securities not quoted on the market.
carrier railways of Peru. It serves as an Sugar Estates. Capitalization : Author- Regulations : Private property until
outlet for the numerous mining projects ized- $2,000,000 including sugar, cotton March 28, 1973. After that date it will
in the central sections of the Sierras. and livestock estates of the company. No become the property of the Peruvian
Feeder lines from other mining projects securities issued. Government.
 RAILWAYS OF PERU

Eten-Chiclayo- Patapo Traffic Pimentel Pomalca Traffic Statistics cargo of the Sociedad Agricola Para-
Statistics monga, Ltda., owned by W. R. Grace &
Item 1939 1942 1943 Co.
Item 1939 1942 1943 Traffic statistics.- Operating statistics,
Passengers per kilo-
meter (000) .... 56.9 available for 1943 only, are as follows :
Passengers per kilo- Tons of freight per Tons of freight per kilometer, 890 ; total
meter (000) 219.6 kilometer (000) 71.5
Tons of freight per Total revenue per kilo- revenue per kilometer, $1,818 ; freight
kilometer (000) 52.0 meter (soles) 6,979 ton kilometers, 400,000 ; freight revenue,
Total revenue per kilo- Freight ton-kilometers
meter (soles) 10,407 (in millions) 2.7 3.3 3.1 $82,000.
Freight ton-kilometers Passenger · kilometers
(in millions) 3.0 3.1 3.5 (in millions) 0.5 0.4 2.4
Passenger · kilometers Freight revenue (000 ETEN-HACIENDA CAYALTI ( Ferro-
(in millions) 6.8 10.2 14.7 soles) 298 373 372
Freight revenue (000 Passenger revenue carril de Eten- Hacienda Cayalti ) :
soles) 488 487 483 (000 soles) 5 4 29
Passenger revenue Purchasing method.-Purchases are
(000 soles) 120 148 215 made direct by the manager at Moquegua
SUPE- BARRANCA Y ALPAS ( Ferro-
205, Lima, Peru. Length : Main line, 71.5
PAMPA BLANCA-ENSENADA (Fer- carril de Supe a Barranca) : kms.; total, 71.5 kms. Gage : 0.60 m.
rocarril La Ensenada-Pampa Blan- Purchasing method.—Major purchases Rails : 35 pounds per yard in 40 -foot sec-
ca) : are made through W. R. Grace & Co. , tions. Cross ties : 5 "x6 "x5', spaced 20
7 Hanover Square, New York, N. Y.; inches on centers of Chilean roble pellin
Purchasing method. All purchases minor purchases by manager through and California redwood. Bridges : 3.
are made through Negociacion Guillermo same company at Lampa 590, Lima, Peru. Maximum radius curves : 8 m. Maxi-
Lira, Arequipa, Peru. Length: Main Length: Main line, 46 kms.; total, 46.6 mum grade : 1.4 percent. Equipment :
line, 20 kms.; total, 20 kms. Gage : 0.60 kms. Gage : 0.60 m. Rails : 18 to 20 (1939) Locomotives, 8; passenger
m. Rails : 20 pounds per yard in 30-foot pounds per yard in 24-foot sections. Cross coaches, 4 ; freight cars, 290. Signaling
sections. Cross ties : 6 "x6 "x7' , spaced 36 ties : 6 "x6 "x5', spaced 24 inches on cen- equipment : None. Engines carry tele-
inches on centers of rauli. Brakes : Air ters of Chilean roble pellin and Colombian phone equipment. Repair shops : Located
and hand. Equipment : ( 1943 ) Locomo- nato. Bridges : 1, length, 264.4 m. Mini- at Cayalti. Classification of freight :
tives, 2 ; passenger coaches, 4 ; freight mum radius curves : 27.4 m. Maximum Almost exclusively, sugar.
cars, 56 ; work cars, 6. grade : 3 percent. Brakes : Air and Territory served. -Operates in the in-
Classification of freight.-Principal hand. Equipment : ( 1943 ) Locomotives, terests of the sugar mills but handles
commodities carried are cotton and 5; freight cars, 20 ; work cars, 1 . some public traffic ; Eten to Hacienda
olives. Capitalization : Authorized- Repair shops : Located at Barranca. Cayalti, the sugar estate. Capitalization :
$300,000, including value of sugar estate Classification of freight.-Principally Owned and operated by the Hacienda
and other properties. No securities is- sugar. Signaling equipment : Hand with Cayalti. Traffic and operating statistics :
sued. flags and lanterns. Capitalization : Au- Not available.
Territory served.-A small private line thorized and issued-$347,000. No securi-
branching off the Southern Railway at ties issued.
INTERNO-HACIENDA CARTAVIO
La Ensenada and running to Don Lira's Territory served. This line is made up (Ferrocarril de la Hacienda Cartavio ) :
Hacienda Pampa Blanca, a sugar estate of a network of short narrow-gage lines
in the Tambo valley. connecting the port of Supe with Bar- Purchasing method.-Purchases are
Traffic statistics.—Operating statistics, ranca and the principal sugar plantations made through W. R. Grace & Co. Length :
available for 1943 only, are as follows : in the valley of the Patavilca River. Main line, 25.5 kms .; total, 25.5 kms.
Passengers per kilometer, 390; tons of Main line runs from Supe through Bar- Gage : 0.91 m. Rails : 30 pounds per
freight per kilometer, 850 ; total revenue ranca and Reparticion to Alpas. This yard in 24- foot sections. Cross ties :
per kilometer, $1,189 ; freight ton kilo- line is operated principally to carry the 6"x8 "x6', spaced 24 inches on centers of
meters, 200,000 ; passenger kilometers,
100,000 ; freight revenue, $22,000 ; passen- Private Carriers
ger revenue, $2,000. 1
Private Traffic Carriers- Industrial ¹
Purchases : See accompanying data on individual line for purchase information.
PIMENTEL POMALCA (Ferrocarril
de Pimentel-Pomalca ) : Total
Route track-
Purchasing method.-Purchases are length age
Local (kilo- (kilo-
made direct or through local representa- Name of Carrier Ownership Main address address meters) meters)
tives of foreign manufacturers. Length :
Main line, 42.7 kms .; total, 56.4 kms. Eten-Hacienda Cayalti United States Hacieen-
Ferrocarril de Eten- Hacienda
Gage : 0.91 m. Rails : 45 pounds per da Cayal-
Cayalti, Moquegua 205, Lima,
Peru ti, Lam-
yard in 30-foot sections. Cross ties : bayeque ,
6"x8"x6', spaced 24 inches on centers of Peru 71.5 71.5
Interno-Hacienda Car United States W. R. Grace & Company, Lam- Hacien-
Chilean roble pellin. Bridges : 4, average tavio pa 590, Lima, Peru.... da Car .
length, 34 m. Maximum curvature : 150 tavio ог
Boli
m. Maximum grade : 0.5 percent. var 612,
Brakes : Air and hand. Signaling equip- Truji
llo, Peru 25.5 25.5
ment : Hand with flags. Equipment : Lobitos-El Tablazo .... British Milne & Company, Calle Lam- Lobi
( 1943 ) Locomotives , 11, passenger pa, Lima, Peru tos, Peru 33.5 83.0
Minasragra-Ricran ... United States Vanadium Corporation of Ricran,
coaches, 6 ; freight cars, 337 ; work cars, America, 218 Edificio Italia, Peru 29.0 29.0
10. Repair shops : Located at Pimentel. Lima, Peru
Mineral de Cailloma ... Peruvian Sociedad de Minas de Plata 12.0 12.0
Classification of freight.- Principal Cailloma, Arequipa, Peru ..
commodity carried is sugar. Capitaliza- Samaroo Hacienda San Peruvian Sociedad Agricola Nepena, An- 38.0 48.3
tion : Authorized-$1,000,000 ; issued- Jacinto cash , Peru
Shelby-San Jose de French Cia de Minas de Huaron, Huaron ,
$927,000. Securities not quoted in local Huaron Lima, Peru; also, Pierre Peru 30.0 46.3
market. Charron 57, Paris, France ..
Talara Negritos ...... British International Petroleum Com- Talara ,
Territory served.- Serves the sugar pany, Ltd., Toronto, Canada Peru 33.5 83.0
and Lima, Peru .
producing haciendas in the area lying
between Eten and Lambayeque Rivers. Total private traf 273.0 398.6
fic carriers ....
Operates between the port of Pimentel
through Chiclayo to Pucala. 1 Sugar plantations railways owned and operated by Gildemeister & Company are shown separately.
10 INDUSTRIAL
California redwood . Maximum radius
curves : 120 m. Maximum grade : 2 per-
cent. Equipment : ( 1939 ) Locomotives,
7; freight cars, 200. Repair shops : Lo-
cated at Cartavio. Signaling equipment :
Hand with flags.
Classification of freight.- Principally
sugar. Capitalization : Owned and oper-
ated by Negociacion Cartavio ( W. R.
Grace & Co. ) .
Territory served.- Operated in the in-
terest of the sugar plantation owned by
W. R. Grace & Co. Traffic and operating
statistics : Not available.
LOBITOS-EL TABLAZO :
Purchasing method. All purchases
are made through the Milne & Company.
Length : Main line, 33.5 kms.; total, 83
kms. Gage : 0.76 m. Rails : 30 pounds
per yard in 30-foot sections.
Classification of freight.- Oil.
Territory served.-Used exclusively by
the oil company from Lobitos to El Ta-
blazo. Equipment : ( 1939 ) Locomotives,
2 ; freight cars, 25 ; motor rail cars, 4.
Traffic and operating statistics : Not
available. Capitalization : British- Cia.
Petrolera Lobitos, Ltda .
MINASRAGRA-RICRAN :
Purchasing method.-Purchases are
usually made through the New York
office : Vanadium Corporation of Amer-
ica, Graybar Building, 420 Lexington
Ave. , New York, N. Y. Length : Main
line, 29 kms.; total, 29 kms. Gage : 0.91
m. Rails : 40 pounds per yard in 30-foot
sections.
Classification of freight.- Vanadium.
(1939) Locomotives, 5 ;
Equipment :
freight cars, 15 ; motor rail cars, 4.
Capitalization : United States.
Traffic and operating statistics.- Not
available.
MINERAL DE CAILLOMA :
Length : Main line, 12 kms.; total, 12
kms. Gage : 0.60 m.
SAMAROO - HACIENDA SAN JACIN-
TO :
Length : Main line, 38 kms.; total, 48.3
kms. Gage : 1.06 m.
SHELBY- SAN JOSE DE HUARON :
Purchasing method. - The major orders
are placed through the Paris office of
the Compagnie des Mines de Huaron ,
Pierre Charron 57, Paris, France ; minor
orders are made in Lima, Edificio Wiese
428, Lima, Peru. Length : Main line, 30
kms.; total, 46.3 kms. Gage : 0.75 m.
Electrified track : 20 kms. Gage : 0.60 m.
Rails : 30 pounds per yard in 20 -foot
sections. Cross ties : 6"x8 "x6', spaced
80 cm. on centers of Chilean roble pellin.
Bridges : 5. Maximum radius curves :
10 to 11 m. Maximum grade : 3 percent.
Equipment : ( 1939) Locomotives , 9
steam, 2 Diesel, 8 electric ; freight cars,
54; dump cars, 60. Signaling equipment :
Hand with flags. Repair shops ; Located
at San Jose, Peru.
REFERENCE
Classification of freight.-Minerals.
Territory served.- Owned and oper-
ated by Cia. des Mines de Huaron in
connection with its mining operations.
Capitalization : French.
TALARA NEGRITOS :
Purchasing method.-Purchases are
made through the International Petro-
leum Company, Ltd., Toronto, Canada.
Length : Main line, 33.5 kms.; total , 83
kms. Gage : 0.76 m. Rails : 30 pounds
per yard in 30-foot sections. Cross ties :
6"x6"x42", spaced 26 inches on centers of
Chilean roble pellin, pine or native carob
tree. Bridges : 10, average length, 52.8
m. Tunnels : 1, length, 488 m. Minimum
radius curves : 24 ° or 43.59 m. Maximum
grade : 5 percent. Equipment : ( 1939)
Locomotives, 12 ; passenger coaches, 1 ;
freight cars, 200 ; motor rail cars, 5. Sig-
naling equipment : Hand signaling with
flags and lanterns. Repair shops : Lo-
cated at Talara and Negritos.
Classification of freight.- Petroleum
and materials of the oil company. Traffic
and operating statistics : No passengers
carried. Other traffic and operating data
not available.
Territory served.-Operated by the
International Petroleum Co. in connec-
tion with Talara oilfields. Capitaliza-
tion : Canadian.
Sugar Plantation Railways Owned and
Operated by Gildemeister & Co.
Address : (Main) Gildemeister & Company, Calle
Azangaro, Lima, Peru. (Local) Haciendas Casa
Grande, Chiquitoy, Roma, Chicamita, Sausal, and
several minor estates.
Total
Route track-
length age Gage
(Kilo- (Kilo- (Me-
Name of plantation railway meters) meters) ters)
Casa Grande-Sausal (a
subsidiary) Empresa
Agricola Chicama, Ltd.,
Lima, Peru 150.8 177.8
Interno Hacienda
Chicamita 6.4 6.4
Interno-Hacienda
ུ
མ
9.2
Chiquitoy 9.2
Interno-Hacienda Casa
Grande 29.0 29.0
Interno-Hacienda Roma.. 21.5 21.5
Licapa Hacienda Casa
Grande (a subsidiary)
Empresa Agricola Chi-
cama, Ltd., Lima, Peru 26.0 28.5
Puerto Chicama-Licapa¹ 27.0 31.4
Total 269.9 303.8
1 The third rail on this line provides accommoda-
tion for rolling stock of both gages.
SUGAR PLANTATION RAILWAYS
OWNED AND OPERATED BY GIL-
DEMEISTER & CO. ( Private Traffic
Carriers ) :
Purchasing method. All purchases
are made by the Gildemeister & Co. , Calle
Azangaro, Lima, Peru. Rails : 35 pounds
per yard in 30-foot sections.
Classification of freight .- Chief com-
modity carried is sugar.
Operating statistics. -None available.
Equipment : (1939 ) Combined rolling
stock for Chicamita, Chiquitoy, Casa
Grande, and Roma-Steam locomotives,
18 ; freight cars, 834 ; passenger cars , 10.
SERVICE
PUERTO CHICAMA-LICAPA RAIL-
WAY :
Cross ties : 6"x8 "x6′, spaced 36 inches
on centers of Chilean roble pellin.
Bridges and tunnels : None. Repair
shops : Located at Casa Grande and
Puerto Chicama. Maximum radius
curves : 50 m. Maximum grade : 1.5
percent. Signaling equipment : Hand
with flags.
Railroads no Longer in
Operation
Bayovar Reventazon (48 kilometers)
abandoned in 1941-42.
Caspelca El Carmen.
Cerro Azul a Canete ( 38 kilometers )
abandoned ; rails taken up in 1943.
Cia. Aurifera Nazca ( electric ) .
Doc. Minera Puquio-Cocha ( electric ) .
Hda. Palpa F. C. y Muelle de Chancay.
Huabalito Simbron.
Pimentel Chiclayo at present oper-
ated as the Pimentel-Pomalca Railway
(Peruvian ownership ) .
Sociedad Agricola Paranionga.
Supe-Hacienda San Nicolas ( 35 kilo-
meters ) abandoned 1941-42.
Tambo de Mora-Chincha Alta ( 16
kilometers-common carrier ) abandoned
1941-42 .
Vitor Soltillo-Government suspended
operation by Supreme Resolution of
April 25, 1930.
Future Development
The railways of Peru have a very small
mileage when viewed from geographic
limitations and present-day economic de-
velopment, but they do not adequately
serve the country. Despite continued
difficulties in obtaining equipment and
supplies, there has been a pronounced
increase in the work of all Peruvian rail-
roads during the war and in their charges
.91
for transportation services. Studies of
.91
postwar railway needs are being con-
.91 tinued by a special commission appointed
for this purpose.
1.06
.91 Highway competition is coming to the
front, so much so that future develop-
ment of transportation facilities are
1.06 being carefully planned and coordinated
1.06
with reference to transportation needs
and existing transportation facilities.
The operational and constructional prob-
lems characteristic of the Peruvian rail-
roads because of topographical difficul-
ties, the relatively high cost of construc-
tion compared with the low potential
volume of traffic that could be handled ,
and competition with the highways,
affect the probability of the development
of a longitudinal railway system or the
expanding of the present system in the
remote future.
Traffic
Freight Traffic
Freight hauled by the principal Peru-
vian railroads reached an all-time high
in 1944 with an average of 22 percent

more ton-kilometers than for the four
prewar years (1936-39) . The total
freight traffic in 1943 for the 22 Peruvian
railroads amounted to 356,700,000 ton-
kilometers. Railroad lines of the two
companies the British-owned Peruvian
Corporation, Limited, and the United
States-owned Cerro de Pasco Railway
Company- accounted for 91 percent of
the 1943 traffic. A comparison of the
1944 figures with those of 1943 shows a
6.5-percent increase in traffic volume.
This would indicate that the traffic of all
Peruvian roads in 1944 was nearly 30
percent above the prewar average.
Passenger Traffic
Passenger traffic in 1943 showed an
even greater increase in volume-a total
of 213,000,000 passenger-kilometers, or
65 percent above the prewar average.
The British- and United States-owned
roads mentioned above accounted for 77
percent of this traffic in 1943 and in 1944
showed an increase of 9.3 percent over
the preceding year in the number of pas-
senger-kilometers. On this basis, it is
estimated that the 1944 passenger traffic
on all roads increased 80 percent over the
prewar average.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave. , at
East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg .
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
RAILWAYS OF PERU
Transportation Coordination
In order to open up new areas and re-
duce transportation costs, the Peruvian
Government has turned its attention in
recent years to the development of high-
ways rather than railways. This has
been fostered by large appropriations for
road-promotion work. The Peruvian sec-
tion of the Pan American Highway is
now completed and open to traffic
throughout its entire length, connecting
nearly all the important cities and towns
along the coast of Peru. In addition,
there are two principal trans-Andean
highway systems as well as various other
roads penetrating into the mountainous
interior of the country.
The key trans-Andean highways are
from Lima to Oroya, Cerro de Pasco, and
on to Pucallpa in the central part of the
country, and from Mollendo to Cuzco via
Arequipa and Puno in the southern part
of the country .
These highways function more as a
competitor than a feeder to the railways.
Especially is this true of the Ferrocarril
Central from Oroya to Lima. Numerous
shorter highways in the northern part of
the country penetrate the interior from
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 New Fed-
eral Bldg .
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 6, N. Y., 61 Broadway,
5th Floor.
11
the coast serving definite coastal areas
and cities or more generally as feeders
for the Pan American Highway.
It seems probable that, in the future,
the highways will occupy a more impor-
tant place in the way of transportation
of the country than they have in the past.
This may not result in the railroads los-
ing traffic, but they may be benefited to
the extent that feeder roads are de-
veloped and the general volume of freight
and passenger traffic is maintained.
Careful planning of highway construc-
tion and coordination of highway and rail
transportation is necessary to achieve
the most efficient system. On January
8, 1945, a National Board of Highway
Standardization was created by Supreme
Decree No. 17, which is charged with the
functions of classifying highways and
determining proper regulations for high-
way use, marking, and mileage methods.
This Board may contribute materially to
the planning and coordinating of high-
ways with reference to transportation
needs and existing transportation facili-
ties. At present, conditions between rail-
way and motor transportation are, from
a general viewpoint, increasingly com-
petitive.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg. ,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Of-
fice Bldg.
 Domestic Commerce

written for

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Volume 3- Part 1 December 1945 Number 10

AIR -CARGO POTENTIALS

between the

U. S. and MEXICO

• JAN 31 46

Prepared by

TRANSPORTATION UNIT

James C. Nelson, Chief

D. 11059
 Air- Cargo Potentials between the
United States and Mexico
Mexico, the nearest of our Latin
American neighbors, has an area of 758, -
258 square miles. The greater part of
the Republic consists of a high plateau
with an average elevation of 8,000 feet
which merges with the high plains of
Texas and New Mexico in the north.
Along the eastern and western coasts of
Mexico are the lofty Cordilleran Ranges,
and across central Mexico extends a
chain of imposing volcanic peaks. Be-
yond these the Sierra Madre del Sur ex-
tends southwards through the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec and into Central America.
The population of Mexico, as shown by
the official census of 1940, was 19,653,552
inhabitants, a substantial increase over
the previous census of 1930. In 1942 ,
official estimates placed the population at
20,683,826 inhabitants.
Like many of the other Latin American
countries, Mexico's prosperity depends to
a considerable extent upon the volume
and the value of its international trade.
The major portion of Mexico's foreign
trade has been carried on with the United
States. In 1939, more than 66 percent by
value of all imports into Mexico were re-
ceived from the United States, while
Mexico supplied 74 percent of its exports
to the United States.
The major industries of Mexico are
agriculture and mining, with manufac-
turing of expanding importance in recent
years. Agriculture is first in the number
of persons employed, and mining ranks
number one in value of exports. Mexico's
location, range of altitudes, and climate,
are favorable to a great diversification of
crops. Corn, beans and chick-peas, cot-
ton, hennequen fiber, wheat, barley, rice,
coffee, and bananas are a few of the lead-
ing crops produced. Mexico's highly de-
veloped mining industry has provided the
greatest source of wealth for the country.
Among the metals found in Mexico, the
most important in production values are
silver, gold, lead, zinc, and copper. Petro-
leum output ranks Mexico among the
leading oil producing countries of the
world.
The Mexican customs tariff is mainly
for revenue, but. many rates have been
added for the protection of domestic in-
dustry. There is a surcharge of 3 percent
on all duties collected on imported mer-
chandise. An export tax of 12 percent
is collected on certain articles based on
values which are periodically revised.
Mexico's imports consist mainly of
manufactured and semiprocessed articles,
and exports are mainly bulk commodities.
Copper, lead, zinc, and other minerals
represent the major volume of export
shipments. Coffee, bananas, sisal and
2
By Elisha E. Early
Countries on which reports of
this series have been issued to date
include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guate-
mala, Honduras, Paraguay, Peru,
Union of South Africa, Uruguay,
and Venezuela.
chick-peas are also exported in large
volume. Foodstuffs, motive products,
railway and industrial equipment, agri-
cultural machinery, construction mate-
rials, mine supplies and accessories and
paper and paper products are some of
Mexico's leading imports.
Transportation facilities in Mexico are
reasonably well developed. The railroads
provide service between Mexico and the
United States and Guatemala, as well as
connections between the principal ports
and the Capital, although they need ex-
tensive rehabilitation. A highway net-
work that would connect all remote areas
is now being developed by the Mexican
Government. Development of the road
system must be effected slowly, however,
because of natural barriers and costs of
such construction. There are no navi-
gable rivers to aid the internal trans-
portation system. The inadequacy of
internal surface transportation has been
the main factor in the rapid development
of the Mexican air system.
Commercial aviation in Mexico was in-
augurated in the early 1930's and the
increase in air travel from the first to the
twelfth year was almost twentyfold. All
of the larger cities have been linked by
the airlines, with Mexico City as the
focal point of practically all air traffic
both in and out of the country.
There are 23 airports in Mexico which
are equipped to handle all types of cargo
planes. Some of the more important
ones are at Mexico City, Mexicali, Tor-
reon, Durango, Guadalajara, Leon, and
Monterrey. In addition to the 23 airports
suitable for commercial cargo operations,
many exist which are used for private
and military purposes.
Background of the Series
The appendix contains an explanation
of the purpose of this series of reports
on air-cargo potentials. It gives a
description of the criteria applied in
selecting the commodities classified as
air-cargo potentials, and mentions a
number of points of interest to the users
of the reports. It is suggested that
readers consult that appendix for the
methods used and for factors to be con-
sidered in formulating conclusions based
upon the data contained in any individual
report of the series.
In all cases, it should be noted that the
statistics in the reports refer to air-cargo
potentials and not to cargo actually car-
ried by air in 1939. Failure to observe
this fact has led to misinterpretation of
figures in the reports on some occasions.
Particular attention should be given to
the bases for selection of commodities
according to the following categories :
Fragility, perishability, and style or ob-
solescence characteristics. In making
these studies, all of the commodities hav-
ing fragility, perishability, and style or
obsolescence characteristics are included
under such categories as air-cargo poten-
tials, regardless of value per pound.
However, an analysis of the value per
pound of individual commodities should
nevertheless be made to determine
whether all of the items included can
properly be considered as potential air-
cargo under the cost, competition, and
equipment conditions of the immediate
future.
For instance, it is unlikely that such
cargo as bananas will be shipped in vol-
ume by air in the near future in view of
their low value of approximately $0.01
per pound. The same consideration might
apply to grapes, or to such low-priced
export items as lard or dynamite ( classi-
fied as perishable and fragile, respec-
tively) . However, all these commodities
have been included in their respective
categories for the sake of statistical com-
pleteness and because under some condi-
tions they might be shipped by air.
In analyzing commodities especially
for countries bordering on the Caribbean
Sea, it should be noted that bananas com-
prise a very large proportion of the
perishable cargo, and, if these were elimi-
nated, there would be a large reduction
in total weight of this class of cargo.
However, the value of the perishable
cargo remaining would not be reduced in
the same proportion. In other words, the
unit values for the remaining perishable
items would be comparatively high.
Attention is called also to the schedule
of values. These studies, aside from the
three special groups, include only articles
valued at $0.50 or more per pound. While
the higher-value articles probably would
make up the major portion of the air-
cargoes, especially during the early de-
velopment of this trade, values as low
as $0.25 per pound are being considered
in similar studies as indicating potential
air-cargo and some cargo with as low
or lower values per pound actually does
move by air under present conditions.
 AIR CARGO POTENTIALS
Potential Air Cargoes
Table 1 summarizes potential air-cargo
trade between the United States and
Mexico in relation to total trade in 1939.
TABLE 1.- Potential Air-Cargo Trade
Between the United States and Mexico
in Relation to Total Trade, 1939
Num-
ber of Shipping
com- weight
Commodities modi- (Gross
analyzed ties pounds)
United States trade
with Mexico, total 2,196 (1)
United States
exports 1,643 (1)
United States
imports 553 (1)
Air-cargo potentials ;
total 616 804,839,651
United States
exports 425 51,751,997
United States
imports 191 753,087,654
Percentage of total
trade represented
by air-cargo po-
tentials ...... 28.1 (1)
United States
exports 25.9 (1)
United States
imports .... 34.5 (1)
1 Not available.
Total trade between the United States
and Mexico in 1939 amounted to 2,196
commodities, having a value of $135,232,-
623. Exports of 1,643 commodities had
a total value of $80,800,332, and 425 of
these export commodities, valued at $13,-
935,564 and weighing 51,751,997 pounds,
are classed as air-cargo potentials. Of
the export potentials by air, 351 had a
value of more than $0.50 a pound, while
the remainder comprised commodities
valued at less than $0.50 a pound and
consisted of 46 perishables, 28 fragiles,
and 4 commodities possessing style or
obsolescence characteristics.
Included in the list of air potential ex-
ports with values below $0.50 a pound
are three commodities which possess both
perishable and fragile characteristics,
and one which has characteristics of both
fragility and style. Air-cargo potentials
for export had an average value of $0.27
per pound. The low average value per
pound resulted from the inclusion of such
low-value items as lard, grapes, oranges,
tomatoes, and glass containers.
Of a total of 553 imports from Mexico
in 1939, 191 commodities are listed as
air-cargo potentials, with a total value of
$15,287,181 and a total weight of 753,087,-
654 pounds. The 138 import commodities
valued at more than $0.50 per pound ac-
counted for only 0.1 percent by weight
(940,032 pounds ) , though 10.8 percent by
value ($1,644,120 ) of total air potential
imports. The remaining 53 import poten-
tial air-cargo commodities consist of 33
perishable items and 20 fragile items, all
with values below $0.50 a pound.
The average value per pound for im-
port air-cargo potentials valued more
than $0.50 per pound is $1.75 though this
is reduced to $0.02 a pound when the
lower valued commodities with perish-
BETWEEN THE UNITED
able, and style characteristics are in-
cluded . The perishable item, bananas,
alone accounts for 65 percent of the
weight and 40 percent of the value of
potential air imports.
Export Commodities
Export commodities that might move
by air, valued at $0.50 a pound or more,
weighed 9,553,976 pounds and were
valued at $11,713,179, or 18.5 percent and
84.1 percent, respectively, of the weight
Value and the value of potential air- cargo ex-
ports. The average value was $1.23 per
$135,232,623 pound. Of the exports valued $0.50 per
pound, or more, 52.8 percent by weight
80,800,332 and 30.0 percent by value ranged between
54,432,291 $0.50 and $0.99 per pound. Commodities
in this group adaptable for air commerce
29,222,745 include tobacco manufactures, cigarettes ,
13,935,564 yarn, upholstery goods, other scales and
balances, other X-ray apparatus and
15,287,181
parts, medicinal and reagent chemicals,
and film .
Of the air-cargo potential export com-
21.6 modities with values of more than $0.50
17.2 per pound, 38.1 percent by weight and
39.1 percent by value fell into the cate-
28.1 gory ranging in price from $1 to $1.99
per pound. Radio receiving sets, tablets,
pills, capsules, powders, ointments, and
similar manufactures, precious stones,
bottling and bottle-washing machinery
and parts, laboratory instruments and
apparatus, and various kinds of leather
products constitute the major portion of
the commodities included in this group.
Only 3.8 percent by weight of the air
potential export commodities valued at
$0.50 or more per pound are included in
the $2 to $2.99 per pound value range.
Items in this group accounted for 7 per-
cent of the total value of air potential
exports valued at $0.50 a pound or more.
In the $2 to $2.99 value range, the lead-
ing potential air-cargo exports are radio
transmitting and receiving apparatus,
listing adding machines, lipsticks, vac-
cines, and glandular products.
Items in the value groups above $3 a
pound account for 5.3 percent by weight
and 24 percent by value of air potential
exports valued more than $0.50 per
pound. Commodities of these value
groups exported in greatest volume are
motion-picture film, photographic paper,
women's outerwear, and men's and boy's
fur felt hats. Others with very high unit
values as well as relatively large volumes
are wool noils and waste, averaging
$10.26 per pound ; watch parts, $11.71 per
pound; watches with jewels, $25.05 per
pound; and silk tram organzine and hard
twists, $27.30 per pound.
Lard and grapes comprised a large
proportion of the total weight of the 46
perishable export commodities valued at
less than $0.50 per pound. Since these
commodities are valued at $0.06 and $0.01
per pound, respectively, they would prob-
ably not be considered as potential air-
cargo under present costs of shipment by
air. Biologics and glandular products
are the only perishable exports with a
value more than $0.50 a pound which
moved in any sizeable quantity.
STATES AND MEXICO
The 92 fragile commodities accounted
for 21 percent by weight and 30.7 percent
by value of potential air-cargo export
trade. Total weight of this group of com-
modities was 10,853,216 pounds and total
value amounted to $4,285,698. Fragile
commodities with a value of more than
$0.50 a pound, which are prospective
items for air shipment, had a value of
$3,373,121 and a weight of 2,665,224
pounds . Included in this class are meas-
uring meters, X-ray apparatus and parts,
radio receiving apparatus , blasting caps,
eye glasses and lenses, motion-picture
sound equipment, and cameras .
Fragile commodities valued at less
than $0.50 a pound constituted 15.8 per-
cent by weight and 6.5 percent by value
of potential air exports. Eggs in the
shell, plate glass, unfilled glass con-
tainers, beverage bottles, dynamite, and
phonograph records make up the major
portion of the fragile commodities which
have a value of less than $0.50 a pound .
Under present cost conditions, it is
doubtful that many of the fragile items
in this low value per pound group would
move by air at this time. However, in
the future when costs have been lowered,
it is quite possible that these commodities
will become attractive for air shipment ,
especially if urgently needed.
Export commodities possessing style
or obsolescence characteristics numbered
25 and amounted to 0.9 percent by weight,
and 5.2 percent by value of total export
air-cargo potentials. All except four of
the exports with style factors have values
of more than $0.50 a pound. The com-
modities in this class which were ex-
ported to Mexico in largest volume are
women's shoes, women's and children's
handbags and clothing, exposed motion-
picture films, phonograph records, ad-
vertising novelties, and catalogs and
pamphlets. The last three mentioned
commodities may be potential air-cargo
because of their obsolescence factor even
though they have a low unit value of less
than $0.50 per pound.
Import Commodities
Air-cargo potential imports valued at
more than $0.50 a pound totaled 940,032
pounds and had a value of $1,644,120.
The outstanding volume (437,521
pounds ) occurred in the $0.50 to $0.99
per pound value group. More than 70
percent of the volume and slightly more
than 80 percent of the value of the $0.50
to $0.99 per pound value class was com-
prised of the single item, women's and
misses leather footwear. Undressed furs,
and game animal and birds for stocking
purposes, are other leading air-cargo po-
tentials in this value group.
Lime oil and quicksilver comprise the
major portion of air-cargo potential ex-
ports in the $1 to $1.99 value group.
Group 3, which includes those items in
the $2 to $2.99 value range, was signifi-
cant in volume and in value. Its volume
of 390,180 pounds was 42 percent, and its
value of $1.037,075 was 63 percent of all
import air-cargo potentials valued at
more than $0.50 a pound. This volume
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

and value were comprised almost entirely cent by value of potential air-cargo im- The outstanding volume and value of
of vanilla beans, with a much smaller ports. All 1939 imports from Mexico actual air exports and imports occurred
distribution of raw reptile skins. characterized by a style factor had values in the higher-valued commodity classes,
Paintings and drawings comprised per pound above $0.50. The volume of as was expected under the relatively high
most of the relatively small volume of 329,068 pounds was comprised mainly of air shipment costs of the present. The
women's and misses' leather footwear. average value per pound for exports
items in the $3 to $3.99 a pound value
group, and also of the $10 to $24.99 per moved by air from the United States to
pound value class. Mexico during August 1944 was $9.75,
Actual Air Shipments
while that for air imports into the United
Motion-picture film was the only item
Many of the commodities considered States from that country in the 8-month
of appreciable volume ( 5,467 pounds ) period, July 1944 through February 1945
in the $4 to 4.99 per pound value range. in this report as having potentialities for
air shipment become more significant in was $11.74.
Sterling silver tableware, silver manu- Tables 3 and 4 list some of the leading
factures, and motion-picture film are the potential air-cargo picture when their
actual air movement possibilities have air exports and imports for the selected
leading air potentials in the $5 to $ 9.99
been shown. Data on actual air traffic periods.
value class.
have been compiled by the Bureau of the
There were no large volumes of any TABLE 3.-Air Exports, August 1944
Census, and at present are available for
single commodity in the $25 per pound certain months of 1944 and 1945. Table 2
and higher value group. However, the Value per Leading air export Weight
shows the actual air traffic between the pound groups commodities (lbs. ) Value
small volumes of emeralds, diamonds,
United States and Mexico during specified
and stamps, as well as other items in
months of 1944 and 1945, summarized by Less than $0.50 Sodium carbonate
the highest value class, represent very value groups . calcined 5,050 $113
high unit values and so are considered Paper and paper
as having good potentialities for air An interesting fact revealed in table 2 products 947 368
is the considerable volume of commodi- Paper envelopes ... 763 170
shipment. Tonic appetizers .. 485 92
ties in the less than $0.50 a pound value
Perishable commodities represent 98.8 class which moved both to and from $0.50 to $0.99 Periodicals 611 313
percent by weight and 95 percent by Chemical com-
Mexico during the period covered. From pounds 309 258
value of total air-cargo potential imports. an examination of the particular com- Automobile casings 271 148
As was previously mentioned, bananas Machine bolts,
modities shipped by air during the period screws, and nuts 201 101
comprise much of this volume. Pineapple from July 1944 through February 1945,
in bulk, edible animals ( cattle ) , tomatoes, $1 to $1.99 .. Auto replacement
it is observed that the only import item parts 1,324 1,788
and fish are other perishable commodities Internal combustion
which occurred in large volume. Their valued below $0.50 a pound which moved
in significant volume was tomatoes in engine, accessor-
ies, and parts .. 970 1,609
extremely low values per pound, how- their natural state. However, this move- Live poultry.. 360 445
ever, limit their bulk shipment by air. Tractor wheels . 313 462
ment seems to have been an exceptional
The 33 fragile imports had a value of one, for the traffic occurred only during $2 to $2.99 .. Printed matter ... 1,107 2,453
the month of December 1944. Woven spun rayon
$47,087 and a weight of 8,243,630 pounds, fabric 1,014 2,295
being mainly comprised of items valued The actual exports valued less than Metal and metal
at less than $0.50 per pound. The leading manufactures 946 2,419
$0.50 a pound were mainly sample size Dental supplies ... 304 766
fragile air potentials consisted mainly of shipments of various commodities, with
earthenware and glassware products, $3 to $3.99.. Military items. 7,650 27,953
the exception of a shipment of sodium Motion · picture
both having values per pound less than carbonate calcined. This item which un- newsreels 699 2,143
$0.50. Motion · picture
doubtedly was shipped for some special features 412 1,519
Import commodities possessing a style need of the time may not be considered Leather and tanned
or obsolescence factor account for less skins 205 750
as a significant air potential, due to its
than 0.05 percent by weight of the total bulk and its extremely low value per $4 to $4.99.. Synthetic woven
pound. undearwear 420 1.906
air-cargo potentials, and are only 2 per- Wool knit apparel 346 1,613
Synthetic knit un-
derwear 302 1,292
Motion · picture
TABLE 2 .--Actual Air Traffic between the United States and Mexico for Specified short subjects .. 290 1,201
Synthetic tex-
Months of 1944, and January and February of 1945,¹ by Value Groups tile manufac-
tures ... 274 1,302
Wool or mohair
Shipping weight Value manufactures 268 1,294
Value Number of
per pound commodities2 $5 to $9.99.. Synthetic dresses . 8,907 87,503
groups Gross Percent Percent Women's and chil-
pounds of total Dollars of total dren's wool
clothing 2,926 22,612
Exports- August 1944 Women's and chil-
dren's synthetic
hosiery, except
Less than $0.50 .. 27 23,466 30.2 4,629 0.6 nylon 1,650 11,971
0.50 to 0.99. 32 2,458 3.2 1,640 0.2 Glandular products 1.641 9,444
1.00 to 1.99 . 74 6,413 8.3 9,350 1.2 Women's jewelry . 678 4,647
2.00 to 2.99 38 5,252 6.8 12,645 1.7 Handbags, except
3.00 to 3.99. 37 10,467 13.5 37,381 5.0 leather ........ 507 3,513
4.00 to 4.99. 25 2.710 3.5 12,129 1.6 .
5.00 to 9.99. 56 19,826 25.6 164,371 21.8 $10 to $24.99.. Perfume flavor oils 998 10,310
22722822

10.00 to 24.99 . 31 4,081 5.3 61,940 8.2 Vitamins, vitaster-

25.00 and over . 26 2,810 3.6 451,209 59.7 ols, etc.... 946 12,111
Dressed or dyed,
lamb and sheep . 583 13,968
Imports-July 1944 through February 1945 Fur manufactures . 545 12,011
Women's and chil-
Less than $0.50 . 29 0.2 dren's fur felt
30,040 15.3 4,108 hats 332 3,977
0.50 to 0.99. 4,643 2.4 3,153 0.1
1.00 to 1.99. 2,074 1.0 2,969 0.1
2.00 to 2.99 44 4,277 2.2 10,030 0.4 $25 and up... Medicinal chemicals 554 27,306
3.00 to 3.99 2.3 16,161 0.7 Malt extract and
26 4.562 malt syrup . 353 16,520
4.00 to 4.99 . 2,862 1.5 12,813 0.6 Silver fox black... 342 15,416
5.00 to 9.99 . 66 21,345 10.9 158,788 6.9 Fur wearing ap-
10.00 to 24.99 . 75 123,019 62.7 1,879,522 81.6 parel 340 37,684
25.00 and over. 32 3,262 1.7 215.207 9.4 Furs, dressed ог
dyed 240 12,916
1 At present these are the only months for which data are available. Teeth 234 8,269
2 Two commodities in August 1944 exports not shown, as they were given in value only.
 AIR · CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO 5

TABLE 4.—Air Imports, July 1944 through The Return-Haul Problem Summary
February 1945
Should the air trade between the United The 1939 trade between the United
Value per Leading air import Weight States and Mexico follow the pattern in States and Mexico, which was valued at
pound groups commodities (lbs.) Value volume and value of commodities con- $135,232,623, was balanced in favor of
sidered as air potentials in this study, the the former to the extent of $26,368,041 .
Less than $0.50 Tomatoes in their unbalance in air exports and imports
natural state.. 24,232 $2,018 Potential air-cargo comprise 22 per-
Books in foreign would be the immediate problem. Poten- cent of the value of this total trade.
languages 629 192
Toys and parts .. 268 106 tial air imports exceed potential air ex- When only those commodities valued at
Tourist literature . 264 100 ports by 701,335,657 pounds. The value more than $0.50 per pound are considered,
$0.50 to $0.99 Lithographic prints, of this overbalance amounts to $1,351,617.
not exceed . potential air exports exceed potential air
ing 20/1000 inch A more refined picture of the return- imports in both volume and value. On
in thickness . 2,545 1,580
Lithographic prints, haul problem would probably be effected the other hand, with the inclusion of the
exceeding 20/1000 by the exclusion of the very low-valued perishables, fragiles, and commodities
inch in thickness 729 632
Wood or bark man- items, whose bulk shipment could not be possessing style factors, the ratio is
ufactures 394 269 profitably accomplished by air movement
$1 to $1.99.. Dolls 632 733 changed to favor a great overbalance in
Table and bureau under present conditions. There is diffi- air import potentials. However, owing
covers 354 667 culty in determining which items should to the fact that the greatest part of the
Cotton articles . 226 237
$2 to $2.99 .. Exercise and sport properly be excluded, though a few are commodities possessing these character-
equipment 1,704 3,737 very uncertain for bulk air shipment. istics are comprised of items that are
Leather belts .. 1,202 2,761
Unbleached cotton Such import items include bananas, edible unlikely air cargo under present air
cloth 156 373 animals, and earthenware, and the ex- transportation charges and costs, the im-
$3 to $3.99.. Motion-picture film 1,869 6,976 port items are lard, grapes, oranges, and
Machine-made cot- mediate problem lies in increasing the
ton laces . 1,027 3,553 beverage bottles. return-haul volume from Mexico. The
Fresh or dried The removal from the air-cargo poten- actual air statistics used in this report
flowers 387 1,205
Cotton wearing ap- tial list of these items would shift the give evidence of this problem.
parel 196 760
$4 to $4.99.. Motion-picture film potential air trade balance in favor of Mexico has a natural advantage over
prints, features .. 1,497 6,705 the United States. A few additional very other countries toward which the United
Infants wool outer- low-value items which occurred in large
wear 502 2,212 States looks for potential air trade. The
Cigar and cigarette volume, such as tomatoes and pineapples
leather cases. 212 948 relatively short distance between these
could be excluded only with hesitation. countries makes air transportation
$5 to $9.99.. Silver manufac-
tures 4,393 38,888 Though their bulk shipment by air in the
Photographic dry charges a small proportion of the value
4,167 22,548 immediate future appears doubtful, there
plates of the shipment. Moreover, the handi-
Sterling silver ta- may be a possibility of future develop- caps in Mexican surface transportation,
bleware 4,051 30,841 ment of a profitable air shipment by
Bracelets 1,143 10,367 as in many Latin American countries,
Women's and chil- specially designed services operating on make the air method of shipment attrac-
dren's leather a seasonal basis. tive.
handbags 705 4,510
$10 to $24.99.. Cigarette lighters . 45,278 551,570 It may be observed from a comparison
U. S. articles re- of the list of air potentials with what has
turned 39,573 634,852 Data Included in Tables
Bracelets, not gold actually moved by air, that the potential
or platinum . 13,830 274,238 list is a conservative expectation of
Jewelry, not gold The accompanying tables give details
ог platinum . 4,049 94,656 future air trade. It appears that much of the air-cargo potentials, itemized and
Leather straps . 3,363 45,181 additional export and import trade is
Jewelry n.e.s... 2,912 61,812 grouped for convenience of reference.
Brooches, not gold available in the value groups above $3 Table 5 summarizes, by value groups,
or platinum. 2,655 61,198 a pound.
Women's and chil- items valued at $0.50 and more a pound
dren's leather On the other hand, the potential air- considered to be air-cargo potentials.
handbags 2,503 46,872 trade picture points to a greater possible
$25 and more. Undressed furs .. 495 14,364 Table 6 lists perishables, fragile com-
proportion of items in the lower-value
Original paintings modities, and those possessing a style
and drawings .. 179 6,164 ranges. The greatest possibilities for a
Foreign stamps and more balanced air trade volume seem to factor. These categories have no lower
stamped envel-
opes 148 7,395 depend on the cultivation of the United limit as to value per pound. Tables 7
Undeveloped mo- States market for Mexican products. through 10 contain itemized lists of the
tion-picture film 104 86,747 commodities summarized in tables 5 and
Developed motion- Perhaps items such as handiwork and
picture negatives, perishables would help provide a partial 6 according to weight, value per pound,
shorts 78 7,982
solution. and density.
6 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 5.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1939

[ Summary of commodities valued $0.50 or more per pound]
Commodities Shipping weight Value
Percent of Percent of Percent of

8980860∞∞
air-cargo Percent of Gross Percent of

880720
air-cargo air-cargo
Category 1 Number potentials total trade pounds potentials Dollars potentials total trade

RECOMM

COOCHEM
Exports :
Group, value per pound:

732
1- $0.50 to $0.99 .. 32.7 8.5 5,051,807 9.8 3,465,929 24.9 4.3
2- 1.00 to 1.99 . 21.0 5.4 3,644,205 7.0 4,574,901 32.8 5.7

3|
3- 2.00 to 2.99. 9.0 2.3 362,689 0.7 824,220 5.9 1.0
4 3.00 to 3.99 3.5 0.9 230,951 0.4 791,371 5.7 1.0

14333
5- 4.00 to 4.99 3.3 0.9 132,927 0.3 577,555 4.1 0.7
6 5.00 to 9.99 . 6.1 1.6 75,864 0.2 522,814 3.8 0.6
7-10.00 to 24.99. 4.2 1.1 39,272 0.1 500,778 3.6 0.6
8-25.00 and over. 2.8 0.7 16,261 (1) 455,611 3.3 0.6
Total $0.50 or more . 351 82.6 21.4 9,553,976 18.5 11,713,179 84.1 14.5
Total air-cargo potentials® .. 425 100.0 25.9 51,751,997 100.0 13,935,564 100.0 17.2
Total exports to Mexico. 1,643 100.0 (8) 80,800,332 100.0

Imports :

288888
Group, value per pound:
$0.50 to $0.99.. 47 24.6 8.5 437,521 0.1 .350,333 2.3 0.6
2 1.00 to 1.99. 29 15.2 5.2 100,461 138,713 0.9 0.3
3- 2.00 to 2.99 10 5.2 1.8 390,180 6.8 2.0

CCC
1,037,075
4 3.00 to 3.99 10 5.2 1.8 527 1,726 (¹)
5- 4.00 to 4.99. 0.2

૭
7 3.7 1.3 5,553 24,639
6 5.00 to 9.99 11 5.8 2.0 1,929 11,134 0.1
7-10.00 to 24.99. 13 6.8 2.4 3,698 58,476 0.4 0.1
8-25.00 and over. 11 5.8 2.0 163 22,024 0.1
Total $0.50 or more.. 138 72.3 25.0 940,032 0.1 1,644,120 10.8 3.0
Total air-cargo potentials . 191 100.0 34.5 753,087,654 100.0 15,287,181 100.0 28.1
Total imports from Mexico 553 100.0 (8) 54,432,291 100.0
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
2 Includes in addition to commodities valued $0.50 per pound and over, those commodities valued less than $0.50 per pound, selected because of perishability, fragility,
style factors or obsolescence. A commodity which appears under more than one category is accounted for only once in arriving at the total.
3 Not available.

TABLE 6.— United States Trade With Mexico— 1939

[ Summary of commodities possessing perishability, fragility, or style factor]

Commodities Shipping weight Value

Percent of Percent of Percent of

air-cargo Percent of Gross air-cargo air-cargo Percent of
Categories Number potentials¹ total trade pounds potentials¹ Dollars potentials¹ total trade

Exports, value per pound:

Perishable commodities (category 2) :
Less than $0.50 . 46 10.8 2.8 35,132,628 67.9 1,397,539 10.0 1.7
$0.50 or more . 4 .9 0.2 70,628 0.1 123,655 0.9 0.2
Total 50 11.7 3.0 35,203,256 68.0 1,521,194 10.9 1.9
22

Fragile commodities (category 3) :

Less than $0.50 ... 28 6.6 1.7 8,187,992 15.8 912,577 6.5 1.1
$0.50 or more. 64 15.1 3.9 2,665,224 5.2 3.373,121 24.2 4.2
Total 92 21.7 5.6 10,853,216 21.0 4,285,698 30.7 5.3
Commodities possessing style factor
(category 4):
99

Less than $0.50 .. 4 .9 0.2 268,202 0.5 87,674 0.6 0.1 88

$0.50 or more . 21 4.9 1.3 201,730 0.4 644,057 4.6 0.8
Total 25 5.8 1.5 469,932 0.9 731,731 5.2 0.9
Imports, value per pound:
3333

Perishable commodities (category 2) :

Less than $0.50 .. 17.2 6.0 743,905,409 98.8 13,597,578 88.9 25.0
$0.50 or more . 1.6 0.5 372,380 (2) 927,035 6.1 1.7
Total 36 18.8 6.5 744,277,789 98.8 14,524,613 95.0 26.7
Fragile commodities (category 3) :
233

Less than $0.50 .. 20 10.5 3.6 8,242,218 1.1 45,483 0.3 0.1
$0.50 or more. 13 6.8 2.4 1,412 (2) 1,604 (2) (3)
Total 33 17.3 6.0 8.243.630 1.1 47,087 0.3 0.1
Commodities possessing style factor
(category 4):
Less than $0.50 .
.00

11 5.8 2.0 329,068 (2) 312.490 2.0 0.6

00

$0.50 or more.
Total 11 5.8 2.0 329,068 (2) 312,490 2.0 0.6
1 See table 5 for figures on total air-cargo potentials.
2 Less than 0.05 percent .
 AIR · CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO 7

TABLE 7.—United States Trade With Mexico- 1939

[Group 1- Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound] [Group 1-Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density
EXPORTS EXPORTS Continued
0046 Sausage casings, hog. 1,988 $1,228 $0.62 av. 44 3940 Hat braids, strips and sheets
0094 Meat extracts and bouillon of natural fibers or syn-
cubes ...... 2,312 1,220 .53 34-57 thetic textiles 800 $560 $0.70 14
0099 .... Other edible animal prod- 4302 .... Cork disks, washers and
ucts, n.e.s.1 43,900 40,820 .93 (2) wafers 311 268 .86 9-12
0301 .... Cattle side, grain, other, 4305 Stoppers (include shell corks) 1,199 912 .76 11
upper leather (except pat 5455.1 . Asbestos, textiles and yarn 4,948 2,491 .50 27-72

28
ent) 14,862 11,644 .78 av. 21 6115 Table cutlery, including
0302 Cattle side, finished splits, forks 9,062 7,528 .83 30
upper leather (except pat- 6169 Hand-operated pipe stocks,

22 32
ent) 4,919 2,815 .57 av. 21 and dies, die stocks, dies,
0311 Other upper leather, n.e.s.¹ and bushings ... 27,463 20,048 .73 53-120
(except patent) 14,053 10,305 .73 av. 21 6170 ... Hand-operated pipe cutters
0321 Lining leather, sheep and and other metal cutting
lamb 852 829 31 tools, n.e.s.1 6,693 3,748 .56 53-120
0323 Other lining leather. 2,775 1,757 .63 31 6179 .... Padlocks of iron, steel, brass,
0326 Other, sole leather. 40 20 .50 (2) or bronze 74,817 65,204 .87 54-96
0328 Boot and shoe leather, other 6181 Cabinet and other locks of
cut stocks .51 18-30 iron, steel, brass, and

589
2,745 1,400
bronze

R8
0356 Case, bag and strap leather 1,340 937 .70 18-30 6,751 6,058 .90 21

5
Leather welting 767 476 .62 17 6198 Other scales and balances. 108,803 .51 (3)

2018
0600 55,786
0645 Men's boots and shoes with 6305 .... Aluminum, tubes, moldings,
leather uppers 67,847 48,420 .71 14 castings, and other shapes 13,467 9,402 .70 20-40
0646 .... Youths' and bovs' boots and 6454 .... Brass and bronze pipe fit-
shoes with leather uppers 29,228 18,697 .64 11-13 tings and valves .. 219,228 121,119 .55 28-112
0648 Infants' and children's boots 6630 .... Nickel chrome electric re-
and shoes with leather sistance wire 24,760 22,379 50
uppers 7,998 7,462 .93 9 6958 Silver plated ware, knives,
0656 Boots, shoes, and other foot- forks, and steak sets ..... 9,688 7,363 17-43

25
on
wear, with uppers of ma- 6959 Silver plated ware, other... 7,440 6,026 17-43
69

Direct current generators ..

5
4
3
2,940 2,036 .69 av. 12 7000 23,242

8
terial other than leather . 12,318 51
0659 Discontinued models, old 7011 Self-contained lighting out-
styles, and second-hand fits 91,978 46,909 (3)
shoes 7,103 4,475 .63 av. 12 7027.1 ... Rotating converters, under
0689 .... Women's and children's 300 kilowatts 15,230 9,595 .63 51
handbags, pocket-books, and 7027.2 ... Rotating converters, 300 kilo-
purses of materials other watts and larger . 73,313 40,322 .55 51
88

than leather 37,091 28,716 5-9 7028 .... Complete battery chargers
40
20

to be worn on the per- non-rotating 29,780

7

Belts 16,081
4
2

0697 ... 15-26

3
8

∞
son 18,125 15,769 .87 7030 Feeder voltage regulators.. 3,048 1,951 .64 100-140
0699 Other leather manufactures 21,952 19,537 .89 (2) 12 7031 Switchboard panels, except
0723 Furs undressed, opossum. 2,399 1,279 telephone 171,866 91,089 4-24
0923 Feathers, crude, not dressed 723 435 7034 .... Fuses, transmission and dis-
2042 Other druggists, rubber sun- tribution apparatus 38,754 25,965 .67 22
Watt-hour and other meas-
300
dries 24,554 20,871 7035 ....
2046 Rubber toys and balls. 26,351 19,236 uring meters 52,531 44,651 .85 37-64
2271 Essential ог distilled oils, 7056 Portable electric tools. ... 35,683 24,621 24-140
citrus 47,249 34,152 .72 (2) 7060 Flashlight cases 97,096 53,403 10
2467 Field and garden seeds, 7064 Other metal-filament lamps 36,294 24,317 .67 5-12
229

flower 6,709 3,709 .55 27 7065 Other electrical lamps. 7,470 3,735 .50 4-12
2622 Tobacco manufactures, ciga. 7073.5 ... Other domestic electric uten-
rettes 127,181 82,541 .65 22 sils 75,788 38,652 6-11
2623 Chewing tobacco, plug, and 7075.5 ... Other X-ray apparatus and
ཋཋ ནྲྀཙྪཱ ཡྻོ མྷི

other 16 46 parts 125,152 98,870 14-60

2629 Other tobacco manufactures 21 .62 (2) 7089 Bells, buzzers, annunciators
3012 Cotton yarn, mercerized, all and alarms ... 6,275 5,836 24
kinds, for manufacturing 231 196 .85 21 7095 Sockets, outlets, fuse blocks,
3015 Cotton sewing thread ..... 9,420 7,185 .76 21-34 lighting switches, and
སིན

3016 Crochet, darning, and em- parts 119,946 98,356 .82 20

broidery cotton 315 255 .81 11 7142 Stationary and portable en-

55555 988
3023 Heavy filter cloth, hose and gines, Diesel and semi-
belting duck 7,490 4,142 .55 21-35 Diesel 329,873 181,430 av. 95
5485

3025 Ounce duck 1,812 987 .54 24-40 7311 Rock drills 144,952 95,668 .66 16-157
3041.1 ... Drills, twills, and warp 7458 Other portable and hand-or-
sateens dyed in the piece foot operated metal- work-
20

(40" wide and narrower) 26,096 14,181 .54 29 ing machines and parts.. 91,385 53,917 .59 15-69
3041.2... Drills, twills, and warp 7471 Chucks for machine tools ... 2,100 1,953 .93 42-78
sateens, printed 1,461 787 .54 (2) 7552 Sewing machines for factory
8290 22

3042.1 .. Sheeting, bleached 12,095 8,004 .66 21-38 or industrial use..... 124,352 74,611 .60 5-37
3043 Sheeting, printed 11,166 8,082 .72 7692 Roller bearings and parts,
3045.1 Drills, twills, and warp except rollers 33,800 26,026 .77 50-120
sateens (wider than 40 7760 Other accounting and calcu-
inches) 2,057 1,864 .91 av. 11 lating machines, including
3046.1 ... Sheeting, bleached (wider used and rebuilt. 10,417 10,313 .99 13-28
13
20

than 40 inches) . 24,564 12,396 .50 30 7763 Duplicating machines, parts,

ទ្រុឌ
=

3047.1 ... Sheeting, dyed in the piece and supplies for... 43,865 25,003 .57 13-20
ស្កូវ

(wider than 40 inches) . 2,432 1,207 .50 30 7767 Cash register, parts. 1,772 1,737 .98 23
ទុ

3048 .... Carded broadcloth, bleached, 7770 Typewriters, standard, new 287,481 238,609 .83 19
yarn 23,752 13,280 .56 20-25 7772 Typewriters, portable, new 86,865 71,229 .82 24
3049.2... Carded broadcloth, printed, 7774.1 .. Typewriters, rebuilt 75,377 42,211 .56 20
yarn 19,339 15,211 .79 20-25 7916 Automotive piston rings.. 89,805 73,640 .82 24
.51 20-25 7921 79,539 73,176 .92
858

3051.1 . Printcloth, bleached, yarn. 12,704 6,541 Spark plugs av. 49

3052.1 ... Printcloth dyed in the piece, 7958 Diesel and semi-Diesel in-
yarn 8,147 6,718 .82 35 ternal-combustion marine
3052.2 . Printcloth printed, yarn 71,070 37,848 .53 33 engines 12,637 10,994 .87 27-47
3084 Tapestries and other up- 7970 .... Railway signals, attachments
holstery goods 48,297 46,316 .96 13-21 and parts 12,232 6,972 .57 (3)
3160 .... Cotton braids, trimmings, 8120 Biologics for animal and vet-
bindings, lacings, tape- erinary use 34,361 30,238 .88
55

.86 15 8130 Druggists' nonproprietary

555

10,500
C

labels, and webbing... 12,209

3161 Other narrow fabrics, n.e.s.¹ 12,891 7,090 .55 15 preparations, medicinal and
24

3699 Other hair manufactures ... 27,557 14,054 .51 (2) reagent chemicals 105,481 78,056 .74 23
333

3830 Rayon waste 307 167 .54 11-33 8149 Proprietary medicinal prepa-
3845 Piece goods, wholly or rations, corn and foot
20

chiefly rayon and other remedies 3,122 2,466 .79 14

8152 Salves and ointments, for
21

synthetic fibers, remnants .84 21

and mill ends.. 20,597 17,329 burns, cuts, skin diseases,
3849.9 ... Piece goods, wholly ог insect bites, inflammation,
335

etc. 33
19

chiefly rayon and other 62,657 41,980 .67

3585

synthetic fibers, remnants 8264 .... Pyroxylin sheets, rods, or

and mill ends . 501 474 .95 31 tubes and other unfinished
3850 Rayon house furnishings .. 3,787 3,370 .89 (9) forms 1,023 689 .67 10-68
co
8 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 7.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1939— Continued

[Group 1 -Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound] [Group 1- Commodities valued from $0.50 to $0.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density
EXPORTS- Continued IMPORTS-Continued
8265 Cellulose acetate sheets, rods, 3280.4 ... Flax, not exceeding 130
or tubes, and other un- threads to the square inch,
finished forms 512 $366 $0.71 14-50 counting warp and filling 203 $149 $0.73 35-45
8296 Pectin 4,283 2,720 .64 28-52 3606.6 ... Woolens, n.e.s.¹ — weighing 1
8601 Explosives, smokeless powder 11,307 10,141 .90 53 over 4 ozs. per square
8734 Dental creams 348 252 .72 31 yard, valued not over 80

59
8750 Cold creams ... 3,187 1,603 .50 36-46 cents per pound... 440 259 .59 10-30
8757 Other cosmetics 14,054 10,400 .74 av. 30 3606.7... Woolens, n.e.s.¹- weighing
8766 Perfumery and toilet waters 6,585 6,387 .97 25 over 4 Ozs. per square
9003 Cameras, other than motion- yard, valued over 80 cents

83

368
picture, box type (set

28
not over $1.25 per pound 208 178 .86 10-30
focus) 33,283 21,268 .64 17-40 Woven fabrics of wool and
9008.1 ... Cameras, substandard gauge other hair:
(less than 35 mm. silent) 17,120 13,411 .78 20-28 Blankets, not exceeding
9011 .... Motion-picture sound equip- 3 yards in length,
ment, reproducing 80,913 76,058 .94 av. 11 plain or embroidered:
9125 .... Other sensitized films, not 3610.3 ... Valued not over

26
exposed, cartridge, or rolls 104,183 93,235 .89 26 $1.00 per pound.. 1,116 669 .60 10-30
9126.1 ... Other sensitized films, not 3610.4... Valued over $1.00
exposed, packs of sheets, not over $1.50 per

༢༠
X-ray 30,395 23,609 .78 23 pound 350 325 .93 10-30
9126.9 ... Other sensitized films, not 3610.5 ... Valued over $1.50
exposed, packs of sheets, per pound 497 481 .97 10-30
other 49,638 45,040 .91 23-41 Carpets, rugs, mats, etc. and
9140 .... Other photographic apparatus parts of, valued over 40
and supplies 45,723 35,207 av. 27 cents per sq. ft.:
9155 .. Other dental equipment and 367.05.. Carpets and rugs of like

95
supplies 57,552 36,258 .63 8-62 character, n.s.p.f." 69 64 .93 (2)
9156 Sterilizers 16,093 9,267 6-21 Silk handkerchiefs and wo-
9304 Other pencils 75,231 51,529 .68 17-30 ven mufflers:
9392 Carbon paper 7,076 6,025 36 3743.1 ... Hemmed or hemstitched,
67

valued not more than

II

Foot, basket, base, tennis,

88

9434

26

25
and other balls .
in

.93 9-30 $5.00 per dozen...... 26 25 .96 13-22

25

16,494 15,339
Hats and hat bodies:
8

9472 Rifles 24,982 14,810 .59 26-39

K

9490 Shot shells 53,250 44,997 .85 76 Other sewed :

9491 Metallic cartridges 190,060 94,900 .50 130 3925.4... Straw, blocked ог
9565 Playing cards 10,460 7,328 .70 48 trimmed, valued
9571 Clocks, n.e.s.,1 except elec- less than $15.00
tric, 1-day alarm clocks .. 13,844 9,687 .70 26-40 per doz. 18 14 .78 3-6
9591 Time recording devices and 428.99 .. Manufactures of wood or
parts 26,527 20,691 .78 (2) bark, n.e.s.1 11,023 5,843 .53 (?)
9713 Button parts, backs, blanks, 479.06.. Albums, photograph, auto-
or molds 7,770 7,137 .92 6-38 graphi, scrap, post-card,

35.95
postage-stamp, and for

5∞
9792 Lanterns, wick 8,458 4,332 9-17
9793 Gasoline pressure lamps, lan- phonograph records 9 8 .89 30-40
terns and parts. 31,736 17,772 .56 3-22 5271.3 ... Hypodermic syringes, wholly
9794 Other lamps, except electric 62,578 47,231 .75 3-22 or in chief value of glass 312 156 .50 (2)
9812 Molded products, synthetic 529.40 .. Ground or pulverized,
resin 866 745 (2) smalts, frostings, and all
9819 Manufactures of cellulose ceramic and glass colors,
acetate, n.e.s.1 503 342 .68 (2) fluxes, glazes, and enam-

33
els

50
9820 Manufactures of all other 93 .86 (2)
compounds of cellulose, 5350.1 ... Plain white China and por-
115

n.e.s.1 16,487 12,365 .75 (2) celain, not painted, col-

ored, etc.5 10 6 .60 12-26
བ

Total 5,051,807 $3,465,929 5350.2 ... China and porcelain, deco-

rated, colored , etc. 238 163 .68 12-26
536.51 .. China and porcelain, plain
white, not painted, col-

66
20
IMPORTS ored, etc. 29 19 .66 12-26
Leather footwear, boots and 538.82.. Quarries or quarry tiles,
shoes, n.e.s.¹ : other glazed , valued over

30
0351.9... 26 $24 40 cents per square foot 405 322 .80 (2)
98885

Other, youths and boys $0.92 (2) 643.09 .. Copper table, household,
Women's and misses': kitchen and hospital uten-

88855
1499

0352.2 . Welts 2,142 1,263 .59 11 sils, and hollow or flat-

0352.9. "Other"3 280,850 .88 11

22
320,819 ware, n.s.p.f." 288 207 .72
0353.9 . Children's, other 1,558 1,228 .79 (³)
0354.9 .. Infants' , other 309 159 .51 6459.9... Bronze manufactures, not
plated with platinum , gold,
སྐྱམཏྲཱ
Luggage and related articles or silver, n.s.p.f.. 53 32 .60
of leather : (2)
235
33

0691.7... Not fitted 381 217 .57 av. 7 679.25.. Candlesticks, portable lamps,
Furs undressed : etc. 26 25 .96 11-72
780.99 .. Machinery and parts, n.e.s.¹
288

0707.0 ... Fox, other than silver or

black except agricultural 5,741 3,961 .69 (2)
55

7,965 5,861 .74 av. 17 8089.8 ... Synthetic phenolic resin and
0728.4. Ocelot 2,279 2,245 .99 av. 17
0728.5 Wildcat 21,254 13,360 .63 av. 17 all resin-like products .. 58 33 .57 15-48
0895.0 ... Game animals and birds for 9220.5 ... Phonograph, gramophone, or
stocking purposest 48,125 24,544 .51 (2) graphophone records,
60

098.33 .. Teeth, natural 161 87 .54 29-39 n.s.p.f.67 10 6 .60 40

Essential or distilled oils, not 953.32 .. Greeting cards, with greet-
containing alcohol : ing, title, or other word-
228.27.. Lignaloe or bois de rose ing 50 34 .68 30-55
953.33.. Greeting cards, without
835

(rosewood oil) 3,202 2,644 .83 (2)

2559.2 .. Orchid plants 239 233 .97 greeting, title, ог other
55

3082.5 .. Table damask and manufac- wording 300 195 .65 30-55
tures, valued 75 cents or Post-cards , lithographically
more per pound .. 55 50 .91 22-31 printed:
3220.5 ... Other cotton articles or fab- 953.40.. Not exceeding 12/1000
rics with threads omitted, inch in thickness. .605 308 .51 30-55
117 9623.3. Other statuary 483 285 .59 (2)
drawn, punched, etc. $1 .69 8-12 9623.5 . Other altars, pulpits, etc.. 867 746
Miscellaneous articles of cot- .86 (2)
ton, or cotton and rubber : 982.10 .. Walking canes, valued less
323.26.. Tire fabric for pneu- than $5.00 per dozen .. 255 236 .93
00

matic tires, including 999.55 .. Parchment and vellum . 7 5 .71

31

cord fabric 31 18 .58 (2) Total

323.70.. Articles and manu- 437,521 $350.333
factures of cotton ,
50

n.s.p.f.@ 5,067 2.635 .52 (2)

 AIR CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO 9

TABLE 7.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1989— Continued

[ Group 2-Commodities valued from $1.00 to $1.99 per pound] [Group 2-Commodities valued from $1.00 to $1.99 per pound]
Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value punod Density
EXPORTS EXPORTS Continued
0300 Cattle side, grain, black, 7083 Telephone instruments. 3,453 $6,491 $1.88 50
upper leather (except pat- 7087 Other telephone equipment
ent) 1,745 $1,984 $1.14 av. 18 and parts 57,767 59,500 1.03 10-60
0305 Calf and kid, other upper 7159 Internal combustion engines,
leather (except patent) ... 195,850 210,873 1.08 av. 18 accessories and parts..... 174,760 176,508 1.01 av. 45
0307 Sheep and lamb, upper 7457 Pneumatic portable tools .... 53,161 56,351 1.06 24-140

8882
leather (except patent) . 6,635 9,212 1.39 av. 21 7485 Other metal working ma-
0309 .... Goat and kid (glazed kid) , chines, tools, and parts .. 16,053 21,190 1.32 15-69
other upper leather (ex- 7553 Sewing machine parts. 24,114 42,440 1.76 39
cept patent) 47,074 86,810 1.84 av. 21 7644 Bottling, bottle-washing, and
0312.1 ... Cattle, patent upper leather 15,537 27,209 1.75 10 bottle labeling machinery
0313 Goat and kid, patent upper and parts .... 428,388 479,795 1.12 8-27
leather 792 1,456 1.84 10 7759 Card-punching, sorting, and
0319 Other, patent upper leather 2,623 3,798 1.45 10 tabulating machines 120,003 186,004 1.55 16
0327 Boot and shoe cut stock, 7761 Parts for accounting and
soles, outer 114 125 1.10 (2) calculating machines 10,561 14,785 1.40 23
0330 Belting leather 2,520 3,099 1.23 43 7764 Cash registers, new.. 31,305 39,131 1.25 17-31
0336 Glove and garment leather, 7774.9 .. Typewriters, other, used. 13,101 24,237 1.85 20
sheep and lamb . 4,414 7,474 1.69 19 7775 Typewriters, parts 7,141 8,284 1.16 22
0338 Glove and garment leather, 7959 .. Internal-combustion marine
pig and hog .. 881 1,198 1.36 (2) engines, other 8,987 10,784 1.20 23-30
0339 Other glove and garment 8119 Vitamine and vitasterols . 9,967 16,246 1.63 (2)
leather 4,907 7,581 1.54 8127 .... Tablets, pills, capsules, pow.
0353 Upholstery and automobile ders, ointments, and simi-

1
leather 1,018 1.629 1.60 lar manufactures 311,804 1.03 25

ཡ༷
302,722

དྭཱི
ཞ8
ཏཌ
ཎ
ཋ
མཱཱིུ
ག
0357 Reptilian and aquatic leather 8155 Asthma, catarrh, and hay
for all purposes.... 221 275 1.24 18-30 fever preparations includ-
0647 Women's and misses' boots ing inhalants 8,560 8,988 1.05 30-45
and shoes 28,557 32,138 1.13 8207 Liquid household and indus-
0650 Slippers for housewear, all trial insecticides, and ex-
leather 488 501 1.03 terminators 58,638 79,161 1.35 33-41
0672 Leather gloves and mittens 1,656 3,162 1.91 12-28 ནྡྷསྨཱ $629 Blasting caps 79,705 129,993 1.63 26
0680 Leather belting, new. 57,516 69,676 1.21 8751 Vanishing creams 1,099 1,117 1.02 av. 30
ཎཱ
0688 Women's and children's 8755 Rouges 16,186 19,585 1.21 30
handbags , pocket-books, 9001 Cameras, motion-picture sub-
and purses, leather.. 4,620 5,896 1.28 standard gauge (less than
0698.9.. Leather wearing apparel. 3,916 6,070 1.55 35 mm.) 7,107 12,722 1.79 36
0729 Other undressed furs. 6,888 10,110 1.47 . 9005 Cameras, other than motion-

0
0929 Feathers, dressed , and manu- picture, other 7,579 9,703 1.28 av. 40
factures of feathers. 1,994 2,154 1.08 9010 Motion-picture sound equip-
2095 Rubber thread 82 121 1.48 34 ment recording 13,718 20,302 1.48 (2)
2268 Essential or distilled oils, 9115 Positive film, 1 inch or more
Peppermint 18,274 32,604 1.78 21-42 in width 35,901 37,388 1.04 av. 40
2269 Essential ог distilled oils, 9143 .... Spectacles, eyeglasses, gog
Spearmint and other mint gles, lenses, n.e.s.,1 and
oils, n.e.s.¹ 1,888 2,282 1.21 frames 65,109 89,850 1.38 11-41
2280 Blended, compounded, or 9157 .... Surgical and medical instru-
mixed perfume flavor oils 72,892 104,083 1.43 24 ments 20,219 26,689 1.32 21
3122 .... Women's dresses and en- 9160 .... Surveying and engineering
=

sembles, cotton 26,855 34,577 1.29 av. 11 instruments 18,210 23,855 1.31 18-33
3129 .... Other women's and chil- 9190 Other scientific laboratory
dren's apparel of woven and professional instru-
fabrics, n.e.s.¹ 8,642 10,543 1.22 6-22 ments and apparatus . 145,648 157,300 1.08 3-87
3689 Other wool or mohair manu 9570 Clocks, electric 2,359 2,601 1.10 16
factures 16,346 17,327 1.06 (2) 9572 Mantel, novelty, and wall
3725 Velvets, plushes, and che- clocks 1,721 2,168 1.26 26-40
nilles 2,764 3,435 1.24 10-21 9579 Other clocks and parts . 19,207 25,353 1.32 17-48
3741 Underwear, silk 951 1,744 1.83 8-16 9629 Jewelry, other articles of
3848 Piece goods, wholly or other materials, not gold
chiefly rayon and other or platinum 2,129 3,576 1.68 (2)
synthetic fibers, knit (fab- 9712 Buttons, button parts, etc.,
ric in the piece) . 1,076 1,760 1.64 4 of materials other than
3849.1 ... Piece goods, wholly ог cellulose compounds, gala-
chiefly rayon and other lith, and other plastics ... 5,627 7,709 1.37 6-38
synthetic fibers, other wo- 9791 .... Incandescent mantels, not
532

ven fabric 49,880 69,657 1.40 31 electric 4,906 5,440 1.11 9

3854 Hosiery, women's and chil 9810 Laminated sheets, plates,
dren's 1,955 3.532 1.81 av. 13 rods, tubes, and other un .
3918 Waterproof outer garments 15,019 15,143 1.01 av. 12 finished forms 1,108 1,278 1.15 (2)
3963 Artificial or ornamented 9824 .... Toilet brushes, other than
flowers, fruits, vegetables, toothbrushes 3,521 6,316 1.79 5-16
etc. 2,471 2,619 1.06 3-6 9830 Plates and cuts, electrotype
5217 .... Laminated glass and manu- stereotype, halftone, litho-
factures 6,424 7,837 1.22 64-80 graphic or engraved.... 5,121 8,145 1.59 12-34
5513 Manufactured and manu-
factures of other mica ... 1,475 1,855 1.25 t.v. 64 Total 3,644,205 $4,574,901
5990 Precious synthetic, and imi-
tation stones, including
pearls : 147,336 250,472 1.70 (2)
6090 Wire and manufactures,
8

card clothing 267 361 1.35 (2)

6112 Cutlery, razors, safety . 5,556 9,804 1.76 38 IMPORTS
6114 Scissors, shears, and snips .. 801 944 1.18 44
6167 Drills, reamers, and counter 0301.3 ... Leather cut into soles,
sinks, metal cutting. .... 24,831 42,957 1.73 30-65 blocks, etc. , outer and
6635 Quicksilver or mercury . 248 370 1.49 172-800 inner soles 1,125 $1,142 $1.02 (2)
7036 Electrical indicating instru- 0354.0... Infants, turn ΟΙ turned,
ments 6,760 12,101 1.79 5-17 leather footwear, boots,
7038 Other electrical testing ap- and shoes, n.e.s.¹ 180 223 1.24 8
paratus and parts. 34,112 34.453 1.01 (2) 0364.0... Leather footwear, slippers
7063 Electric incandescent lamps (for housewear) 3,720 4,469 1.20 68
for automobiles, flash- 9369.1 . Leather soled, boots, shoes,
lights, and Christmas trees 5,146 6,690 1.30 5-12 and other footwear (other
7075.9... Other therapeutic apparatus than rubber soled) with
and parts 29,105 32,307 1.11 (2) uppers of material other
7077 .... Radio apparatus, receiving than, leather 1,028 1.297 1.26 av. 12
sets 902,417 1,128,021 1.25 7-29 0692.4... Women's and children's
7079 Receiving- set components, hand bags or pocket books
radio apparatus 63,594 94,119 1.48 11-36 of leather3 57 78 1.37 5-9
པ་

7081 Other receiving-set accessories 19,191 23,797 1.24 (2) 0699.81 .. Leather belts and buckles
7082 Telegraph apparatus and designed to be worn on the
parts 3.020 4.167 1.38 24 person 833 1,000 1.20 8
10 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 7.-United States Trade With Mexico - 1989— Continued

[ Group 2- Commodities valued from $1.00 to $1.99 per pound ] [Group 3-Commodities valued from $2.00 to $2.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value · pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density
IMPORTS- Continued EXPORTS Continued
0718.0 ... Furs undressed ; Nutria ... 28 $30 $1.07 av. 17 7037 Electrical recording instru-
0728.3 ... Furs undressed; Lynx. 293 395 1.35 av. 17 ments 4,666 $12,225 $2.62 25
0970.0 ... Sponges ; Sheepswool 1,137 1,412 1.24 av. 7 7076 Radio apparatus, transmit-
Essential or distilled oils, ting sets, tubes, and parts 39,365 83,848 2.13 9-36
79,905

523
not containing alcohol : 7078 Radio receiving tubes. 39,754 2.01 9
2279.0 ... Lime 39,443 63,048 1.60 (2) 7752 Listing adding - bookkeeping
3085.2 ... Jacquard figured, cotton machines 15,636 38,308 2.45 16-24
quilts or bedspreads ... 50 61 1.22 14-22 7753 Typewriter bookkeeping-bill-
3113.9... Other cotton wearing ap ing machines 8,075 18,412 2.28 15-20
parel not knit or crocheted 329 368 1.12 7-22 7756 Listing adding machines .. 41,863 89,169 2.13 16-34
7757 Calculating machines 16,335 47,372 2.90 16-23
3174.9 ... Other cotton articles wholly 7945 Aircraft parachutes and
or in part of lace..... 33 38 1.15 8-15 parts 18,856 41,860 2.22 17-22
3280.6 ... Flax, exceeding 130 threads 8122 Vaccines for human use ... 11,718 33,630 2.87 (2)
to the square inch count- 8123

59
Glandular products, organo-
59

ing warp and filling ... 50 66 1.32 35-45 therapeutics, enzymes, fer-
3640.0 ... Wool, wearing apparel, ments, and culture media 20,563 45,238 2.20 (2)
n.s.p.f., valued not over 8157 Malaria, chill, and fever
$4.00 per pound .. 332 365 1.10 av. 17 remedies 358 776 2.17 30-45
3650.5 ... Embroideries, wearing ap- 8756 Lipsticks 38,809 77,617 2.00 av. 30
parel 207 337 1.63 10-20 9008.2 . Motion-picture projectors,
367.56 .. Other floor coverings includ substandard gauge (less

13
ing druggets, mats, etc. , than 35 mm. ) sound .. 4,064 10,774 2.65 14
valued not over 40 cents 9158 Surgical appliances, artificial
69

per square ft.. 60 80 1.33 (2) limbs, crutches, trusses,

3924.2... Other hats, not sewed, but etc. 13,471 29,637 2.20

LL
blocked or trimmed, Palm 9293 String musical instruments 4 10 2.50
22

leaf (Panamas) 18 27 1.50 3-6 9610 Paintings, etchings, engrav-

3967.0... Corsets, brassieres and other ings, and statuary. 13,287 28,301 2.13 (2)
body-supporting garments, 9626 Jewelry, other articles not of
containing elastic fabric .. 5 8 1.60 11-13 gold or platinum ... 4,535 12,563 2.77 (2)
6662.0.. Quicksilver or mercury .. 49,584 61,313 1.24 800 9627 Men's jewelry of materials,
8140.5 ... Other, preparations in cap- other than gold or plati-
sules, pills, tablets, loz. num 155 418 2.69 (2)
25

enges, etc. 143 225 1.57 25 9628 Women's jewelry of mate-

8731.1... Articles of perfumery rials, other than gold or
whether in sachets or platinum 2,997 8,780 2.93 (2)
otherwise, and all prepa- 9711 Buttons, button parts, etc.,
rations, containing alcohol 8 14 1.75 11-24 of cellulose, compounds,
9211.8 ... Brass wind instruments, mu- galalith, and other plastics 2,760 8,203 2.97 (2)
sical 46 51 1.11 6-14
9439.99.. Equipment for exercise , Total 362,689 $824,220
play, or sport, n.s.p.f... 47 66 1.40 (2)
951.31 .. Etchings, photographs, and
drawings (except post. IMPORTS
cards and works of art) .. 1,218 1,998 1.64 13-47
953.60.. Post-cards (except American 0295.0.. Reptile skins, raw . 65,631 $134,090 $2.04 17
views) plain, decorated, 1545.0 .. Vanilla beans 324,140 902,045 2.78 39-42
embossed or printed, ex- 3114.1 .. Embroidered, tamboured, ap.
cept by lithographic proc- pliqued, or ornamental
ess 64 68 1.06 30-37 with beads, bugles, ог
954.39 .. Other clocks and clock move- shangles, etc., cotton
weari apparel, n.s.p.f. 76 199 2.62
ments, n.e.s.,1 valued more
than $10.00 each5 13 15 1.15 26-40 3160.6 ... Cotton nghandkerchief s, em-
7-22
980.99 .. Other smokers articles . 250 295 1.18 3-24 broidered, etc. , valued
999.08.. Discs of soft wax known as more than 70 cents per
master records, or metal dozen or if made with
manufactures obtained hand-rolled or hand-made

16
therefrom , for use in hems 7 16 2.29 9-23
manufacturing sound rec- 3274.0 ... Artists' canvas of flax,
ords for export.. 160 224 1.40 28-31 hemp, ramie, or other
vegetable fiber except
Total 100.461 $138,713 cotton 12 25 2.08 (8)
3660.0 ... Oriental, Axminster , Sa-
vonneire, Aubosson, and
[Group 3-Commodities valued from $2.00 to $2.99 per pound] other, rugs and carpets
not made on a power-
driven loom 27 58 2.15 12-22
EXPORTS 6845.2 ... Jewelry other than gold or
platinum, bracelets 4 10 2.50 (2)
0304 Calf and kid, black, upper 709.85 .. Electric cooking stoves and
leather (except patent).. 24,899 $65,247 $2.62 av. 18 ranges, and parts. 10 22 2.10 (2)
0308 ... Goat and kid (glazed kid), 8725.2 ... Perfumery including CO-
black upper leather (ex- logne, containing alcohol 177 359 2.03 11-24
cept patent) 16,611 35,885 2.16 av. 21 9620.2... Original sculptures or statu-
0310 Horse and colt, upper leather ary 96 251 2.62 (2)
(except patent) 70 154 2.20 av. 21
0312.3 ... Patent upper leather, whole Total 390,180 $1.037.075
calf and whole kid. 1,811 3,735 2.06 10
0693 Card cases, change purses,
wallets and similar ar-
ticles, materials other than [Group 4-Commodities valued from $3.00 to $3.99 per pound]
leather 351 1,043 2.97 9
0721 Raccoon, furs, undressed . 228 596 2.67 6-17 EXPORTS
0722 Skunk, furs, undressed.. 55 120 2.18 6-17
0758 Fur waste, fur pieces, and 3759 Other silk wearing apparel . 675 $2,242 $3.32
damaged fur skins. 2,227 6,659 2.99 6-17 3853.1 . Knit or crocheted dresses
0759 Other fur manufactures. 2,999 7,618 2.54 4-6 and ensembles . ...... 871
ཝབྷཱུ

3,064 3.52
བདྱཱ

Bathing caps 706 1,461 2.07 3953 Wool-felt hats . 9,365 3.06
བྷཱུ

28,635
ཏི
ཙྩོ

2047
'

3090 Cotton wearing apparel, 6168 Hand-operated screw plates,

handkerchiefs 2,190 5,502 2.51 av. 15 bolt dies, taps, and tap
3720 Broadsilks 4,496 9,317 2.07 22 wrenches 7,814 25,865 3.31 53-120
3729 Silk and velvet ribbons ....! 160 426 2.66 12 6190 Other needles 1,905 7,499 3.94
3853.2. Other knit outerwear. 719 1,746 2.43 8-12 7075.1 X -ray tubes 1,639 6,343 3.87 2
3942 Harvest hats, bodies of 7099.1 . Elect ric razors 2,420 7,697 3.18 16
straw, palm leaf, etc.... 166 353 2.13 3-10 7946 Aircraft engines 160,168 557,386 3.48 10-40
3944 .... Other, sewed, hats and hat 7947 Aircraft engine parts and
bodies of straw, palm leaf, accessories 6,687 20,663 3.09 4-40
etc. 2,275 4,807 2.11 3-10 8121 Serums and antitoxins for
3945 Other, woven, hats, and hat human use 3,986 14,549 3.65 (9)
bodies 3,870 8,262 2.13 3-10 9112 Stereopticons , magic lan-
6465 Hinges and butts of brass or terns, and other projection
bronze 1,590 4,243 2.67 48-90 apparatus 9,470 32,954 3.48 (9)
 AIR CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO 11

TABLE 7.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1989— Continued

[Group 4-Commodities valued from $3.00 to $3.99 per pound] [Group 5- Commodities valued from $4.00 to $4.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density

EXPORTS-Continued IMPORTS Continued

9114 .... Motion-picture films, sensi- 3965.9... Artificial and ornamental
tized, not exposed, nega- flowers, fruits, vegetables,
tive film (less than 1 inch grasses, grains, leaves,
in width) 12,200 $38,412 $3.15 av. 40 stems, or parts thereof
9149 Other optical goods . 9,359 30,136 3.22 (2) n.s.p.f.,6 of other mate-

121
9150 Dental instruments 250 932 3.73 13-20 rials $49 $4.08 3-6
9635 • Jewelry findings, parts and 5278.9... Glassware, blown or partly
materials 4,142 14,994 3.62 (8) blown, pressed or other.
wise produced or colored,
Total 230,951 $791,371 cut, engraved, etc., other
pressed, not colored, etc.,
glass and manufactures, 12-25
IMPORTS n.e.s.1 5 14 59 4.21
6845.0... Jewelry, other than gold or
0699.85 .. Leather wearing apparel platinum, rings 1 4 4.00 (2)

55555
n.e.s.1 17 $56 $3.29 8 690.33 .. Silver-plated ware (except
0862.5 ... Live birds, n.s.p.f. valued cutlery and jewelry) ta-
$5.00 or less each¹. 115 446 3.88 (2) ble, household, kitchen
3640.1 ... Wool wearing apparel , utensils and flat ware,
n.s.p.f. valued not over etc., plated with silver on
$4.00 per pound .. 4 15 3.75 av. 17 other metals 3 11 4.11 17-43
3740.4 ... Silk wearing apparel not 9025.6... Motion-picture film posi-
knit or crocheted, not em- tives, prints, or dupli-
broidered or of lace.... 10 34 3.40 10 cated, features (4,000 lin-
6845.1 ... Jewelry other than gold or ear feet or over)" . 5,467 24,257 4.44 av. 40
platinum; necklaces, neck- 9640.7 ... Artistic antiquities, works
lets, and chokers . 3 10 3.33 (2) of art, etc., silverware... 6 27 4.50 (3)
690.31 .. Table, household, kitchen,
and hospital utensils and Total 5,553 $24,639
hollow or flatware plated
with silver or nickel, sil-
ver or copper.. 32 99 3.06 17-43 [Group 6-Commodities valued from $5.00 to $9.99 per pound]
947.02 .. Pistols and revolvers, auto-
matic, single shot, maga- EXPORTS
zine, or revolving, and
parts, valued over $8.00 0692 Leather card cases, change
each 15 3.75 (2) purses, wallets, and simi-
957.95 .. Watch cases, containers, or lar articles 240 $2,106 $8.78 9
housings; base metal not 0718 Furs undressed, muskrat,
containing gold, silver, or nortliern 260 1,560 6.00 6-17
platinum 27 3.86 (2) 0749 Other dressed or dyed furs 4,653 41,051 8.82 6-17
9670.1 ... Paintings, pastels, pen-and- 3140 Cotton woven belting for
ink drawings, and copies, machinery 1,482 7,533 5.08 37
replicas, or reproductions, 3171 Cotton blankets 1,239 6,653 5.37 8
n.s.p.f.e 327 1,000 3.06 (2) 3665 Wool felts 1,546 11,754 7.60
980.90 .. Cigar and cigarette cases of 3742 Silk dresses, skirts, and av. 18
leather 8 24 3.00 (2) blouses 7,966 61,791 7.76 10
3928 Neckties, cravats, mufflers,
Total 527 $1,726 and scarfs, or all fibers.. 1,854 10,227 5.52 av. 22
3952 Women's and girls' fur-felt
hats 1,002 6,204 6.19 3-6
3957 Other hats, caps, and berets,
knit 34 180 5.29 10-15
6197 .... Precision scales, balances ,
[Group 5-Commodities valued from $4.00 to $4.99 per pound] and weights for laboratory
use 1,441 9,044 6.28 av. 18
7948 .... Aircraft instruments and
EXPORTS parts 1,112 6,760 6.08 4-12
9000 Cameras, motion picture,
མཙྪ
....
3799 Other silk manufactures .. 1,769 $7,820 $4.42 8 standard gauge (35 mm.) 91 630 6.92 36
3852 Dresses, skirts, blouses, and 9006 Parts of cameras, except
other outerwear, not knit lenses 574 3,430 5.98 (2)
or crocheted 23,363 97,490 4.17 10 9113

པ
Motion-picture films, sensi-
3921 Corsets, brassieres, and gir. tized, not exposed, posi-
dles 4,669 18,856 4.04 av. 12 tive, film, less than 1 inch
3951 Men's and boys', fur-felt in width 424 2,299 5.42 av. 40
hats 23,499 101,903 4.34 3-10 9121.5... Exposed motion picture
3958 .... Other hats, caps, and berets films, negative, newsreels
of woven fabric .. 5,041 21,479 4.26 10-15 (less than 4,000 linear
6955 ....
839
Sterling and other solid sil- feet) 183 939 5.13 av. 40
verware, knives, forks, 9123.5 ... Exposed motion picture
and steak sets.. 256 1,232 4.81 17-43 films, positive, newsreels
6956 .... Sterling and other solid sil- (less than 4,000 linear
verware ... 148 710 4.81 17-43 feet) 2,089 10,709 5.13 av. 40
7482 Milling cutters, machine- 9123.9... Exposed motion picture
operated threading dies films, positive, other (less
and taps and similar ma- than 4,000 linear feet) . 5,515 42,378 7.68 av. 40
chine-operated metal cut- 9127 Dry plates 749 5,707 7.62 59
ting tools 2,795 13,862 4.96 15-69 9129 Photographic paper 22,570 153,845 6.82 20
9002.3 ... Aerial studio, photo-engrav- 9147 Lenses not fitted to instru-
ing, coin-operated, and ments 189 1,592 8.42 45
similar types of cameras 9302 .... Mechanical pencils of mate-
for professional , scientific, rials other than plastic.. 816 4,511 5.53 17-30
or commercial uses...... 4,990 4.75 17-40
&

1,051 9312 .... Parts of fountain and stylo-

9007 .... Motion picture projectors, graphic pens 743 5,674 7.64 8-42
standard gauge (35 mm.) 5,350 23,110 4.32 av. 11 9470 Revolvers and pistols . 3,914 27,909 7.13 av. 42
9116 .... Motion-picture films, sensi- 9621 Men's jewelry of metals
tized, negative film 1 inch other than gold or plati-
or more in width .... 10,922 43,817 4.01 av. 40 num 6,338 34,417 . 5.43 (2)
9123.1 ... Exposed motion picture 9623 Women's jewelry of metals
films, positive features other than gold or plati-
(4,000 li. feet or over) .. 52,127 233,809 4.49 av. 40 num 8,840 63,911 7.23 (3)
9142 Ophthalmic lenses 1,364 5,947 4.36 9-29
9580 Watches without jewels.... 573 2,530 4.42 av. 46 Total 75,864 $522,814
Total 132,927 $577,555 IMPORTS
0692.3... Coin purses, change purses,
IMPORTS bill folds, bill cases, bill
rolls, letter cases, etc.,
0345.3 ... Fancy leather, goat and kid, and similar flat leather
other 50 $232 $4.64 (3) goods 186 $958 $5.15
12 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 7.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1989—Continued

[Group 6- Commodities valued from $5.00 to $9.99 per pound] [Group 7-Commodities valued from $10.00 to $24.99 per pound]

Shipping Shipping
weight Value Value weight Value
Class (Gross per per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound pound No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density
IMPORTS Continued IMPORTS Continued
3799.9 ... Other manufactures, wholly 9022.9... Other motion-picture film,
or in chief value of silk, negatives, exposed and de-

124
n.s.p.f.e 4 $21 $5.25 8-22 veloped³ $304 $25.33 av. 40
6845.4... Jewelry other than gold or 9025.8 ... Other, motion-picture film,
platinum : "Other" 15 118 7.87 (2) positives, prints or dupli
685.09 .. Metal articles valued over cates shorts (less than
20 cents, not over $5.00 4,000 linear feet) .. 156 1,626 10.42 av. 40
per dozen pieces, all other 956.02.. Watches, and watch move-

20
5

22223
articles 29 5.80 (2) ments, etc.: Without jew-
690.24.. Manufactures of decorative els or having only 1 jewel,
metals, n.e.s.,1 sterling more than 1 , not more
silver tableware 821 4,472 5.45 17-43 than 1 2/10 inches wide .. 5 91 18.20 15-47
690.25 .. Silver manufactures, 9620.0 ... Artists proof etchings, en-

の の
n.s.p.f. 517 2,687 5.20 (2) gravings, and wood cuts,
780.52 .. Other food grinding and unbound 14 200 14.37 (2)
cutting machines 20 102 5.10 (2) 9620.1 ... Original paintings, pastels,
9022.1... Motion-picture film nega- drawings, and sketches .. 3,096 49,007 15.83 5-24
tives, exposed but not de-
veloped; features (4,000 Total 3,698 $58,476
linear feet or over) . 232 1,904 8.21 av. 40
947.48 . Shotguns, and combination
shotguns , and rifles, [ Group 8-Commodities valued $25.00 or more per pound]
breech loading, shotguns
valued over $50.00 each.. 84 575 6.85 26-32
9503.2 .. Books, maps, music, engrav. EXPORTS
ings, prints, photographs, 0719 Furs, undressed · muskrat,
charts, and etchings im-

ཀཝཱ
ported for educational or southern $35 $35.00 6-17
religious purposes, not for 0753 Fur wearing apparel . 544 19,897 36.58 46
90

sale 17 90 5.29 (2) 3675 Wool wearing apparel, knit

bathing suits 202 9,198 45.53 10
B

9919.3 ... Photographic dry plates and 3681 Women's and children's
films of American manu- wool clothing 1,175 38,670 32.91 16
facture (except motion- 3710 .... Silk tram, organzine, and
picture films for commer hard twists 5,517 150,626 27.30 16-19
cial purposes) exposed 3711 Spun silk 3,562 93,225 26.17 16-19
abroad whether developed 3719 Sewing, embroidery, and
or not 28 178 6.36 40-60 391 16-19
crochet silk 12,163 31.11
Total 1,929 $11,134 6922 Platinum and allied metals,
ingots, sheets, wire, al-
loys, and scrap.. 2 151 75.50 (2)
6929 Manufactures except jewel-
[Group 7-Commodities valued from $10.00 to $24.99 per pound] ry, platinum and allied
metals 4 244 61.00 (2)
EXPORTS 9154 Dental gold and precious
0713 Furs, undressed-fox, silver metal alloys for dental
and black 305 $6,447 $21.14 6-17 purposes 208 9,911 47.56 (2)
0714 Furs, undressed-fox, red ... 57 573 10.05 6-17 9581 Watches with jewels. 4,577 114,671 25.05 av. 46
0716 Furs, undressed-fox, other. 2 29 14.50 6-17 9620 Jewelry of solid gold ог
0733 Furs, dressed or dyed-fox, platinum 78 6,820 87.03 (2)
silver and black. 266 3,605 13.55 6-17
3173 Cotton quilts, comfortables, Total 16,261 $455,611 ......
and quilted bed-pads.. 155 1,807 11.66 av. 13
3609 Wool mohair, and Angora IMPORTS
rabbit hair, unmanufac-
tured 2,918 33,505 11.48 (2) 5952.0 ... Diamonds-glaziers ' and en-
3627 Wool noils and waste. 10,082 103,414 10.26 14-18 gravers', unset, and mi-
3643 Mohair cloth 3,983 45,413 11.40 12 ners' 4 $4,250 1,063 (2)
3680 Men's and boys' overcoats , 5953.5 ... Pearls and parts, not strung
suits, and pants. 977 16,119 16.50 av. 17 or set, natural. $.57 682 1,176.38 (2)
6189 Sewing-machine needles 922 11,036 11.97 37 5954.1 .. Other precious and semi-
6997 Gold manufactures, n.e.s.¹ . 893 15,412 17.25 (2) precious stones, rough or

။။
9121.1 . Exposed motion- picture films uncut $.063 574 9,111.11
-negative features (4,000 5955.0.. Emeralds, cut but not set.. 6 8,260 1,376.67
linear feet or over) .. 680 11,443 16.83 av. 40 5955.1 ... Other precious and semi-
9121.9 ... Exposed motion-picture films precious stones, cut but
negative other (less not set $.49 523 1,067.34
than 4,000 linear feet) ... 126 2,158 17.13 av. 40 5956.9 .. Other imitation stones . 8.02 2 100 8
9152 Teeth 1,057 19,056 18.03 (2) 6115.0 ... Tanks or vessels, cylindrical
9301 Mechanical pencils of plas- or tubular, for holding gas
tic materials 3,279 33,693 10.28 17-30 liquids, or other material,
9309 .... Fountain and stylographic full or empty . 42 3,113 74.12 (2)
pens of plastic materials 4,031 85,616 21.24 15 6845.6 ... Jewelry valued over $5.00
9310 .... Fountain and stylographic per dozen pieces ; neck-
pens of other materials .. 519 5,823 11.22 8-28 laces, necklets, and chok-
9589 105,629 11.71 25-66
29

Watches, parts 9,020 ers 1 29 29 (2)

9022.8 .. Motion · picture film nega-
Total 39,272 $500,778 tives, exposed and devel-
oped : Shorts (less than
IMPORTS 4,000 linear feet), news-
reels 250 41.67 av. 40
0738.0 ... Silver or black fox, dressed 9022.9... Motion · picture film nega.
or undressed, n.s.p.f... 18 $230 $12.78 (2) tives, exposed and devel-
2559.3 ... Grafted or budded plants, oped: Shorts (less than
127

cuttings and seedlings of 4,000 linear feet), other³.. 304 25.33 av. 40
ornamental trees, shrubs, 9503.6... Stamps, foreign postage or
vines, and all nursery or revenue and foreign gov
1222

greenhouse stock, n.s.p.f.65 32 405 12.66 ernment stamped envel.

679.07 .. Other bells and parts.. 23 11.50 (2) opes or post-cards .. 91 4,037 44.36 8-24
6845.5... Jewelry valued over $5.00
per dozen pieces; rings .. 1 15 15.00 (2) Total 163 $22,024
3333

6845.7 ... Jewelry valued over $5.00

per dozen pieces ; brace- 44 881 20.02 1 Not elsewhere specified.
lets (2) 2 Not available.
ล

6845.9... Jewelry valued over $5.00 132 3 Included on Style Factor list of commodities (category 4) .
per dozen pieces; "Other" 3,280 24.85 (2)
685.19.. All other articles, metal, Included on Perishable list of commodities (category 2).
valued above $5.00 per Included on Fragile list of commodities (category 3).
24

dozen pieces 24 490 20.42 (2) Not specially provided for.

9022.5... Other, motion-picture film, ' Included on both Style Factor and Fragile list of commodities (categories
negatives, exposed but not 4 and 3).
developed 162 1,924 11.88 av. 40 8 In total shipping weight this figure was rounded to one pound.
 AIR CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO 13

TABLE 8.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1989

978-35333882-8
[ Perishable Commodities (category 2) ] [Perishable Commodities (category 2) ]

Shipping Shipping

28¤¤¤¤¤¤¤
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density

00000
1969
EXPORTS IMPORTS

8889
0010 Cattle for breeding, edible.. 863,478 $138,415 $0.16 0010.6 ... Animals , edible, cattle

97
98
0012 Other cattle, edible.. 93,148 9,093 weighing less than 200

8
*
-
=
*
8
0013 Hogs (swine) , edible . 16,790 1,124 pounds each (calves) . 5,849,284 $313,188 $0.05 (¹)
0016 Sheep, edible 72,500 7,012 0010.7 ... Animals , edible, cattle
0019 Poultry live, edible . 8,698 3,438 weighing 200 lbs. and less
0020 Beef and veal, fresh or than 700 lbs. each . 155,421,008 4,696,647 .03 (1)
frozen 20,384 6,008 25-50 0010.9 ... Animals , edible, cattle

Ê
ེ
0027 Pork, fresh or frozen. 1,887 263 25-36 n.s.p.f. weighing 700 lbs.

20
0034 Mutton and lamb. 12,139 1,451 25-50 or more each. 42,760,517 927,102 .02 (¹)
0035 Sausage not canned. 67,623 14,148 32-37 0056.9 ... Other fish, fresh or frozen ,
0040 Poultry and game, fresh. 26,147 6,176 (1) whole or beheaded or evis-

50
0043 Tongues, fresh, frozen, or cerated, or both.. 4,822,019 158,082 .03 50
cured 1,101 127 25-50 0060.5 ... Other fish, fresh or frozen,
0053 Lard 11,953,725 742,376 av. 36 filleted, skinned, boned,

50
0059 3.790 .07

18-8ª¤
333352
Oleomargarine of animal or sliced, or divided n.s.p.f.3 247 50
vegetable fats 12,230 1,085 37 0083.0 ... Lobsters (including spiny

Faad
0060 Fresh and sterilized milk lobsters and crawfish) , not
and cream

798
47

87
43,858 2,690 canned 1,152,837 123,701 37

88
0086.2. Turtles

32
0065 Butter 38,131 37 2,420

--
135,988 81,382 (1)
0070 0087.2 . 22-49

8
Salmon fresh 93 38-52 Shrimps and prawns.

×
1,784 4,936,400 225,576
0071 Other fresh fish . 4,665 466 38-52 0840.0... Horses for breeding; Males 1,265 150 (¹)
0072 0850.0 ... Other horses, valued not

ece
ee
Oysters, fresh, in the shell,

337
shucked, frozen, or in ice 629 102 37 over $150 per head. 1,143,284

ee
31,465 (1)
0074 0850.1 ... Other horses, valued over

e
Shrimp, fresh, frozen, or in
ice 1,802 216 (¹) $150 per head . 1,307 200
0092 Eggs in the shell2. 824,759 87,949 24 0860.0 . Cattle, bulls for breeding .. 13,120 2,090
0900 Horses for breeding . 38,950 8,500 0860.1 . Cattle, cows for breeding.. 151,641 4,145
0901 Other horses 138,645 19,280 0862.5 ... Live birds, n.s.p.f., valued
0903 Mules, asses, and burros . 64,532 2,654 $5.00 or less each. 115 446
0909 Other live animals . 11,987 3,716 0890.4 ... Sheep for breeding . 23,912 796 (1)
1207 Beans, fresh 18,134 749 19-48 0890.8 ... Horses and mules for im-
1209 Peas, green 4,277 156 15-23 mediate slaughter 2,879,120 16,862 .006 (1)
1210 Peppers, fresh 15,552 663 14-23 0895.0... Game animals and birds for
1213 Tomatoes, fresh 1,105,843 11,508 29-36 stocking purposes 48,125 24,544 (¹)
1224 Other fresh vegetables . 814,400 16,288 14-48 0895.4... Wild animals and birds, for
1256 Yeast 163,859 20,123 22 exhibition not for sale or
1302 Grapefruit 1,625,949 36,624 34-43 profit 5,000 300 (1)
1303 Lemons 132,855 2,151 30-44 0905.0... Asses and burros . 120,497 1,156 .009 (1)
1305 Oranges 5,187,464 28,698 34-43 0905.3 ... Mules valued not over $150
1307 Pineapples 458 10 25-29 per head 1,273,107 51,202 (1)
1309 Cherries, fresh 46,533 2,646 23-42 1191.1 ... Lima beans , green or unripe 7,898 271 26-33
1313 Berries, fresh 6,456 593 14-34 1191.2 ... Other beans , green or un-
1314.1 Watermelons 480,572 1,033 .002 (1) ripe 66,497 4,126 (1)
1314.5 Other melons 185,831 587 31-40 1196.0 ... Peas (except cowpeas and
1315 Grapes 8,933,410 108,635 24-40 chickpeas) green or unripe 2,421,940 98,526 47
1316 Pears 559,088 14,928 35-39 1199.0 ... Lentils 13,530 470 38
1317 Peaches 284,371 6,779 32-37 1207.0 .. Tomatoes, natural state . 16,081,370 445,317 29-36
1318 Prunes and plums.. 168,679 4,979 33 121.05.. Peppers 1,781,184 48,481 26-42
1319.1 Apricots 62,653 1,584 33 121.06 . Eggplant 429,770 5,541 47
1319.9. Other fresh fruits . 492,250 9,845 24-40 121.07 .. Cucumbers 3,096 77 (¹)
2535 Flowers and foliage, cut, 121.19 .. Other vegetables and prepa-
fresh and preserved². 2,157 496 av. 20 rations 22,680 332 14-48
2599 All other nursery or green- 1301.0 .. Bananas, green or ripe ... 486,972,010 6,309,981 18
house stock? 424,388 33,951 16 1308.0... Pineapples, in crates of 2.45
8120 Biologics for animal and cubic ft. 6,561 122 29-30
veterinary use 34,361 30,238 (1) 1308.1 ... Pineapples, in bulk . 14,701,484 116,303 .007 25
8121 133.40 .. Mangoes 338 37
Ce

Biologics, serums and anti-

toxins for human use.... 3,986 14,549 3.65 (1) 133.42 . Watermelons 13,940 139
8122 Biologics, vaccines for hu- 133.43.. Other melons 743,621 12,526 31-40
man use ..... 11,718 33,630 2.87 (1) 1545.0 ... Vanilla beans 324,140 902,045 39-42
8123 Glandular products, organo-
therapeutics, enzymes, Total valued less than
ferments, and culture me- $0.50 per pound ... 743,905,409 $13,597,578
dia 20,563 45.238 2.20 (1) Total valued $0.50 or
more per pound... 372,380 927,035
Total valued less than
$0.50 per pound ... 35,132,628 $1,397,539 Total 744,277,789 $14,524,613
Total valued $0.50 or
more per pound... 70,628 123,655
1 Not available.
Total 35,203,256 $1,521,194 2 Included also on list of fragile commodities (category 3).
Not specially provided for.

TABLE 9.-United States Trade With Mexico- 1939

[Fragile Commodities (category 3) ] [ Fragile Commodities (category 3) ]
Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density
EXPORTS EXPORTS-Continued
229

0092 Eggs in the shell¹. 824,759 $87,949 $0.11 24 5220 .... Rolled, cylinder, crown, and
2535 Flowers and foliage, cut, sheet glass, obscured by
fresh and preserved¹. 2,157 496 .23 av. 20 coloring prior to solidifica-
2599 .... All other nursery or green- tion, not less than 1/4 inch
house stock¹ 424,388 33,951 .08 16 in thickness 12,165 $2,980 $0.24 30-100
3963 Artificial ог ornamental 5230 Other glass 101,359 22,299 .22 (2)
flowers, fruits, vegetables, 5232 Unfilled glass containers,
etc. 2,471 2,619 1.06 3-6 pharmaceutical and pro-
5212 Plate glass 980,015 114,793 .12 64-80 prietary ware; including
prescription bottles, am-
5215 Cylinder, crown, and sheet poules and vials . 776,567 46,594 .06 11-26
glass 55,233 5,215 .09 45-100 5234 Unfilled glass containers.
5217 Laminated glass and manu- beverage bottles, including
factures 7,837 1.22
28

6,424 64-80 soda, beer, and alcoholic

5218 Rolled glass 55,967 2.891 .05 30-60 beverage bottles 1,315,750 26,315 .02 22-30
14 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 9.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1989- Continued

[ Fragile Commodities (category 3) ] [ Fragile Commodities (category 3) ]

Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density
EXPORTS Continued EXPORTS Continued
5235 Used glass containers of all Motion-picture sound equip.
types 180,450 $7,218 $0.04 22-30 ment:
5236 .... Other unfilled glass contain- 9010 . Recording 13,718 $20,302 $1.48 (3)

90
ers 527,175 21,087 .04 22-30 9011 Reproducing 80,913 76,058 .94 av. 11
5237 Tumblers, drinking glasses, 9112 Stereopticons, magic lan-
and stemware, plain cut terns, and other projection
or engraved 133,980 6,699 .05 12-25 apparatus 9,470 32,954 3.48 (2)

ལཱིཿ
9142 1,364

ཏཱ
5239 .... Table glassware, n.e.s., Ophthalmic lenses 9-29

ུ
5,947 4.36

སིཾ
རྩྭཋུ
plain, cut, or engraved.. 813,740 40,687 12-30 9143 Spectacles ; eyeglasses, gog;
5255 .... Lamp chimneys and lantern les, lenses, n.e.s. , and
globes 53,314 7,464 .14 3-9 frames 65,109 89,850 1.38 11-41
5261 .... Globes and shades for light- 9147 .... Lenses not fitted to instru-
ing fixtures 182,292 21,875 .12 3-9 ments 189 1,592 8.42 45
5291 Chemical glassware 101,330 39,268 .39 6-9 9160 Surveying and engineering
5292 Glass electric insulators . 29,792 3,732 .13 30 instruments 18,210 23,855 1.31 18-33
5299 Other glassware 15,124 151,244 .10 (2) 9190 Other scientific laboratory
5320 Pottery, table and kitchen and professional instru-
articles and utensils .... 65,214 14,738 12-36 ments and apparatus. 145,648 157,300 1.08 3-87
6197 Precision scales, balances, 9242 Phonograph records** 139,497 53,009 .38 40
and weights for laboratory 9293 String musical instruments 4 10 2.50 2-6
use 1,441 9,044 6.28 av. 18 Clocks:
7035 Watt-hour and other meas- 9570 Electric 2,359 2,601 1.10 16
uring meters 52,531 44,651 .85 37-64 9571 N.e.s., except electric,
7036 Electrical indicating instru- 1-day alarm 13,844 9,687 .70 26-40
ments 6,760 12,101 1.79 5-17 9572 Mantel, novelty, and
7037 .... Electrical recording instru- wall 1,721 2,168 1.26 26-40
ments 4,666 12,225 2.62 25 9579 Other, and parts . 19,207 25,353 1.32 17-48
7038 Other electrical testing ap- 9580 Watches :
paratus and parts. 34,112 34,453 1.01 (2) Without jewels 573 2,530 4.42 av. 46
7063 Electric incandescent lamps 9581 With jewels 4,577 114,671 25.05 av. 46
for automobiles, flash- 9589 Parts 9,020 105,629 11.71 25-66
lights and Christmas trees 5,146 6,690 1.30 5-12 9591 Time-recording devices and
7064 Other metal filament lamps 36,294 24,317 .67 5-12 parts 26,527 20,691 .78 (³)
7065 Other electrical lamps.. 7,470 3,735 .50 4-12 9610 Paintings, etchings, engrav-
7067 Flood lights, electric . 16,518 6,607 .40 8-15 ings, and statuary . 13,287 28,301 2.13 (9)
7075.1 X-ray tubes 1,639 6,343 3.87 2 9791 .... Incandescent mantels, except
7075.5 ... Other X-ray apparatus and electric 4,906 5,440 1.11
parts 125,152 98,870 .79 14-60 9792 Lanterns, wick 8,458 4,332 .51 9-17
9793 Gasoline pressure lamps,
7075.9 ... Other therapeutic apparatus 31,736 17,772 .56 3-22
and parts 29,105 32,307 1.11 (2) 9794 ... Otherlanterns, and parts..
7076 .... Radio transmitting sets , lamps, except electric 63,578 47,231 .75 3-22
tubes and parts. 39,365 2.13 9-36 9832 Candles ........ 26,442 4,061 23-41
83,848
7077 Radio receiving sets .. 902,417 1,128,021 1.25 7-29
7078 Radio receiving tubes . 39,754 79,905 2.01 Total valued less than
7079 Radio receiving- set com- $0.50 per pound... 8,187,992 $912,577
ponents 63,594 94,119 1.48 11-36 Total valued $0.50 or
7080 Radio loud speakers.. 22,793 9,345 .41 13 more per pound... 2,665,224 3,373,121
7081 Other radio receiving-set ac-
བོོ༷

cessories 19,191 23,797 1.24 (2) Total 10,853,216 $4,285,698 ......

7082 Telegraph apparatus and
2012

parts 3,020 4,167 1.38 24

7083 Telephone instruments .... 3,453 6,491 1.88 50
7099.1.. Electric razors 2,420 7,697 3.18 16
7752 Listing adding book-
keeping machines 15,636 38,308 2.45 16-24 IMPORTS
Typewriter - book
39228

7753 2559.2... Orchid plants 239 $233 $0.97

keeping-billing machines 8,075 18,412 2.28 15-20 2559.3.. Grafted or budded plants,
7756 Listing adding machines .. 41,863 89,169 2.13 16-34 cuttings, and seedlings of
25

7757 Calculating machines 16,335 47,372 2.90 16-23 ornamental trees, shrubs,
7764 New cash registers.. 31,305 39,131 1.25 17-31
7766 Used and rebuilt cash reg- vines, and all nursery or 405 12.66
isters 14,176 4,820 .34 17-31 greenhouse stock, n.s.p.f. 32 (2)
3965.9... Artificial and ornamental
7770 Standard new typewriters.. 287,481 238,609 .83 19 flowers, etc., n.s.p.f. or
7772 Portable, new typewriters .. 86,865 71,229 .82 24 other materials 12 49 4.08 3-6
7774.1 . Rebuilt typewriters 75,377 42,211 .56 20 526.26. Unfilled bottles, jars and
7774.9. Other, used typewriters .. 13,101 24,237 1.85 20 covered or uncovered
34322

7948 Aircraft instruments and demijohns , and carboys ,

ཕྱི་
ཀྱི་
parts 1,112 6,760 6.08 4-12 n.e.s.3 636 124 .19 (2)
8601 ... Explosives, smokeless pow- 5271.3... Hypodermic syringes, whol-

རྩེ
der 11,307 10,141 .90 53 ly or in chief value of 50
8604 Dynamite 996,287 114,866 .12 48 glass 312 156 .50 (2)
8609 Other explosives 259,450 46,547 .18 30-53 5278.1... Presses , unpolished, table
8625 Safety fuses 62,058 15,827 .26 22-28 and kitchen articles and
26

8629 Blasting caps 79,705 129,993 1.63 26 utensils of glass . 1,086 76 .07 (9)
9000 Cameras, motion picture, 5278.3... Glassware, blown or partly
standard gauge (35 mm .) 91 630 6.92 36 blown (except cut or en.
9001 Cameras, motion-picture sub- graved, valued $1.00 or
standard gauge (less than more each), pressed or
35 mm.) 7,107 12,722 1.79 36 otherwise produced, or col-
9002.3 ... Cameras, aerial, studio, pho- ored, etched, cut, en-
to engraving, coin · oper- graved, etc. 267,550 10,702 .04 12-30
ated, and similar types of 5278.7 ... Glassware, other than bulbs,
cameras for professional, and table and kitchen ar-
scientific, ог commercial ticles and utensils, blown
uses 1,051 4,990 4.75 17-40 or partly blown (except
9003 .... Cameras, other than motion- cut or engraved, valued
picture, box type (set fo- $1.00 or more each)
cus) 33,283 21,268 .64 17-40 pressed, or otherwise pro-
9005 Cameras, other than motion- duced or colored, etched,
picture , other 7,579 9,703 1.28 av. 40 cut, engraved, etc.... 166,075 6,643 .04 12-30
9006 Parts of cameras, except 5278.9 ... Glassware, blown or partly
lenses 574 3,430 5.98 (2) blown, pressed or other-
Motion-picture projectors: wise produced, or colored,
9007 .... Standard gauge (35 cut, engraved, etc., other
mm.) 5,350 23,110 4.32 av. 11 pressed, not colored, etc.,
9008.1 ... Substandard gauge glass and manufactures,
(less than 35 mm . ) n.e.s.8 14 59 4.21 12-25
29

silent 17,120 13,411 .78 20-28 529.40 .. Ground ог pulverized,

9008.2... Substandard gauge smalts, frostings and all
(less than 35 mm. ceramic and glass colors,
30

sound 4,064 10,774 2.65 14 fluxes, glazes, and enamels 93 80 .86 (3)
 AIR CARGO POTENTIALS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO 15

TABLE 9.—United States Trade With Mexico- 1989- Continued

[Fragile Commodities (category 3) ] [ Fragile Commodities (category 3) ]
Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density

IMPORTS- Continued IMPORTS Continued

529.70 .. Glass mirrors, n.s.p.f., not
exceeding 144 square inch-
es in size with or without
frames or cases...
5350.1 ... Plain white China and por-
5374.2... Common yellow, brown, red
or gray earthenware, and
common salt-glazed stone-
785 $259 $0.33 8-75 ware, table and kitchen
articles, not ornamental,
not decorated, etc.. 15,200 20-50

88
celain, not painted, col- $152 $0.01
ored, etc. 10 6 .60 12-26 5374.3 ... Common yellow, brown, red
5350.2... China and porcelain, deco- or gray earthenware, and
rated, colored, etc... 238 163 .68 12-26 common salt-glazed stone-
ware, table and kitchen
536.51 .. China and porcelain, plain

392068
articles, ornamented, deco-

16
88
white not painted, colored, rated, etc. 94,814 6,637 .97 (2)
etc. 29 19 .66 12-26 538.51 .. Floor and wall tiles, valued
536.52 .. China and porcelain, deco- not over 40 cents per

55
rated, colored, etc... 21,992 .04 8-72 square foot 47,623 591 .01 42-71
5371.0... Earthenware (nonvitrified) 538.52 .. Floor and wall tiles, valued
and stoneware and manu- over 40 cents per square

26
factures of n.s.p.f. plain foot 772 201 .26 42-71
white, yellow, brown, etc. 350 40 .11 (a) 538.71 .. Other, unglazed, quarries or

ཋ
5371.2 ... Earthenware (nonvitrified) quarry tiles, valued not
and stoneware and manu- over 40 cents per square
factures of n.s.p.f. , deco- foot 615 48 .08 (2)
rated, colored, etc., plates, 538.82 .. Other, glazed, quarries or
cups, and saucers of sizes quarry tiles, valued not
and minimum values per over 40 cents per square

80
dozen 11,537 1,286 .11 10-30 foot 405 322 .80 (2)
5371.3... Earthenware (nonvitrified) 538.99.. Mantels, friezes, and other
articles of earthen tiles or

201803
and stoneware and manu- 180 .18
factures of n.s.p.f., other, tiling 1,000 (2)
decorated, colored, etc... 175,364 7,244 .04 10-30 709.61 .. Radio receiving sets .. 356 162 .46 7-29
5373.6... Earthenware (nonvitrified) 9220.5... Phonograph, gramophone, or
and stoneware and manu- graphophone records ,

10

6
n.s.p.f.15 10 .60 40
factures of n.s.p.f., other 954.39 .. Other clocks and clock move-
articles, plain, white, yel- ments, n.c.s., valued at
low, brown, red, or black .46 20-50 more than $10.00 each ... 13 15 1.15 26-40
2
あ

1
5373.7 ... Earthenware (nonvitrified)
and stoneware, and manu- 956.02.. Clocks and clock movements,
factures of n.s.p.f., other watches with more than 1
articles, decorated, col- jewel, not more than 1
ored, etc. 7,295,750 5,750 .0007 8-75 2/10 inches wide ..... 5 91 18.20 15-47
5374.0... Common yellow, brown, red Total valued less than
or gray earthenware, and
common salt-glazed stone- $0.50 per pound... 8,242,218 $45,483
ware, table and kitchen Total valued $0.50 or
articles, not ornamental, more per pound... 1,412 1,604
not decorated, etc........ 33,164 99 .002 (2) Total 8,243,630 $47,087
5374.1 ... Common yellow, brown, red
or gray earthenware, and ¹ Included also on list of Perishable commodities (category 2) .
common salt-glazed stone- 2 Not available.
ware, table and kitchen
articles ornamental, deco- Not elsewhere specified.
rated, or incised . 107,501 4,341 .04 (3) Not specially provided for.
" Included on Style Factor list of commodities (category 4) .

TABLE 10.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1939

[Commodities possessing style factor (category 4) ] [Commodities possessing style factor (category 4) ]

Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density
EXPORTS EXPORTS Continued
0647 Women's and misses' boots
11 Exposed motion • picture
and shoes 28,557 $32,138 $1.13 films:
0688 Women's and children's 9121.1 ... Negative features (4,000
handbags , pocket- linear feet or over) 680 $11,443 $16.83 av. 40
books, and purses, leather 4,620 5,896 1.28 5-9 9121.5 ... Negative newsreels
0689 Women's and children's (less than 4,000 linear
handbags , pocket- feet) 180 939 5.13 av. 40
books, and purses, other 9121.9... Negative, other (less
materials 37,091 28,716 .77 5-9 than 4,000 linear feet) 126 2,158 17.13 av. 40
3122 .... Women's dresses and en- 9123.1 ... Positive, features (4,000
sembles, cotton 26,855 34,577 1.29 av. 11 . linear feet or over).. 52,127 233,809 4.49 av. 40
3675 Knit bathing suits, wool . 202 9,198 45.53 10 9123.5 ... Positive , newsreels
3681 Women's and children's (less than 4,000 linear
wool clothing 1,175 38,670 32.91 16 feet) 2,089 10,709 5.13 av. 40
3742 Silk dresses, skirts, and 9123.9... Positive, other (less
blouses 7,966 61,791 7.76 10 than 4,000 linear feet) 5,515 42,378 7.68 av. 40
3759 Other silk wearing apparel 675 2,242 3.32 8-16 9242 Phonograph records 139,497 53,009 .38 40
3799 Other silk manufactures .. 1,769 7,820 4.42 8 9516 Catalogs and pamphlets... 58,087 17,426 .30 30-40
3852 Dresses, skirts, blouses, and 9523 Music in books and sheets .. 2,076 789 .38 30-40
other outerwear, not knit 9560 Calendars, printed or un-
or crocheted 23,363 97,490 4.17 10 printed, and advertising
3853.1 ... Knit or crocheted dresses novelties 68,542 16,450 .24 30-40
and ensembles 871 3,064 3.52 10
3853.2... Other knit outerwear . 719 1,746 2.43 8-12 Total valued less than
3944 ... Other , sewed hats , hat $0.50 per pound... 268,202 $87,674
bodies, etc. 2,275 4,807 2.11 3-10 Total valued $0.50 or
3945 Other, woven hats, hat more per pound... 201,730 644,057
bodies, etc. 3,870 8,262 2.13 3-10
3952 Women's and girls' fur-felt Total 469,932 $731,731
hats 1,002 6,204 6.19 3-6
16 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 10.- United States Trade With Mexico- 1939 — Continued

[Commodities possessing style factor (category 4) ] [Commodities possessing style factor (category 4) ]

Shipping Shipping
weight Value weight Value
Class (Gross per Class (Gross per
No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density No. Commodity pounds) Value pound Density

IMPORTS IMPORTS Continued

0352.2 ... Leather footwear, boots and 2,142 $1,263 $0.59 11 9023.0... Motion- picture film nega-
shoes, n.e.s.2 women's and tives newsreels, undevel-
misses', welt oped, made of American
manufacture and exposed

H1
0352.9... Leather footwear, boots and 320,819 280,850 .88 1 av. 40
abroad $28 $5.60
shoes, n.e.s.2 women's and 9025.6... Motion- picture film posi-
misses', other tives, prints or duplicates,

18
0692.4... Women's and children's 57 78 1.37 5-9 features (4,000 linear feet
handbags or pocketbooks or over) 5,467 24,257 4.44 av. 40
of leather 9025.8 ... Motion-picture film posi-
Motion-picture film nega- tives, prints or duplicates,
tives, exposed but not de- -shorts (less than 4,000
veloped : linear feet ) ; other . 156 1,626 10.42 av. 40
9022.1 ... Features (4,000 linear 232 1,904 8.21 av. 40 9220.5... Phonograph, gramophone, or
feet or over) ... graphophone records
11.88 n.s.p.f.3 10 6 .60 40
9022.5... Other 162 1,924 av. 40 Total valued less than
Motion-picture film nega. $0.50 per pound...
tives, exposed and devel. Total valued $0.50 or
oped: more per pound... 329,068 $312,490
9022.8... Shorts (less than 4,000 Total 329,068 $312,490
linear feet) News-
reels 6 250 41.67 av. 40
9022.9.. 1 Included also on the Fragile list commodities (category 3) .
Shorts (less than 4,000 2 Not elsewhere specified.
linear feet) other... 12 304 25.33 av. 40 Not specially provided for.

The volume of air cargo which will
move between the United States and
foreign countries after the war will de-
pend upon a number of economic factors,
such as the comparative speeds, costs,
reliability, convenience, and quality of
service of air carriers compared with
surface carriers. A substantial part of
air-cargo tonnage which is likely to
move will consist of commodities which
previously moved by steamship, while
an unknown percentage of future air-
cargo shipments will consist of new
traffic, especially perishables, made pos-
sible by the much faster service offered
by air carriers.
In initiating this series of studies, it
is believed that an analysis of prewar
trade will furnish some indication of the
specific commodities that may be di-
verted to air carriers in the post-war
period. Since the year 1939 is the latest
period during which United States trade
with Latin America did not show the
effects of war, it was decided to use the
United States export and import sta-
tistics for that year as the basis for study.
In studying the thousands of commodi-
ties which moved between the United
States and Latin American countries, it
was agreed that at least four basic fac-
tors are of major importance in de-
termining which should be selected as
offering the best prospects for transport
by air. These are as follows : ( 1 ) Value
per pound, ( 2 ) perishability, ( 3 ) fragil-
ity, and ( 4 ) style factor, including obso-
lescence.
It is recognized that no single one of
these factors is necessarily of sufficient
importance to justify the higher charges
which will have to be made for air car-
riage in comparison with surface trans-
port. It is also evident that a com-
modity which appears suitable for air
carriage on the basis of only one factor
is not as likely to go by air as one which
Appendix
is suitable on the basis of two or more
factors. For example, a commodity
worth $5 per pound which is also perish-
able, fragile, or possessed of a style fac-
tor is more likely to go by air than a
commodity equally valuable lacking any
of these other favorable characteristics.
In addition to the four major cate-
gories covered in this study there are
others which merit investigation.
Among these may be mentioned econ-
omies in packing, insurance, size of ship-
ment, density, and various capital costs.
Not all of these have been investigated
here because the foreign trade statistics
utilized did not lend themselves to such
analyses. The experience of the Army
and Navy air-transport services during
the present war has demonstrated that
substantial packing economies are pos-
sible for almost all commodities flown.
These economies for certain commodi-
ties have reached 70 percent of the total
shipping weight, while the average re-
duction in shipping weight has been re-
ported as approximately 30 percent. A
special study of potential packing econ-
omies is planned for the commodities
included under the four categories
shown in this report.
In the past many commodities have
been shipped by air to meet emergency
situations with little consideration given
to cost of service. It is clear that almost
any commodity regardless of its eco-
nomic characteristics may be sent by air
under conditions of extreme emergency .
Perishable pharmaceuticals and machine
tools and parts are classes of commodi-
ties which have previously constituted
important emergency shipments. Prac-
tically all of these are already included
in this study because of their high value
per pound. In addition to strictly emer-
gency shipments, there will be shipments
of odd items for the filling in of inven-
tories where sudden or unexpected in-
creases in demand result in shortages.
Categories Described
In deciding which commodities should
be included in the four categories
adopted, the question of definition of
terms immediately arose, especially in
the case of categories 2, 3, and 4 which
cover perishability, fragility, and style
factor. The bases for selection are briefly
described below :
1. Value Per Pound
In determining which commodities
should be screened on the basis of value
per pound it was necessary to decide first
whether net weight or shipping weight
should be used, then to decide upon the
minimum value per pound, and finally,
after a minimum value per pound had
been chosen, into how many subclasses
the commodities falling above this mini-
mum should be divided.
Since the charges to the shipper are
based on gross shipping weights, rather
than net weights, it was concluded that
such weights were the proper ones to use
in an analysis of air-cargo potentials,
and they will be used exclusively in each
study of the series except the first. The
first study covering trade between the
United States and Brazil was begun at
a time when an adequate body of data
on gross shipping weights was not read-
ily available. More recently such data
have become available. In the United
States-Brazil study, asterisks indicate
where net weights are used.
After consultation with various com-
modity specialists it was decided that all
commodities with a value of less than
$0.50 per pound should be eliminated
from the first category. It was felt that
few commodities below that minimum
would offer prospects for air carriage in
the immediate post-war period. In fact,
it is believed that many commodities
above $ 0.50, particularly between $0.50
and $1, offer slight prospects for air-car-
 AIR CARGO POTENTIALS
riage unless additional factors, such as
perishability, fragility, or style factor
are also involved. A commodity worth
$0.50 a pound has a value of $1,000 per
ton. If it is assumed that the typical
air-borne commodity moves 4,000 miles
between the United States and South
America and that the air-line charge is
$0.15 per ton-mile, then the transporta-
tion charges on 1 ton would equal $600
or 60 percent of the value of the com-
modity. A commodity worth $3 a pound
has a value of $6,000 per ton. On the
basis of the assumptions just stated, air-
cargo charges would amount to $600 or
only 10 percent of the value of the com-
modity. These figures may be compared
with the analogous relationships for
movement of railway freight in the
United States. In 1939 railway freight
revenue equalled 8.43 percent of the
value of all commodities carried.
The commodities valued at $0.50 per
pound and over have been divided into
eight groups as follows :
Group 1-$0.50-$0.99 per pound.
Group 2- $1-$1.99 per pound.
Group 3- $2-$2.99 per pound.
Group 4-$3-$3.99 per pound.
Group 5-$4-$4.99 per pound.
Group 6- $5-$9.99 per pound.
Group 7- $10- $24.99 per pound.
Group 8 $25 up per pound.
It is evident not only that the commodi-
ties in the higher-value groups offer bet-
ter prospects for air carriage than those
in the lower groups , but also that a larger
percentage of the commodities in the
higher-value groups are likely to go by
air. For example, if 2 percent of the com-
modities in group 1 appear to offer espe-
cially good prospects for air carriage
it might be expected that 4 percent in
group 2, 6 percent in group 3, and so on
would offer similar prospects .
2. Perishability
In determining the list of commodities
to be included under the second cate-
gory, perishability, it was necessary first
to define the term perishable. It is evi-
dent that a large number of commodi-
ties would be perishable if a long enough
time period and sufficient exposure to
the elements were assumed. In deciding
whether or not a commodity is perish-
able when moving in international trade ,
consideration has been given only to the
normal time spent in transit via usual
surface methods of transportation, as-
suming customary packing, handling,
and stowage of the commodity. If, for ex-
ample, apples packed in barrels can be
shipped from New York to Rio de Janeiro
in 4 weeks, while apples packed in
barrels normally do not deteriorate in
less than 8 weeks, then apples, for the
purposes of this study, will not be con-
sidered perishable. It should be pointed
out that any commodity which requires
refrigerants, special temperature con-
trol, or ventilation during the period of
movement is also classed as perishable.
In order to determine which of the
commodities met the tests of the defini-
tion aforementioned, the cooperation of
numerous commodity specialists of the
Department of Commerce and other
Government agencies was secured.
BETWEEN THE UNITED
3. Fragility
Fragility, or breakabality, is a term
which, like perishability, could charac-
terize almost all commodities under cer-
tain conditions. For the purposes of this
study a commodity is defined as fragile
or breakable when special care in han-
dling or special packing is required to
avoid damage under normal conditions
of shipment. No attempt has been made
to classify the commodities selected in
respect to differing degrees of fragility.
4. Style Factor
Under the category designated style
factor are included all of those com-
modities which lose their economic value
at an exceptionally rapid rate with the
passage of time because of a decline in
the demand rather than a change in the
physical nature of the product. Products
which are subject to obsolescence are
included. Examples of such are news-
papers, motion-picture films, and certain
textiles, such as wearing apparel.
Density or Weight
The density or weight per cubic foot
of a commodity is one factor affecting
the cost of moving commodities. In any
transportation vehicle where space
rather than weight is the limiting factor,
a commodity with a low density costs
more per unit of weight to move than one
with a higher density, and consequently,
must be charged a higher rate per ton-
mile. In this series of studies the density
is shown where the information is avail-
able for all commodities included in the
four categories listed above. In some
instances, no specific density is shown
but instead a density range is given.
This indicates a variation in the method
of packing. Some commodity classifica-
tions, furthermore, cover such a wide
range of individual articles lumped to-
gether that it is impossible to determine
either a specific density or a density
range. An example of this type of
"basket" classification is Export Class
No. 0699 ( Other Leather Manufactures) .
Upon analysis, density appears to be
of less importance than the four major
criteria already discussed, and, on the
basis of new designs for post-war air
cargo planes, may become even less sig-
nificant in the future.
Size of Shipments
The economic and technological char-
acteristics of steamship operations make
this form of transportation especially
suitable for large shipments of goods
weighing many tons. These character-
istics are reflected in steamship freight-
rate structures which in many instances
are quoted in terms of 1 ton or 40 cubic
feet. Since it is customary to levy a
minimum bill of lading charge, which
between the United States and Brazil,
for example, amounts to $7.50, as ship-
ments fall below a certain weight, the
rate per ton-mile rises progressively so
that in the case of shipments of 25 or 50
pounds the rate per ton-mile will be sev-
eral times that of a shipment weighing
STATES AND MEXICO 17
1 ton or more . On such small shipments,
therefore , the differences in costs be-
tween steamship and air carrier services
are reduced to a minimum and air car-
riers will enjoy their most favorable
competitive position .
The only important alternative to the
freight services offered by the steamship
companies is parcel post, which limits
maximum shipments to a few pounds.
Frequently, parcel-post charges, when
reduced to a rate per ton-mile basis,
amount to $0.06 or $0.08 per ton-mile for
shipments of 25 to 30 pounds.
It is impossible to determine from pub-
lished foreign trade statistics what com-
modities are shipped in quantities
weighing less than 1 ton. The figures
show the total weight shipped per year
for individual commodities, and, in many
instances, such shipments total much
less than 2,000 pounds but it can not be
determined whether these small ship-
ments were shipped individually or con-
solidated with other commodities in lots
weighing 1 ton or more. In recent years
it has become increasingly prevalent for
producers and freight forwarders to con-
solidate small shipments into large ones
to take advantage of the lower steamship
freight rates available on large ship-
ments .
Postwar Air Cargo Rates
Recent estimates of the level of air
cargo rates after the war vary from $0.05
to $0.25 per ton-mile. The differences in
the estimates are primarily the result of
differences in the assumptions on which
the forecasts are based or on the com-
pleteness of the services under consid-
eration. Some authorities in estimating
air cargo rates have in mind airport-to-
airport movement only, while others in-
clude terminal handling and pick-up and
delivery services. Some writers in mak-
ing postwar predictions are thinking of
the period immediately following the
cessation of hostilities rather than de-
velopments during the first decade. Still
others base their predictions upon the
assumption that the latest technological
improvements will be incorporated into
exclusively designed air cargo planes
and that these planes will be available
shortly after the war.
In the case of air cargo carriage be-
tween the United States and Latin
American countries in the immediate
postwar period, air cargo rates per ton-
mile will depend upon whether the
traffic in both directions is sufficiently
large to justify specially designed air
cargo planes which carry nothing but
commodities. If the volume of traffic
should prove to be this large, air cargo
rates from airport to airport may prove
to be feasible at a level of from $0.10 to
$0.15 per ton-mile depending upon the
territory served. If, on the other hand,
air cargo volume proves to be so small
that it must be carried in aircraft espe-
cially designed for the transportation of
passengers and mail, then air cargo rates
will probably be substantially higher.
U. S. Government Printing Office: 1945-674653
 EY
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UNITED STATES DEPARTME OF COMMERCE
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BUR OF FOR E I G N AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE
1

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URVEY OF

CURR
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makes easily available to businessmen over 2,200 com-
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 Field Offices

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Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign trade
problems:
Location of Offices Managers
Atlanta 3 , Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg... C . Parker Persons
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Los Angeles 12 , Calif., 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse..Walter Measday
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Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty National Bank and Trust Bldg. ,
Bull and Broughtin Street............ ...Joseph C. Stovall
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg. ...
Philip M. Crawford
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Volume 3- Part 2 March 1945 Number 1

Chemical Trends and Developments

Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

A BUTADIENE UNIT
 Introduction

This report is one of a resumed series, discontinued in 1941 for security reasons,
dealing with various phases of the chemical industry in the United States and
abroad. Its purpose is to provide the business public with information on current
developments as portrayed by both official and responsible trade reports.
The report will be issued from time to time and will review the industry from
the viewpoint of six major divisions-inorganic and organic chemicals , fertilizers ,
insecticides, plastics, and paints and varnishes—and also include a section covering
certain international aspects .
This release has been prepared by J. N. Taylor , L. N. Markwood , A. H. Swift ,
Laura G. Arrington , B. F. Cooling, F. B. Hillhouse, C. K. Horner, W. R. Koster,
Susan M. Phillips, and C. A. Rager under the general direction of C. C. Con-
cannon, Chief of the Chemical Unit.
Statistics appearing herein-production, shipments, stocks , exports , imports ,
etc.--are collected by the Bureau of the Census, Tariff Commission , Bureau of
Mines, War Food Administration, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table of Contents

Page Page
Introduction .. II Insecticides :

22331
Inorganic Chemicals : Domestic Developments . 11
Supplies, Consumption, and Current Developments .. 1 Supplies..... 11
Alkalies and Related Products .... 1 Plastics :
Aluminum , Chromium, and Copper Chemicals .. 2 Raw Materials Supply Situation .
Bromine, Fluorine, Chlorine, and Derivatives .. 2 Plasticizers ..
Phosphatic Materials .... 2 Plastics Materials
Nitrogenous Products .. 3 Synthetic Resins .
Silicates..... Miscellaneous Items . 14
3
3

Sulphur and Compounds . 3 Paints, Varnishes, and Lacquers :

Miscellaneous Items .. Supplies, Consumption , and Current Developments . 15
3
Drying Oils....... 16
Organic Chemicals : 16
Opaque White Pigments .
Supplies, Consumption, and Current Developments .. 4. 16
Dry Colors ....
Cyclic Crudes .... 4 Synthetic Resins ... 16
Cyclic Intermediates . 5 Natural Gums and Resins . 17
Finished Products .. 5 Shellac..... 17
Miscellaneous Organic Chemicals . 7 Solvents and Thinners . 17
Natural Organic Chemicals ... 8 Driers . 17
Miscellaneous Items . 8 Naval Stores .. 17
International Trade . 8 Casein ......
... 17
Fertilizers : Miscellaneous Items . 17
Supplies, Consumption, and Current Developments . 8 International Chemical Industries :
Nitrogen.... 9 United States .... 18
Superphosphates . 9 United Kingdom 19
Potash .. 9 Australia .. 19
Miscellaneous Items . 10 Brazil.. 19
Foreign Trade... 10 Miscellaneous Foreign Items .. 20

Cover picture—Official OWI photo

II
Chemical Trends and Developments
Chemical Unit, C. C. Ĉoncannon, Chief

Inorganic Chemicals allied products industries employed 5,000

more wage earners in November than in ALKALIES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
the preceding month, the numbers so PRODUCTION TRENDS
Summary employed were still over 100,000 less than (EXCLUDING ORDNANCE)
THOUSANDS OF TONS THOUSANDS OFTONS
in November 1943. These facts substan- 600 600
The easy-coasting status, characteris- tiate the deep concern that has been
tic of the inorganic chemical industry
prevalent among chemical producers SODAASH(WETANDDRY).
last summer, has given way to one of 400 400
over the prospects of maintaining—to
renewed concern over the enlarging re-
say nothing of increasing-production
quirements of the insatiable war ma- levels.
chine. Several key commodities are in United States foreign trade in Octo- 200 200
need of additional production facilities. CAUSTICSODA(ELECTROLYTICANDLIMESODAPROCESS)
ber and November showed signs of con-
Examples are sulfuric acid and phos-
tracting in the fields of both imports and
phorus, for the production of which new exports. Winter ice conditions have shut 11110
plants have already been authorized . THOUSANDS OFTONS THOUSANDS OFTONS
off imports of natural cryolite from 30 30
The shortage of sodium cyanide has af- Greenland , but stocks are ample for some
fected several industries , and efforts to time to come. Sodium cyanide imports
import larger quantities are meeting with BORAX
considerable success . from Canada are being supplemented by 20 20
others from France . October and No- SODIUMBICARBONATE
War Production Board placed many
vember exports were smaller than usual
items, including sodium phosphates and in items which at present are of a do-
ammonium compounds, under Order M- ro 10
mestically essential nature.
300-simultaneously revoking the old or- CAUSTICPOTASH
ders. Potassium carbonate was put un-
der allocation for the first time, as a о JASOND O
Supplies, Consumption , and
result of heavy demands for new mili- 1942 1943 1944
tary uses . Current Developments DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE BUREAU OF FORDISH AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE 0.0.44-839
The November index of wholesale
prices issued by the Bureau of Labor Sta- Alkalies and Related Products
tistics decreased slightly from the Octo- In an alkali plant, manpower is chiefly
a matter of maintenance since the
ber level because of lowered quotations Soda.-The most serious problem be-
on anhydrous ammonia and cottonseed fore the alkali producers at the moment mechanical processes are in continuous
meal. Although over-all chemical and is the uncertainty of manpower supplies. operation . A reduction of only a few
operators below minimum requirements
can be the cause of the shut down of the
entire plant. In this respect the prob-
United States Production, Consumption, and Stocks in Plants of Selected Inorganic Chemicals, lem is different from that of many other
September, October, 1944 lines where the absence of 10 percent of
the manpower results in a loss of only
[Short tons] about 10 percent of output. The pro-
ducers feel that they are perilously near
Production Stocks the danger line and that the situation
Consumption
Item needs prompt remedying if a national
October October output decrease of serious proportions is
September September September October to be avoided.
CANO
20000

The general supply position of soda

Light soda ash 1 198, 216 203, 265 48, 287 47,680 24, 277 24, 312 ash at this writing is fairly good , with
Dense soda ash 1 116, 652 123, 025 2,849 2, 549 13, 983 12, 801
OOO
000

OOS

99, 216 102, 032 34, 087 some surpluses located in the Gulf area.
000

Caustic soda (electrolytic) 1 18,444

90

23, 219 32, 589

Caustic soda (lime-soda) i. 56, 023 56, 618 15, 734 14, 250 October 1944 production figures show
O

12, 383 12, 422 5,436 4,936

€

Bicarbonate of soda, refined 1.

Borax, refined (Na2B4O7.10 H2O) . 16,800 18,760 13, 009 15,387 rather encouraging increases over those
Caustic potash 3,515 3,667 697 652 1,682 1, 183 of August and September. Total wet and
Sodium bichromate and chromate 6, 289 6, 862 1, 106 828
Potassium bichromate and chromate 1 294 343 215 255 dry ash production at 380,267 tons was
Chlorine.. 102, 190 103, 517 54, 972 56, 694 5,023 4,966 the highest since May and was reflected
Bleaching powder (35-37 percent average
C12) 1,264 1,351 (3) (3) 519 432 in the light and dense figures shown in
Calcium hypochlorite (70 percent average the accompanying table. That the im-
C12)- 587 625 (2) 383 366
Hydrochloric acid 1. 32, 131 34, 454 18, 399 19, 750 3, 162 3,261 provement was of immediate benefit to
Synthetic anhydrous ammonia ¹. 45, 292 49, 113 29, 851 32, 136 2, 764 4,802 the industry is illustrated by the stock
Nitric acid 1 39, 349 41,955 35, 316 37,037 5, 905 5,795
Phosphoric acid (50 percent H3PO₁) . 52,039 52,371 46,769 48, 020 14, 397 12, 899 figures which changed little during Sep-
Monocalcium phosphate 1 2, 569 2,357 3, 141 2, 505 tember and October.
Sodium silicate (liquid and solid) 35, 057 36,757 48, 467 43, 506
Sulfuric acid: Contrary to occasional fears in the
Chamber process ! 253, 506 285, 278 trade, the caustic soda outlook for the
Contact process 14. 491, 438 533, 912 204, 393 213, 457
Note contact process . 430, 383 457, 557 next few months at least is reasonably
good. Instead of the probability of cur-
4 Includes sulfuric acid of oleum grades. tailments for rayon producers, there is
1 Basis 100 percent anhydrous.
? Not publishable. 5 Excludes spent acid . likelihood that new rayon production
3 Not available. facilities will be instituted in 1945 that
Source: WPB, Bureaus of Mines and Census. will require considerable additional caus-

1
2 INDUSTRIAL
tic . As regards current supply, there are
no serious shortages.
Sodium bicarbonate figures in the pro-
duction table show little change between
September and October.
Potash .-Interest in the potash alka-
lies is centering on the carbonate, which
is becoming increasingly important. It
is not certain that additional production
facilities will not be required , but at pres-
ent it seems likely that some shifts in
distribution of caustic potash- leaving a
larger quantity available for conversion
to carbonate-are the only adjustments
that will have to be made. In this con-
nection, the United Kingdom may be
asked to take in the future muriate of
potash rather than caustic , since the
muriate can probably be electrotyzed
over there, thus leaving us a larger quan-
tity of caustic to convert to carbonate.
Very little change in production rate
of caustic potash is indicated by the fig-
ures in the table. However, there was
a decrease of 1,000,000 pounds in caustic
stocks in October, which left the stock
position as of the 30th of that month the
lowest of the year.
Calcium .-Lime apparently is no prob-
lem to the industry, either at the pres-
ent time or in the foreseeable future .
The fact that this situation, with a few
minor exceptions , has prevailed through-
out the war may result in a tendency
for its importance in the chemical pic-
ture to be overlooked . As a matter of
fact, however, it is one of the most im-
portant industrial chemicals from the
standpoint of tonnage consumed.
Boron.-Borax is another item that is
in ample supply. The October output
represents the largest up to that date
for the year, with most of the increase
going into stocks.
Boric acid production had been falling
off in 1944. A little over a year ago there
was a spurt in requirements of the acid ,
based on some developments along the
line of glass wool insulation. However,
the developments apparently have not
affected boric acid supplies as much as
was expected. By far the largest uses
for both borax and boric acid are in the
manufacture of heat- resistant glass .
Aluminum, Chromium, and Copper
Chemicals
Aluminum.- All requests for alu-
minum chloride anhydrous were granted
by WPB in December. There is no par-
ticular problem facing consumers of this
material at the present time. Production
and stocks in October stood at about the
same level as in the previous month .
The general supply situation is satis-
factory from the domestic standpoint for
both the commercial and iron-free
grades of aluminum sulfate. Ammonium
aluminum sulfate is in a similar supply
situation, and October production and
stocks were approximately on a par with
those of September.
Chromium.-The pinch on the chro-
mium chemicals centers around the
sodium bichromate , for which there
have been heavy demands from the tex-
tile and leather industries on high prior-
ity orders. Since the bichromate is the
main source of the other chrome com-
REFERENCE SERVICE
pounds, the reason for a general scarcity
of all becomes obvious. The chrome ores
have not been as much of a problem up
to the present time as the facilities for
producing the chemicals, but since stocks
of the chromite suitable for chemical
manufacture are running low, a raw ma-
terial shortage may develop in coming
months unless new supplies can be
shipped in.
An immediate improvement in the
supply situation is not to be expected .
The industry, however , is working closely
with the WPB and although some cur-
tailments in civilian requirements are
necessary, essential needs will un-
doubtedly be met.
Copper.-Production of copper sulfate
for October was the highest for the year
and the maintenance of the high level is
the chief encouraging factor in the over-
all picture. Trade reports indicate that
stocks in producers' hands at the end of
the year were the lowest in many years
as a result of heavy exports, including
shipments for UNRRA. Although official
data are not available for later than Oc-
tober, the stock figures up to that time
bear out the contention of trade reports.
Bromine, Chlorine, Fluorine, and
Derivatives
Bromine.- Bromine output in October,
although not as high as in either of the
3 previous months was still at a very
high rate, and there appears to be no
shortage in so far as supplies are con-
cerned. Stocks were the highest so far
this year. Sodium and potassium bro-
mides are also readily available.
Chlorine.-There is a scramble going
on at the moment for tank cars to handle
chlorine shipments. The shortage of
cars developed when the weather in the
Eastern States tied up transportation to
such an extent that tanks on an ordi-
nary 10 -day run, for example, were de-
layed for 20 to 30 days . There is also a
new problem facing the consumers. On
January 15, ICC Service Order No. 263
become effective , which imposed demur-
rage charges on tank cars held on deliv-
ery sidings for more than 24 hours . The
motive behind the order apparently is to
make optimum use of available tank car
facilities, but the industry is doubtful
that its provisions will be applicable in
the case of chlorine.
The general supply situation on chlo-
rine, though not too favorable , is never-
theless satisfying all essential demands.
War Production Board quarterly alloca-
tions will probably be announced later in
the month.
Chloride of lime (bleaching powder)
is in the process of being removed from
allocation . There are ample quantities
available for all users. In the case of
high test calcium hypochlorite , however,
there is not enough produced to take
care of all laundry requests-only from
30 to 40 percent having been granted
in December by WPB- after military,
Lend-Lease, etc., had been satisfied . It
will, therefore, remain under allocation.
Chlorate chemicals remain on quar-
terly allocation and have experienced
practically no change in the last month
or 2 in the over-all situation. However,
the perchlorates and perchloric acid are
becoming of increasing importance for
military purposes . They are being used
in the jet-propulsion engines on air-
planes.
Although there had been something of
a shortage of anhydrous hydrofluoric
acid in the last quarter of 1944, its posi-
tion in January 1945 is very much im-
proved as a result of a rather unexpected
lessening of the demand . .In February
and March, some additional production
is expected to improve the supply still
more, but there may be insufficient acid
grade fluorspar available to take care
of the increased requirements at that
time. Principal uses of the anhydrous
acid are in the manufacture of Freon
and aviation gasoline . The hydrofluoric
acid solutions are causing no particular
concern to the industry at the present
time since they are in ample supply.
Cryolite manufacture continued in
October, but there is some question as
to whether any will be manufactured in
1945. Stocks are ample at present de-
spite the stepped up aluminum produc-
tion in which it has its greatest use. Im-
portations from Greenland are able to
satisfy all needs in view.
Sodium cyanide is one of the most
critical commodities at the present time
and its availability affects many differ-
ent lines of chemical and metallurgical
processes. For instance, the shortage
caused a shift of a greater proportion of
methyl methacrylate output ( which is
the transparent "bomber nose" plastic )
to the other process (see paragraph
"Phosphorus Pentoxide") . There is an
encouraging note in this picture in that
imports of cyanide from France are
contemplated . Apparently, the French
plants escaped destruction by the Ger-
mans and were in a position to operate
almost immediately after reoccupation.
Also, imports from Canada in October ,
although not as large as those in Sep-
tember, were still more than twice the
size of our own production , which has
suffered drastic cuts because of the larger
quantities of sodium metal relegated to
aviation gasoline.
Phosphatic Materials
It has been decided to put in another
phosphorus unit at the Wilson Dam of
TVA. Military requirements of phos-
phorus are expected to be greater in the
coming year than heretofore, and cur-
tailments of phosphorus derivatives can-
not be increased without seriously dis-
rupting civilian economy. WPB has in-
dicated that the shortage of phosphorus
in the coming year will cut further into
tetrasodium pyrophosphate manufac-
ture, which is used extensively in the
manufacture of granulated soap . This
is one evidence of the more stringent
distribution of phosphatic derivatives
likely to be carried out.
Late in December WPB revoked the
various conservation orders controlling
sodium phosphate, placing them all un-
der M-300 , Schedule 82. Although allo-
cations were lifted from anhydrous
trisodium phosphate, crystaline disodium
phosphate and crystaline tetrasodium
pyrophosphate because supplies were
adequate, these particular materials are
 CHEMICAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 3

not used as extensively as the anhydrous Silicates lied products industries as compared
forms of the disodium and tetrasodium with October, and 14,000 compared with
or as the crystal trisodium. According to confidential production September, the number employed in
Although export data are not yet avail- statistics, there has been little change in November 1944 was still over 100,000 less
able, shipments of yellow phosphorus to the position of the principal sodium sil- than in the same month of 1943, accord-
the United Kingdom are reported to have icates. Generally speaking , the products ing to BLS. In the chemicals n. e. c.
stopped around November or December. are in ample supply for all uses which group, a slight decline has taken place
The phosphorus shipments were institu- center chiefly around applications as de- during October and November, with total
ted when African rock was in the hands tergents in launderies, household and employed in November 1944 at about
of the Axis. At that time, it was deemed commercial compounds, etc. , productive 8,000 less than in November 1943.
advisable to conserve shipping space by coatings, corrosion preventives, and ad- Average weekly earnings in October
sending phosphorus rather than the hesives. The materials, however have a for the Chemical and Allied Products
crude phosphate rock to Britain. Evi- very wide range of end uses. Industry, according to BLS, were $43.93——
dently other arrangements are now in Further evidence of the expanding use a 0.4 percent decrease from September
operation in the United Kingdom . of silica gel as a desiccant is found in the but a 3.6 percent increase over October
There is an interesting side light on rapidly increasing monthly production 1943. In the chemicals, n . e. c. group,
the United States consumption of phos- figures, which reached a new high point the average wage was $51.99-a 0.5 per-
phorus pentoxide in the manufacture of in October. cent decrease from September but a
methyl methacrylate plastics, as previ- 3.7 percent increase over October 1943.
ously mentioned in connection with so- Sulfur and Compounds
dium cyanide. Because of a shortage of Foreign Trade
sodium cyanide, a greater proportion of WPB has authorized an increase in
methacrylate is being made by one of the production facilities of sulfuric acid Because of its winter ice-bound source,
two producers. Curtailment in output which should provide an additional 550, - imports of cryolite from Greenland
of the other plant has resulted in re- 200 tons annually. The increased facil-
duced requirements of phosphorus pent- ities were specified for 9 private plants United States Imports of Selected
oxide a product which is not used at all and the Volunteer Ordnance Works at Inorganic Chemicals
in the process that was stepped up. It is Chattanooga , Tenn . Also 1,200 tank cars ¡Thousand pounds]
not yet certain whether an alleviation consisting of 600 new and 600 converted
of the sodium cyanide shortage will re- cars are to be made available to the in-
Item 1941 1942 1943
store the old balance in production by dustry in the near future. This measure
the two methods. will undoubtedly effect a considerable
Ammonium sulfate. 70, 238 106,680 199, 654
The October production figures reveal contribution toward easing requirements Chlorinated lime. 87 13, 122 12, 130
no radical changes in the production of for fertilizers, rayon, and other indus- Cryolite, natural . 59, 772 144, 626 103, 936
the various phosphorus compounds. tries. The December allocations an- Potassium chloride. 29, 342 3, 128 50, 424
Sodium carbonate. 120 17, 512
WPB's December allocations showed re- nounced by WPB revealed that all re- Sodium cyanide ... 72, 636 69, 951 66,836
fusal of requests for phospatic mate- quests were granted in the Pacific Coast Sodium nitrate. 1, 221, 138 1, 798, 300 1 , 522, 330
Sodium sulfate, crude . 151, 142 187, 322 65, 580
rials in almost every category except di- and Rocky Mountain areas during that Sulfuric acid.. 6,358 27, 378 61, 633
rect military purposes, mining flotation , month.
bomber plastics, phosphorus plasticizers, Although requirements for the manu- Source: Bureau of the Census, Department of Com.
bearing metals, and sulfa drugs. facture of military explosives are in- merce.
creasing, it is believed that civilian re-
Nitrogenous Products quirements will be met on the whole United States Exports of Selected
during the coming year. The October Inorganic Chemicals
War requirements of ammonia and output of contact process acid was 533, - [Thousand pounds]
nitric acid in 1945 will probably take 912 tons- the highest for the year- and
quantities exceeding those of last year in the same month the chamber process Item 1941 1942 1943
unless the military situation is consider- acid production of 285,278 tons showed
ably altered . Agricultural prospects for a substantial increase over the Septem- Aluminum chloride. 1 349 1,003 1,052
the year will be adversely affected by the ber figure . There apparently have been Aluminum sulfate. 102, 521 88,857 75,892
reduced supply, but additional produc- no major changes in the position of sul- Ammonia, anhydrous. 12, 116 2,372 3, 966
Ammonia, aqua ... 1968 3,543 13, 625
tion facilities may be provided if the fur or its various sodium compounds. Ammonium chloride.. 1390 1,614 1,024
squeeze looks too tight. Late reports In the case of manganese sulfate , Oc- Ammonium nitrate . 15, 220 7,552 28, 707
tober output represented more than a 50 Ammonium sulfate . 189, 540 54, 980 156, 011
have indicated that definite plans are Bleaching powder.. 1,998 2, 414 6, 049
afoot to increase production at various percent drop from the level of previous Borax . 83, 585 37, 355 33, 392
ordnance and private plants, and to pur- months. This is evidently a reflection of Boric acid. 15, 280 19, 163 12, 115
Calcium carbide 62, 897 54, 923 23, 342
chase Canadian material. The alloca- the reduced demand for fertilizer pur- Calcium chloride. 41,555 16, 673 25, 449
tions made by WPB in December were poses in the fall of the year. Chlorine 9,465 7,882 10, 655
very much in line with those of Novem- Cryolite, natural and syn-
thetic. 2 271 848 5,980
ber but provided less than half of the Hydrochloric acid. 8,454 5, 531 7,343
Miscellaneous Items Nitric acid. 2,578 1,847 1, 078
ammonia requested by fertilizer manu- Phosphoric acid . 1968 2,014 2, 181
facturers. During December WPB can- Prices Phosphorus. 1 569 7,520 21, 341
celed the various nitrogen conservation Potassium bichromate and
chromate. 4, 442 2, 585 2,363
orders and placed the items under M- The index of wholesale prices issued by Potassium carbonate. 2 1,447 4,340 1,592
300. This change , however, did not alter the Bureau of Labor Statistics for Chem- Potassium chlorate. 1 467 2,445 3, 884
Potassium chloride. 144, 204 72, 912 163, 226
the procedure of allocations. icals and Allied Products decreased from Potassium hydroxide. 7,912 6,907 19, 628
The figures cited in the accompanying October's 105.0 to 104.8 in November. Potassium sulfate. 19, 508 15, 265 19, 623
table show a decided increase in the The reduction was attributed to lower Sodium bicarbonate.. 38, 518 29, 267 38, 453
Sodium bichromate and
October production of synthetic anhy- quotations for anhydrous ammonia and chromate.. 17, 182 15,921 11,806
drous ammonia, directly reflecting the cottonseed meal. The BLS average price Sodium carbonate. 166, 870 128,998 305, 854
Sodium cyanide . 3,728 2, 303 879
revised perspective of war requirements on anhydrous ammonia in cylinders in Sodium hydrosulfite. 4, 679 3, 883 2, 188
that took place at about that time. It large lots delivered New York was lowered Sodium hydroxide. 252, 479 164, 358 327, 270
Sodium nitrate. 191, 885 97, 316 13, 543
should always be borne in mind that the $0.160 per pound to $0.145 per pound. Sodium phosphates. 9,656 11.437 9,854
data shown pertain only to the output of This was the only change from October Sodium silicate. 22, 046 16, 978 15, 626
privately owned plants and do not reveal listings of inorganic chemicals. Sulfur, crude. 1, 633, 999 1, 272, 878 1, 465, 840
Sulfur, crushed . 70, 139 38, 148 62, 896
the activity of the plants under Ordnance Sulfuric acid (including
operation. Ammonium nitrate and ni- fuming) . 24, 214 19, 356 9, 116
Employment and Earnings
tric acid also were produced in greater July-December.
quantities in October-both being im- Although November witnessed an in- 2 September-December.
portant in military explosive manufac- crease of 5,000 in the estimated number Source: Bureau of the Census, Department of Com .
ture. of wage earners in the chemical and al- merce.
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

stopped in October, but stocks in the acterized the organic chemical industry
United States are ample to carry over during the month and reflected the ac-
until the spring thaws. A shipment of celerated tempo of war production.
Russian muriate of potash was received Despite the high rate of output, sup-
in October, the first since May. Sodium ply is insufficient to meet total demand
cyanide imports from Canada , which are for organic chemicals . This situation
most urgently needed at this time , con- applied to the cyclic (generally coal-de-
tinue in October and November. France rived) crudes, intermediates, and fin-
is also reported to have begun shipping ished products and to noncyclic prod-
some of this critical material to the ucts.
United States, but data on the transac- Prices of butyl alcohol and butyl ace-
tions are not yet available. The accom- tate were reduced in line with the low-
panying table cites the imports of se- ered costs of raw materials and que-
lected inorganic chemicals in the years bracho extract was increased 34 of a
1941 through 1943. Data later than 1943 cent per pound by amendment to
are confidential. MPR-531 .
The exports of inorganic chemicals in Over-all employment in the organic
October and November 1944 show ir- chemical industry showed a small de-
regularities in shipments of several items cline, but the total number of employees
compared with normal monthly exports . remained high. In scattered locations
The movements of refined sulfur and there was a shortage of manpower .
boric acid were heavy in October, and Wages remained at previous high levels .
exports of sulfuric acid, soda ash and The lack of containers presented
bicarbonate of soda moved in good vol- F group of chemicals the supplies of which
another problem. Supplies have shown
ume in November. Reduced exports some improvement but shortages in var-
occurred on nitric acid , anhydrous am-
ious types are still prevalent. Produc-
monia, sodium and potassium bichro- tion of both light and heavy types of
mates, and chlorine. These are the items
steel shipping barrels and drums has
urgently needed at home at present . The increased.
accompanying table gives publishable International trade continued to in-
United States exports for the years 1941
crease in volume as the merchant fleet
through 1943. Subsequent data are con-
expanded.
fidential.
Supplies, Consumption, and
Organic Chemicals
Current Developments
Summary
The supply of basic organic chemicals
Industrial production of organic was insufficient in January to meet total
chemicals, as distinguished from pro- demand . The rising tempo of global
duction sponsored by military ordnance, warfare and the increasing need of or-
held at a high rate during January . A ganic chemical derivatives for essential
civilian consumption brought a greatly
production plateau has not yet, however,
been reached for the entire organic increased demand for products of this
chemical group . Vigorous activity char- branch of the chemical industry .
There are 15 or more coal-derived
crudes and about 500 intermediates of
Naphthalene
The following orders and regulations
applicable to organic chemicals were is-
sued during the month : War Production
Board-January 1 , containers (M-81 as
amended ) ; January 2 , phthalic anhy-
dride (M-300 , sched. 67) , alkanolamines
(M-300, sched . 83 ) ; alkanolamines (M-
275 revoked ) ; January 3, maintenance,
repair and operating supplies (P-89,
amended ) ; January 6 , urea and mela-
mine aldehyde resins ( M-300 , sched . 34) ,
glycol ethers (M-300 , sched . 36, as
amended) ; January 10 , distilled spirits
(M-69, as amended ) . Office of Price
Administration orders-December 28,
soap and glycerin (MPR-391 , amdt. 4) ;
January 1 , tanning materials (MPR-531 ,
amdt. 4) .
Cyclic Crudes
Most of the cyclic crudes are in that
were insufficient for war plus essential
industrial demand. The January output
of 100 - octane aviation gasoline met the
amount required for both combat and
training purposes but the supply posi-
tion of the cyclic crudes required for its
manufacture was not improved since
stocks are at low ebb, and the produc-
tion of a greatly improved aviation fuel
is going forward.
BENZOL
Benzol showed only a slight tendency
to become easier in supply during the
current month . Heavy consumption for
aviation gasoline and synthetic rubber
as well as widespread use as a solvent
and for the manufacture of numerous
critical chemicals left little for civilian
use except for the most essential pur-
poses. Production, after the slight de-
cline during the summer, has consider-
ably increased with a peak being reached

Production Indexes of Selected Organic commercial importance, as well as thou- in October. Stocks at the end of that
Chemicals sands of finished products . Therefore , a month were in the most favorable posi-
detailed study of each cannot be pre- tion since the first of the year.
Cresylic

[1935, 1937, and 1939 = 1001

Phthalic
acetate
salicyl-
Acetyl

Ethyl
)percent
Acetic acid

sented every month in the limited space

anhy-
acid

NAPHTHALENE
available for this report, but an over-all
dride
acid

8( 5

view is presented , and specific mention The heaviest withdrawals from the in-
ic
1.)s( yn

.()ref
r2(.) ef

Months is made of certain significant products . sufficient supplies of crude naphthalene

During January there was a heavy were for the production of phthalic an-
consumption of cyclic crudes and inter- hydride. The following statistics on
mediates as well as of the finished prod- crude naphthalene were given for com-
1943 ucts of the industry. Demand ran ahead parative purposes :
of supplies. Among the noncyclic or-
January 248.8 162.4 320.7 159. 5 142.7 317.1 ganic chemicals the same supply and de-
February. 226. 2 165. 8 282.0 161.7 136. 4 287.9 Average Monthly Production and Stocks
March... 258.6 195.8 351. 9 191.6 155.9 316. 5 mand picture held true. The alcohols ,
April. 259.6 176.4 248.3 154.0 169.0 292.0 aldehydes , and the more important or- at End of Period of Crude Naphthalene
May. 264.6 178.8 357.2 167. 2 157. 4 316. 2
June. 212.9 184. 2 306. 5 117.5 156. 9 274.8 ganic acids were in large demand. [In thousands of pounds]
July.. 261.9 166. 2 280. 8 168.9 159.8 269.3 The Defense Supply Corporation is-
August. 274.7 164. 0 349. 4 155. 4 153. 2 303.8
September 255.9 187.0 294. 8 168.7 164. 1 292, 6 sued a list of surplus war chemicals First Sec-
ond Third
October. 284. 2 191.6 323. 1 148. 7 161.3 312.8 available for immediate sale, f. o . b. 1943 quar- quar-
November. 259. 5 188. 9 301. 6 124. 7 177. 1 310.4 1941 1942 ter quar- ter
December 249.9 180. 1 336. 4 storage point, as of January 4. The ter 1944
170.0 167. 2 297.3 1944 1944
organic chemicals in commercial size
1944 lots, included in this list were :
January 265.1 188.2 261. 6 182.7 165. 4 292. 3 Acids : Dinitronaphthalene. Production. 9, 477 12, 942 16, 200 16, 185 16, 036 17, 107
February. 250. 4 190.7 359.9 166. 1 176. 8 307. 2 Stocks.. 6, 528 8, 149 8, 474 8, 791 10, 718
March 291.2 207.2 358.9 187.5 186. 1 328. 4 Butyric . Dinitrophenol .
April. 257.1 168. 8 321.0 141. 4 172. 4 336.8 Monochloracetic . Dinitrotoluen e.
May . 264. 6 204.5 363. 2 151.3 161.0 340. 2 Sulfosalicylic . Ether, grade A. These are figures from tar distillers
June.. 241.6 185.8 312.8 161.6 166.0 306.8 Alcohol-polyvinyl . Ethylene bromide.
July.. 229.8 172.6 341. 2 143. 2 144. 5 337.9 Amidol. Formaldehyde . and include the grades solidifying at less
August. 245. 4 184. 1 329. 6 167.2 139.3 336.6 Ammonium acetate. Iso-butyl methacryl- than 74° C. produced for sale only, the
September. 234.1 196. 3 323.5 143. 1 136.0 336.9 Aniline . ate.
October.. 250.6 208. 1 328. 8 178. 4 134. 4 342. 6 grade solidifying between 74° C. and 76°
Benzidine, tech. Naphtha nitro naph- C. , and the grade solidifying at more
Carbon disulfide. thalene . than 76° C. but less than 79 ° C. As there
Base period 1937, 1938, and 1939. Creosote. Phenol.
2 Base period 1936-38 average and 1939. Diethylaniline. Sodium oxalate. is some conversion between grades, the
Source of basic data: U. S. Tariff Commission. Dinito benzene. Toluidine , meta. data include some duplication. Naptha-
 CHEMICAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 5

MILLIONS OF POUNDS PHENOL thousands. They may be grouped as

30 dyes, medicinals, aromatic chemicals,
PRODUCTION Smaller amounts of phenol were avail-
25 photographic chemicals, synthetic resins,
able for civilian use during January than
tanning materials, rubber chemicals, in-
20- in December, while the quantity of secticides, germicides, fungicides, and
NAPHTHALENE (Crude) REPARTMENT COMMERCE benzol permitted for the manufacture of
15 other materials used in peacetime as well
phenol during January was 86 percent as those needed for the war effort. In
10 of the requests made for it. In October this latter group are included textile,
STOCKS the combined production of natural and
5 leather, rubber, paper, automobile, air-
synthetic phenol was 6.2 percent below craft, radio, paint and varnish, food and
that of the preceding month.
beverages, drug and pharmaceutical, re-
1943 1944 1945 frigerants, plastics, and others.
2.0.40-N PARA DICHLOROBENZENE
As a consequence of their wide ap-
Although the demand for paradi- plication and restricted supply position,
lene produced for sale by byproduct chlorobenzene for insecticidal use re- practically all of the finished materials
coke-oven operators is not included in quired only a small portion of the output, are going into the war effort with very
the table. war needs as well as those demands little left for even essential civilian sup-
which previously left unsatisfied ab- plies. Production and sales of dyes,
CREOSOTE OIL sorbed all amounts available over neces- medicinal and flavoring, and perfume
sary inventories. It is estimated that materials are graphically shown by chart.
The less-than-demand supply of lum-
1,500,000 pounds will be required by agri-
ber for creosoting continued to keep creo-
culture during the 1945 season princi- DYES
sote oil in a free supply position during
the current month. The October output pally in control of peach borer and
tobacco blue mold. Production of dyes has been limited
of 14,081,000 gallons was 27.3 percent by the short supply of some of the inter-
above that of a month earlier which was PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE mediates necessary for their manufac-
the lowest monthly figure recorded so far ture and consumption has been lessened
for 1944. Stocks of 12,696,000 gallons at There was no abatement in the de-
the end of October were down 6.5 per- mand for phthalic anhydride, primarily by the deficiency in the output of tex-
tiles occasioned by the shortage of man-
cent from the previous month.
power. The Defense Supplies Corpora-
MILLIONS OF POUNDS tion, as of January 5, had slightly more
15
MILLIONS OF GALLONS than 22,000 pounds (28 lots ) of dyes
50
12 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE available for immediate sale f. o. b.
CREOSOTE OIL storage points. The lots ranged from 45
40
DEPARTMENTOFCOMMERCE PRODUCTION pounds to 3,900 pounds.
30 BRINGOFPANAMA CAR
STOCKS
20 STOCKS MILLIONS OF POUNDS
2.5
10 PRODUCTION 2.0 SULFA DRUGS (Total )
1943 1944 1945 DEPARTMENT OFBOWERS
EVRESOFFORDONAND COMMERCEcongres
BD.48-20 1.5
1943 1944 1945
2248-23 STOCKS
for the manufacture of dimethyl phtha- 1.0
PRODUCTION
late to be used as an insect repellant. 0.5
Cyclic Intermediates Supplies available for civilian use during
Supplies of cyclic intermediates in January were approximately the same о
January reflected the crudes situation as as the previous month. 1943 1944 1945
0.0.48-17
an insufficiency for all purposes . Until
larger quantities of the crudes are avail- Finished Products
able for their manufacture, the cyclic SYNTHETIC MEDICINALS
intermediates will continue to be in the Finished products of the synthetic or-
ganic chemical industry run into many An outstanding feature of the syn-
same tight supply position which has
been characteristic of the past months. thetic medicinal segment of the organic
chemical industry has been its voluntary
ANILINE PRODUCTION AND SALES OF cooperation with the Government month
CYCLIC AROMATICS , after month in maintaining its high
The status of supplies of aniline during standard of product-acceptance and in
the month was about the same as that of MEDICINALS, AND DYES
IN THE UNITED STATES developing its facilities in order to make
a month earlier, when production was available materials necessary not only
MILLIONS
OF
curtailed considerably by the reduced POUNDS MILLIONS
OF to the Government health program but
amounts of benzol available for its man- POUNDS
150 also for foreign relief and rehabilitation.
ufacture. There was a decrease of 4.2 150
125 Supplies of the synthetic medicinals
percent in October output compared with
-125 derived from cyclic crudes are less readily
that of September. In the same period 100
there was a small reduction in producers' available than those requiring noncyclic
100 compounds for their manufacture.
stocks. 75
50 75
50-
THOUSANDS OF POUNDS 50 THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
1,500 25 1,500
ACETANILID (Technical & U.S. P.) 25 25 ACETYL SALICYLIC ACID
1,200 о 3
PRODUCTION 194 42 1 D 1,000
900 SALE 19 v7-e1r9a4ge MEDICYES STOCKS
43 I
S A
PROD19 1942 -1941 AROMA NALS
UCTI 1937 rage TICS PRODUCTION
600 ON Ave 500
STOCKS
300
DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE
O DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 1943 1944 1945
1943 1944 1945 2.0.44-017 2248-48
DATA FOR JUNE 1944 18 NOT AVAILABLE POR PUBLIGATION. BA44-POI
6 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Imports for Consumption of Specified Organic Chemicals into the United States ALCOHOLS AND GLYCOLS
[In thousands] Allyl alcohol.- The improvement in the
supply situation of allyl alcohol was such
1942 1943 that both the military and civilian de-
Commodity and unit mands were satisfied during the current
Quantity Value Quantity Value month . Unless there is an increase in
military requirements , the relaxation of
Benzene. ..gal .. 3,066 $152 31,830 $2,886 administrative controls becomes a pos-
Creosote oil. ..do.. 7,629 945 2, 172 309 sibility to be considered .
Cresylic acid. .do .. 1, 355 1, 232 2,449 1, 703
Colors, dyes, stains, and color lakes . ...lb.. 884 1,902 639 1,552 Butyl alcohol.- The increased military
Ethyl alcohol . _gal.. 1,035 363 12, 505 6,886 demands for butyl alcohol caused sup-
Glycerin, crude.. lb.. 6, 104 659 10, 132 1,039
Acetic acid, more than 65 percent. .do.. 11, 283 694 13, 476 674 plies to become critically short. Larger
Tartaric acid. .do .. 5 2 2, 012 1,093 quantities are not expected to be avail-
Argols, tartrates and wine lees (less than 90 percent). ..do.. 8, 103 1,702 638 106 able for civilian use for several months.
Ethyl alcohol.-The prospects for in-
Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce. creased quantities of alcohol to become
available for civilian purposes, a likely
possibility last month, became much less
VITAMINS is due to the comparative unavailability encouraging when the revised estimates
of the raw materials used in their manu- increased the requirements by 107,000 , -
The expansion of plant facilities for facture. Improvement in supplies can- 000 gallons. The needs for the synthetic
the manufacture of vitamins has raised
not be expected until the raw materials rubber program were stepped up from
the output to what would have been are in freer supply. 228,000,000 gallons to 349,000,000 gallons
considered astronomical heights at the which was due to the diversion of the
Synthetic musks. - Synthetic musks
outbreak of the present war. Some idea are classed as nonessential for the war butylenes from the synthetic rubber pro-
of these figures can be gathered from the effort or the civilian economy ; and , since gram to the manufacture of aviation
proposed allocations before the revoca- gasoline. The revised estimates for 1945
tion of some of the controls. they are produced from the critically
short materials, toluene and xylene, the and consumption for 3 years previous
supply is extremely limited . A number are given in the following table :
Recommended Allocations of organic chemicals is referred to as
synthetic musks and are usually nitrated Ethyl Alcohol
[In pounds]
tertiary butyl toluenes and xylenes. [Millions of gallons}
Thia- Typical examples are musk ambrette and
As- Ribo- mine Nico- Nico- musk ketone, which are dinitro-butyl- 1942 1943 1944 1945
Period hy- tinam-
corbic flavin dro- tinic meta-cresol -methyl ether and dinitro-
acid chlo- ide acid butyl-meta-xylene, respectively.
ride Vanillin.- Supplies of this old-line Direct military and Lend-
Lease 71.2 102.9 92.0 100.0
synthetic employed extensively as a flavor Synthetic rubber. 126.0 329.2 228.0
Total year 1944. 527, 171 57, 437 96, 877 124, 929 417, 819 and in making perfumes of the "new- Indirect military and civilian. 128.0 147.9 163.3 180.0
Anti-freeze…. 30.0 50.8 30.0 40.0
Last quarter 1944.. | 135, 366 14, 794 26, 268 31, 563 104, 392 mown hay" type were ample to meet the
First quarter 1945.140, 296 14, 578 24, 640 31 , 452 110, 971 demånd without drawing on producers' Total 229.2 427.6 614. 5 548.0
Second quarter 1945 122, 281 13, 972 24, 073 26, 246 113, 278
stocks.
Benzaldehyde.-Demands for military
SYNTHETIC FLAVOR AND PERFUME purpose continue to consume practically Methanol. The expanded ammuni-
MATERIALS the entire output of benzaldehyde , de- tion program required some of the plants
spite a large increase in production. A making synthetic methanol to be con-
The continued curtailed production slightly easier supply position in Feb- verted to the production of ammonia ,
and the resultant short supply of the ruary is hoped for if sufficient produc- and the result was a tightening in the
synthetic flavor and perfume materials tion of benzyl benzoate can be obtained . supply position . However somewhat
larger amounts were permitted for
civilian use during January than in the
Exports of Specified Organic Chemicals From the United States previous month. Production and stocks
of methanol are shown in the accom-
[In thousands] panying chart.
1942 1943
Commodity and Unit MILLIONS OF GALLONS
8
Quantity Value Quantity Value
6
Benzol -gal.. 8,794 $587 7,495 $631
Toluol. lb.. 74, 598 3,989 81, 711 4,385 PRODUCTION
Phenol do.. 19, 109 2,521 30,839 4, 211 4
Cresylic acid.. do.. 3, 192 253 3, 781 357 METHANOL,
Aniline oil. do.. 12,008 1,630 296 44
Dimethylaniline. do 6, 889 1,487 2, 123 444 SYNTHETIC
Phthalic anhydride. do 660 100 1, 152 163 2
Dibutyl phthalate. do. 6, 212 1,317 3,949 870
Rubber compounding agents . do 3,751 1,591 3, 150 1,267
Coal-tar dyes.. do .. 15, 962 12, 729 17, 713 13, 338 O
Vanillin do. 52 241 51 155 1943 1944 1945
Acetylsalicylic. do.. 941 608 1,204 497 Ba48-22
Acetic acid do . 725 115 635 89
Acetic anhydride. .do . 2,506 226 6, 196 582
Tartaric acid . do. 638 447 691 470 Ethylene glycol.-Civilian requests for
Citric acid . .do .. 2,246 691 3,076 958
Oxalic acid . do 1,397 192 1,672 221 ethylene glycol for the manufacture of
Methanol. -gal.. 3, 764 1, 773 1,628 750 antifreeze and cellophane were allowed
Ethylene glycol . lb. 63,020 7,319 71, 426 7,723
Butyl alcohol. do 14, 083 913 15, 519 2, 736 according to previously arranged sched-
Glycerin do 32, 638 5, 641 24, 575 4, 412 ules and all other requests were allowed .
Acetone .do . 69,575 5,095 34, 935 2, 447 The latest production statistics available
Butyl acetate. do. 4, 730 674 2,683 455
Formaldehyde. do . 3,785 213 5, 217 308 are those for October when a peak in
Synthetic collecting agents. .do. 12, 683 2, 387 14, 229 2, 894 production was reached. Compared with
Carbon tetrachloride. do.. 2,948 185 7,485 396
Methylethyl ketone.. do. 3,387 297 2,148 159 the previous month, the output repre-
Hexamethylenetetramine.. do. 4, 902 1, 132 18, 474 3,908 sented an increase of 22 percent. Stocks
during the same time declined approxi-
Source: Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce. mately 18 percent.
 CHEMICAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 7

MILLIONS OF POUNDS uses while acetic acid was more readily others. The October output was 4,951 ,-
100 available. The 27,573,000 pounds pro- 000 pounds, up 3.8 percent from that of
GLYCERIN duced in October were 8.1 percent greater the previous month. Producers hold
80-
(Refined) than the September output and brought stocks sufficient for about a 12 -days'
60 the total for the first 10 months of 1944 supply at the current rate of consump-
XGKS to 274,224,000 pounds. Since the first tion.
40 of the year, stocks declined from 10,996 , - Ethyl acetate.- Smaller quantities of
000 pounds to 9,281,000 pounds. ethyl acetate were available for civilian
20 purposes during January than in De-
PRODUCTION MILLIONS OF POUNDS cember owing to the critical nature of
30 this material. The October production
1943 1944 1945
D.&.48-81 25 amounted to 9,683,000 pounds which was
Production larger by 24.6 percent than the Septem-
20 ber figure and brought the total for the
Glycerin.-Supplies of glycerin con- ACETIC ACID first 10 months of 1944 to 88,063,000
15
tinued to be sufficiently large to meet all (Synthetic) DETENT OF COMMERCE pounds.
requirements promptly. Factory pro- 10
duction, consumption, and end -of-month 5 MILLIONS OF POUNDS
factory and warehouse stocks for recent 15
months are shown in the following O ETHYL ACETATE ( 85 %)
table : 1943 1944 1945 12 +
RECOVERED ACETIC ACID IS NOT INCLUDED 2.0.48-14 PRODUCTION
9
Production, Consumption, and Stocks of Lactic (technical) .—The technical www
Glycerin grade of lactic acid continued to main-
[In thousands of pounds] tain the comparatively favorable supply
position that it has held for the past few STOCKS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Sep- Oc- No- months. The 315,525 pounds produced O
July Au- tem- to- vem- in October exceeded by 73 percent the PHAN
Item 1944 gust ber. ber ber 1943 1944 1945
1944 1944 1944 1944 September figure , which was the lowest 0.0.44-76
output in the past 22 months.
Oxalic (technical ) .—The continued Dimethyl phthalate.— The demands
Glycerin, crude (100
percent basis): heavy demand for oxalic acid is taxing for dimethyl phthalate , principally as
Production... 13, 244 17, 598 16, 825 17, S44 16, 776 the production facilities to meet it and
Consumption.. 12, 911 19, 543 17, 562 18, 997 18, 729 an insect repellent and also in the manu-
Stocks. 12, 034 13, 237 12, 262 12, 844 11, 858 stocks are too small to provide a backlog facture of plastics, have kept supplies
Glycerin, high gravity to draw upon . The October output of very stringent. Stocks in a period of 3
and redistilled (100
percent basis) : 1,566,000 pounds was only 1.5 percent less months were reduced from a 15 days'
Production... 6,713 8, 730 8, 745 9, 262 10, 834 than that of September, which was the supply to a week's supply.
Consumption.. 6, 240 7,611 6, 814 6, 792 6, 236 largest production recorded for any
Stocks.. 37, 590 38, 517 38, 598 39, 443 40, 515
Glycerin, chemically month thus far for 1944. AMINES
pure ( 100 percent
basis): Hexamethylenetetramine.-The favor-
Production. 5, 501 9,823 7,785 9, 779 7,684 THOUSANDS OF POUNDS able supply position held by hexamethy-
Consumption . 6,375 7,085 7,470 8, 815 9,084 500
Stocks... 42, 411 42, 874 40, 026 37, 423 36, 605 lenetetramine for the past several
LACTIC ACID (Technical) months was further enhanced during
400아
Source: Bureau of the Census, Department of Com- PRODUCTION January when all civilian requests were
merce. 300 granted in full.
Diphenylamine.-Supplies of dipheny-
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES 200 lamine were limited by the quantity of
aniline available for its manufacture,
Formaldehyde.—The lack of methanol 100
STOCKS® DEPARTMENT•
OF COMMERCE which did not include any for civilian
for its manufacture, and not manufac- purposes .
turing facilities, accounted for the less- ‫ببببه‬ ABOND
than-demand quantity available during 1943 1944 19450.0.44-147
AUG. SEPT., 1945 NOT AVAILABLE FOR PUBLICATION.
the current month. The average Organic Halogen Compounds
monthly production for the first 10
ETHERS AND ESTERS CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
months of 1944 exceeded that of 1943 by
approximately 6 percent. Ethyl ether. Of the three grades of Approximately the same quantities of
Acetone. There was no abatement in ether, absolute, U. S. P. and technical, carbon tetrachloride were available dur-
the demands for acetone which, with the the last is in much the greatest demand. ing January as in December, but large
improvement in supplies , were more In October the production of all grades military requirements prevented the dry
nearly satisfied than in the previous amounted to 9,553,380 pounds , which was cleaning industry from receiving the ap-
month. January allocations for civilian a peak in output, and was 60 percent preciably larger amounts. In October
use were on a slightly more liberal basis more than the amount produced in output was exceeded by that of Septem-
than those for December. September, the previous high figure. ber by 4.2 percent.
Methyl ethyl ketone.—The January Butyl acetate ( normal ) .—To meet es-
allocations indicated a slight improve- sential wartime requirements , civilian METHYL CHLORIDE
ment in supply position of methyl ethyl uses of butyl acetate were sharply cur-
ketone. In December, except for a small The expanded output of methyl chlo-
tailed for some purposes and denied for ride has not been sufficient to meet the
amount for aromatic chemicals, all re-
demand without drawing on producers'
quests for civilian uses were denied . For MILLIONS OF POUNDS stocks . The largest monthly produc-
the current month, allocations were 100 10 tion thus far recorded for 1944 was that
percent for aromatic chemicals, 15 per- BUTYL ACETATE ( Normal )
8 for October when 2,536,000 pounds were
cent for cellulose acetate sheets, and 25
produced. Compared with the previous
percent for vinylite coatings and syn- 6
thetic rubber cement. month it was an increase of 4.8 percent.
ма
PRODUCTION
ACIDS AND ANHYDRIDES Miscellaneous Organic Chemicals
Acetic acid and anhydride.— An in- 2 STOCKS DEPARTMENT
ESTE CONVERGE '
OF COMMERCE ACETYLENE
crease in the demands to satisfy military о
requirements for acetic anhydride lim- 1943 1944 1945 Owing to the demand for acetylene for
ited the amounts available for civilian 0.0. 44-78 the synthesis of acetone, acetaldehyde.
63232845– -2
8 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

alcohol and rubber chemicals, the out- Miscellaneous Items Fertilizers

put for this purpose is now more than
double that required for welding and Containers
cutting. The number of plants report- Summary
ing the production of acetylene has in-
creased from 131 to 158 since 1939. A The supplies of containers and pack- Orders for fertilizers were reported to
aging materials have shown improve- have improved in January, and deliver-
breakdown by use of the 1944 monthly ment but some types still remain scarce.
production is shown in the following ies were being made as rapidly as trans-
The October output of steel shipping portation facilities allowed. Shortages
table :
barrels and drums of heavy types was of materials and equipment and man-
1,574,815 which was an increase of 180 , - power difficulties were imminent prob-
Production of Acetylene in 1944 726 over the previous month . Barrels lems of the industry as it approached
[In thousands of cubic feet] and drums of the light types increased the peak consuming season. Tax tag
from 654,202 to 737, 121 during the same sales increased in December over the
Com period. previous month but were 10 percent less
Chem- Com- Chem- mer-
Month ical mer-
cial Month ical cial
than in December 1943. Total sales dur-
syn-
thesis pur- syn-
thesis pur- ing 1944 were below those of the pre-
poses poses Employment and Wages ceding year, but July-December sales
exceeded those of the corresponding
322. 750 129, 715 There was an absence of adverse fac- period of 1943.
January... 324, 855 146, 814|| June..
February 317, 863 145, 863|| July... 332, 262 124, 085 tors such as strikes that would tend to No changes were indicated in the re-
March. 329, 681 154, 084 August.. 319, 642 133, 998 disturb the even tenor during the month
April.. 328, 224 141 , 292 September- 307, 553 131, 276 duced allotments of nitrogen solutions
May . 325, 483 137, 717 October... and employment was well maintained. to the fertilizer mixers in January. Sup-
Employment and pay-roll statistics of plies of ammonium sulfate were ade-
the organic chemical industry are not quate. November superphosphate out-
covered separately by the Bureau of put was maintained near the October
Natural Organic Chemicals Labor Statistics but are included within level but was 5.6 percent below that of
the heading "Chemicals not Elsewhere November 1943.
CASEIN Classified ." Under this heading the fol- Potash deliveries during July-October
Shipments of casein from Argentina lowing data are given : 1944 were 14 percent ahead of the same
were reported arriving in good quantity period of 1943. Resumption of the con-
in January. Argentina is now in the Statistics for "Chemicals Not Elsewhere version program for manufacturing the
season of heaviest production, so more Classified" Industry sulfate from muriate will not be possible.
casein should make its appearance dur- No immediate change in allocation pro-
ing the next few months if shipping cedure is seen.
space is available. Domestic production Au- Sep- Octo- Octo- Victory gardens will be needed in 1945,
in November (410,000 pounds ) showed a gust tem- ber ber
ber 1944 says WFA. Farm crop production this
1944 1944 1943
decline of 37.4 percent from that of the year is not expected to equal the 1944
previous month. Compared with Novem- record.
ber 1943 output , it was a decline of 21 Estimated number of wage Phosphatic bauxite is being investi-
earners (in thousands) . 118.3 117.0 115.9 122.2
percent. Stocks of casein held by driers, Indexes of wage earner em- gated as source of phosphates in Brazil.
which included some imported casein, ployment (1939 average= Spanish potash output in 1944 was the
were 4,032,000 pounds on December 1, 100) 170.0 168.1 166. 6 175. 7 highest since the 1934 peak. Large ex-
Indexes of wage earner pay
1,018,000 pounds less than a month roll (1939 average= 100) 295. 1 292.8 288. 6 294. 1 ports were being made to the United
earlier. Kingdom . The United Kingdom is con-
GELATIN sidering the use of surplus ordnance ni-
Prices trate for fertilizer. Superphosphate , am-
A continued heavy demand for all monium sulfate, and calcium cyanamide
grades of gelatin was maintained during are being manufactured in Australia.
Price changes of organic chemicals
the month, which was readily supplied during the current month were very The Szechwan-Sikang Development Cor-
from ample stocks . The following table few. The increase of 75 cents per 100 poration of China is studying the prac-
gives a breakdown of the production, ticability of establishing a fertilizer in-
pounds granted by OPA to importers of
shipment, and stocks for the third dustry near Chengtu . Adequate raw
quebracho extract accounted for the ad- materials are available.
quarter of 1944 by grades : vance of 0.1 percent in the price of
chemicals and allied products. As a price
Production, Shipments and Stocks of index is not shown by the Bureau of Supplies, Consumption, and
Gelatin Labor Statistics for organic chemicals
as a group, a trend may be seen, how- Current Developments
[Thousands of pounds] ever, from indexes of wholesale prices
for chemicals and allied products . The fertilizer industry entered 1945
Produc- Ship- Inventory with shortages of labor and materials
tion ments Sept. 30, looming more and more ominously on
1944 Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices of the horizon . A greater demand than
Chemicals and Allied Products ever is anticipated for spring fertilizer
Gelatin:
Edible. 7, 240 7,668 2,278 [1926 = 100] supplies, but early orders have not been
Technical 242 330 113 up to expectations. As a result , con-
Pharmaceutical. 567 713 50
Photographic... 1,681 1,967 1, 699 tinued production has been hampered by
Sep- October October
August temb lack of storage space. However, orders
Total.. 9, 730 10, 678 4, 140 July 1944 1944 er 1944 1943
1944 were reported to be picking up in Janu-
ary and deliveries were being made as
Source: Animal Glue and Gelatin Unit, WPB. 103. 7. 103. 8 103.8 103.7 96.9 rapidly as transportation facilities
allowed . The critical labor situation
GLUE threatens to become more serious under
the new draft regulations. Many draft
Supplies of glue continue to be in a International Trade eligibles as well as other workers are re-
good position. Stocks of bone glue are ported to be leaving the fertilizer plants
sufficient for slightly more than a Organic chemicals entering into for- for munitions and other industries rated
month's supply at the present rate of eign trade are chiefly those having mili- highly essential.
production . Those of hide glue are a tary significance, but the enlarged mer- No changes in the estimates of sup-
supply for about twice that length of chant fleet has permitted a larger volume plies of nitrogen and superphosphate
time. of less strategic items to be transported . have been indicated during the past

month, but the shortages will probably
be felt more sharply in the spring. The
higher analysis nitrogen fertilizers and
available superphosphate for direct ap-
plication may become scarce by then.
Another problem facing the fertilizer
industry is the securing of equipment for
maintenance repairs. WPB has an-
nounced that supplies of sheet, pipe, and
burning lead are becoming acute and
probably fewer will be available in 1945
than in 1944. Fertilizer manufacturers
have been informed that it is necessary
to advise WPB concerning 1945 require-
ments and 1944 consumption of these
materials.
Fertilizer tax tag sales in the 17 re-
porting Southern and Midwestern States
increased in December over the preced-
ing month in accordance with the nor-
mal seasonal trend. However , the
644,662 tons sold were 10 percent less
than the December 1943 sales. Total
sales during the first 6 months of 1944-
45 fertilizer year shown in the chart on
this page, amounted to 2,338,000 tons,
which were 55,000 tons more than were
sold during the corresponding period of
1943-44. Since tag sales represent ap-
proximately two -thirds of the total
United States fertilizer sales , the increase
appears far short of WFA's goal for a
million more tons to be delivered during
July-December 1944 than were moved
during those months of 1943 .
Total sales of fertilizer tax tags during
1944, representing 7,656,760 tons, fell
short of 1943 sales by 18,402 tons, accord-
ing to the National Fertilizer Association .
Actual fertilizer consumption during
1944 was undoubtedly greater than dur-
ing the preceding year, however, because
much of the material sold during the last
half of 1943 represented consumption in
1944. Sales figures for the fertilizer year
(July-June) are therefore more nearly
representative of consumption than are
the calendar year figures.
A comparison of tag sales in 1939 and
1944 for various groups of States is
shown in the table following. For the
most part, the greatest percentage in-
creases occurred in those States which
THOUSANDS
SHORT TONSOF
10,000
FERTILIZER
TAX TAG SALES
CUMULATIVE MONTHLY TOTALS
8,000 YEARS ENDED JUNE 30
BUREAUDEPARTMENT
OF FOREIGN ANDOF DOMESTIC COMMERCE
6,000
4,000
2,000
1944-45
JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT ΝΟΥ. DEC JAN FEB. MAR APR. MAY JUNE 10
SOURCE OF DATA: NATIONAL FERTILIZER ASSOCIATION
CHEMICAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
had the smaller consumption in 1939 , or
the newer fertilizer using States. How-
ever, consumption expanded most rap-
idly in the Midwest where slightly more
fertilizer was used in 1939 than in the
group of five lowest consuming States of
the South .
Annual Fertilizer Tax Tag Sales by State
Groups, 1939 and 1944
Tag sales
(short tons)
States
1939 1944
Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina. 2, 312, 835 2, 684, 412
Georgia, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi. 2, 127, 433 3, 031 , 128
Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, Texas, Oklahoma.. 467, 812 844, 090
Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky,
Missouri, Kansas.. 508, 709 1,097, 130
Total.
5, 416, 789 7, 656, 760
Source: National Fertilizer Association.
The Nitrogen Supply Situation
While the prospects are that fertilizer
nitrogen supplies during 1944-45 will
be at least 50,000 tons less than 1943-44
consumption of 630,000 tons, it is be-
lieved that this will cause no great hard-
ship. Nitrogen still will be considerably
in excess of that consumed in any year
before 1943-44 . Last year, nitrogen in
the form of ammonia solutions and ni-
trate was available to fertilizer and in-
dustrial manufacture from ordnance
plants but the military is now forced to
draw on private output to fill its require-
ments.
The available supply of anhydrous am-
monia for production of nitrogen solu-
tions in December permitted the ap-
proval of basic allocations by WPB but
it was equal to only about half of the
quantity requested by the fertilizer man-
ufacturers. The same situation has pre-
vailed for several months and probably
so continued in January. Indications
are that further curtailments may be
necessary early in 1945.
THOUSANDSTONSOF Production of byproduct ammonium
SHORT
110,000 sulfate declined 3.4 percent in November
to 67,143 tons, but this figure was 10 per-
cent greater than in that month of 1943.
Sales exceeded output and producers'
8,000 stocks depreciated 7.5 percent to 71,260
tons on November 30. These inventories
COMMERCE
were more than twice the stockpile on
November 30, 1943, however. Requests
6,000 for January shipments of ammonium
sulfate for both fertilizer and industrial
use were granted 100 percent by WPB.
1943-44 An increasing demand by fertilizer
mixers for ammonium sulfate is reported
4,000 to be developing as the season progresses
due to shortages of other nitrogenous
materials. The manufacturers in the
states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Min-
2,000 nesota, Missouri, North Dakota , South
Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas have been
1936-42 Average
granted an additional assignment of am-
monium sulfate by WPB, provided that
output between now and June is main-
tained at a sufficiently high level . Allot-
ments unshipped by June 30 will be can-
D.D.44-637 celed. An extra month's assignment had
previously been granted manufacturers
east of the Rockies, to be distributed over
January, February, and March .
December Superphosphate Output
Below Last Year
Production of normal superphosphate
in November was maintained at about
the same rate as in October but the
551,376 tons (basis : 18 percent P₂O5)
Per turned out was 5.6 percent less than in
cent- November 1943. The monthly index
age
in- (1935-39 100 ) was 175 compared with
crease 186 for the same month last year. Ship-
ments and consumption by producers
corresponded closely with output, and
18 stocks of 796,118 tons at the end of the
42 month were only slightly less than at
the beginning. Inventories on November
80
30, 1943 equalled 752,063 tons.
115 Concentrated superphosphate output
41 has been averaging approximately 20,000
tons (basis : 45 percent P₂O ) a month
since May and the November figure was
no exception. A 4-percent advance in
producers' stocks at 29,153 tons checked
the prevailing downward trend since
August.
The phosphoric acid content of all
grades of superphosphate manufactured
in November amounted to 108,795 tons
P₂O , or 8,767 tons less than November
1943 output. Total production during
July-November 1944 has been 523,240
tons P₂O , compared with 537,599 tons
during the corresponding period of 1943.
The uncertainties of the sulfuric acid
supply as well as labor makes the forecast
of superphosphate production difficult .
There are some indications that spent
acid from the ordnance plants will again
become available to superphosphate
manufacturers early in 1945 and thus
permit increased output. However, the
manpower shortage may well prove a
bottleneck even if substantially greater
supplies of acid were obtained . There
will probably be little improvement in the
situation until the German phase of the
war ends. The currently anticipated
total of 6,500,000 tons on an 18 percent
basis or 1,170,000 tons of P₂Os for 1944-45
would be 14 percent less than was pro-
duced in 1943-44 and 3 percent below
1942-43 output.
Probable Potash Supply Slightly
Below Earlier Expectations
The anticipated supply of potash dur-
ing 1944-45 for domestic agriculture, in-
cluding Hawaiian and Puerto Rican, has
had to be revised downward slightly from
the earlier estimate of 725,000 tons K₂O,
according to WPB. The present outlook
is for 712,000 tons, which still will be
greater by 18 percent than consumption
during 1943-44. Approximately 70,000
tons of KO is expected to be available
for allocation during Period 5 ( April-May
1945) . This will be about 21,000 tons less
than originally anticipated and an even
greater reduction compared with alloca-
tions during the corresponding Period 3
(April-May 1944 ) . The supply situation
which improved greatly last spring en-
abled allocations to be raised in Period
3 to compensate for the shortage during
the earlier part of 1943-44. Although
10 INDUSTRIAL
potash is the only one of the three pri-
mary fertilizer elements still expected to
be in better supply during the current
fertilizer year than it was last year, WFA
has indicated it will still be short of
estimated requirements.
Potassium sulfate, used largely for di-
rect application in tobacco-producing
areas, will be further from meeting re-
quirements than any of the other potash
salts. It had been thought that fertilizer
manufacturers would be able to have up
to 3,000 tons a month of muriate con-
verted to the sulfate in the Louisville
plant of the Rubber Reserve Company.
This plant manufacturing hydrochloric
acid for use in synthetic rubber was to
have substituted potassium muriate for
sodium chloride and thus obtain a by-
product of potassium sulfate. However,
a break-down of the hydrochloric acid
producing facilities has interrupted this
program. An investigation has been
made and WPB has advised that it will
not be possible to resume the conversion .
Deliveries of potash in October, as
reported by the American Potash Insti-
tute, were 61,296 tons of K₂O, 10 percent
below September deliveries but 4 per-
cent more than in October 1943 . Total
deliveries during July-October 1944
amounted to 267,000 tons KO or nearly
32,000 tons greater than for the corre-
sponding period of 1943.
At a recent meeting of the Potash
Producers Industry Advisory Commit-
tee, the removal or modification of allo-
cation controls on potash were dis-
cussed. The Committee concluded that
it would be advisable to continue alloca-
tion in the present form until the supply
is sufficient to meet all essential require-
ments, at which time all controls should
be removed.
Miscellaneous Items
Employment
The number of wage earners in the
fertilizer industry increased by 1,000 to
a total of 20,000 in November, according
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, of the
Department of Labor. The employment
level was still 1,200 below that of No-
vember 1943 , however. The upward
trend in employment during the winter
and spring months will probably be con-
siderably below normal this year. Trade
sources indicated that the renewed em-
phasis on induction has caused more
workers to leave the fertilizer plants for
war industries.
The War Manpower Commission an-
nounced on January 16 a new list of
essential and critical activities to be used
by Selective Service as a guide in the
induction of men in the 26 through 29
age group. Mining of phosphate rock,
sulfur and potash were listed as critical
activities while the production of ferti-
lizer materials and mixed fertilizers were
designated as essential but not critical.
It is expected that registrants employed
in critical activities will have priority
for deferral.
Record Crop Production in 1944
Total agricultural production of crops
for sale and for home farm consumption
REFERENCE SERVICE
in the United States is estimated by the August 1 , 1944. The same advice may
Bureau of Agricultural Economics to be given to gardeners as to the farmers
have been at record heights in 1944. that if they want to be sure of satisfying
This estimate is 10 percent greater than their fertilizer requirements they should
the preliminary figure for 1943 and 3 buy early.
percent more than the previous high in
1942. All commodity groups except oil- Foreign Trade
bearing crops, and vegetables (dry edible
beans, white potatoes and sweet pota- The trends of annual United States
toes) showed substantial increases over imports and exports of fertilizers and
the 1943 volumes . Tobacco and fruits fertilizer materials during 1937-1943 are
and nuts exhibited the most marked shown in the chart on this page. A com-
gains. 1 parison is made with the foreign trade
An interesting comparison is made in during a similar period covering World
the table below between the crop produc- War I, 1912-1918.
tion index and the fertilizer consumption Our imports were on the decline from
index. Although total fertilizer con- 2 years prior to the outbreak of the pres-
sumption during 1944, as indicated by ent war in Europe, largely as a result of
sales, was probably slightly less than dur- the decreasing receipts of potash . This
ing the preceding year, the annual in- decline continued through 1941 when
creases between 1939 and 1943 have more imports of both potash and phosphatic
than kept pace with the expanded crop materials, which had originated chiefly
production . in Europe, became almost negligible.
During 1942 and 1943 imports moved
Indexes of Total Crop Production and Fer- sharply upwards as more nitrogenous
tilizer Consumption fertilizers (Chilean nitrate, as well as
ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate
[1935-39-100] and cyanamide from Canada) were
brought in to supplement the domestic
Total Ferti- Total Ferti- nitrogen supply, which had to be di-
lizer lizer
Year сгор. con- Year crop con- verted so largely to munitions manufac-
produc- sump- produc- sump- ture. In 1937, the nitrogenous fertilizers
tion 1 tion tion 1 tion
had constituted 53 percent of the total
value of fertilizer imports, while in 1943
1939 107 106 1942. 121 136 they were 82 percent. Total value in
1940. 107 113 1943. 2 114 157
1941 . 109 126 1944. 3 125 3 156 1943 was $32,921,000, compared with
$46,703,000 in 1937.
This trend was in marked contrast
1 Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Department of
Commerce. with that during 1912-18. In 1914, value
2 Preliminary. of fertilizer imports ( $28,039,000) was
3 Estimated.
not far from that of 1939 but it dropped
sharply between 1914 and 1916 and re-
The forecast for crop production in mained at low level through 1918
1945 is that it will fall short of last year's
record. The impending induction of ($5,356,000 ) . During World War I, sup-
plies of both nitrogen and potash were
more farm workers and possibilities that
short. The improvement in the import
less fertilizer may be applied will place picture as well as the attainment of a
an extra burden on the farmer to main-
greater self- sufficiency in the essential
tain high production. fertilizer materials during the present
war is reflected in the figures for ferti-
Victory Gardens Needed in 1945 lizer consumption .
Total fertilizer consumed has in-
The War Food Administration has re- creased steadily from 7,765,000 tons in
cently announced that victory gardens 1939 to 11,548,000 tons in 1943. In 1914
will be needed this year as much as last.
Last fall when many thought the war in
Europe was nearing the end, interest in VALUE OF U. S. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF
gardens appeared to be waning. How- FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MATERIALS
ever, the return of many foods to the 1937-1943 AND 1912-1918
MILLIONS
50 OF DOLLARS
ration list and the forecast that fruits
and vegetables may be shorter in 1945 OFFOROUS ANDOFDOMESTIC
TOTAL, 1937-1943 IMPORTS BUREAUDEPARTMENT
COMMERCECOMMENCE
40 PHOSPHATIC
have dispelled any doubts that home MISCELLANEOUS
gardens will be out of style in '45. AND MIXTURES MATERIALS
30 POTASSIC TOTAL, 1912-1918
Provision has been made in War Food
Order No. 5 for victory garden fertilizers. 20
Specific grades have been designated as
"Victory Garden Fertilizer-For Food 10 NITROGENOUS
Production Only" in 1945, as follows :
5-10-5 for the New England , Middle At- O
lantic, Southeastern and West South MILLIONS
25 OF DOLLARS
Central Areas ; 4-12-4 for the Middle TOTAL, 1937-1943 EXPORTS MISCELLANEOUS
West Area ; and 6-10-4 for the Pacific 20 TOTAL, 1912-1918 MATERIALS
AND MIXTURES
Coast Area. When delivered in packages POTASSIC
of less than 80 pounds, only the above 16
designated grades are permitted for the PHOSPHATIC
10
use on victory gardens ; but in packages
of 80 pounds or more, any approved
grade of fertilizer for a particular State NITROGENOUS
may be sold for the purpose. Retail
ceiling prices for victory garden fer- 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943
1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 19 18
tilizers as well as all grades are estab- 1912-1910ARE
SOURCE: FISCAL
BUREAU YEARS ENDING
OF FOREIGN JUNE 30;COMMERCE
AND DOMESTIC 1937-1943 AND
ARE BUREAU
CALENDAROF THE
YEARSCENSUS
lished in 2nd RMPR 135 as amended 0244-024
 CHEMICAL
it was approximately 7,100,000 tons but
dropped to 5,125,000 tons in 1916, then
advanced to about 6,500,000 tons in 1918.
Furthermore, total plant food content
has averaged more than 50 percent
greater during recent years than it did
during 1914-18.
The value of fertilizers and fertilizer
materials exported from the United
States has consistently amounted to less
than that of the imports. However, it
has remained relatively steady during
this war, compared with the period of
World War I. Some increase is noted
between 1939 and 1940 in contrast to a
sharp drop between 1914 and 1915.
After a recission in 1942 when shipping
was particularly tight, exports again ad-
vanced in 1943 almost to the 1940 peak.
Phosphate rock and superphosphates
have been the largest export items in
tonnage and value for the most part.
However, in 1940 increased shipments of
ammonium sulfate caused the value of
nitrogenous materials to exceed that of
the phosphatic .
Insecticides
Domestic Developments
At the beginning of 1945, supplies of
insecticides, with few exceptions, were
adequate . Talk of drafting manpower
from farms has accentuated interest in
the home production of food crops. In-
secticide dealers are already making in-
quiries for packaged goods in anticipa-
tion of increased distribution to home
gardeners in the forthcoming season.
Much research is being done by both
Government and private agencies to dis-
cover and test new insecticides and fungi-
cides for use as ammunition in the ever-
present battle against insect pests and
plant diseases. One example of con-
tinuing research is the establishment by
a well-known oil company of an experi-
mental farm and a proposed laboratory
at Modesto, Calif., where extensive field
research programs will be conducted dur-
ing the 1945 season . The immediate pro-
gram includes work on a soil fumigant,
on petroleum oils as insecticides, and on
several types of weed-control chemicals.
Since petroleum is the storehouse of a
vast number of chemical compounds ,
many of which are still to be realized , po-
tentialities for expanding the present
line of insecticides are considerable.
Regulations issued by the Food and
Drug Administration in September 1944,
limiting the residue of fluorine sprays on
apples and pears to not more than 7
milligrams per kilogram of fruit, have
been appealed to the courts by the apple
industry.
The United States Department of Agri-
culture (Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine) recently issued a digest of
the literature on DDT through April 30,
1944 (No. E-361 , December 1944 ) . The
purpose of this digest is to abstract the
information contained in the 174 publi-
cations listed in the bibliography on DDT
that was issued by that Bureau in June
1944. Many of these accounts appeared
in periodicals not readily available to
entomologists interested in chemical
methods of insect control. It is believed
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
that the issuance of this digest will be
helpful to all persons having an interest
in the development of control measures
for injurious insects or in the manufac-
ture of DDT.
U. S. Supplies
The situation with regard to the arsen-
icals remains good. First quarter 1945
allocations of arsenic for insecticides
were 75 percent of requests. Manufac-
turers' stocks of calcium arsenate on No-
vember 30 were 14,550,000 pounds , an
all-time high, and 74 percent above that
of a year before . Production of 2,038,000
pounds during November was more than
three times October output and 34 per-
cent above that in November 1943.
Copper sulfate production continues to
rise, and, despite heavy withdrawals for
shipment abroad , November 30 stocks
were 20 percent above those at the end
of October. However, they were 15 per-
cent below those of a year before . Cop-
per carbonate and oxide are moving into
Government channels, carbonate pro-
duction being practically all taken by
Government shipyards . On January 5,
1945, the Defense Supplies Corporation
announced 56,800 pounds of copper sul-
fate (crystals) at Cincinnati, Ohio, as
surplus material.
The scarcity of benzol has seriously
curtailed production of paradichloro-
benzene while demand has constantly
risen. November 30 stocks were low for
the year. Reversing the upward trend
which existed during the first 10 months
of 1944, November output of dimethyl
phthalate dropped 5 percent compared
with October production. Stocks de-
creased slightly but were almost double
those of a year previous. After an in-
crease in production during October,
methyl bromide output resumed its
downward trend in November. On the
other hand , stocks nearly doubled during
the month, reflecting a diminished de-
mand .
At present there is a heavy industry
demand on the fluorides, but undoubtedly
supplies will be adequate for agricultural
needs. On December 20, 1944 , the De-
fense Supplies Corporation announced
15,000 pounds of sodium fluoride in one
pound cans (at Richmond, Va. ) as sur-
plus material .
Production of pine oil in the April-
September period 1944 totaled 49,553
barrels, against 52,743 during the corre-
sponding period of 1943. Stocks on Sep-
tember 30 were 9,648 barrels, against
9,961 a year previous.
Despite the fact that rotenone im-
ports during 1944 will probably total
close to twice as much as receipts in
1943, supplies for agricultural use will
not be too plentiful. Pyrethrum will re-
main scarce for civilian and agricultural
consumption, although 1944 imports
were considerably above those during
1943. On December 28, 1944 , the War
Production Board amended General Im-
port Order M-63. This amendment
transferred pyrethrum and rotenone
from List I to List II, eliminating the
necessity of filing Form WPB-1039 for
authorization to dispose of these im-
ported botanicals. However, both pyre-
11
thrum and rotenone are still subject to
import control.
Although there was a slight rise in
production during November, nicotine
supplies are still tight and will remain
so. Stocks at the end of November were
less than half those of a year before.
According to the trade , 78,000 pounds of
nicotine sulfate went out on Lend -Lease
during November.
It has been hoped that, with increased
production facilities, output of DDT
(dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane ) dur-
ing 1945 would be sufficient to provide
limited amounts for civilian consump-
tion and agriculture, but unless supplies
of the raw materials required for its
production improve , such will not be the
case. November production was up al-
most one-quarter over that in October
and stocks at the end of the month were
75 percent above those on October 31 .
A year before, when the demand for DDT
was urgent and manufacturing facilities
were meager, the price was $1.50 per
pound. Production increases and proc-
ess improvement caused the price to drop
to $1 , and effective January 1, 1945 , at
least one company is selling DDT to the
Army and Navy at $0.60 per pound.
Plastics
Summary
At the beginning of 1945 the plastics
industry faced a raw material squeeze,
probably the most severe of its existence.
The effects of intensified military needs
for many chemicals required in the
manufacture of plastics materials have
already been reflected in allocations
over the past several months when
severe cutbacks were initiated. A com-
parison of past and present monthly allo-
cation reports indicates that allocations
during the first quarter of 1945 will be
considerably different from those issued
in the first quarter of 1944.
Formaldehyde , acetic anhydride,
phthalate and phosphate plasticizers ,
ammonia, benzol and butyl alcohol are
a few of the plastic chemicals affected.
Basic chemicals from which plastics are
made are also required for aircraft fuels ,
explosives, medicinals, insecticides , and
other products of vital importance to
our armed services ; and their availability
for plastics has been drastically curtailed .
Any change in demands for such uses
can abruptly alter the plastics materials
supply situation either upward or down-
ward.
Several types of synthetic resins-
phenolic, melamine, urea, and alkyd-
were critical because basic ingredients
needed for their manufacture were more
urgently required for the production of
essential war materials.
An estimated 80 percent or more of
the plastics industry's total output is
said to be going into military use and a
large part of the balance into essential
products. January demands for plastics
for war uses continued at peak levels,
declines in allocations were necessarily
found primarily for less essential civilian
products. Demands have risen sharply
and plastics have suddenly become un-
available for many nonessential applica-
tions.
12 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

CERTAIN TYPES OF SYNTHETIC RESINS AND CELLULOSE PLASTICS MATERIALS An index has been developed illustrat-
DERIVATIONS AND PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS ing the effects of the war on the output
BENZENE + CHLORINE PHENOL + FORMALDEHYDE →→ PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE TYPE — "BAKELITE" ETC. of phthalate plasticizers since our en-
NAPHTHALENE + OXYGEN →→ PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE + GLYCERIN ALKYD TYPE — "OLYPTAL" ETC. trance into World War II. The average
ACETONE+ HYDROCYANIC ACID ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN + METHANOL- METHYL METHACRYLATE →→ ACRYLIC TYPE --"LUCITE" ETC. monthly production in 1942 of a sample,
ACETYLENE + ACETIC ACID ETHYLIDINE DIACETATE VINYL ACETATE POLYVINYL TYPE "PVA"
covering about 74 percent of the annual
WOOD PETROLEUM . 1000
COAL OR output of all cyclic plasticizers of which
OR COTTON NATURAL CAS COAL the phthalates are the most important
group, was used as a base period.
CELLULOSE GAS COAL TAR COKE + LIKE - CALCIUM
CARBIDE This index was not weighted because
of the very slight variation in price

00
ACETIC among these plasticizers but was ad-
NITRIC
SULFURIC ACID & &ACETIC
BUTYRIC BENZENE NAPHTHALENE ACETYLENE METHANOL
ACIDS ANHYDRIDE ACIDS justed on a daily average basis for the
number of working days in the base pe-
PHTHALIC ACETALDEHYDE FORMALDEHYDE riod and during each month .
PHENOL ANHYDRIDE
NITROCELLULOSE CELLULOSE CELLULOSE
ACETATE ACETATE
BUTYRATE ACETIC ACID
Production Index of Phthalic Plasticizers¹
PLASTICIZER PLASTICIZER PLASTICIZER ACETONE [1942 =100]
PLASTICIZER Month 1942 1943 1944
PYROXYLIN CELLULOSE
ACETATE CELLULOSE
ACETATE
PLASTIC PLASTIC BUTYRATE SYNTHETIC RESINS
MATERIAL MATERIAL PLASTIC January 65. 1 107.5 145. 5
MATERIAL 81.9 107.2 129.6
February.
March 114.9 117.4 134.8
April. 99.1 119.1 159.9
May 88.7 106.4 114, 4
PERISHABLE GOODS SEMIDURABLE GOODS DURABLE COODS PRODUCERS GOODS OTHER INDUSTRIES June. 93.5 77.3 153.8
July. 110. 3 101.5 131. 1
August 101.9 119.5 180.0
PAINTS & VARNISHES
LACQUERSGAMES PASSENGER CAR FURNITURE
LUGGAGE CONTAINERS CONSTRUCTION September. 119.7 112.9 203. 1
CONSUMING TOYS, ❤ (REPLACEMENTO
& ACCESSORIES) - REFRIGERATORS → MOTOR
SHIPS VEHICLES CHEMICAL October 105.7 123.6 178.3
CHANNELS SPORT SUPPLIES
CLOSURES FOR ETC. FOOTWEAR ELECTRICAL UTENSILS
HOUSEHOLD EQUIPMENT AIRCRAFT PLUMBING
COSMETICS, PERSONAL
RAINCOATS, ETC.SHINES
FURNI MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS TRANSPORTATION
EQUIPMENT, ETC. ELECTRICAL November. 115.9 138.9
RADIO APPARATUS December.. 104. 1 109.6
DURINGOFPARDENANDOFCOMMERCE
DEPARTMENT BORBETA CONVENCE DD43-583
1 Adjusted for number of working days.
Source: Basic data from War Production Board and
Production was being maintained at 1944 was the plasticizer shortage. U. S. Tariff Commission.
capacity levels wherever possible , but in- Phthalate plasticizers have been criti-
creased military requirements prevented cally short throughout the year and their PHOSPHATE PLASTICIZERS
any appreciable easing of materials for extensive use in ammunition and insect
the production of civilian goods. The repellents leaves little hope for any in- Despite the increased usage of cresylic
supply of plastics could change rapidly creased usage in plastics in the near acid and other raw materials in the man-
for the better if there were a drop in ex- future. Supplies of phosphate plasticiz- ufacture of phosphate plasticizers their
plosive and other related war buying. ers were also very limited while cam- supply is very limited. Orders essential
However there is little basis of hope in phor, one of the few materials in plenti- to the war effort were filled in January,
this respect until either the fall of Ger- ful supply heretofore , has recently been and civilian requests for tricresyl phos-
many or the increase of raw material placed under allocation . phate were cut from 40 to 70 percent for
production . The supply of plastics above textile coatings , adhesives, and lacquers,
those required for essential products is PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS according to the War Production Board
expected to be limited for the next allocations .
several months. Almost the entire supply of phthalate
plasticizers available in January was The output of both triphenyl and tri-
consumed for military purposes . Their cresyl phosphate was greater in October
Raw Materials Supply Situation extensive use in insect repellents, am- 1944 than in September but below the
munition, and as a plasticizer require- August level of production. Stocks on
Raw material shortages were the de- ment has increased constantly through hand in producing plants at the end of
termining factors in limited supplies of 1944. In January this shortage became October were also somewhat improved .
synthetic resins and plastic materials one of the most serious facing the plas-
available for civilian and military con- tics industry. HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
sumption during January. Naphthalene In October 1944 , the latest month for
and phthalic anhydride have been for For several months hexamethylenetet-
which production statistics are available, ramine has been one of the few plasti-
some time in critical supply position as both production and stocks of dibutyl
increasingly large amounts have been di- cizers in sufficient supply to meet all es-
and diethyl phthalate declined . The sential requirements. In November 1944
verted to other than plastics military output of dibutyl phthalate decreased
consumption. Another serious problem civilian requests for allocations were cut
about 8 percent from that of the previous from 34 to 50 percent. In January how-
facing the industry was the methanol and month, but showed an increase of 19
formaldehyde shortage resulting from ever, all essential civilian requests were
percent over the average for the first 6 granted in full, indicating that the supply
increased demands for ammonia for
ammunition and fertilizers. These months of 1944. There was less dibutyl position was still more favorable for
phthalate on hand at producing plants hexamethylenetetramine than for many
shortages have seriously affected the on October 1 than at any time since the other plasticizers.
availability of phenolic, urea, and mela- first of March, but by the end of October
mine resins and molding powders which a slight improvement had been noted.
were in a more favorable supply position TRIACETIN
Diethyl phthalate production was less
prior to last October, than a majority than in August with the stock pile drop- Triacetin continued to find active use
of the synthetic resins . Many other raw ping to a new low. Stocks, however, in the plastics field as well as in other
materials were in short supply in Jan- represented more than a month's supply
uary leaving only phenol and cresylic branches of the chemical industry. Tri-
on the basis of 1944 usage. acetin had no more than come into use
acid of the cyclic chemicals and glycerin
and casein of the noncyclic chemicals in Dimethyl phthalate output in October as a substitute plasticizer when an in-
a position to meet the civilian demand. 1944 dropped slightly below the Septem- creasingly large portion of it was diverted
ber peak but production showed an in- to other uses. Furthermore, other scarce
crease of about 147 percent since the be- plasticizers had to be used with it when
Plasticizers
ginning of 1944, while producers' inven- the triacetin was used with acetate ma-
One of the most serious situations fac- tories were larger than at any time terial. Production increased rapidly
ing the plastics industry at the end of during the year. throughout the year until September
 1

CHEMICAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 13

1944. In that month, output suddenly Molders wishing to obtain cellulose 1943 PRODUCTION OF
dropped below even the May level but acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate SYNTHETIC RESINS
increased slightly in October. However , molding powders are no longer required AND RAW MATERIALS USED
October output was still above the pro- to file customers' form PB-2945 but only MILLIONS OFPOUNDS
duction levels of the first 4 months of the certified statements of proposed end use 30 60 90 120 150
year 1944. with their suppliers , according to an PHTHALIC ALKYD RESINS B00005 Flenvery-Jans
July-December
Amendment to Schedule 52 of M-300 RAWMATERIALS USED
CAMPHOR PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
issued November 25 , 1944. Although the
quantities of cellulose acetate and cel- GLYCERIN
Military requirements for synthetic
camphor, used in plastics, explosives, and lulose acetate butyrate molding powder MILLIONS OFPOUNDS
requested by producers for civilian dis- 60 120 180 240 300
pharmaceuticals, have increased to such 300000 Emery-June
tribution under Paragraph (f ) totaling PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESINS July-December
an extent that it was placed under allo- RAW MATERIALSUSED
cation order M-300 , Schedule 75 , effec- 3,118,000 pounds were allowed in full METHANOL
tive December 1 , 1944. This chemical has during January, there will be only suffi-
cient flake available for approximately FORMALDEHYDE
been in a more favorable supply position
2,250,000 pounds of molding powder. HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
than any other plasticizer for several
months. A total of 250,548 pounds of cellulose BENZENE
Now, however, after military require- acetate sheeting was allocated to " gen- PHENOL AND SUBSTITUTED
PHENOLS
ments have been met, there will not be eral civilian" end uses, while a few other CRESOLSANDCRESYLICACID
enough material left to supply the civil- civilian requests were granted in part or
in full. MILLIONS OFPOUNDS
ian demand in full. The small order 25 80 78 100 125
exemption for synthetic camphor will be VINYL RESINS Fanuary-June Total
July-December
5 pounds in any 1 calendar month, and Production Index of Cellulose Plastics RAW MATERIALS USED
aggregate quantities will be allowed for Materials¹ CALCIUMCARBIDE
the following uses under schedule B of [1938-40 =100] METHANOL
the general allocation order : SOURCE: W.PB. 0044-371
2-11091 (9)
Certified war orders. Month 1941 1942 1943 1944
Uncertified exempt small orders . trolling factor in this shortage has
Exports (other than Lend-Lease) . January 131 230 196 235 been phthalic anhydride availability .
Certified orders for civilian medicinal use. February 129 208 191 245
Certified orders for miscellaneous civilian March 154 215 242 254 Phthalic anhydride has been used so ex-
use (nonmedical ) . April. 157 215 182 257 tensively for end uses other than alkyds
May. 162 190 190 285 that there is enough left to supply only
Both production and stocks have been June. 167 199 215 270
July . 165 213 229 218 those protective coating uses of high mil-
fairly constant throughout the year , and August 180 187 239 252 itary essentiality and occasionally a few
little change was noted in September . September. 194 186 230 256
October.. 215 186 231 260 of the most vital civilian requirements.
November. 193 193 247 272 Military requirements for phthalic
Plastics Materials December.. 207 218 239 alkyd resins for protective coating are ex-
pected to increase in the next few
The acetic anhydride shortage has re- 1 Unadjusted. months. Even after victory in Europe is
duced the quantity of acetate flake Source: Basic data, Bureau of the Census, U. S. Dept. achieved, Navy requirements for phthalic
available for civilian consumption in of Commerce . alkyd resins are expected to remain at a
January. However, requests for cellulose high level.
acetate flake for the manufacture of ETHYL CELLULOSE
Because the critical supply of phthalic
yarn and staple fiber were allocated in Ethyl cellulose facilities showed large alkyd resins will not assure the granting
full without regard to the availability of increases during 1944 and more are of interim requests, the WPB has empha-
acetic anhydride. Some cellulose ace- scheduled to come in 1945. A small
sized the necessity of submitting all allo-
tate flake, cellulose acetate butyrate amount has been free for civilian goods, cation requests in time to reach WPB
flake , and cellulose acetate propionate but new military demands may take it by the 15th of the preceding month. In-
flake reached civilian uses indirectly , sub- all. terim allocations of phthalic alkyd resins
ject to the provisions of Order L-233. The supply and demand situation for will be made only when the available
General civilian allocation was made ethyl cellulose remained unchanged at supply permits this action. Under such
under paragraph (f) based on the capac- the end of the year. After military re- circumstances requests for allocations
ity of flake manufacturers ' facilities . quirements were met, there was sufficient received after the 15th of the month will
material left over to supply a few of the be held over until the following month .
most essential civilian needs. Phthalic alkyd resins are governed by
1943 PRODUCTION OF Ethyl cellulose was allocated on prac- Schedule 59 of M-300 , the general chem-
CELLULOSE PLASTICS MATERIALS tically the same basis in January as in icals allocation order.
AND RAW MATERIALS USED last December, with requests for five es-
MILLIONS OF POUNDS sential civilian end uses being granted VINYL RESINS
100 200 300 400 500
CELLULOSE ACETATE AND Total in full. All of the requests for ethyl cel- Vinyl resins showed a tremendously
CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE January-June
July December lulose for sterilizable adhesive bandages increased production during last year.
RAW MATERIALS USED
CELLULOSE
AND G.A.B. ACETATE
FLAKE and photostripping solution received There were several increases in produc-
CHEMICAL COTTON PULP during the last few months have been al- tion facilities and more are scheduled
lowed. Other requests have been granted for 1945. Demands for Lend-Lease have
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE alternately so that different essential been heavy.
MILLIONS OF POUNDS uses are supplied each month. Small Supplies of vinyl acetate were in ex-
20 40 60 80 100 quantities of ethyl cellulose were allowed
Total cess of requirements, permitting the War
NITROCELLULOSE July-December for essential experimental and develop- Production Board to revoke Order M-240
RAW MATERIALS USED ment work during January as in the governing the allocation of this material
CHEMICAL COTTON PULP previous month. on December 14, 1944. Improved pro-
NITRIC ACID
duction techniques have substantially in-
SULFURIC ACID Synthetic Resins creased the output of vinyl acetate since
MILLIONS OF POUNDS October 1942 , when it was placed under
ALKYD RESINS
O 10 20 30 40 50 allocation .
ETHYL CELLULOSE Total Supplies of alkyd resins have been crit-
January-June
July-December Allocations of vinyl polymers showed
RAW MATERIALS USED ically short throughout the year. In No- a few changes in January. Requests for
CHEMICAL COTTON PULP vember it appeared that there might be polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcohol
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE a slight easing of this serious situation. were granted in full for a number of
CAUSTIC SODA The War Production Board allocated civilian end uses.
these materials in January on the same No new polyvinyl butyral was allo-
SOURCE WPB DD 44-378 basis as in the previous month. The con- cated for civilian use although a small
1
14 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Allocations of Acrylic Resins

1943 PRODUCTION OF
SYNTHETIC RESINS AND Allocation 1944 1944 1944 1945
Product October November December January
RAW MATERIALS USED
MILLIONS OF POUNDS
10 20 30 40 50 Emulsions. Granted 100 percent for. 1 end use.. 1 end use... 2 end uses.. 2 end uses.
Total Solutions.. Granted 100 percent for. None. 2 end uses.. 3 end uses.. 2 end uses.
ACRYLIC MONOMER AND RESINS *** January -June Sheet.. Granted 100 percent for. 4 end uses. 2 end uses.. 4 end uses. 4 end uses.
July-December 100 percent for 2 end uses. 2 end uses.. 2 end uses.. 1 end use.
RAW MATERIALS USED Rod and tube off grade__| (Granted
Small quantity for None. None. 7 end uses..
METHANOL Monomer reclaim . Granted 100 percent for. 3 end uses. 3 end uses. 3 end uses.. 3 end uses.
Small quantity for. None. None. 7 end uses..
MILLIONS OF POUNDS Polymer.. Granted 100 percent for 4 end uses. 2 end uses. 1 end use... 2 end uses.
25 50 75 100 125 Molding powder off [Granted 100 percent for- 5 end uses. 4 end uses. 4 end uses. 2 end uses .
Total grade. Small quantity for.. 2 end uses. 5 end uses.. 7 end uses..
MELAMINE UREA RESINS January-June
July-December
RAW MATERIALS USED
METHANOL
FORMALDEHYDE A small amount of off-grade molding castings and (b) laminates. Other types
UREA powder and tube material was allowed are being developed for such applications
for miscellaneous uses pursuant to as protective coating and molding.
MELAMINE paragraph (f) of M-300. Transparent sheets of the cast polymers
MILLIONS OF POUNDS have led to their use as inner panels of
3 • UREA AND MELAMINE RESINS aircraft heated air de -icing windows, and
Total Urea and melamine resins have been the optical clarity of these sheets has re-
POLYSTYRENE 8988998 January-June
July-December critically affected by the formaldehyde sulted in their use as special sight win-
RAW MATERIALS USED dows. Solvent resistance, transparency,
STYRENE and butanol shortage. Effective Janu-
wwwwww. ary 1 , 1945, the monthly small order ex- low weight and shock resistance have
SOURCE: W. P. B. BA 44-370 emption for urea and melamine alde- served as a basis for their use as cast
hyde resins for protective coatings was sight gages for fuel tanks. Laminated
reduced from 2,000 to 550 pounds. allyl plastics have been employed as
amount of scrap was allowed for shoes
After military demands for these tough, lightweight supporting panels
and adhesives. No allocations of poly- for self-sealing aircraft fuel tanks, and
vinyl formal were made for civilian use. resins were filled , the balance on hand
was not sufficient to allocate for essential as lightweight, strong cylindrical con-
With the exception of "Vinyon" and tainers for water and for aircraft de -icer
certain grades of "Saran," all polyvinyl civilian use as much as in December.
Allocations of urea and melamine resins fluid.
chloride-acetate copolymers were made
available for "end uses other than mili- for protective coatings have been re- Smaller scale applications have in-
duced to keep within the available sup- cluded the use of name plates made from
tary" by the allocation of certain
ply, and approvals during January were allyl laminates and the use of an allyl
amounts of material under paragraph monomer as a lens cement, said to be
(f) of M-300 . All polyvinyl chloride ace- limited to specified uses . A few of the
most essential civilian uses for urea superior to Canada balsam.
tate copolymer scrap remains under
molding compounds were allowed in full While the above applications may be
strict allocations.
while others were allowed up to from indicative of probable post-war applica-
PHENOLIC RESINS 50 to 75 percent of their requests or tions for allyl resins , the exploration of
denied in full. the field of peacetime uses remains
The formaldehyde shortage continued largely untouched.
during January to limit the quantities of POLYSTYRENE RESINS
phenolic resins available for civilian use.
Polystyrene facilities are available for Miscellaneous Items
Military requirements were probably met
in full, but civilian end uses were allo- 1 million pounds a month but molding
cated about the same as the previous Instructions for Filing Allocation
powder is only about one-third of this
month as shown in the following table : amount because styrene is not available . Requests
Large amounts of polystyrene are also The WPB has called to the attention of
Formaldehyde Allocations, January 1945 being produced for other purposes than molders that allocation requests coming
molding powder.
Percent of Number of in late will not be processed until the
Supplies of polystyrene resins were following month. Furthermore, interim
Material allocated requests end uses still insufficient to fill both military and
granted orders for civilian items will not be
civilian demands. A few of the most processed . Manpower shortages as well
essential civilian end uses were granted
72213323

New molding powder..... 80 as increased material scarcities have

60 in full in January.
50 added to the burden already carried by
40 ALLYL RESINS the WPB, and they request industry's
25 cooperation so that allocation requests
Laminating.. 100
Protective coatings. 100 20 Allyl thermosetting compounds were may be promptly and efficiently handled.
Specialties 1 100 first introduced in 1942. The disclosure
Adhesives.2 of information regarding the nature of Ceiling Prices for Saran Plastic
these plastics has been restricted by
"A limited quantity of cast phenolic resins was secrecy orders relating to specific com- Pipe Nipples
allocated out of the plant of one producer on the basis
of producer hardship as well as consumer-hardship." pounds which attended their wartime
The producer hardship was the direct result of a tem introduction. The unique properties Ceiling prices for Saran plastic pipe
porary stoppage in a large military program. nipples went into effect on December 2
2 All civilian uses were cut 75 percent, all military possessed by the new materials have
uses allocated 100 percent. under amendment 64 to Order A-1 , Sec-
resulted in their use in a number of ap- tion 1499.159b of Maximum Price Regu-
Source: War Production Board. plications directly related to the war lation No. 188. These fittings are made
effort . Uses have been confined to appli- from copolymer vinyl and vinylidene
ACRYLIC RESINS cations of this type because of existing chlorides. The manufacturers ' sales
Acrylic resins have been in tight sup- limitations upon the production of allyl price may range from $0.58 to $2.94 de-
ply because of metallic sodium shortage. alcohol, a raw material essential to the
pending on the size , and correspond to
Large quantities were absorbed by the manufacture of the new compounds. maximum prices filed by manufacturers
aircraft industry throughout 1944. Al- United States production of allyl alcohol for approval.
though some slight improvement was and furfuryl alcohol polymerization
noted in December in the number of end resins totaled 522,000 pounds for 1943.
Clarification of Scrap Prices
uses receiving acrylic resins under the The types of allyl plastics so far de-
allocation system , supplies of these resins veloped have included primarily liquid Effective December 18 , the OPA, be-
were not adequate to fill the civilian monomers and their polymerization cause some fabricators have been collect-
demand. products in the form of (a ) transparent ing premiums for scrap that could be
 CHEMICAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 15

used without further processing, clarified Sales of plastics paints, cold water paints, and calcimines as reported by 60 manufacturers,
M. P. R. No. 345-Thermoplastic Scrap— account for approximately 85 percent of the total value of the following groups
by issuing Amendment 2 to this order. [In dollars]
The definition of scrap now specified
material left over from fabricators op-
Total 11 months
erations, even though the material is November October November
usable without further processing. It Product 1944 1944 1943
excludes material left over from fabri- 1944 1943
cators' operations and recut to standard
sizes for sale as new material. Plastics paints.. 37,249 44, 321 27,693 438, 801 42, C275
Cold water paints:
Exterior 91, 155 124, 771 106,754 1,372, 173 1, 131, 209
Interior. 349, 661 378, 675 417, 727 5, 448, 708 6, 480, 128
Employment Calcimines . 83, 207 84, 922 84, 140 1, 121, 654 1,250, 668
Employment in plastics materials
plants during 1943 averaged about 31,000 Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
or approximately three times the em-
ployment of 1939, according to the War
Manpower Commission. with no adverse trends reported . subjected to a series of shocks, the most
Last year the employment trend in Chrome pigments, hydrated yellow iron severe being the restriction on the use of
major plants producing plastics ma- oxide, as well as lakes and toners, con- lead pigments. Several raw material
terials was slightly downward ; in No- tinued in very tight supply. shortages have been developing over a
vember 1944 about one- fourth of the Synthetic resins in general were denied period of months, and measures to pre-
total employees was engaged in produc- for any but military and highly essential serve dwindling stocks have been linked
ing plastic material for synthetic fibres. civilian requirements. closely with the progress of the war. It
The principal reason given for the de- Rosin became extremely tight with a is simply a statement of fact to point
cline was cut-backs in contracts which quota order appearing imminent. out that the optimism which prevailed
have since been revoked . Solvents were, for the most part, crit- last fall caused both industry and Gov-
The need for adidtional workers, es- ical but the diluents, such as turpentine ernment to gamble somewhat with re-
pecially unskilled labor , has greatly in- serves of essential materials. If the war
and mineral spirits, continued in ample
creased because of present enlarged supply. had ended earlier, many of the restric-
production schedules. Already about The Bureau of Labor Statistics index tive measures now being put into effect
one-third of the total number of per- would not have been necessary. The
for employment in the paint and pig-
sons employed in the production of plas- ment industries stood at 106 in Novem- situations in regard to lead, linseed oil,
tics materials is women. and rosin are particularly acute. Dras-
ber, compared with 105.1 in October. tic action has already been taken in the
The November pay- roll index was 167, a case of lead and linseed oil and similar
Paints, Varnishes, and decrease of 0.1 point from that of the action on rosin is highly probable.
preceding month. The effect of the limitation on white
Lacquers
lead will be virtually to eliminate for the
INDEX
110 NUMBERS (1926-100) INDEX NUMBERS
110 time being the production of exterior
Summary
WHOLESALE PRICE TREND OF paints for civilian use. The recent re-
The paint industry in January was 105 PAINT AND PAINT MATERIALS 105 duction in the drying oil quota from 60
faced with undiminished military re- PAINTANDPAINTMATERIALS to 50 percent may even prove of sec-
quirements and at the same time con- 100 100 ondary effect in curtailing the output of
fronted with new restrictions designed paint, inasmuch as pigment shortages
to conserve depleted supplies of critical 9- 95 are now relatively more severe. A quota
·ALL COMMODITIES
materials. on rosin will affect many types of paints
90 90 and varnishes and its probable conse-
On January 15 by Order M-384 the
production and use of lead chemicals 85 85 quences cannot yet be determined .
were sharply regulated . The use of white The year 1944 was a record -breaking
lead in civilian paints was cut to 8 per- 80 80 one in paint production, but indications
cent of such usage in the first 6 months 1941 1942 1943 1944 are that the coming few months will see
SOURCE: BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 04-178 a decided drop in output. Despite the
of 1944, the equivalent of 16 percent on
an annual basis. various raw material shortages the needs
On January 24, WFO-42 was amended of the military undoubtedly will be met,
Supplies, Consumption, and although a considerable amount of
to reduce the drying oil quota to 50 per-
cent retroactive to January 1 , but fish Current Developments screening of hitherto automatically ap-
oil and tung oil were left quota-free. proved orders may be found necessary.
Titanium dioxide , zinc oxide , and zinc It is not an exaggeration to say that In the meantime requirements for pro-
sulfide pigments remained under control the paint industry is currently being tective coatings for munitions , ships, and
military equipment, instead of diminish-
ing are being stepped up . The paint in-
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Fillers Sales by 680 Manufacturing Establishments Repre- dustry faces a most difficult period in
senting Approximately 90 Percent of Total Industry
meeting military demands and in main-
[In thousands of dollars] taining a reasonable degree of essential
civilian production.
Total sales Trade sales Industrial sales Unclassified
reported by of paint, sales report-
Year and month 680 estab- varnish , and Paint and ed by 100 es- 50MILLIONS OF POUNDS
UNITED STATES FACTORY SALES OF
lishments lacquer Total varnish Laequer tablishments PAINTS, VARNISHES, LACQUERS AND FILLERS
40
1944
October. 53, 571 24, 471 23, 601 18, 039 5, 561 5,500
November. 48, 020 21,870 21, 372 16, 041 5, 331 4,778
Total 11 months. 574, 201 274, 539 242, 742 182, 010 60, 732 56, 920 TRADE SALES
1943 20
November.. 46, 968 20, 771 21, 825 16, 192 5, 633 4,372
Total 11 months.. 527,549 248, 660 228, 350 170, 728 57, 622 50, 538 INDUSTRIALSALES
1942 UNCLASSIFIEDSALES
November.. 38, 122 18, 094 16, 221 11,759 4,462 3,807
Total 11 months. 492, 604 243, 872 195, 230 143, 563 51,666 53, 502
JFMAMJJASO FMAMJ OND
SOURCE Buru1941ofCensus 1942 1943 1944 44-10
Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
16 INDUSTRIAL
In a recent listing of essential indus-
tries by WMC, the paint and pigment
industries again have been recognized as
being in essential categories. This
should improve the manpower situation
but not entirely solve it. While the labor
shortage is not so critical as in certain
other fields , reports persist from numer-
ous paint manufacturers that shortages
of manpower do constitute for them a
serious problem.
Drying Oils
LINSEED OIL
Linseed oil once again ranked high in
the order of troublesome raw materials.
WFO-42 was amended on December 22
so as to reduce oil quotas from 70 to
60 percent, effective January 1 , 1945 ,
but the continuance of a 60 - percent
quota was contingent upon several fac-
tors, chief among them being the amount
of flaxseed which the United States could
reasonably expect to import from Argen-
tina during the coming year. In view of
a serious fuel situation in Argentina and
a shortage of tankers for conveying fuel
oil from abroad , Argentina is proceeding
to convert about 39,000,000 bushels of
flaxseed (from carry - over and recent
crop) into linseed oil, most of which will
be consumed locally as fuel. An unusu-
ally poor flaxseed crop in that country
will not yield much exportable surplus
after domestic seed and fuel requirements
have been met.
The prospects of greatly curtailed ar-
rivals of flaxseed from Argentina and
the current unequal distribution of our
domestic supplies of linseed oil have
necessitated a further reduction in quota
to 50 percent. Such an amendment
retroactive to January 1 was issued Jan-
uary 24.
The War Food Administration on Jan-
uary 31 issued Order WFO-124 limiting
inventories of linseed oil to one -third of
consumption in the preceding quarter.
Inventories plus forward contracts are
not permitted to exceed the quantity
used in preceding quarter.
Production of linseed oil during De-
cember 1944 was 44,126,000 pounds , com-
pared with 54,273,000 pounds in Novem-
ber. Factory consumption was 47,548 ,-
000 pounds, a decrease of 37,000 pounds
from October. Stocks at the end of
November stood at 263,917,000 pounds,
a reduction of 10,915,000 pounds from
those at the end of the previous month.
TUNG OIL
Tung oil stocks were 20,203,000 pounds
at the end of December after factory con-
sumption of 958,000 pounds during the
month. This rate of consumption re-
flected a restraint imposed by high prices .
The removal of tung oil from quota re-
strictions may result in increased con-
sumption which would be evident from
January onward , but price is expected
to be a deterrent to a run on supplies.
Crushing of last year's domestic crop
of tung nuts commenced in December,
and indications are that about 10,000, -
000 pounds will be added to stocks dur-
ing the coming few months .
REFERENCE SERVICE
OITICICA OIL
Oiticica oil stocks were 6,819,000
pounds at the end of December, an in-
crease of 1,946,000 pounds from the pre-
vious month. Output of this oil in
Brazil , the sole producer, is estimated at
26,000,000 to 32,000,000 pounds in 1944.
The 1945 crop is expected to be of com-
parable size.
CRUDE CASTOR OIL
Crude castor oil stocks were 29,022,000
pounds at the end of December com-
pared with 32,109,000 pounds at the end
of November. Stocks of dehydrated cas-
tor oil at the corresponding periods were
9,824,000 pounds and 9,544,000 pounds
respectively.
FISH OIL
Fish oil stocks were 165,768,000 pounds
at the end of December as compared
with 172,030,000 pounds 1 month pre-
vious. Prices have firmed to OPA ceil-
ings and since linseed oil is quota -free ,
the demand is expected to increase as the
shortage makes itself felt.
Opaque White Pigments
The outstanding development in the
pigment field was the issuance of order
M-384 on January 15. By the terms of
this order the use of white lead (basic
carbonate or basic sulfate ) in the pro-
duction of civilian paints (including paste
white lead ) is limited to an annual rate
of 16 percent of the quantity of white
lead (not the lead content ) so used in
1944, or 1,000 pounds per quarter, which-
ever is greater. Quotas are actually
based on the first 6 months of 1944. In
this report the M-384 quotas are ex-
pressed as annual rates and hence double
the official 6-months rates shown in the
order.
Another high light of the order affect-
ing the paint industry is relative to use
of lead for production of basic carbonate,
white lead. This material is limited to
30 percent of that used in 1944, and from
this production all military as well as
civilian requirements must be met. While
leaded zinc oxide produced directly from
the ore is not affected by the order, the
use of white lead in the production of
leaded zinc oxide is limited to 100 per-
cent of 1944. In this connection it should
be pointed out that most leaded zinc
oxide is produced from ore and that gen-
erally basic lead sulfate, production of
which is not restricted , is used to stand-
ardize the lead content.
Production of basic lead carbonate in
November was 7,055 short tons and that
of basic lead sulfate 1,283 tons, accord-
ing to the Bureau of the Census. Stocks
at the end of November were 3,934 tons
and 285 tons, respectively.
Titanium dioxide continued under
strict control but adequate supplies were
available for military and a good portion
of essential civilian paint production.
Lithopone was subject to great buying
pressure because of a diversion of some
demands away from zinc oxide and ti-
tanium dioxide.
Lead-free zinc oxide was reportedly in
somewhat easier supply in January but
allocation procedure was unchanged.
Leaded zinc oxide supplies were inade-
quate to meet the heavy demand and de-
liveries were reported to have been con-
siderably behind schedule.
Dry Colors
Chrome pigments were in increasingly
tight supply in January because of heavy
military demands and the apparent fail-
ure to materialize of the long-expected
increase in output of sodium bichromate.
Order M-384 on lead chemicals does not
restrict their use in the production of
lead chromate pigments.
Organic pigments continued to suffer
from an unbroken shortage of interme-
diates such as acetanilide, beta naph-
thol, and phthalic anhydride .
Natural iron oxides in general were in
good supply. The synthetic iron oxides,
except for hydrated yellow iron oxide,
were about in balance between supply
and demand. Hydrated yellow iron ox-
ide under Order M-383 was available
only for military requirements, and even
these could not be met in full.
Ultramarine blue was in tight supply in
January as a result of its use in certain
formulations for naval use.
Bone black, lampblack , and paint
grades of carbon black, although at
times slow in delivery, were reportedly
in good supply.
Red lead production is to be unaffected
by Order M-384 but civilian usage will be
restricted to 60 percent of 1944 or 1,000
pounds per quarter, whichever is greater.
Production and Stocks of Pigments
November 1944
[In thousands of pounds]
Pro- Stock's at end
duc- of month
tion-
No- No-
vem- Octo-
ber vem- ber
ber
Chrome green . 705 951
1,092
Chrome yellow and orange. 2,985 2, 313 2,423
Molybdate orange. 112 140 131
Zinc yellow... 2,511 1,070 990
Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of
Commerce.
Synthetic Resins
Alkyd resins were in much the same
supply position as in December. Out of
total monthly allocations of about
12,000,000 pounds slightly less than 1
percent was approved for civilian uses
of a highly essential nature. There is
ample alkyd production capacity, but
shortages of manpower and phthalic
anhydride prevent an increase in output
to match the heavy military demands.
Phenolic resins were put under sched-
ule 87 of Order M-300 on January 22 ,
and at the same time Order M-246 was
revoked . Phenolics can be classed as
being in tight supply, but they are rela-
tively more easily available than the
alkyds. Many essential civilian uses were
approved in January. The para-
tertiary-butyl phenol and paraphenyl
phenol types were reserved for military
uses.
Urea and melamine resins continued
tight because of the shortage of butanol,
 CHEMICAL
urea, and formaldehyde, and many end
uses were denied.
Cellulose acetate as a lacquer raw ma-
terial was available in only limited quan-
tities for civilian end uses because of the
stringency of acetic anhydride . Cel-
lulose nitrate was in ample supply, but
lack of suitable solvents served to curtail
its use.
Natural Gums and Resins
There were no noteworthy develop-
ments during January in natural gums
and resins. An import quota of 1,000
tons of copal from the Belgian Congo has
been approved by the Combined Raw
Materials Board for each of the first two
quarters of 1945.
Negotiations have been started with a
view to securing some gums and resins
from the Philippines, but shipping does
not yet warrant a resumption of that
trade.
Shellac
A notice issued December 6, 1944, by
the Export Trade Controller in Calcutta
stipulates the regulations applicable to
licenses for the export of shellac from
India.
(1) U. K. Australia, New Zealand,
South Africa, and Russia : Licenses will
be issued only for consignments spon-
sored by Mr. R. E. B. Willcox, Shellac
representative of His Majesty's Govern-
ment, Ministry of Supply.
(2) Middle East countries : Export
will be confined to consignments for
which import licenses have been issued
by the Middle East Supply Centre.
(3) Export to neutral countries includ-
ing Turkey will be permitted only with
the prior approval of the Secretary of
State for India , London.
(4) Licenses for exports to all other
permissible destinations including Can-
ada and South America will be freely
issued without quantitative restrictions .
Sponsorship of Mr. Willcox will not be
required for exports to any other coun-
tries than those specified in ( 1 ) above.
It was announced by OPA that from
January 25, 1945, wholesalers may sell
less-than-carlot quantities of shellac
varnish to small industrial and commer-
cial users at 125 percent of the actual
delivered cost of the product to the
wholesaler. Before this amendment to
the General Maximum Price Regulation ,
small industrial and commercial users
were generally forced to buy shellac var-
nish at retail because wholesalers' prices
to them were frozen at March 1942 highs .
Users who buy shellac varnish in carlot
or larger quantities are not affected since
they are in a position to buy directly
from manufacturers .
Solvents and Thinners
Acetone was allocated for civilian lac-
quers and thinners in January at the
rate of 30 percent of requests. This was
an improvement over the December rate
of 23 percent .
Diacetone for civilian lacquers and
thinners was granted to the extent of 30
percent of requests.
Methyl isobutyl ketone was allowed in
limited amounts in January for highly
TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
essential civilian uses such as containers ,
electrical equipment, new transportation
and railroads . It was denied for bowling
alley lacquers, furniture , automobile re-
finishing, etc.
Ethyl acetate continued critical but
was at the same time in relatively good
supply as compared with other lacquer
solvents. January supplies and alloca-
tions were particularly tight. All non-
essential uses were rigidly denied but
essential needs were reasonably well met.
A slight improvement in this situation
is looked for in February.
Ethyl alcohol allocation was placed on
a monthly basis from January 1 and
control vested in Order M-300 . During,
January, 408,209 gallons were allocated
for nitrocellulose and lacquers , and
432,168 gallons for shellac and resins.
The general allocation pattern was one-
twelfth of the total quantity for the
same use during 1944.
Normal butyl alcohol and normal butyl
acetate were in tight supply in January,
and no civilian end uses were allocated
in full. Requirements for food contain-
ers and electrical insulation were ade-
quately covered, but end uses deemed
nonessential were denied . Prospects for
February are reportedly somewhat
better.
Isopropyl acetate was denied in Jan-
uary for such uses as auto refinishing,
furniture, and bowling alley lacquers,
but was granted for essential industrial
uses.
Secondary butyl alcohol and secondary
butyl acetate were critical, and the lim-
ited supplies were directed almost ex-
clusively for military end uses.
Driers
Naphthenates were allocated in Janu-
ary for 26 percent of civilian requests,
which themselves were considerably re-
duced from normal. Of the amount
allocated, a considerable portion was
already in consumers' inventories . Mili-
tary requirements for naphthenic acid
continued to dominate the situation, and
for the time being naphthenate driers
will be virtually unobtainable for civilian
usage.
Other types of driers such as the lino-
leates , resinates, oleates, soyates , and
tallates are understood to be serving
adequately.
Naval Stores
Reflecting the action of OPA in apply-
ing specific ceiling prices for gum rosin
sold over the Savannah cotton and naval
stores exchange irrespective of location
of the commodity at time of sale, there
was a marked revival in trading in this
line. The scarcity of rosin, however,
continued to dominate the market, and
the small quantities which are expected
to come on the market the next 3 months
will be inadequate to take care of the
situation .
The producing season starts April 1 ,
but despite a goal of about 934,000 drums
of gum rosin , production may fall short
because of the critical labor shortage.
The War Manpower Commission recently
rated the production of gum and wood
naval stores a critical activity , but labor
17
recruitments are slow because of the
attraction of higher wages in shipyards
and other war industries.
Consumers' requirements continue
high despite the fact that many had pre-
sumably bought well in advance. Rosin
for soap and ester gum constitutes the
greater part of requirements. Com-
modity Credit Corporation stocks of
rosin are reported to be virtually de-
pleted.
Turpentine continued fairly inactive
because of the seasonal slack in paint
consumption, but prices were firm .
On December 28, 1944, it was an-
nounced by the War Production Board
that dipentene, stabilized rosins , heat-
treated rosins, polymerized rosins, and
metal resinates had been added to Order
M-340 covering miscellaneous chemicals.
Simultaneous with this action, dipentene
was removed from Order M-300 , and
Order M-335 on stabilized rosin was re-
voked . Under the new control, ratings
for these commodities are to be honored
only for preferred orders when accom-
panied by the certification specified by
the Order with the exception of orders
bearing AAA ratings. Preferred orders
are defined as purchase orders which are
ultimately to be delivered to or incorpo-
rated in material for the Army, Navy,
Maritime Commission, War Shipping
Administration , Panama Canal, Office of
Scientific Research and Development,
Veterans' Administration , Lend-Lease,
or for any preferred purpose as listed in
the order.
The preferred uses of dipentene are for
marine paint, for maintenance of ocean-
going vessels and for rubber reclaiming .
No civilian protective coating uses for
the treated rosins and metal resinates
are classified as preferred.
Casein
Casein stocks in the United States con-
stitute about a 3-months' supply , and all
requests for the first quarter of 1945 have
been granted in full by WPB.
Domestic production in November
totaled 410,000 pounds making an 11
months' total of 14,764,000 pounds, the
lowest on record . Arrivals during the
past year from Argentina have been
good, and total supplies available to the
market have not been far from a pre-
war average.
Miscellaneous Items
Containers
In contrast to the far-reaching de-
velopments in many of the paint raw
materials in January, the container situ-
ation in general remained quiescent at a
reasonably satisfactory level.
Metal cans since January 1 have been
available for paint products at 100 per-
cent of 1941 usage with virtually all size
restrictions removed.
Steel drums under L-197 continued
unchanged, and a liberalization of the
Order has been placed in abeyance for
the time being because of a manpower
problem in drum production.
Glass containers continued easy and
were in reduced demand for paint.
18
Fiber shipping cartons remained in
tight supply.
Employment and Pay Roll
Average weekly earnings in the paint,
varnish, and pigment industries for No-
vember were $46.23 compared with $46.48
(revised) in October, according to the
Department of Labor. Average weekly
hours in November were 47.1 and hourly
wages 97.9 cents according to the same
source.
IRDEN
1801 NUMBERS 1939.100
EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLL INDEX
160 OF PAINT AND VARNISH
INDUSTRY
140
·PAYROLL
120
·EMPLOYMENT
100
80
JJS
1941 1942
Source:Duram ofLabor Statishes
The index for employment in the paint,
varnish and pigment industries was 106
in November compared with 105.1 in
October. The pay- roll index was 167,
a decrease of 0.1 of a point from October.
The number of workers employed in
November is estimated by the Depart-
ment of Labor at 29,800 , a gain of 200
from the preceding month .
International Chemical
Industries
Summary
A world picture of wartime chemical
trade is not possible at this time if for
no other reason than for security pur-
poses. Enemy or enemy-controlled
countries-all chemical producers and
exporters- have maintained a certain
amount of their trade , according to un-
official accounts, but little data are avail-
able. Neutral countries, especially Por-
tugal, Spain , and Switzerland , have been
able to pursue their chemical trade to
an appreciable extent. Argentina has
profited during the war by extending
manufacture and exportation of chemi-
cals, particularly of some which have
been in short supply in United States
and world markets generally. These
have been shipped not only to neighbor-
ing countries but also to South Africa
and Europe.
The United States and the United
Kingdom both have recorded large in-
creases in total values of chemicals and
allied products exported in 1943 com-
pared with all preceding years, but the
increases are attributable in part to
higher prices for some products , and in
part to the wartime demands and to
increased consumption . Canada's ex-
panded chemical trade has been almost
phenomenal.
Although other countries have also
constructed many new plants , their
chemical export trade has not increased
INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE
appreciably and their products have been
largely for local consumption.
United States Chemical Exports
United States exports of chemicals
and allied products continue at a high
wartime level and the trend probably
will be maintained for some time after
the fighting ceases. However, the peak
figures attained during the last 2 years-
$409,000,000 in 1943- will not be kept,
nor is it probable that the big drop in
exports which occurred following the
INDER NUMBERS return to peace after World War I will
1180 repeat itself this time.
• The chart following shows the United
160
States exports of chemical and allied
products at the beginning of this cen-
140 tury, when Europe was about the only
area to which United States chemicals
120 were shipped to any appreciable extent.
At the time of the outbreak of first World
100 War, and for 10 years thereafter, other
regions were purchasing United States
80 chemicals in large amounts. This up-
ward trend continued until the depres-
1943 1944
sion overtook the world in the late
twenties ; the areas maintained their
relative positions then and in the years
of recovery .
With the coming of World War II with
a marked expansion in industrial produc-
tion in general and the cutting off of
former chemical suppliers, the North
American continent surpassed Europe as
the leading export area. Therefore, the
marked growth in shipments from the
United States to other countries of the
Western Hemisphere is perhaps the most
notable with respect to peacetime goods,
and discussion will be confined to this
part of the world for the year 1943. For
security reasons, statistics as to the rest.
of the world must be kept confidential .
Exports to Western Hemisphere in
1943
Availability of products and shipping
difficulties continued to be the key notes
MILLIONS OF DOLLARS
120
U.S. EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
100 BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS
1899,
80
60
40
NORTH
AMERICA
20
6681
1914
6666
SOURCE BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE.
SERVICE
of the chemical export trade with the
Western Hemisphere during 1943 and
1944. Demand for chemicals for con-
sumption in the greatly expanded chemi-
cal producing and chemical consuming
industries was greater at times than it
was possible to fill.
In this Hemisphere, Canada has been
the largest individual market for chemi-
cals and allied products over the years,
and along with the growth of the chemi-
cal industry, imports have increased.
The United States always has been Can-
ada's chief supplier of chemicals, fur-
nishing from three-fifths to four -fifths
of total imports.
Mexico , the second largest market for
United States chemicals, has been build-
ing a chemical industry of its own as
part of a general industrialization, and
its purchases from the United States
have been growing. The same may be
said of Brazil .
Included in Argentina's considerable
industrial development during the past
decade has been the expansion of its
comparatively young chemical industry.
During the war period, Argentina ini-
tiated the manufacture of certain chem-
icals imported up to that time and so
increased output as to be able not only
to satisfy its own requirements but also
to ship to other markets in this hemis-
phere, South Africa, and other regions.
United States exports to Argentina have
fluctuated more than those to certain
other countries, and exports in 1943 were
much lower than in 1942. This may be
explained in part by the foregoing rea-
sons, i. e., increased domestic manufac-
ture and impossibility of procuring ma-
terials from the United States.
The development of manufacturing in-
dustries in Colombia is a comparatively
recent undertaking, and the country
continues to be primarily agricultural ;
nevertheless , chemical imports have been
increasing and the share of the United
States rising. United States exports to
Colombia reached a new high in 1943.
MILLIONS OF DOLLARS
120
100
1910-1914, 1922-1941
80
EUROPE
60
40
ASIA AND
OCEANIA
20
SOUTH
AMERICA
AFRICA
1922
1929
1924
1923
1934
1928
1936
1925
1926
1939
1932
1933
1930
1938
1940
1927
1942
1935
1943
1931
1937
O
1941
D.D. 44-589
 CHEMICAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 19

Little change was made in the total ex- A table showing exports of individual primary ingredients as well as many
ports to other South American countries. chemicals was published in "Foreign other chemical products. Total imports
The six Central American Repub- Commerce Weekly” January 13, 1945. of chemicals and allied products valued
lics-Guatemala, El Salvador , Honduras, at £7,267,000 in 1942-43 were principally
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama— Exports of "Chemicals, Drugs, Dyes and from the United Kingdom, Canada, and
continued to offer steadily expanding Colours" From the United Kingdom in the United States . As far as quality and
though small - scale markets for chemi- 1938, 1942, and 1943 to Principal Coun- utility are concerned , United States
cals and related products from United tries chemicals can compete successfully in
States factories. the Australian market with other over-
Country 1938 1942 1943 seas products.
United States Exports of Chemicals and Australian exports of chemicals and
Allied Products to Canada and Ameri- Eire £ 1, 151, 819 £ 1 , 606, 321 £1, 211, 099 allied products mainly to New Zealand
can Republics, 1942–43 British West Africa.. 504, 193 712, 660 879, 831 and the island groups in the Pacific were
South Africa 1, 724, 83 1,767, 263 1, 528, 521 valued at £Aus1,836,500 in 1942-43 , a
[In thousands of dollars] British India . 2,816, 203 3,087, 940 4, 235, 321
Ceylon... 302, 626 283, 481 205, 408 decline from the 2 preceding years. Ex-
Australia 2,054, 240 2,591, 096 2, 325, 957 ports were principally drugs, chemicals,
Country 1942 1943 New Zealand. 813, 352 955, 170 1,023, 668
Canada 1, 149, 869 1, 528, 228 1, 131, 736 fertilizers, linseed oil , paints and var-
British West Indies.. 375, 592 485, 858 387, 098 nishes, explosives , and soaps.
Canada . 77, 204 70, 819 At present it is difficult to forecast
Total British
Central America (total) . 8, 831 -11, 010 countries.. 13, 342, 445 14, 358, 905 14, 282, 402 with any degree of accuracy what place
996 Portuguese East the Australian chemical industry will
Costa Rica .. 1,597
Guatemala. 1,777 1, 534 Africa 74, 065 36, 740 48, 898 hold in the post -war chemical markets.
Honduras. 1, 608 1,740 Canary Islands. 75, 528 17,966 21, 830 Generally speaking , Australian produc-
Nicaragua 781 1, 390 Egypt 453, 632 846, 240 732, 723
Panama, Republic of.. 2, 794 3, 454 United States_ 937, 269 935, 377 3,796, 087 tion costs tend to be relatively high. In
El Salvador.. 875 1,295 Chile 127, 778 165, 422 172, 638 many of the new chemical lines being
Brazil. 433, 669 985, 054 1,680, 008
South America (total) . 51, 518 55, 975 Argentina 690, 648 1,882, 705 2, 364, 676 produced in the country further tariff
Total foreign protection may be necessary if the do-
Argentina 13, 641 8, 524 countries .... 8, 717, 731 9, 396, 092 13, 248, 709 mestic product is to hold the Australian
Bolivia 1, 147 1, 120
Brazil. 12, 924 15, 099 Total all coun- market. The future depends consider-
Chile. 5, 420 4, 740 ably on what disposition is made of the
Colombia. 6, 058 11, 314 tries.. 22, 060, 176 23, 754, 997 27, 531, 111
Ecuador 1,251 1, 186 munitions factories which have been
Paraguay . 107 114 built up during the war and on whether
Peru . 4, 734 5, 770
Uruguay 1,799 1,704 or not they engage in the peacetime
Venezuela 4, 437 6, 404 Australia production of chemical products.
Other American Republics (total) . 32, 613 33, 733 The chemical industry in Australia Brazil
Mexico.. 19, 800 20, 452 has advanced markedly during the war .
Cuba 11, 278 11, 387 In 1939, manufacture of chemicals and
Dominican Republic. 1,014 1, 203 At the beginning of the war Brazil
Haiti 521 691 allied products was still comparatively still remained largely dependent upon
small, dependent on overseas sources for foreign sources for basic chemicals , de-
Grand total. 170, 166 171.537 most of its raw materials. While the spite a gradual development of a chem-
industry has by no means developed ical manufacturing industry in the 1930's.
self- sufficiency in 1944, it is much less The outbreak of hostilities and subse-
dependent on foreign raw materials. quent difficulty in procuring chemicals
United Kingdom's Wartime Nevertheless, in the post -war period , stimulated domestic manufacture of
Chemical Exports many chemical products will be manu- chemicals and allied products.
factured , production of which was hardly Value of production of chemicals and
Higher prices for many chemicals are dreamed of in 1939. allied products was estimated at $87,700, -
said to be responsible in large measure At the beginning of the war, about 000 in 1938 and at $105,000,000 in 1943.
for the increase in the exports of "Chem- 685 plants were engaged in the manu- Although the domestic chemical industry
icals, drugs, dyes, and colours" from facture of chemicals, dyes , explosives , has undergone marked expansion in re-
United Kingdom in 1943 valued at paints , oils, and grease, of which ap- cent periods, it is still in its infancy as
£27,531,000 compared with £23,755,000 in proximately 450 were makers of chemi- compared with more highly industrial-
1942 and £22,060,000 in 1938 , according to cals, drugs, medicines , white lead , paint, ized countries, and it remains dependent
official British statistics. Included in varnish, soap, candles, and chemical upon outside sources for miscellaneous
these totals are exports to the United fertilizers . In 1939 , the 685 factories basic chemicals. Expansion in manu-
States of America under reciprocal aid. employed nearly 24,000 people, and value facture occurred in practically all
It is calculated by the Board of Trade of output was £Aus33,763,070 . In 1942 branches of the chemical industry, as
that on the basis of values at 1935 prices, the number of plants devoted to the discussed in Foreign Commerce Weekly,
exports of the group in 1942 amounted manufacture of chemicals , dyes, explo- issue of October 21 , 1944.
in volume to 69 percent of the 1938 ex- sives, paints, oils and grease had grown Production in other lines likewise in-
ports, and in 1943 to 81 percent of the to 740 , number of employees to over 47,- creased, and these domestic activities
1938 exports. The foreign figures relate 000 , and value of output to nearly were reflected in a substantial importa-
£Aus60,000,000 . tion of heavy chemicals for industry.
only to the so-called chemical group and
exclude such materials as coal tar, coal- Of these 740 factories engaged in the Value of imports of chemicals and allied
manufacture of chemicals and allied products advanced from $26,700,000 in
tar pitch, perfumery, gums, and resins. lines in Australia in 1942, 48 percent
Of significance were the much larger 1939 to $37,678,000 in 1943. The effects
were located in New South Wales , 31 of recent manufacture of certain items
shipments from the United Kingdom to percent in Victoria , 8 percent in South
the United States, Argentina, and Brazil is evident ; for example, large increases
Australia, and 5 percent in Queensland. were recorded in imports of coal tar and
in 1943 , as compared with 1938. Empire In every State an overwhelming percent- other synthetic organics, in industrial
markets continued to be of prime im- age of the factories was located in the chemicals, and in pigments for use in the
portance accounting for more than half capital city. However, explosives plants production of finished goods ; and de-
of the total shipments in both years. constitute an exception and are well clines were recorded in medicinals and
Enemy countries and areas occupied by scattered over the country districts. paints and varnishes.
the enemies during the present war- Among the principal consumers of chem- Although the bulk of Brazil's export
British Malaya, Hong Kong, Netherlands icals are the paint and varnish, textile , trade in chemicals and allied products is
Indies, Norway, Denmark, Poland , Neth- cosmetic, rubber, steel, and radio in- botanicals, oils, waxes, and other natural
erlands, Belgium , and Greece- took over dustries. organic products, the exportation of
14 percent of total chemical shipments For the manufacture of many chemi- medicinal and pharmaceutical prepara-
in 1938. cals it is still necessary to import the tions as well as miscellaneous chemicals
20 INDUSTRIAL
and chemical specialties has shown
marked increases.
With the exception of caffeine , sub-
stantially all of which was purchased by
the United States, other Latin American
countries, particularly Colombia , Vene-
zuela, Cuba, Mexico , and Bolivia are the
most important outlets for these latter
Brazilian products.
The automatic shift of many Brazilian
import requirements from European to
United States suppliers , which occurred
at the outbreak of hostilities, has given
American products an advantage that
should be of assistance in the mainte-
nance of this market after the war.
The post-war field is open to increasing
development not only in the establish-
ment of national industries but in sup-
plying the growing market for miscel-
laneous chemicals not produced in the
country.
Brazilian Market for Cellulose
Nitrate Plastic Material
Before the war, most of the pyroxylin
sheets, tubes, rods and other forms used
by Brazilian molders and fabricators of
plastics articles were supplied from Ger-
many and Japan. The quotations from
these countries were exceedingly low,
with the result that pyroxylin of the
United States origin, although of excel-
lent quality could not compete in Brazil,
which is primarily a price market.
The abrupt cutting off of the supply
of this low- cost pyroxylin, as occurred in
1942, accentuated changes which had
been evolving gradually in the course of
normal developments in the relatively
new plastic molding industry of Brazil .
With the higher cost of cellulose nitrate
sheets and forms of United States origin
(quotations averaged at least double the
prices of the material formerly imported
from Japan and Germany) firms in-
creasingly turned to the use of injection
molding materials, particularly cellulose
acetate and polystyrene molding pow-
ders, as conducive to a cheaper and more
efficient manufacturing process. This
development was facilitated by the local
manufacture of injection- type machines,
which were copied from pre- war German
models.
In view of this situation , it is believed
that the normal demand for pyroxylin
from molders and fabricators in Brazil
today would not exceed , and may be less
than, the consumption of this material
before the war, which is estimated to
have averaged more than 150 tons per
year.
Brazilian Production of Cellulose
Nitrate Sheets
The only producer of cellulose nitrate
sheets in Brazil is the Sao Paulo firm of
Cotonificio Guilherme Giorgi. This firm
plasticizes collodion obtained from the
Companhia Nitro Quimica Brasileira, of
Sao Paulo, important manufacturers of
nitrocellulose for the production of
rayon. The output of this domestic con-
cern was initiated in 1943 at the rate of
some 500 kilograms per month, and out-
put at present is said to vary up to 1 ton
per month .
REFERENCE SERVICE
Information from the trade indicates
that the sheets are thick and somewhat
corrugated, that they will not take a
polish nor cut well, and that they shrink
in water. Despite the reputed inferior
quality, these locally produced sheets are
said to be selling today for Cr$ 135
(US$ 6.75 ) per kilogram. Local consum-
ers, who claim that the national product
is unsatisfactory for toothbrush handles
or combs (important end uses for py-
roxylin sheets in Brazil) , are of the opin-
ion that when supplies of cellulose ni-
trate again become freely available , the
imported product will again be used.
Cellulose Nitrate Manufactures
The dearth of cellulose nitrate sheets
and forms resulting from the critical na-
ture of this material during the war
period has curbed the local output of
miscellaneous articles of a nonessential
category. As against former annual im-
ports of more than 150 tons, in both
1942 and 1943 only 23 tons of pyroxylin
semimanufactures were imported into
Brazil. At the present time it is esti-
mated that around one -third of the py-
roxylin consumed is used for toothbrush
handles. Other uses include the follow-
ing : Optical frames, automobile curtains,
textile printing screens, mathematical
instruments , office filing accessories ,
identification cards, wallets, visors for
military and school caps , eyeshades , soap
and other containers , novelties, toys , etc.
(Some of the more important consum-
ers of pyroxylin sheets and forms in
Brazil may be found in a list available
for $1 from the Commercial Intelligence
Division of the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce.)
Prospective Post-War Trade in Py-
roxylin Plastics of American
Origin
The possible post-war market for py-
roxylin in sheets and forms of United
States origin is presumably contingent
upon quotations when competitive
sources of supply again come into the
market. As already mentioned , the price
factor , in this material is important.
Even though the quality of American
pyroxylin may be excellent, generally
speaking, Brazilian firms prefer a lower-
cost, although not so high-grade , ma-
terial for the manufacture of the rela-
tively cheap articles sold in this price
market.
Miscellaneous Foreign Items
Acetic Acid Consumption- Cuba
There is no ready explanation for the
difference between the official import
figures and those submitted by the
principal importers covering the year
1938. The differences shown in the
years 1939 through 1942 are due most
likely to the fact that the official figures
represent the gross weights , as against
the net weights reported by the im-
porters. Under the circumstances, when
considering the acetic acid market in
Cuba it is well to keep in mind both sets
of figures.
There is no production in Cuba ol
acetic acid, nor is it exported from the
Island. Total consumption, therefore, is
represented by imports. The United
States is the sole supplier. Official Cuban
data on imports are as follows :
Cuban Imports of Acetic Acid ( Official)
Quantity Value (U. S.
Year
(pounds) dollars)
1938. 41, 569 $4,715
1939. 17, 068 2, 012
1940. 16, 563 2, 100
1941. 29, 972 3,854
1942 17, 008 2, 942
Other data on Cuban imports have
been obtained from the principal Cuban
importers of acetic acid . According to
these sources, total imports into Cuba
during recent years have been as follows :
Cuban Imports of Acetic Acid ( Importers'
Statistics )
Quantity Value (U.
Year
(pounds) S. dollars)
1938 18, 914 2,032
1939. 14,351 1,772
1940. 13, 102 2,039
1941 . 21, 896 3,388
1942. 17, 664 2,848
Imports of acetic acid into Cuba in
normal years have originated mainly
from Belgium , Germany, and the United
States. Since 1939 all imports have come
from the United States.
Acetic acid is used in Cuba for a variety
of purposes . It is principally used for
pharmaceutical and analytical purposes,
which account for about 45 percent of
the total consumption . The use by the
textile industry accounts for about 35
percent and tanneries, in the manufac-
ture of artificial leathers, consume about
10 percent. Acetic acid used for photo-
graphic work amounts to about 7½ per-
cent of the total amount. Copper mines,
for analyzing copper and photoengraving
for publication consume the balance , or
22 percent .
All of the acetic acid imported into
Cuba is glacial acetic acid which is
shipped in paraffine-lined barrels for
dilution after arrival in Cuba and in
carboys.
There are legal restrictions specifying
that acetic acid may not be used in Cuba
for the manufacture of vinegar or for
preserving food .
Creosote Needs Supplied by
Imports, Uruguay
The productive capacity in Uruguay
for creosote from coal- tar byproduct op-
erations amounts to approximately 78,-
000 pounds a year . This production rate,
however, is not consistently maintained ,
and the creosote thus manufactured is
stated to be generally of the lower grades.
Normal creosote consumption in Uru-
guay averages approximately 500,000
pounds annually, according to the best
available estimates . Almost 80 percent
of this amount is employed in the prep-
aration of cattle and sheep dips, of
 CHEMICAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS 21

great importance to the economy of the than as a manufacturer . Significant The favorable potash situation in 1944
country in their relation to livestock production in the organic field is con- has resulted from sizable orders for ship-
raising . The remaining 20 percent of fined to primary distillates of coal tar, ments to United Kingdom, Portugal, and
the creosote consumed locally is used in ethyl alcohol , limited production of ani- French Morocco. The orders , in fact ,
the manufacture of disinfectants and line oil, crude and refined naphthalene have exceeded ability to produce ; ex-
germicides and in the impregnation of in the intermediate coal- tar field , glyc- porters were about 60,000 tons behind on
wood to prevent rot. erin, certain coal-tar medicinals in deliveries to United Kingdom in Novem-
Imports of creosote into Uruguay, by numerous laboratories throughout the ber. Exports have been , the leading
year and country of origin, in pounds, Republic , a potentially important pro- outlet for Spanish potash until the
were as follows: duction of acetic acid , and certain hy- principal markets were cut off by the
droxy acids such as citric and lactic European war. Present domestic con-
acids. sumption is reported to be about twice
Imports of Creosote Into Uruguay
It is yet too early to indicate a dis- the pre-civil war average, but it still lags
[In pounds] cernible trend in the future of the or- far behind the needs of the land . In-
ganic chemical industry in Mexico, ability to secure sufficient phosphates and
1940 1941 1942 1943 although an enormous increase in con- nitrogenous materials for mixed fertili-
sumption of these chemicals is to be zers during the war has held back local
United States.. expected . Detailed commodity data are consumption of potash.
24, 500 114, 200
United Kingdom 714, 500 469, 400 245, 200 370, 800 published in "Mexico as a Producer and
Total. Consumer of Organic Chemicals," copies Production and Sales of Spanish Potash
714, 500 469, 400 269, 700 485,000 of which are available from the Chem-
ical Unit, Bureau of Foreign and Domes- [Metric tons K₂0]
tic Commerce .
Since the major use for creosote in Sales
Uruguay is in connection with the live- Pro-
stock industry, the future of the local Export Orders Stimulate Spanish Year duc-
Potash Output tion Domes-
market for creosote will be closely tied tic Export Total
up with the growth of that industry,
unless new uses are found for this chem- After 2 years of decline , production of
potash in Spain advanced during 1944 1940. 89, 653 36, 107 35, 890 71, 997
ical. For this reason, it is believed that 1941 101, 039 45, 803 68, 167 113, 970
there will exist only a slowly expanding to make it the best year since the Spanish 1942 89, 654 51, 598 35, 229 86, 827
local market for creosote in the years Civil War and the second highest in the 1943. 71,000 35, 514 31, 748 67, 262
history of the industry. This was ac- 1944 (11 months). 122,000 40,000 82, 280 122, 280
immediately following the war. The
United States began to share this market complished despite difficulties in obtain-
only after 1941 , and it appears probable ing coal and needed equipment. With
that pre-war foreign sources of supply December output estimated , the total Spanish Exports of Potash
for the year is placed at 128,000 tons of
may again provide competition in an [Metric tons of salts]
effort to recover former local markets KO, 80 percent greater than in the pre-
when the war is over. ceding year and only 3 percent less than
the peak year of 1934. Three producers Destination 1935 1942 1944 (11
are operating, Union Espanola de Ex- months)
Organic Chemicals in Mexico * plosivos, Minas de Potasa de Suria, and
Potasas Ibericas , which in 1944 accounted Netherlands. 88, 925
Belgium 41,208
The organic chemical industry cannot for 43, 35 , and 22 percent of the total , United States. 37, 341
properly be described as a producing respectively. In 1934, production was Denmark 28, 729
branch of the chemical industry in Italy. 15, 612 1,001
divided among the three companies as Japan. 12, 326
Mexico ; the country is far more impor- follows : 44, 23, and 33 percent. Thus, Norway 9, 868
United Kingdom .. 6,851 28,795 110, 749
tant as a consumer of organic chemicals Minas de Potasa de Suria has supplanted Sweden . 5, 438
Potasas Ibericas as the second ranking Germany. 3, 609
*Abstracted from an article "Organic- France. 1, 443 28, 143
producer. The relatively low output of Portugal 10, 682 2,450
Chemical Trade in Present-Day Mexico" by the latter company is attributed to its French Morocco. 8, 690
Herbert N. Higgins and Robert W. Wagner, Others.. 1, 197 6, 098
American Embassy, Mexico City, appearing in inability to recover from the greater
"Foreign Commerce Weekly" for November damage to equipment and mines suf- Total.. 252, 547 74, 719 121,889
25, 1944. fered during the civil war.

Department of Commerce Field Service

Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse.
• Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Buffalo 3 , N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2 , Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex ., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
Detroit 26, Mich ., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla. , 425 Federal Bldg .
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1 , Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12 , La., 408 Maritime Bldg .
New York 18 , N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
Philadelphia 2 , Pa ., 1510 Chestnut
St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S.W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine ,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga . , 403 U. S. Post Office and
Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal Office Bldg.
Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

● Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system .

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

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U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945

 nts
Docume Room

Industrial Reference Service

NT
ME
A RT COM ERC
OF
P U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
DE
E

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, NDirector TY

UNI ST F ERIC
A A A NIVERSI
TED ATE O AM INDI U

Part 2. - CHEMICALS, DRUGHBRARY

5
APR - 6194
AND PHARMACEUTICALS

Annual subscription $1.50. Price this report 5 cents

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D. C. , or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2. March 1945 . Number 2

Demand for Chemicals and Related Products

in Central America

Prepared in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

3,000

U. S. EXPORTS OF
CHEMICALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
ΤΟ
2,500 CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRIES
(THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS )

2,000

PANAMA
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

1,500

1,000
--

HONDURAS

500
GUATEMALA

EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
COSTA RICA
1934
1923

1936

1942
1922

1924

1940
1161

1925
1910

1932
1927

1939
1937
1914

1926

1930
1913

1933

1938

1941
1928

1935
1912

1931
1929
O

D.D. 44-732
 EY
SURV OF

E NT
RR
CU

S
N ES $2.00
SI
BU per year

ENT E
UNITED STATES DEPARTM OF COMMERC
E A U
BUR OF FOR E I G N AND DOME S T I C COMM E
E R C

S URVEY OF

CURRENT

BUSINESS

THIS AUTHORITATIVE MONTHLY PERIODICAL

makes easily available to businessmen over 2,200 com-
prehensive facts about production, stocks, orders, prices,
sales, shipments, etc., of the industries of the United States
by means of text, tables, charts, and index numbers.

A sample copy will be sent, on request tothe

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,
Washington, D. C.

$2.00 per year, from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
&.c.u
 Demand for Chemicals and Related Products in

Central America

By Laura G. Arrington

The six Central American republics- small quantities, principally to the and toilet preparations more than
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nica- United States. Cultivation of cinchona doubled, increasing from $765,000 to
ragua, Panama, and El Salvador-offer is being encouraged, and it is possible $1,891,000. "All other" chemicals, in-
a market for United States chemicals that the area may become an important cluding caustic soda, soda ash, calcium
approximating $10,000,000 annually. Al- source of United States supply. Derris carbide, potassium chlorate, and other
though this territory is not large geo- plantations have been started , and soil manufacturing chemicals, almost tripled
graphically, as compared with other and climatic conditions appear to be during the 7-year period- from $ 799,000
world areas, statistics show that it is a favorable for extensive cultivation of this to $2,346,000.
growing market in which there is little rotenone-bearing root which is in large From 1937 to 1941, value of United
likelihood of competition from domestic demand as an agricultural insecticide. States exports of fertilizers to Central
manufacture , because of lack of raw The value of United States exports of America showed a large upward trend ,
materials and equipment. chemicals and related products (drugs increasing from $46,000 to $280,000, but
Central America covers an area of and pharmaceuticals, soaps and toilet by 1943 dropped back to $27,000 . Pig-
about 219,000 square miles, roughly preparations, pigments, paints and var- ments, paints, and varnishes rose in value
equivalent to our New England States nishes, insecticides, fertilizers , explosives , from $545,000 to $902,000, but, like fer-
plus New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- and "all other" which includes industrial tilizers, decreased in 1942 to $546,000 and
vania, and Ohio, but the population of chemicals) to these countries increased rose again in 1943 to $ 768,000 . Explo-
8,800,000 is little more than half that of from $4,401,000 in 1937 to $8,831,000 in sives totaled $329,000 in 1937 and $484,-
New York State alone. The greatest ad- 1942, and to $11,010,000 in 1943. United 000 in 1941. In 1942 and 1943, exports
vance in economic life during recent States exports of insecticides ( principally of explosives were included in "all
years has been in the improvement of copper sulfate ) rose in value from $942 ,- other."
the transportation system, particularly 000 in 1937 to $2,495,000 in 1942 , but The drop in value in certain categories
the establishment of air lines connecting dropped to $1,717,000 in 1943 , largely be- in 1942 and in 1943 probably resulted
the principal cities with both the United cause of the decrease in exports of copper from tight supplies in the United States,
States and South America. Air trans- sulfate to Guatemala due to abandon- lack of shipping space, and other war-
portation includes both passengers and ment of some banana plantations. born conditions, rather than from a de-
freight. Value of United States exports of drugs creased demand.
The principal industry is agriculture, and pharmaceuticals to Central Amer- The following table shows value of
and major export commodities are coffee , ica in 1943 was more than four times United States exports of chemicals and
bananas, cacao , and chicle, although that in 1937- $4,261,000 compared with related products to Central America
some cattle, hides, gold, silver, and $975,000- while value of exports of soap from 1937 through 1943 :
medicinal herbs enter the foreign mar-
ket. There are no large manufacturing United States Exports of Chemicals and Related Products to Central America
industries, and no great growth along [In thousands of dollars]
this line is anticipated in the near fu-
ture. Chemical- consuming industries Country and classification 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943
include soap , candles , cotton textiles,
vegetable- and essential-oil processing, Costa Rica:
Drugs and pharmaceuticals. 111 112 163 320 305 334 619
pharmaceuticals, pottery, tobacco prod- Soap and toilet preparations. 46 45 67 86 133 88 216
ucts, alcohol, beer, and carbonated Pigments, paints, and varnishes. 77 71 117 143 143 71 126
beverages. Insecticides and fungicides. 13 108 285 360 319 258
Fertilizers... 8 15 46 50 5
Chemical imports, the value of which Explosives.. 24 39 ! 52 (1) (1)
rose from $3,710,000 in 1934 to $6,245,000 All other.. 79 131 147 223 180 373
in 1938, the latest year for which com- Total... 348 352 640 1, 069 1,266 998 1,597
plete statistics are available , consist
largely of finished or semifinished prod- Guatemala :
Drugs and pharmaceuticals. 131 134 168 246 265 326 470
ucts. Since 1939 , the United States has Soap and toilet preparations.. 53 54 62 78 109 114 198
been practically the sole source of im- Pigments, paints, and varnishes. 104 112 111 121 141 127 132
Insecticides and fungicides. 186 239 311 584 892 877 397
ports and market for exports , but during Fertilizers... 13 19 8 13 32 3 1
the preceding decade Germany and other Explosives.. 17 10 12 20 20 (1) (1)
All other. 73 83 113 187 242 321 336
European countries were important fac-
tors in both export and import trade. Total. 577 651 785 1, 249 1,701 1,768 1, 534
Drugs and pharmaceuticals, and soap Honduras:
and toilet preparations rank high as im- Drugs and pharmaceuticals. 144 141 162 202 269 280 443
ports in all these countries, but in recent Soap and toilet preparations. 68 75 81 90 125 96 148
Pigments, paints, and varnishes. 46 77 76 94 98 52 85
years they have been surpassed by in- Insecticides and fungicides. 699 676 366 778 661 1,003 905
secticides (mainly copper sulfate) in Fertilizers... 18 64 16 101 165 1
Explosives 127 94 109 104 134 (1) (1)
Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras, All other.. 109 104 128 123 191 191 158
where they are used for the control of
sigatoka disease on the banana planta- Total.. 1,211 1, 231 938 1,492 1,643 1, 622 1,740
tions owned by United States firms. Nicaragua:
ម ៩៦

Production of various chemicals in Drugs and pharmaceuticals. 107 72 108 206 243 737
|ផី ង

44 65 119 80 190
យ

Soap and toilet preparations.

១
ន៩
ឆវ

Central America is small , the manufac- Pigments, paints, and varnishes. 39 44 43 91 67 136
Insecticides and fungicides.. 2 9 20 2 17
ture of soap being the largest and best- Fertilizers. 2 1 1
organized branch of the industry, with Explosives. 105 96 236 (1) (1)
88

All other. 59 92 185 308 398 309

matches ranking second . Essential oils
and herbs are cultivated or gathered Total. 350 240 359 508 981 791 1,390
|

from wild growth and exported in rather See footnotes at end of table.

632704-45
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

United States Exports of Chemicals and Related Products to Central America .- Con. Sciences temporarily planted approxi-
(In thousands of dollars) mately 100,000 cinchona seedlings at
Turrialba, which were expected to be
Country and classification 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 replanted permanently at Isla Bonita
in November 1944. These plantings are
Panama: from the 2,000,000 cinchona seeds taken
Drugs and pharmaceuticals.. 374 300 337 495 791 984 1,305 out of the Philippine Islands before the
Soap and toilet preparations. 483 226 265 305 513 875 916
Pigments, paints, and varnishes.. 255 111 151 170 378 171 217 fall of Bataan, and are said to be of the
Insecticides and fungicides .. 20 11 28 171 199 281 116 high-yielding Ledgeriana type developed
Fertilizers.. 5 4 9 34 15 22 11
Explosives.. 78 15 14 13 5 (1) (1) in the Far East from stock originally
All other... 399 150 176 215 325 494 889 taken from South America. This plan-

888
Total.. 1, 614 817 980 1, 403 2,226 2,827 3, 454 tation represents the largest single trans-
planting from the Philippine stock. A
El Salvador: recent contract with the Defense Sup-
Drugs and pharmaceuticals.. 108 127 149 212 286 400 687

១
ខ្លួន

ផង
គ្ន
Soap and toilet preparations.. 63 65 77 76 120 119 223 plies Corporation permits the use of 3,088

Pigments, paints, and varnishes.
Insecticides and fungicides.
Fertilizers...
Explosives..
All other..
Total..
Grand total.
1 Included in "all other."
Source Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1937-41; Foreign Trade Division, Bureau of the
Census, 1942 and 1943.
Costa Rica
Costa Rica is an agricultural country,
and most of its manufacturing activities
are based on that industry. Since the
only mineral produced commercially is
gold, all machinery and practically all
raw materials for expansion in the
chemical industry would have to be im-
ported. The small population of around
700,000, whose average purchasing power
is low when compared with that of the
United States, could not provide a suf-
ficient market to support extensive op-
erations.
Imports
Import data and production statistics
are meager and general- demand for
chemicals and related products is met
almost entirely by imports which in 1934
were valued at $314,000 and by 1939 at
about $600,000 . Imports of these com-
modities evidently have been increasing,
since United States exports of chemicals
and related products to Costa Rica dur-
ing 1940 were valued at more than
$1,000,000 and at $1,266,000 in 1941. In
1942 the total dropped to $998,000, but in
1943 rose to $1,634,000 . Prior to 1939
Germany was an important market for
Costa Rican coffee and, consequently,
supplied a rather large percentage of
chemical imports, particularly in the
field of dyes, paints and varnishes, and
drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Costa Rican imports of insecticides and
fungicides, all from the United States,
constitute an important item. The value
of United States exports of these com-
modities to Costa Rica increased from
$108,000 in 1939 to $319,000 in 1942. This
increase was accounted for largely by
imports of copper sulfate for use in com-
bating sigatoka disease on the banana
plantations owned by United States citi-
zens. United States insecticide exports
were surpassed by drugs and pharma-
ceuticals, the value of which rose from
$111,000 in 1937 to $334,000 in 1942 and
$619,000 in 1943.
No data are available on imports of
soap and toilet preparations in recent
years, but value of United States exports
of these commodities to Costa Rica in
ខ្លួដ្ឋដ
24 27 36 33
6 11 9 12
8 4
22 27 20 41
69 58 81 121 149
301 310 382 496 672
4, 401 3,601 4,084 6, 217 8,489
1941 was almost three times that of 1937,
rising from $46,000 to $ 133,000 ; in 1942 ,
it dropped to $88,000 ; but during 1943
reached the unprecedented figure of
$619,000 . Value of imports of ready-
mixed paints was reported as $ 100,000 in
1939 and $109,000 in 1940. United States
exports of this classification to Costa
Rica were valued at $ 117,000 in 1939,
$143,000 in 1941 , $71,000 in 1942, and
$126,000 in 1943.
Industrial chemicals are not a large
import item. Probably about 300,000
pounds of calcium carbide are used an-
nually, with Canada and the United
States sharing the market. Caustic soda
is used in production of soap to the extent
of about 700,000 pounds a year, all of
which is imported. Some 40,000 pounds
of chlorine are imported annually, for
chlorination of city water systems.
Production and Exports
The principal organic chemical pro-
duced in Costa Rica is ethyl alcohol ,
which is manufactured by the Fabrica
Nacional de Licores, a government mo-
nopoly. All domestic needs are met and
small quantities are exported to Panama.
There is no lack of raw materials , and
output could be increased . About 730,-
000 gallons of ethyl alcohol were pro-
duced in 1943, one-half for the manu-
facture of alcoholic beverages and the
remainder for admixture with gasoline
for use as fuel in automotive vehicles.
Aspirin (in tablet form) is the only or-
ganic medicinal produced locally, and
the ingredients are imported.
A Puntarenas firm is producing chlo-
ride of magnesium and magnesium cal-
cinate as well as sulfate of magnesium of
a grade suitable for livestock . These
products are exported to neighboring
countries.
The production and extraction of ses-
ame-seed oil is a Costa Rican industry,
the 1942-43 output totaling 688,000
pounds. Production of coconut oil has
been negligible but is expected to in-
crease.
Many herbs and medicinal plants are
grown in Costa Rica. In 1943 the Inter-
American Institute of Agricultur
al
58 72 acres, to be increased later to 4,940 if
13 24
8 8 necessary, for the establishment of a
(1) (1) cinchona plantation. The contract is
273 281
for a period of 25 years, and the Defense
871 1,295 Supplies Corporation or its successors
8, 7
87 11, 010 will have complete complete control of
the project.
Mangrove bark, used for leather tan-
ning, grows wild ; ipecac has become a
leading export item in recent years ; and
sarsaparilla also is produced.
Guatemala
Among the Central American repub-
lics, Guatemala ranks third in area and
first in population. It is largely an agri-
cultural country, and bananas, coffee ,
chicle, cattle hides, and lumber are the
chief export commodities. Production
and export of chicle are under strict
Government control, and the entire crop
is purchased by two American firms.
Textile (cotton and rayon ) production
is the major industry. Most manufac-
turing plants are small, and the country
is largely dependent on imports for
chemicals and related products . Soaps,
candles, and alcohol are the principal
chemical items produced, and there has
been little development during the past
several years except for expansion of
existing plants.
Imports
Imports of chemicals formerly arrived
from the United States and European
countries, principally Germany, but be-
ginning in 1940 the major share of im-
ports have originated in the United
States. (See table on p. 3.) Guate-
malan imports of chemicals and related
products in 1933 were valued at $ 700,000,
by 1938 they had risen to $1,397,000 , and
in 1941 totaled $2,284,000. The value of
insecticides and fungicides (mostly cop-
per sulfate) topped all other categories,
rising from $367,000 in 1938 to $924.000
in 1941 , and drugs and pharmaceuticals
were next in importance-$345,000 in
1938 and $418,000 in 1941.
Guatemalan demand for the so - called
industrial chemicals is light from the
value standpoint, but annual imports in-
clude 800,000 pounds of aluminum sulfate
(for water treatment ) , 700,000 pounds of
caustic soda (principally for the soap in-
dustry) , and 40,000 pounds of calcium
carbide (for welding) .
The important textile industry con-
sumes rather large amounts of imported
dyes and other chemicals. During 1940
value of imports of coal-tar dyes in-
creased to $42,000, due chiefly to the ex-
 CHEMICALS , DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS 3

panded activities of a local firm which The value of exports of insecticides and small amounts. Local factories, most of
imports grey goods for local dyeing and fungicides from the United States was them small, supply domestic demand for
finishing. Orders placed in Germany $887,000 or nearly half the total for candles and tapers.
were not filled after the middle of 1940 ; chemicals, but showed a slight decrease Manufacture of pharmaceutical prep-
consequently, imports from the United from 1941. However the 1942 value of arations is on a very small scale. At
States more than trebled during that United States exports of drugs and phar- the 1940 exhibit of pharmaceutical and
year. At present practically the entire maceuticals rose to $326,000, 23 percent chemical products, 12 firms were repre-
dye business is going to the United States, over 1941. sented , 4 displaying only 1 product and
and it is hoped the quality of American The following table gives the value of only 4 showing more than 5 products,
dyes will become so well known that they Guatemalan imports of various classifl- with the largest exhibitor displaying 24
will be in a favored position after the cations of finished and semifinished different products. Laboratories of the
war. chemicals and related products from Department of Health prepare a num-
No data on total Guatemalan imports 1938 to 1941 , with percentage of partici- ber of medicinals for free distribution
in 1942 are available, but United States pation by the United States and other through clinics.
exports of chemicals to that country were principal sources. These data are based A 40-year-old firm manufactures var-
valued at $1,768,000 , more than three on various reports from the Embassy at ious chemicals in small amounts. It pro-
times as much as the $577,000 in 1937. Guatemala City : duces enough nitric acid, iron sulfate,
and silver nitrate to supply domestic de-
Guatemalan Imports of Chemicals and Related Products mand, and its output of sodium sulfate
[Total imports shown in U. S. dollars unless otherwise specified] is sufficient for consumption and an ex-
portable surplus. Copper sulfate is
1938 1939 1940 1941 manufactured, but the output supplies
only a small percentage of the very large
Commodities and countries demand. From 100,000 to 120,000 pounds
participating Percent Percent Percent Percent
Total of partic- Total of partic- Total of partic- Total of partic- of sulfuric acid are produced annually,
ipation ipation ipation ipation and this amount could be increased .
Hydrochloric acid, which is manufac-
Drugs and pharmaceuticals. $345, 082 $373, 707 $382, 020 $418, 136 tured but not in amounts sufficient to
United States. 39 43 61 65
Germany. 32 31 16 3 supply needs, ranks first in acid imports.
Other 29 26 23 1 32 It is used principally for washing from
Soap... 249, 378 6, 545 8, 014 stems of bananas insecticides sprayed
United States. 55 45 83
Germany. 12 39 5 or dusted thereon .
Other 33 16 12 84 Recent information indicates that
Toilet preparations. 119,200 122, 313 105, 458 131, 084
United States. 47 43 67 16 this same firm is investigating the pos-
Germany. 21 22 1 sibilities of producing chlorine , potas-
Other 32 35 32
Insecticides and fungicides.. 367, 641 267, 480 630, 831 923, 977 sium bichromate , acetic acid, citric acid ,
United States. 55 99+ 100 99+ and aluminum sulfate, which is con-
Germany. 15 sumed to the extent of about 800,000
Other 30
Dyes and pigments. 3 28,000 49, 251 60, 523 44, 337 pounds annually for purifying drinking
12885

United States. 84 32 61 71 water. Word has been received of the

Germany. 16 23
Other 10 16 29 proposed establishment of a new chem-
Paints and varnishes . 21,345,050 122, 994 96, 730 162, 638 ical firm in Guatemala City, but detailed
United States. 67 91 91 98
Germany. 4 information is not available.
Other 8 5 9 2 Guatemala produces for use in various
Fertilizers . 25,589,675 98,933 104, 933 124, 239 fields of the chemical industry raw ma-
United States.. 45 64 74 71
53 15 2 terials which are of interest to the
2253

Germany.
Other. 2 21 24 $ 29 United States. Cinchona bark, the
Explosives. 2 110, 446 16,913 23, 468 114, 589
United States. 99+ 99+ 100 28 source of quinine , is being harvested in
Germany. 16 producing areas. More than 50 years
Other 6 72
Salts and compounds.. (1) 92, 530 62, 364 (1) ago the then President of Guatemala
11

1505 235

United States.. 55 85 planted thousands of seedlings on a

Germany. 37
Other.. 8 plantation known as "El Porvenir,"
All other (1) 293, 570 228, 432 365, 186 where the cinchona trees, growing at
12

United States.
Germany.
Other..
Total.. 1,396, 900
United States.
Germany.
Other..
1 Mexico, $46,507; Brazil, $ 16,042.
2 In pounds.
3 Coal-tar dyes only.
4 Not available.
Production and Exports
Salt, a base material for production of
many chemicals, is mined in Guatemala .
Until 1929 output was not sufficient for
domestic needs, but by 1940 it had in-
creased to such an extent that, in order
to prevent overproduction and to main-
tain prices, the Government assigned
quotas, permitting annual production of
about 25,000,000 pounds. Small amounts
of sulfur and turpentine are produced.
Nearly enough alcohol is distilled to
supply the demand . There are now two
plants manufacturing industrial gases,
principally carbon dioxide, production
of which is sufficient to meet domestic
65 92 92
13 high elevation , did exceedingly well.
22 8 Later, however, this plantation turned
1, 444, 236 1,702, 773 2,284, 186 to the growing of coffee, but, as a result
51 64 84 86
33 19 5 of the urgent war needs for quinine,
16 17 11 14 cinchona operations have been revived .
United States imports of cinchona bark
Chile, $35,179. from Guatemala rose from 135,000
Mostly Sweden. pounds in 1940 to 207,000 in 1941 and
7 Unknown .
have increased substantially since that
time. The bark has been sent to this
needs and furnish about 100,000 pounds country for extraction , but very recently
annually to neighboring countries. Pres- a small quinine - extraction plant has
ent facilities would be adequate to in- been established in Guatemala.
crease production if storage cylinders Production of sesame seed increased
were available. from 183,000 pounds in 1939 to 5,770,000
Soap production is probably the best- pounds in 1942. The oil from this seed
organized chemical industry in Guate- is employed in the pyrethrum aerosol
mala-five large and several small soap used so extensively for malaria control
factories supply about 85 percent of de- by the armed forces of the United Na-
mand. This industry is protected by tions. Oils extracted from domestic
high duties. About 25 percent of pro- growth of citronella, eucalyptus, and
duction consists of a fairly good grade lemongrass have been exported by Gua-
of toilet soap and the remainder is or- temala for more than a decade. During
dinary laundry soap. Oil from avocados, the first 9 months of 1942 a combined
sapote seed, and other plant sources is total of 183,000 pounds valued at $237,000
extracted for use by the local soap fac- were exported, compared with a total
tories, and castor oil is produced in of 245,000 pounds (citronella, 103,000 ;
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
lemongrass oil, 140,000 ; and eucalyptus,
2,000) with a value of $406,000 in
January-September 1943. All cardamon
seed grown at present is shipped to the
United States. Shipments are at the
rate of about 50,000 pounds a year, but
production, which is generally limited
to amounts covered by sales contracts,
could be increased. Numerous other
products are grown on a small scale or
gathered from wild growth .
During 1940 some experimental plant-
ings of derris were made in Guatemala,
and, in late 1943, 150,000 additional cut-
tings were sent from Puerto Rico to ac-
celerate further the cultivation of this
rotenone-bearing root. The climate and
soil have been found satisfactory, and
increased production is anticipated.
Cultivation of digitalis and belladonna
also is contemplated .
Honduras
Although Honduras is the largest in
area of the Central American countries
its population of 1,172,000 is about one-
third as great as that of Guatemala .
The country is essentially agricultural,
and more than 90 percent of its workers
are engaged in farming pursuits. The
principal export commodities are ba-
nanas, coffee, and cattle, although to-
bacco, coconuts, and mahogany rank
high. Gold and silver, which are mined
in the interior accounted for one-fourth
of total exports in 1939. The United
States is the principal market for Hon-
duran exports and it is a leading source
for its imports.
The lack of trained personnel and of
transportation facilities is a handicap
to the industrialization of the country.
The capital, Tegucigalpa, is not served
by a railway and there are no interna-
tional railway connections. In normal
times, boats owned by the United States
fruit companies make regular trips from
the United States to Honduran ports , and
it has been customary to use imported
raw materials rather than develop those
natural resources known to exist . The
amazing growth of air service during the
past decade has been a boon to the
country.
Imports
The bulk of imports in the chemical
field is for the United States fruit com-
panies which own the banana planta-
tions on the north coast-the principal
imported commodity being copper sul-
fate-for protection of the banana crop.
All copper sulfate used in Honduras is
imported, from the United States, and in
1943 this commodity, valued at $1,740 , -
000, made up 52 percent of the total
United States exports of chemicals and
related products to Honduras. Two large
United States firms engaged in mining
import chemicals, chiefly explosives and
cyanides. The other principal chemical-
consuming industries are Soap and
matches.
On the whole, Honduran imports of
chemicals and related products were
received from the United States even
before the war cut off European sources.
In 1937 (fiscal year ended July 31 ) total
value of imports of these commodities
amounted to $ 1,400,000 , of which nearly
$1,000,000 worth (more than 71 percent)
came from the United States. For the
fiscal year 1938, the total value was $ 1 , -
325,000 (probably incomplete ) , with the
United States again the principal sup-
plier with $ 1,231,000 worth. No complete
import data are available for later years.
For certain classifications of imports, the
percentages received from the United
States are shown in the following table.
Complete figures for soap and toilet
preparations and for drugs and pharma-
ceuticals are unavailable.
Percentage of United States Participation in
Honduran Imports of Certain Chemicals
and Related Products, 1938-42
Commodity 1938 1939 1940 1941
· ports of soaps and candles. Output of
Quinine 55 60 82 96
Insecticides (probably
household) 94 96 97 97
Copper sulfate. 77 92 86 100
Paint (prepared) 94 96' 98 99
Fertilizers. 80 99 100 100
Explosives.. 78 100 100 100
Material for the soap
industry. 91 96 98 99
Fine soap . 85 100 100 100
Toothpaste. 92 99 100 100
Source: Compiled from various reports from the
American Legation at Tegucigalpa .
Value of exports of chemicals from
the United States to Honduras which in
1940 was $1,492,000, has risen by 1941 to
$1,643,000- almost one-sixth of the total
value of United States exports to that
country. The percentage of increase in
value of United States exports of chem-
icals to Honduras during 1937-43 was not
as great as that for the other Central
American countries, the difference be-
tween $ 1,211,000 and $1,740,000, or about
44 percent. Exports of insecticides and
fungicides increased in value from
$699,000 in 1937 to $778,000 in 1940 , in
1941 dropped to $661,000, in 1942 rose to
$1,003,000, and in 1943 receded slightly to
$905,000. The largest percentage in-
crease occurred in the fertilizer field ,
with value of exports of fertilizers to
Honduras rising from $ 18,000 in 1937 to
$165,000 in 1941. However, in 1942 and
1943 United States exports of these ma-
terials to Honduras were practically nil.
United States exports of drugs and
pharmaceuticals more than tripled in
value, increasing from $ 144,000 in 1937
to $443,000 in 1943. The importation of
drugs and pharmaceuticals into Hon-
duras is closely controlled by the Fac-
ulty of Medicine, Surgery, and Phar-
macy. Several small laboratories im-
port a limited quantity of raw materials
for compounding medicinal prepara-
tions. Value of United States exports of
soaps and toilet preparations rose from
$68,000 in 1937 to $ 125,000 in 1941
($80,000 in 1942 ) , and to $ 148,000 in
1943 , and value of pigments, paints, and
varnishes more than doubled from 1937
to 1941- $46,000 and $98,000 worth, re-
spectively-but dropped to $52,000 in
1942. However, exports in this cate-
gory to Honduras were valued at $85,000
in 1943.
Production and Exports
Under a concession by the Govern-
ment, matches are manufactured from
imported raw materials. Production
was started in the early 1930's, but the
quality was not up to that of European
wares, and sales of the domestic product
were slow in taking hold. The quality
is now much improved, and production
has increased to meet all domestic de-
mand and to supply the Guatemalan and
Costa Rican markets.
Lower-priced soaps and candles are
produced in sufficient quantities to sup-
ply the domestic market. There are six
principal factories which operate under
concession by the Government and im-
port at least a part of the required raw
materials free of duty. Tariff protection
1942
also is accorded against competing im-
94 soap in 1942 was 2,243,000 pounds, and
94 of candles, 435,000.
100 Production of coconut oil and cohune
99
67 oil replaces, to some extent, lard formerly
100 imported. Cohune-nut production is in-
99 creasing, and a recent report states that
100 50,000 pounds of oil daily can be turned
ទទួ
100 out for the manufacture of glycerin.
During 1943 a new plant for production
of carbon dioxide was established at La
Ceiba. Guatemala and El Salvador are
the usual sources of carbon dioxide for
Honduras.
Resin is produced , and 820,000 pounds
were exported to Japan in 1940. At
present the United States is the destina-
tion for these exports. Turpentine is
manufactured as a byproduct of rosin, at
a cost that can compete favorably with
prices prevailing in the United States.
Medicinals derived from botanicals
indigenous to Honduras, include balsam
of Peru, balsam of Tolu, liquidambar, co-
paiba, and sarsaparilla. Small quanti-
ties of liquidambar and sarsaparilla are
exported to the United States. In recent
years, because of increased demand in
the United States, experimental plant-
ings of tung trees, castor-beans, citron-
ella, lemongrass, and derris have been
made.
Nicaragua
Although the second largest in area
of the Central American republics , Nica-
ragua ranks fourth in population ( 1,049, -
000) , with heavy concentration in
coastal areas. The country is largely
nonindustrialized and subsistence agri-
culture and grazing engage the major
portion of the populace, although coffee,
rubber, lumber and timber, sesame seed,
cotton, rice, sugar, cattle, ipecacuanha,
and hides and skins are export items.
During recent years, airlines have
brought remote markets within a few
hours' travel time, and the use of the air-
plane for passengers, mail, and freight
will probably increase.
Extensive mineral deposits exist, but,
with the exception of gold , and silver,
mining has been little developed . Gold
mining operations have increased con-
siderably during the present decade and
gold is now a major export commodity.
Practically all production in 1943, valued
at $8,000,000 was sent to the United
States. Aside from brewing and cement
 CHEMICALS , DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS
manufacture, all industrial effort is
rather small -scale, and most chemicals
and allied products are imported, largely
in finished or semifinished form . At
present Nicaragua is experiencing a pe-
riod of prosperity probably greater than
at any time during the past 25 years.
Imports
All imports have to be approved by the
Nicaraguan Board of Control of Prices
and Commerce. Gold mining , brewing
and distilling, cement manufacture , soap
making, and soft drink establishments
are the principal consumers of chemicals.
Even during the previous decade the
United States figured largely in Nicara-
gua's import of chemicals and allied
products. Average value of imports of
chemicals from 1935 to 1939 amounted to
nearly $550,000, and United States ex-
ports to Nicaragua in this category were
valued at $293,000 or 53 percent of the
total. By 1942, when Nicaraguan value
of imports of chemicals rose to $ 1,335 , -
000 , United States exports of these prod-
ucts to Nicaragua totaled $ 791,000 , or 59
percent. According to a report from
Nicaragua, the 1943 over-all gain in dol-
lar value of chemical imports from the
United States was 119 percent over 1942 ,
and represented 90 percent of Nicara-
gua's total chemical imports in that year.
Nicaraguan data show that during the
1930's Germany was the principal com-
petitor of the United States as an im-
porter of chemicals, but in 1943 Mexico
took first place , particularly in the field
of toilet preparations, paints , drugs and
medicines, and dyes. Mexico's share of
the market in 1943 was greater than the
combined shares of Germany and the
United Kingdom had been in 1938, the
last pre-war year. However, actual
volume of chemicals received from Mex-
ico in 1943 was still small in relation to
Nicaragua's total imports of such prod-
ucts. A general preference for United
States chemicals prevails in Nicaragua.
It is believed by Nicaraguan sources that
a willingness on the part of United States
exporters to accept small orders for
chemical products would result in in-
creased good will on the part of the
Nicaraguan importer and a greater cir-
culation of these products.
Explosives for mining operations are
an important factor in United States ex-
ports of chemicals to Nicaragua, aver-
aging slightly less than one-fourth of
total chemicals exported to that country
during 1937-41 . From 1937 to 1942 there
was a large increase in value of United
States exports of “all other" chemicals—
from $72,000 to $398,000. This category
includes such chemicals as caustic soda
and soda ash for soap manufacture
(about 500,000 pounds a year) , calcium
carbide for miners' lamps , potassium
chlorate for production of matches, citric
acid for pharmaceuticals and , in 1942,
explosives.
Because of the undeveloped state of
manufacture, the Nicaraguan market for
many of the so-called heavy chemicals is
limited. However, United States exports
of drugs and pharmaceuticals increased
in value almost 7 times in the 7 years—
from $107,000 in 1937 to $737,000 in 1943 ;
value of pigments , paints and varnishes
more than tripled- increasing from $39, -
000 to $ 136,000 ; and that of soaps and
toilet preparations rose from $52,000 to
$190,000 . United States exports of ferti-
lizers to Nicaragua were negligible.
Production and Exports
The production of chemicals in Nica-
ragua undoubtedly will develop slowly,
but consumption of imported chemicals
is expected to show a year- to -year in-
crease.
Ethyl alcohol production rose from
662,000 gallons (93.2 percent purity) in
the fiscal year 1937-38 to 752,000 gallons
in 1942-43 , and output of rum (50 per-
cent alcohol) from 2,185,000 to 3,067,000
gallons during the same period.
The soap-making industry, an exten-
sive organization of small units , is ex-
panding somewhat, and within the past
2 years at least one new factory has been
established . All requirements for laun-
dry soap are met by domestic production ,
and there is a small output of various
grades and qualities of toilet soap. How-
ever, there is still some sale of imported
brands, mostly to buyers in the higher
income brackets.
Local match factories supply most
domestic needs . All chemicals for both
soap and match manufacture are im-
ported. The domestic textile industry is
very small, and imported dyes are used.
With the exception of calcimine pro-
duced from native lime, there is no
Nicaraguan paint industry. A small
pharmaceutical industry exists (chiefly
small-scale mixing and packaging ) , and
there is some output of soft drinks.
Sesame seed are produced in large
quantities , and in 1942 Nicaragua ex-
ported 1,401,000 pounds to the United
States. A Nicaraguan report states that
during 1943 , sesame seed outranked cot-
ton as an export item . Of the land
planted under bank loan up to August
1943, 18,576 acres out of a total of 45,112
were sown to sesame.
Native botanicals are gathered and
exported. Ipecac, the base of emetine-
used as a specific in amoebic dysentery-
is the most important. Shipments dur-
ing 1936-38 averaged 116,000 pounds,
but exports in more recent years have
dropped- to 84,000 pounds in 1942 and
51,000 in 1943-largely because the
amount which can be collected and ex-
ported has been limited to prevent ex-
tinction of the plant. Post-war ship-
ments probably will be about 75,000
pounds annually. Before the war Ger-
many was the major customer for ipecac,
but now practically all exports go to
the United States. No serious attempts
have been made to cultivate this me-
dicinal herb in Nicaragua, but some ag-
riculturists believe cultivation would be
profitable, and an agricultural station
near Bluefields has started experiment
work.
Balsam of Peru, at present in great de-
mand in battle areas for treatment of
surface wounds is obtained from the
western part of Nicaragua. Production
is entirely for export and undoubtedly
would be greater if labor were not con-
centrated in the rubber industry. In
5
the peak year of 1939, exports were
41,000 pounds, dropping to 36,000 in 1942,
and 31,000 in the following year; post-
war prospects are for about 35,000
pounds annually. Before the war, Ger-
many was the principal customer for
this product but the United States now
gets all exports . Since 1939 chicle has
been exported, and in 1943 shipments
were 75,000 pounds, valued at $21,000, all
to the United States.
Both red and yellow cinchona are col-
lected in small amounts and sold to local
biological laboratories. Cinchona seed-
lings have been sent to Nicaragua and
cultivation is being encouraged . Co-
paiba, vanilla, and sarsaparilla, from
native plants of lesser importance, are
also gathered and exported in small
quantities.
Several clumps of citronella grass from
the north coast of Honduras have been
planted at two experimental stations,
and as soon as propagation stocks are
available, they will be distributed to per-
sons interested in growing it. However,
no appreciable amount is expected to be
available for export in the near future.
Panama
Panama is the fourth largest of the
six Central American countries but
ranks sixth in population . Bananas and
cacao are the principal export crops.
Some mineral resources exist, but only
gold and salt are produced on a com-
mercial scale. Cattle raising is a fairly
important industry. Most of the meat
is consumed within the country or ex-
ported to the Canal Zone. Gums and
resins are exported in rather small
quantities to the United States. There
is little large scale industrialization of
any kind in the Republic , the chief in-
come of the country being derived from
activities associated with transportation
of goods and passengers through the
Canal. The National Brewery is the
major industry. Practically all chemi-
cals and allied products are imported ,
the greater portion arriving from the
United States.
Imports
In the 1937-40 period, exports of
chemicals and allied products from the
United States to Panama had an average
annual value of $ 1,200,000 ; in 1941 ex-
ports of these items rose to $2,226,000 ; in
1942 to $2,287,000 ; and in 1943 the total
was $3,454,000 , or almost three times the
1937-40 average. United States exports
of drugs and pharmaceuticals to Panama
rose in value, from $374,000 in 1937 to
$984,000 in 1942, and to $ 1,305,000 for
1943. Value of soaps and toilet prepara-
tions increased from $483,000 in 1937 to
$875,000 in 1942 , and were $916,000 during
1943. Toilet-preparation imports are
principally for the tourist trade, and
prior to the war the major portion ar-
rived from France.
United States exports of insecticides
and fungicides (principally copper sul-
fate) to Panama showed the largest per-
centage increase in value during the
period, rising from $20,000 in 1937 to
$281,000 in 1942. Exports of pigments,
6 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
paints, and varnishes had an average
annual value of $ 172,000 in 1937-40, but
in 1941 the value jumped to $378,000 ,
principally because of activities incident
to defense of the Canal and demand for
increased housing facilities in the Re-
public itself. United States exports of
fertilizers and explosives to Panama dur-
ing recent years have been small.
Production and Exports
The National Brewery is the largest
industry in Panama, but 14 other firms
blend domestically produced and im-
ported alcohols to produce rum, gin, and
whisky. Production of alcohol in 1941
was slightly more than 1,000,000 liters,
70 percent of which was consumed in the
manufacture of liquors.
A ceramics industry, which has ex-
isted for many years, has been stimu-
lated by the war, particularly in hollow-
cement construction, tiles, dishes and
other utensils needed for household and
restaurant use, and sanitary products.
Rich deposits of limestone and clay are
found in several areas, and in 1943 plans
for a cement factory were started . In
the same year plans for the manufacture
of matches were prepared utilizing
secondhand machinery from Cuba and
raw materials from the United States.
Enough laundry soap is made to sup-
ply domestic demand. A project to pro-
duce toilet soap is under way but will not
reach full capacity until the middle of
1945. Two or three small firms produce
minor quantities of inexpensive per-
fumes, colognes, and flavoring extracts.
One concern makes carbon dioxide.
Coconut oil is produced, but most of the
output is domestically consumed. There
are no insecticide or plastics industries.
The principal native medicinal botanical
is ipecac, which is gathered from wild
growth and exported .
El Salvador
The Republic of El Salvador is the
smallest in Central America, and the
second most heavily populated . It is
fundamentally an agricultural country,
three-fifths of the population being rural
with simple wants and low purchasing
power. The principal export commodity
is coffee. Gold and silver exports,
amounting annually to about $ 1,000,000
in value, rank second to coffee as a source
of income. The United States is the
principal source of imports and destina-
tion for exports.
Unlike most other Central American
countries, Salvador normally has an ex-
cess of exports over imports. Manufac-
turing in many lines of industry is still
in the handicraft stage , but three cotton-
weaving plants furnish a large propor-
tion of domestic demand for cotton
goods. There are also two large mod-
ern vegetable- oil factories.
Imports
Latest available data give value of im-
ports of chemicals and allied products
as $905,000 in 1938. The same year
United States exports of chemicals to
that country were valued at $310,000 , or
one-third of imports. Since that time,
there has been a steady and consistent
rise in value of United States exports of
chemicals and allied materials to Salva-
dor- 1939, $ 382,000 ; 1940 , $496,000 ; 1941 ,
$672,000 ; 1942, $871,000 ; and 1943, $1 ,-
295,000. The only classifications which
showed sharp rises in value were drugs
and pharmaceuticals- increasing from
$108,000 in 1937 to $687,000 in 1943-and
"all other" which includes industrial
chemicals-from $69,000 , to $281,000 (in-
cludes explosives in 1942 and 1943) .
Value of United States exports of
chemicals to Salvador is less per capita
($0.50 in 1942 ) than to any other Central
American republic. The country imports
about 400,000 pounds of caustic soda an-
nually (for soap production ) . A similar
amount of calcium carbide, principally
for lighting purposes in rural districts,
is imported and its use is on the increase,
owing to the shortage of kerosene and
of paraffin for making candles. Canada
is the principal supplier of calcium car-
bide, imports from the United States in
recent years having been small. About
50,000 pounds of chromium tanning com-
pounds are imported each year for use in
the shoe industry.
Production and Exports
Present maximum production of alco-
hol (190 proof) under a State monopoly
is about 1,000,000 gallons annually.
Local consumption absorbs only about
one-fourth this amount, leaving 750,000
gallons for exportation to neighboring
countries. There are 27 distilleries in
operation , with a combined annual out-
put of approximately 1,400,000 gallons of
rum and 200,000 gallons of alcohol.
Production of sulfuric and hydrochlo-
ric acids was begun in March 1943 on a
scale sufficient to meet domestic demand
and the normal requirements of Hon-
duras and Nicaragua. Domestic mate-
rials are used, and the present annual
output is about 100,000 pounds, which
could be increased to 350,000 pounds.
Guatemala is the only other Central
American republic producing sulfuric
acid, sodium sulfate, iron sulfate ; and
possibly copper sulfate will be manufac-
tured in the near future.
Soap production now amounts to 4,-
000,000 pounds annually ( 661,000 in
1937) , mostly of the laundry type. In
1942, output of candles was 1,500,000
pounds (601,000 in 1937) for which 1,-
000,000 pounds of paraffin and 500,000
pounds of stearic acid were imported.
Match production is a government mo-
nopoly and there is only one factory, the
Fabrica de Fosforos de El Salvador.
Production, from imported materials,
averages a monthly output of 1,000 car-
tons of 1,200 boxes or 14,400,000 boxes an-
nually.
Carbonated beverages are produced ,
and carbon dioxide for this purpose is
manufactured locally . There is some
manufacture of bricks and tiles, and
shipments of pottery from a new plant
to the United States began early in 1944.
Pharmaceutical products are manu-
factured to some extent, but production
data are not available. One govern-
ment and two private laboratories pro-
duce vaccines and serums for both hu-
man and veterinary use. Malaria and
cold remedies are imported both in bulk
and packages, in El Salvador. There is
a small output of toothpastes, lotions,
toilet waters, salves and pomades, mostly
from imported ingredients. Insecticides
in the main are imported, although one
small factory furnishes part of domestic
demand.
Sesame seed is produced in El Salva-
dor, and 30,000 pounds were shipped to
the United States in 1942. Balsam of
Peru is indigenous to the country, and
production, which decreased during the
last half of the preceding decade ( 1936,
416,000 pouns 1937, 268,000 ; and 1939,
161,000 ) increased in 1941 to an esti-
mated 553,000 pounds, of which 220,000
pounds were exported to the United
States. At one time indigo was a major
export commodity, but in 1943 only 164, -
000 pounds were shipped. A project for
growing cinchona has been started, and
the Government is actively collaborating
in increasing production of this strategic
medicinal. Production of all quinine
and derivatives is under State monopoly.
Experimental plantings of derris have
been made in El Salvador.
Conclusion
Whether the Central American repub-
lics will return to European markets for
a portion of their chemicals after the
war is problematical, but there is every
reason to believe that exports of chemi-
cals and allied products from the United
States to that area will continue to in-
crease. United States trademarked
commodities, such as soap and toilet
preparations, paints and varnishes, and
drugs and pharmaceuticals, have become
well known in Central America during
recent years, and these are undoubtedly
of a quality equal to or better than that
of products formerly obtained from
Europe.
Furthermore, importers have estab-
lished contacts with United States firms
which probably will be continued in the
post-war period. With improved trans-
portation facilities, particularly in both
internal and foreign air services, and the
upward swing in the scale of living, a
larger percentage of the population will
become familiar with imported com-
modities and those manufactured from
imported raw materials. Therefore de-
mand for products of the chemical in-
dustry is likely to increase.
If the cultivation of cinchona, derris,
medicinal and essential oils, and botan-
icals in Central America continues to
expand and the United States is the
principal market for these exotics as
well as for the area's agricultural spe-
cialties, chemicals will probably be pur-
chased from this country to supply the
needs of that area.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1944
 ents
Docum Room
Industrial
NT
ARTME COM ERC
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE , SecreNDIANA UNIVERSITY
DEP OF
E
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
UNIT
ED
STATESOF
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.,
Volume 3- Part 2
Organic
Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
NOLOMBIA is a consumer rather than
COL
chemicals, although small quantities of
aliphatic products are manufactured .
The only organic chemical product as
yet manufactured in quantity is ethyl
alcohol.
While the chemical industry in Colom-
bia has not developed as rapidly as
certain other industries , or as industrial-
ization in general, tremendous strides
have been made in the last decade. Ten
years ago the only establishments in this
field were small laboratories manufac-
turing pharmaceutical products, largely
with imported raw materials. Today
there are the beginnings of a heavy
chemical industry.
The organic chemical industry has not
kept pace with the development in the
chemical industry as a whole. With one
exception , the industry is Colombian
owned and operated , but this one excep-
tion is, without a doubt, the most im-
portant firm in the field .
Pre-War Affiliations
The Industria Quimica Colombiana,
S. A., ("Inquico") , Medellin , was organ-
ized in 1936 by a group of Colombians.
Because of certain technical and finan-
cial difficulties, one-third of the stock was
sold to Anilinas Alemanas , a subsidiary
of I. G. Farbenindustrie, and Germans
were placed in positions of responsibil-
ity in the firm , including all principal
technical positions. Technical informa-
tion was undoubtedly supplied by I. G.
Farben through Anilinas Alemanas. Al-
though Colombian shareholders re-
mained in the majority, Anilinas Ale-
manas, to all intents and purposes , con-
trolled the operations and policies of the
firm. At present, Inquico is under ad-
633632-45
Reference
Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS
Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents .
or any of the Department's Field Offices
March 1945
Chemicals in
ministration by the Colombian Govern-
ment Stabilization Fund.
Coal-Tar Products
During the mid- 1930's, Productos
Canoas established two coke ovens in
Colombia, the installations being made
by a Belgian engineer. These small
ovens scattered over the country, have
been used primarily for the production of
coke for domestic use, largely by small
metallurgical plants .
This firm made one attempt to estab-
lish a coal-tar industry by utilizing non-
salable coal from one of its mines. Only
ammonia water and coal tar were pro-
duced, however, and so far as is known,
there were employed only in the manu-
facture of certain chemicals and for im-
pregnating railroad ties. A small
amount of the tar was used in the manu-
facture of black paint for machinery.
Production was short- lived , however,
and at present only coke is being pro-
duced .
The Industria Quimica Colombiana
has manufactured from imported tar oil
various products, including certain pig-
ment colors , oil paints, disinfectants , tex-
tile wetting agents, and tanning prod-
ucts. It has also been in recent years
the largest manufacturer in Colombia of
non-coal-tar ( aliphatic ) products, again
largely from imported raw materials.
This firm started production in 1936
with wood distillation products, and has
Digested from reports by Vice
Consuls James C. Lobenstine, and
Glenn R. McCarty, Jr., American
Embassy, Bogota, Colombia.
Service
LIBRARY
APR- € 1945
Number 3
Colombia
produced relatively small quantities of
methanol, acetone , acetic acid, and wood
tar.
One of the largest manufacturers of
plastic articles in Colombia, Industrias
Resol , Barranquilla, until 1943 manu-
factured plastics from imported phenol
and formaldehyde. Recently this firm
has imported a prepared mixture for use
in its thermoplastic and injection molds.
Alcohol Monopoly
The production of ethyl alcohol is a
monopoly in certain of the Departmental
(State) governments in Colombia, as is
the manufacture of alcoholic beverages
(except beer) , and other alcoholic prep-
arations such as lotions and alcoholic
creams. The alcohol produced by the
various sugar mills must all be sold
either to the Departmental Government ,
or as directed by it. All ethyl alcohol
made in Colombia is fermented from
cane.
Acetic acid by fermentation is pro-
duced on a small scale by the Industria
Quimica Colombiana and on a still
smaller scale by various individuals . It
has been rumored that citric acid is being
manufactured by a fermentation process,
but this is unconfirmed. If production
has recently begun, it is still on an exper-
imental scale.
The Laboratorio Nacional Samper
Martinez manufactures ether, largely for
its own use, and plans have been made
for the erection of an ether plant in
Medellin. Various laboratories produce
medicinal and pharmaceutical products ,
which are understood not to be synthetic
organic chemicals. There is no produc-
tion of other chemicals of this type.
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

having been two and one-half times as States except for specialties and certain
Consumption Increasing textile chemicals. All are considered
large in 1943 as in 1936. The only breaks
Reliable consumption figures are lack- in the steady increase were in 1940 , after good . There still remains in large sectors
ing, but in view of the relatively small the outbreak of war in Europe and the
of the consuming public, however, a
production of synthetic organic chemi- preference for certain pharmaceuticals
cals in Colombia, consumption may be cutting off of the European sources of and chemicals of German origin because
taken to approximate imports. Imports supply, and in 1942, because of the pres- of familiarity with them. One German
of these products have had an average sure on United States shipping. The firm , for example, had pressed its
annual value of about $US13,025,000 table shows the value of certain organic pharmaceutical products SO strongly
since 1936. Imports and consumption chemicals and drugs for the years 1938 to over a long period of time that it had
have, however, been steadily increasing, 1943, inclusive : almost a monopoly of imports in this
line. When the consuming public could
Value of Colombian Imports of Certain Chemical Products, 1938-1943 no longer get a particular specialty to
which it had become accustomed , its lack
[In Colombian pesos ¹] of confidence in a new untried, and un-
known (probably United States ) product
Commodity 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 created an underlying psychological op-
position which will have to be overcome.
Citric acid. 41, 257 61, 856 45, 678 79,813 36, 934 48, 143 One factor of great importance in in-
Tartaric acid. 63, 281 105, 538 146, 181 350, 345 287,051 271, 309
Methanol.. 33, 386 38, 689 30, 648 22, 806 4, 201 466 creasing the preference for United States
Formaldehyde .. 4,049 5,153 1,343 535 1,052 6, 751 drug and pharmaceutical products is
Acetone .. 3,060 2, 958 3,985 8,039 4, 760 7,493
Ethyl ether. 11, 219 12, 027 8,466 12, 019 7,070 48, 138 that so many doctors now are being sent
Aniline dyes. 928, 978 1,063, 920 1,052, 379 1,394, 081 943, 849 2, 590, 774 to the United States for training. For
Formic acid. 1, 925 3,638 8,008 10, 573 2,883 24, 410 years Paris was the center to which
Oxalic acid. 7,432 6, 255 5, 103 9, 268 10,393 44, 099
Lactic acid. 3, 799 3,974 6, 250 10, 011 19, 303 12, 406 Colombian doctors went, and the feeling
Acetic acid not denaturalized. 10,585 15, 186 9, 945 59, 502 25, 505 61, 386 grew that the French school of medicine,
Napthalene. 6, 787 4, 118 3,750 8,439 2,279 3,935
Chloroform.. 6, 179 4, 663 4,906 8, 011 3,980 14, 779 and therefore French pharmaceuticals
Iodoform.. 1,427 2,738 595 3,033 2, 140 20, 686 and drugs , were far ahead of those of
Chloral hydrate.. 1, 111 1,088 390 886 1, 054 4, 671
Hexamine. 4,382 5,804 2, 525 3,688 14, 974 15, 789 the United States. Now, however, doc-
Resorcin.. 1,275 977 1, 022 2,233 2, 438 7,654 tors, through study in the United States,
Carbolic acid (phenol). 2,422 4,328 2,446 1, 792 688 2,299
Phenacetin. 4,555 1,926 967 1, 745 2,867 6,838 experience, or reading United States
Acetylsalicylic acid. 996 3,848 1, 320 10, 344 16, 296 17,961 medical journals, are becoming aware of
Sodium salicylate.. 1,701 4,932 3, 251 7,459 4, 181 13, 863 the worth of its products .
Acetanilide. 52,900 16, 521 4, 645 1,039 377 5,814
Antipyrine . 128 7,480
Phenolphthalein. 36 904 417 1,875 5, 180 Consumer Preference
Saccharin. 4,386 4, 016 6, 109 9, 303 2,723 7,276
Codein and salts. 6,608 14, 281 6, 375 24, 504 1,849
Carbon tetrachloride. 24, 449 28, 938 8, 311 25, 827 18, 580 46,573 on Dyes
I The peso is equivalent to approximately $0.57 in U. S. currency. Most users are willing to accept United
States dyes, at least partly because their
many and France in the Colombian price is lower than that of pre-war Ger-
Principal Consuming chemical market has practically ceased, man dyes. Agents for United States
Industries and Argentina, Peru, Switzerland, Mex- products have done much in assisting
ico, and Brazil have risen in importance. consumers to work out problems arising
The principal consuming industries for The chief effect of the war on the from the use of a new and slightly dif-
imported organic chemicals in Colombia chemical trade in Colombia, however, ferent dye. Since the old I. G. Farben
have been the textile, leather, rubber, has been to make the United States the product had been used for years, its ac-
and drug and pharmaceutical indus- majority supplier, with an average of tion was definitely known, while some
tries. All these may be expected to offer 70 percent of Colombia's chemical im- consumers have not had as good success
continued markets for chemical prod- ports (75.7 percent in 1943 ) . In view with the new United States or Swiss dye .
ucts in the post -war period . of the fact that a very small proportion This, of course, has been blamed on the
of the imports from the Latin American quality of the product, and, as a result,
countries is synthetic organic chemicals, there is a definite preference among
Exports Limited some consumers for the supposed
the United States' share of this particular
A further indication of the growth of market is probably closer to 85 percent "quality" of the old German dye.
the Colombian chemical industry can be at the present time.
obtained from a study of Colombian ex- From the point of view of the post- Service and Promotional
ports of chemicals, drugs, and pharma- war market for synthetic organic chemi-
ceuticals. While exports have been in- cals in Colombia, the principal competi- Aids
finitesimal in comparison with imports, tors of the United States probably will
averaging between 1 and 2 percent of be as before. Switzerland also will un- Of all the factors which gained Ger-
the latter, they have increased almost 10 doubtedly attempt to keep the position many such as important place in the Co-
times in recent years. A large majority gained under the impact of war as an lombian chemical market before the out-
of these exports has been pharmaceutical important supplier, particularly of dye- break of war in 1939, probably none is
products sent to neighboring Venezuela, stuffs and pharmaceuticals. more important than service . The very
Panama, and Ecuador. Partly because of the higher prices in efficient service offered by I. G. Farbenin-
general, it is believed that the Latin dustrie through Anilinas Alemanas was
American countries will not increase responsible for Germany's position in
U. S. Principal Supplier their participation in this market . In dyestuffs. Large stocks were carried at
Throughout the decade prior to the this connection it is interesting to note all times, and free technical advice and
outbreak of World War II the United that Mexico was an important Latin service were given.
States was the largest single supplier of American supplier which increased its Many consuming firms made contracts
chemical imports, accounting for an exports to Colombia in 1943, despite a on the basis of which Anilinas committed
average of just under 40 percent of 70-percent increase in total imports over itself to supply the customer over a pe-
the total. This was not true for dye- 1942. riod of a year with his month to month
stuffs, fine chemicals, or drugs, in all of requirements, frequently giving up to 6
which Germany was the majority sup- months or more credit. Even more than
Quality Important
plier. Until 1940 Germany was a close this, Anilinas began a practice of asking
second, with France and Great Britain There is no well-defined feeling re- all textile mills at the end of the year to
the only other important sources. Since garding the quality of European chemi- estimate requirements for the following
the war began, the participation of Ger- cals as opposed to those of the United year. Stocks sufficiently large to meet
 ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN COLOMBIA
these requirements were then imported
and stored by the German firm, and de-
livered only as needed to the consumer
who had no obligation to buy, other than
a moral one. Often merchandise was de-
livered as required and invoiced only
after it was consumed , which facilitated
payments for smaller companies.
Anilinas Alemanas also provided tech-
nical services which were one of the prin-
cipal factors in securing their position in
the dyestuffs market. At one time there
were more than 50 German-trained dyers
and other technicians in Colombian tex-
tile mills, as well as 4 or 5 technicians
maintained by I. G. Farben. The latter
worked in the various mills when desired,
in order to obtain the most efficient re-
sults and to assist in the solution of tech-
nical problems. This was the principal
factor contributing to the development
of the feeling regarding the superiority
of German dyes.
There is no reason why United States
manufacturers should not be able to
compete on a basis of equality with any
competitors in the fields which have been
Department of Commerce Field
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg .
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill ., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14 , Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg.
Dallas 2 , Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
discussed. Probably the most difficult
competitive factor, from the point of
view of United States traditional export
practice, is the question of credit terms.
Many large firms in Colombia maintain
current accounts in New York and other
centers and prefer to pay cash with
every order. Most firms, however, will
buy from the firm or country offering the
most liberal credit ,other factors being
equal. The irrevocable letter of credit
is highly unpopular with Colombian
consumers, and the sight draft is only
less so by comparison. A credit term of
from 60 to 90 days is considered sufficient
by many large importers, but terms up
to 6 months or even a year have been,
and will again be, offered by competitors
and preferred by importers.
From an analysis of the Colombian
chemical market of the past, it can be
said that the future of United States
organic chemicals in Colombia will in
large part be dependent upon three fac-
tors : service, price , and credit terms.
In the marketing of certain products,
such as drugs and pharmaceuticals , it
is important to have a representative in
Service
Detroit 26, Mich ., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg .
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
3
Colombia. Particularly is this true in the
line of ethical preparations, where con-
stant effort must be made to keep doc-
tors, clinics, and drug stores advised of
new developments.
Outlook Favorable
With the continued interest of the
Colombian Government in the expansion
of the chemical industry it may be ex-
pected that the growth of a heavy chem-
ical industry will foster the development
of a synthetic organic chemical industry
in Colombia.
An extensive, though a relatively un-
important market, may lie in the field of
insecticides. If inexpensive synthetic
organic insecticides are developed and
well advertised , these will be able to com-
pete successfully with local and certain
imported products.
The continued industrialization of Co-
lombia will undoubtedly increase the
market for United States chemicals for
organic chemicals directly used in indus-
try, and through a rising standard of
living, for chemical products in general.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut
St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga. , 403 U. S. Post Office and
Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg.
Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning .

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

$ 1.00 per year ... from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945

Jocuments Room
Industrial
NT CO
T ME MM
R ER
PA OF CE
DE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR,
A
IC
UNI S ER
TED TAT
AM
E
DRUGS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual subscription $2.00 .
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.,
Volume 3- Part 2
Dominican
Markets
Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon , Chief
HE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND
TH HAITI comprise the Caribbean
Island of Hispaniola, with a combined
area of 30,032 square miles. This region
is largely agricultural. Mineral re-
sources exist but have been little de-
veloped.
Republic of Haiti
Having an area of 10,700 square miles,
the Republic of Haiti occupies the west-
ern portion of the Island . It has a pop-
ulation of 3,000,000 . The chief agricul-
tural products include coffee, cacao,
cotton, sugar, tobacco, fruits, and honey.
Manufacturing is limited to sugar re-
fining, tanning, cottonginning, candle
making, and the production of soap and
handicraft novelties. Coffee , cotton, log-
wood, sisal, bananas, and sugar are
among the most valuable exports.
With the exception of an estimated
annual output of 3,000,000 gallons of al-
cohol distilled from cane juice and mo-
lasses, there is no production in Haiti of
organic chemicals. Materials suitable
for chemical manufacturing are avail-
able locally, but the needs of the country
are supplied by imports. Incoming ship-
ments of chemicals and allied products
in the last pre-war year, ended Septem-
ber 30 , 1939, were valued at $900,000 .
The Service National d'Hygiene et
d'Assistance Publique has been by far
the largest importer of organic chemicals
and is probably also the principal con-
sumer. Some chemical materials, how-
ever, are imported for use by doctors and
pharmacies. The remainder is taken by
local industries.
In normal years, acetone imports are
in the neighborhood of 5,000 pounds but
recently have been considerably below
that figure. In 1942-43 only 3,000 pounds
633633-45
Reference Service
INDI ANA UNIVERSIT
Director
Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
AND PHARMACEUTICALS
Price this report 5 cents
or any of the Department's Field Offices
March 1945
Republic and
for Organic
were imported. The local tanning in-
dustry uses the largest portion of such
imports ; acetone and the other ingre-
dients for the "thinner" are imported
separately rather than in mixed solu-
tion .
Imports of tannic acid have declined
steadily since 1937-38 , reaching an al-
most negligible quantity in 1940-41 . The
latest available figure , covering the first
10 months of the fiscal year 1941-42 ,
shows only a slight increase . The United
States has been the sole supplier.
Considerable quantities of dyestuffs
are imported. These imports totaled
144,179 pounds in 1942-43. The cheaper
grades went to local tanneries, while the
remainder was used almost entirely by
manufacturers of hats and sisal and
straw handicraft goods . Before the war,
the United States was the principal sup-
plier of dyestuffs in quantity, Germany
in value. Indigo and ultramarine blue
were imported from Germany in pre - war
years.
Imports of acetic acid reach an an-
nual total of about 1,250 pounds. Almost
half of this amount has been used in the
processing of rubber. A long - range pro-
gram involving the establishment of new
rubber plants is planned , but until the
industry has been further developed , its
acetic acid requirements will probably
remain at an approximately even level.
Digested from reports by John
Allen Bennett, American Embassy,
Ciudad Trujillo, Dominican Re-
public, and Aubrey Harwood , Jr.,
American Embassy, Port-au-Prince,
Haiti.
Y
RY
LIBRA
APR - 61945
Number 4
Haiti as
Chemicals
Formaldehyde imports total approxi-
mately 4,000 pounds a year. Ascorbic acid
is imported in limited quantities, im-
ports averaging 176 pounds annually.
Menthol imports have ceased entirely.
The United States was the sole supplier,
making only small shipments. Imports
of saccharine were very small in 1942-43.
Imports of dynamite , principally if not
entirely from the United States, have
averaged 8,000 cartridges annually.
Glycerin imports show a decline from the
1938-39 total but have remained at ap-
proximately the same figure for several
years.
In the coal-tar group, in addition to
dyestuffs, Haiti imports principally ace-
tylsalicylic acid, methyl - salicylate , sali-
cylic acid , and synthetic tannins .
A market is offered in Haiti for sub-
stantial quantities of quinine and quinine
sulfate products. Quinine imports have
been averaging 1,650,000 tablets (5 grams)
annually. In 1937-38 and 1938-39 , im-
ports of quinine sulfate amounted to 1, -
200,000 tablets, principally from Switzer-
land in 1937-38, and from France in
1938-39. In 1939-40 , these tablets were
supplied by the United States, the Neth-
erlands Indies, and France , while in 1940-
41 the United States and the Netherlands
Indies were the only sources. A 10-
month figure for 1941-42 gives imports at
1,040,000 tablets, with 900,000 of Nether-
lands Indies origin.
Annual imports of sulfapyridine are
given at 320,000 tablets of 0.5 gram. Im-
ports of sulfaguanadine in 5- gram tab-
lets average 36,000 annually. In 10
months of 1941-42, the United States
supplied 20,000 sulfanilamide tablets,
while shipments from Switzerland to-
taled 60,000 . Other imported products
in this group are sulfarsphenamine, sul-
fadiazine, and sulfathiazole.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE 2

Imports of riboflavin are negligible. tries and the existence of adequate trans- Sugar enterprises consume limited
Small amounts of thiamine hydrochlor- portation facilities. More extensive use amounts of industrial chemicals. Shoe
ide and tryparsamide are imported . of the airplane in post-war years for the manufacturing and the tanning industry
Among imported products related to transportatiton of many commodities are likely to continue during the post-
the chemical group, soap is by far the will lessen greatly the time required for war period, offering a restricted market
most important. The United Kingdom shipments to reach their destination . A for tanning extracts. One large match
supplied most of this commodity before marked increase in the use of air express factory supplied local consumption in
the war, with the United States, the for transporting goods already has been 1943 and produced a surplus for export.
Netherlands, and Belgium furnishing noted in Haiti. The necessary chemicals were imported .
most of the remainder. Imports of soap Although limited in size, the Haitian Increases in the imports of most indus-
in 1938, the last pre-war year, totaled market offers an opportunity to export- trial chemicals, in some cases substantial
3,100 metric tons, valued at $350,700 . ers in the United States to improve their ones, reflect greater wartime manufac-
The United States furnished a large turing activity.
position . Since no domestic production
share of the soap imported in 1942, par- A small trade in dyes consists mostly
ticularly laundry soap . of organic chemicals is likely for some
time, competition will not be offered by of retail sales of soap dyes for home use.
Since organic chemicals are not pro- Cloth and yarn are imported already
duced in Haiti, the demand must be met local products. The United States has
dyed or printed . Exports of dyestuffs to
entirely by imports. Haiti is primarily been furnishing the major portion of
the Dominican Republic from the United
a price market, a fact which should give Haiti's organic chemicals since pre-war States in 1942 amounted to 17,000 pounds,
the United States certain advantages be- years and should continue to occupy a valued at $14,000, a decrease in quantity
cause of the nearness of the two coun- leading place in the market.
but an increase in value as compared
with 1941. If the proposed textile mill,
U. S. Exports to Haiti of Certain Chemicals construction of which Government of-
ficials are said to be interested in pro-
1941 1942 moting, should materialize, demand for
Item Unit dyes and textile chemicals will be in-
Quantity Dollars Quantity Dollars creased.
The largest share of the market for
Crude and refined coal tar. Gallons. 4,949 812 3, 965 828 chemicals and related products in the
Phenol. Pounds.. 130 29
Cresylic acid and cresols. do. n. s. s. n. s. s . 697 169 Dominican Republic is taken by me-
Coal tar colors, dyes, stains.. ..do. 16, 765 5, 143 2, 438 2,268 dicinal and pharmaceutical prepara-
Vanillin.. do. 40 110 138 883
Acetylsalicylic acid tablets . do.. n. s. s. n. s. s. 822 tions, imports of which were valued at
Synthetic flavoring extracts. Gallons 452 4, 147 671 11, 193
Acetic acid. Pounds. 1,392 265 1,257 305 $257,000 in 1941. Industrial chemicals
Tartaric acid. do.. 50 28 814 653 are second in importance. Imports of
Citric acid. do.. n. s. s. n. s. s. 780 376
Glycerin.. ..do 1,489 380 1,412 387 these materials from the United States
Acetone. ..do . 2, 616 368 180 47 amounted to $ 120,000 in 1941 and $ 154,-
Formaldehyde. ..do. 800 172 536 144
Carbon tetrachloride. ..do.. n. s. s. n. s. s. 190 120 000 in 1942. The next largest group is
Ethyl ether.. ..do. 362 253 587 368
Soap, toilet. _do . 196, 894 34, 144 243, 808 53, 037 chemical specialties, imports being val-
Soap, laundry. do. 2,731, 031 125, 162 2,296, 361 177, 615 ued at $80,000 , in 1941 and $101,000 in
1942 .
Manufacturers of organic chemicals
Dominican Republic basic materials for most of these prod- can profit by sales to the Dominican Re-
ucts must be imported and the rate of public of finished consumer goods and
The Dominican Republic has an area consumption does not warrant large- organic chemicals needed in the manu-
of 19,332 square miles. Population esti- scale enterprise, some of these indus- facture of local products. Organic
mates vary from 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 . tries will probably be discontinued after chemicals will continue to be imported
The total, however, is sufficient to sup- normal sales activities are resumed in at approximately the current rate for
port only essential industries supplying more highly industrialized countries. A the manufacture or processing of hides,
commodities in the lower price range.
number of these enterprises were under- soap, paint, perfumes, candles, and other
Imports of chemicals and related prod-
ucts from the United States were valued taken because of the critical supply situa- products. Since the country is small and
at $962,915 in 1942 and $996,627 in 1943. tion or lack of shipping facilities in mar- almost wholly agricultural, further ex-
As in Haiti, agriculture is the leading kets from which the Dominican Republic pansion in farming activities will prob-
industry, the economy of the country normally imports chemicals and related ably precede any marked development
being based principally on sugar, cocoa, products. along industrial lines.
coffee, tobacco, and a few other prod-
ucts. The industries which have been
Exports of Certain Chemicals from the United States to Dominican Republic
most successful are those which can
utilize wholly or in part domestic ma-
terials and which , with a few exceptions, 1941 1942
have a sufficient local market to main- Item Unit
tain a profitable volume of production. Quantity Dollars Quantity Dollars
Products falling into this classification
include alcohol, matches, chocolate , and Crude and refined coal tar. Gallons. 10, 161 1,279 15, 520 2,676
Creosote or dead oil.. ..do. 1,717 964 885 355
sole leather. These are expected to with- Phenol.. Pounds.. 169 64 601 255
stand post-war competition. Coal-tar colors, dyes, stains. ..do . 19, 149 9, 045 16, 875 14, 225
Production of carbonated beverages, Vanillin. ..do.. 103 255 62 359
Acetylsalicylic acid tablets. n. s. s. n. s. s. 179
beer, ice cream, ice, distilled spirits, and Synthetic flavoring extracts. Gallons. 2,254 8,938 1,741 15, 249
similar goods will naturally continue but Acetic acid. Pounds.. 3, 547 580 5, 575 1,263
Tartaric acid. _do_ 945 596 924 748
may decrease somewhat in volume after Citric acid. ..do_ n. s. s. n. s. s. 2, 460 876
the war. Several wartime industries, Glycerin .. ..do . 512 82 3, 240 949
such as the manufacture of soap , cos- Acetone. ..do . 1, 135 159 3, 655 877
Formaldehyde.. ..do.. 1, 535 127 3, 180 267
metics, toilet preparations , blueing , Carbon tetrachloride. do.. 168 30 700 38
paint, candles, confectionery, insecti- Ethyl ether.. .do .. 1,392 381 6, 975 3,777
Soap, toilet. .do. 93, 757 19, 785 128, 217 37, 113
cides, and ink may not remain after the Soap, laundry. _do_ 6, 520 436 5,871 531
return of peacetime conditions. Since

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945

 nts Room
Docume

Industrial Reference Service

CO U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

MM
OP ER
CE
DEPAR Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
A
RIC

UNI S
TED TAT
AOMFE

Part 2. CHEMICALS ,

DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
or any of the Department's Field Offices
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
Volume 3- Part 2 March 1945 Number 5
LIBRARY

APR - € 1945

CHROME GREEN

(Synopsis of Information)
By F. B. Hillhouse, Chemical Unit
Under the Direction of C. C. Concannon, Chief

Chrome green (lead chromate green)
characterized by brightness , opacity,
fastness to light, high-tinting strength,
and relatively low cost is the most widely
used green pigment in paints, enamels,
lacquers, printing inks, crayons, oilcloth,
and floor covering. Its principal defect
is its sensitivity to alkali.
Chrome green is made by combining
chrome yellow and iron blue according
to two general methods of production .
One is to precipitate and wash the blue,
then precipitate the yellow on it ; the
other is to precipitate the blue and yel-
low and then combine them .
Grades and Specifications
An infinite number of hues, shades,
and strengths is made possible by vary-
ing the choice of the component colors
and by altering their proportions.
For this reason the term "chrome
green" does not refer to one definite and
accepted standard . Makers usually offer
their chrome greens according to about
three related groups, broadly speaking-
yellow, blue , and olive hue, based on the
hue of the yellow component . There are
usually five or six shades in each group.
Chrome green in its various grades
and uses is covered by the following
specifications:
TT-C235 Federal Specification of National
Bureau of Standards.
AN-TT-C-221 -Army-N a vy Aeronautical
Board.
K-58-1911 (method of chemical analy-
sis) American Standards Association.
634133-45
K-28-1941 (reduced ) 2-American Stand- 75 percent. The extenders commonly
ards Association .
used are barytes and clay. Whiting is
D-212-1941 (CP) -American Society for not suitable because of its alkalinity,
Testing Materials.
D-213-1941 2 (reduced ) -American Society which affects the iron blue component of
for Testing Materials . the chrome green.
D-126-1936 (method of chemical analy-
sis) -American Society for Testing Mate-
rials. Use Pattern
A copy of the Federal specification There are no exact data on end uses
may be obtained for 5 cents from the but the following table represents an
Superintendent of Documents, Govern- approximate breakdown, which war
ment Printing Office, Washington 25, needs have not materially altered :
D. C. The American Standards Asso-
ciation specification is obtainable for 25 USE OF CHROME GREEN
cents from the office of the Association Use Percent
at 70 East 45th Street, New York 17, N. Y. Paint 75
The specification of the American So- Printing ink. 10
Floor covering- 4
ciety for Testing Materials (25 cents ) Crayons, textiles, leather and mis-
may be obtained for 25 cents through cellaneous 11
the office of the Society at 260 Broad
Street, Philadelphia 2 , Pa. 100
In addition to the numerous hues and
shades there are acetate greens and ni- Containers
trate greens indicating that lead acetate Wooden barrels with crepe -paper lin-
or lead nitrate in the formation of the
ing, 250 to 400 lbs. net. Multiwall paper
chrome yellow has been used. sacks 50 lbs.
As with other chrome pigments there
is a trend toward the use of chemically
pure and away from reduced colors for Shipping Regulations
the reason that the former have been
found generally more satisfactory and None.
economical.
Reduced chrome greens generally con-
Safety Precautions
tain 20 to 25 percent of the C. P. green ,
but the content of the latter may range Dry chrome greens should not be mixed
from as little as 5 percent to as much as with linseed or other oxidizable oils and
allowed to stand for any length of time
1 Identical specifications . as spontaneous combustion may develop.
2 Identical methods of analysis. After grinding with oil there is no hazard.

Prices
The price of chrome green, C.P. , varies
with the iron blue content. Quotations
have shown but little fluctuation over the
past 12 years and have averaged approx-
imately 23 cents per pound for the light
chrome green with 3 to 5 percent blue
content, up to 33 cents for the dark
shades which may have as much as 50
percent blue. An important part of the
trade lies in the medium greens with a
range of 11 to 15 percent blue content
and priced on the above basis . at about
25 cents per pound.
Reduced chrome greens are priced in
accordance with the C.P. green content.
For current prices it is suggested that
trade journals such as Oil, Paint and
Drug Reporter, American Paint Journal,
and Paint, Oil and Chemical Review be
consulted.
Production
United States Production
[In thousands of pounds]
C. P. Reduced
Year chrome chrome
green
1929. 116, 352
1935. 7,960
1937. 10,852
1939. 10, 029
1941. 2 11,524
1942. 2 8, 919
1943 . 2 8, 020
1944 (preliminary) . 2 6, 600
1 Includes C. P. and reduced on "as is" basis.
2 Includes C. P. and reduced on C. P. basis.
Note: In 1929 there were 25 producing firms, 13 in 1939
and 15 since 1941.
Source: Bureau of the Census, Department of Com-
merce.
Availability
Normally chrome green presents no
problem of supply, but during the war
the heavy demand for chrome pigments
and the relative shortage of sodium bi-
chromate necessitated regulatory action
by WPB. Chrome pigments were placed
under allocation control by order M370
January 21 , 1944 (amended July 6,
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2 , Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
1944) . Under the terms of the order
the class A chrome pigments (chrome
green, chrome yellow, chrome orange,
molybdate chrome orange, and hy-
drated chromium oxide ) were in general
limited for civilian purposes to 64 per-
cent per quarter based on 1941 consump-
tion . Class B pigments consisting of
chromium oxide green and zinc chro-
mate were placed under direct alloca-
tion for the reason that the former was
essential in camouflage paints and the
latter in metal priming coats.
Foreign Trade
Foreign trade statistics do not show
separately the various types of chrome
pigments, and hence there is no infor-
mation on the volume or value of chrome
green imported or exported . Chrome
pigments first appeared as a separate ex-
port classification on July 1, 1942. Dur-
ing a 2-year period ending June 30, 1944,
exports of chrome pigments of all types
averaged about 142,600 pounds valued
at $30,442 per month.
Imports of chrome pigments averaged
29,382 pounds and $ 13,887 per year dur-
green ing the period 1935-38, inclusive. In
1939 imports rose to 106,233 pounds
valued at $ 18,480 but fell off sharply in
7,634 1940 and 1941. During 1942 and 1943
7,539 no imports were recorded.
4, 762
Trade Associations
The following are trade associations
concerned with matters pertaining to
paints and pigments :
Dry Color Manufacturers Association,
55 W. 42d St., New York 18, N. Y.
National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer
Association, 1500 Rhode Island Ave. N.
W., Washington 5, D. C.
Federation of Paint and Varnish Pro-
duction Clubs, 220 S. 16th St., Phila-
delphia 2, Pa.
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of do-
Department of Commerce Field Service
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
of Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg .
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
2
mestic firms. Such information may be
obtained from commercial directories on
file in the Bureau, in the Field Offices of
the Department of Commerce, and in
public libraries. The following contain
references to chrome green:
Chemical Industries Buyers' Guide
Book. 1943. 19th Annual Revision.
$2. Tradepress Publishing Corporation ,
522 Fifth Ave. , New York 18, N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
Inc. , 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.
Thomas' Register of American Manu-
facturers. Annual. $15 . Thomas Pub-
lishing Co. , 461 Eighth Ave. , New York
1, N. Y.
References
The following books on the subject
of paints and pigments may be obtained
from the sources indicated or consulted
in public libraries :
Chemistry of Paints, Pigments and
Varnishes. By J. G. Bearn. $9. Paint,
Oil and Chemical Review Co. , 537 S.
Dearborn St. , Chicago 5 , Ill.
Analysis of Pigments, Paints, and Var-
nishes. By J. J. Fox and T. H. Bowles.
$6.50. Reinhold Publishing Corp., 330
W. 42d St., New York 18, N. Y.; D. Van
Nostrand Co. , Inc. , 250 Fourth Ave. , New
York 3, N. Y.
Physical and Chemical Examination of
Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers and Colors.
By H. A. Gardner. $ 11 . Reinhold Pub-
lishing Corp. , 330 W. 42d St. , New York
18, N. Y.
Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pig-
ments and Varnishes. By C. D. Holley
and E. F. Ladd. $3. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16, N. Y.
Paint Making and Color Grinding. By
C. L. Uebele. $6. Paint, Oil and Chemi-
cal Review Co. , 537 S. Dearborn St., Chi-
cago 5 , Ill.; The Painters Magazine, 59
John St., New York 7, N. Y.
Protective and Decorative Coatings.
Vol. 2. By J. J. Mattiello. $6 . John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 440 Fourth Ave. , New
York 16, N. Y.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut
St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va ., Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga. , 403 U. S. Post Office and
Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg .
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945
Documents Room

Industrial Reference Service

E NT CO DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

TM MM
PAR OF
ER
CE
DE Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
A
RIC
AME

ITED STATE Part 2. CHEMICALS , DRUGS

OF
AND PHARMACEUTICALS

TY
„INDIANA UNIVERSI
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
LIBRARY
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.
or any of the Department's Field Offices APR - 71945
1
1
Volume 3—Part 2´ March 1945 Number 6

SYNTHETIC AROMATICS

Flavor and Perfume Materials

Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

634132-45
 SYNTHETIC
Flavor
Flavor and perfume materials of chem-
ical origin enjoy a high degree of popu-
larity. An annual consumption of 17
million pounds indicates a very extensive
use of these products when it is consid-
ered that they are employed in minute
quantities. The war has accentuated
their popularity and emphasized their
importance in the domestic economy .
A lack of shipping facilities for bring-
United States Production of Synthetic Aromatic Chemicals
[In pounds]
1938
Cyclic 2 3,836, 632
Acyclic 3 1, 473, 653
Total. 5,310, 285
I Preliminary. 2 Generally coal-derived.
Source: U. S. Tariff Commission.
Versatile Products
If the war has developed the industry ,
the industry has likewise boosted the war
effort. Aromatics have found their way
into mess kitchens, galleys , and canteens
all over the world, as well as into the
home, as ingredients of well- flavored
foods, beverages, and smokes. At home,
too, as contributors to cleanliness and
beauty they have enriched daily living
and have helped keep up morale-that
intangible without which all of our ef-
forts would be unavailing .
The selling movement initiated sev-
eral years ago on the somewhat novel
slogan "Sell by Smell" is now employed
by a number of commercial concerns
with the purpose of connoting in the
minds of potential purchasers the asso-
ciation of some distinctive odor with the
product offered for sale . Agreeable
flavors and pleasant odors are direct ap-
peals to the instinct for pleasure and to
the sense of beauty.
The success of the "Sell by Smell"
psychology has been evidenced by the
extension of the uses of many aromatic
products of synthetic origin , especially
the perfume materials. A number of
enterprising producers of synthetic aro-
matics are now supplying their products
to manufacturers of textiles, paper,
paint, rubber, soaps, toiletries, pharma-
ceuticals, foods and food products , bev-
erages, tobacco products, insecticides ,
disinfectants , deodorants, and other spe-
cialties. Increased acceptability of prod-
uct through their use is brought about
at a small cost.
2
AROMATICS
and Perfume Materials
Prepared by J. N. Taylor
ing in aromatic exotics, as well as an in-
creased demand generally, brought about
the necessity to develop and expand do-
mestic sources and to duplicate in the
laboratory many of nature's products .
The result was that domestic production
in 1943 registered a total of 17,531,000
pounds , slightly lower than 1942 produc-
tion but more than double the 1940 out-
put and more than treble that of 1938.
1939 1940 I 1941 1 1942
5, 349, 122 5,584, 605 9,930, 708 7,956, 925
2, 137, 144 2,510, 033 4,267, 773 9,830, 601
7,486, 266 7,994, 638 14, 198, 481 17, 777, 626
Noncyclic.
Classification Simplified
Scientific names of chemical com-
pounds are indicative of their architec-
ture or molecular structure as visualized
by chemists . Structure has a definite re-
lationship to properties such as odor,
taste, and other distinguishing charac-
teristics. It is only logical that these
structural relationships should conform
to definite patterns and that certain
resemblances should indicate family
groups.
Synthetic flavor and perfume mate-
rials may be broadly grouped as cyclic
and acyclic compounds. The cyclic
products may consist of benzenoid com-
pounds (derivatives of benzene and its
homologs ) and heterocyclic compounds.
Terpenoid derivatives are found in both
cyclic and acyclic groups. These broad
categories may be further subdivided
into classes of alcohols, aldehydes, ke-
Cover picture—
Laboratory research is essential
to progress in the aromatics field .
Through this activity new products
are discovered and improvements
made in the manufacture of old
ones. Frequently costs of manu-
facture are reduced so that the
consumer of the end product is able
to obtain a superior derivative at a
lower price. The illustration fur-
nished through courtesy Fritzsche
Bros., Inc.
tones, esters, ethers , acids, and lactones .
Esters, offspring of the reaction between
alcohols and acids, are the principal odor
bearers of fruits and flowers.
Although some of them are in them-
selves pleasing, it is often necessary to
blend a number of synthetic aromatics
to duplicate with faithfulness the natu-
ral products. Some are used as bases,
others as fixatives; some are suitable
only as flavors or as perfumes, others
may serve both purposes .
Excludes Industrial Chemicals
1 1943 Although a large number of synthetic
organic chemicals have distinctive odor
8, 120, 305 and taste qualities, many of them are not
9, 410, 522 included in the broad group of flavor
17, 530, 827 and perfume materials .
Ethyl and butyl acetates, dimethyl and
dibutyl phthalates, and diphenyl oxide
are typical examples of compounds which
although possessing aromatic charac-
teristics are preponderantly used in the
industrial field . The chief uses of these
chemicals are respectively as solvent, as
plasticizer, and as a heat-transfer me-
dium. However, data showing produc-
tion of synthetic aromatic chemicals do
not include these or similar industrial
chemicals .
Data on sodium glutamate, a flavoring
material widely used in the manufacture
of "ajinomoto," "ve- tsin," and the like,
at present are included .
Establishments Concentrated
Manufacture of synthetic aromatics in
the United States is concentrated in the
East, the principal producing States be-
ing New Jersey and New York. Other es-
tablishments are located in Midwest and
Northwest States and on the west coast.
Synthetic aromatics are essentially man-
ufacturers' goods, most items being man-
ufactured for sale outside the producing
establishments.
War Accelerates Output
With the beginning of the war in
Europe production was accelerated as
shown in the chart-"United States
Production of Synthetic Aromatics , 1924-
1943." In fact, a sharp upward trend
was noted just prior to the outbreak of
hostilities.
Data are not available showing pro-
duction of all the individual members in
the synthetic aromatics group. Because
of the limited number of manufacturers
of some of the products or the geographi-
cal location of the producing establish-
 SYNTHETIC AROMATICS 3

MILLIONS OF POUNDS
20 Production Sales
Year (pounds)
UNITED STATES PRODUCTION Pounds Value
OF SYNTHETIC AROMATICS , 1938. 57, 740 47,092 $70,844
1939. 67, 932 66. 815 96, 047
1924 TO 1943. 1940. 82, 307 77, 991 107, 345
1941. 120, 919 83.723 118,612
1942. 87, 017 66,236 104, 789
15 1943. 51,366 36, 957 91, 353

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BENZYL ACETATE-Water-white liquid

BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE TOTAL having typical jasmine odor. Base of
jasmine, hyacinth, and gardenia type
perfumes-

10 Production Sales
Year
(pounds)
Pounds Value
1940. 246, 887 250, 973 $86, 894
1941 467,499 466, 207 240, 210
1942 . 369, 548 317, 456 199, 423
1943 241, 413 288, 905 151, 439
5
CITRAL.-Light yellow liquid with pene-
CYCLIC trating lemon odor. Employed in soaps,
ACYCLIC perfumes, eau de Cologne , toilet waters,
and flavors-

Production Sales
* * * Year
О I I 1 (pounds)
Pounds Value
1924 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
* PRELIMINARY 1938. 23, 148 21, 448 $31, 794
SOURCE: U. S. TARIFF COMMISSION D.D. 45-58 1939. 33, 384 29,976 43, 719
1940. 39, 930 32, 151 51,890
ments, data on such products cannot be firms. Data for recent years on some of 1941. 41, 573 34, 733 93, 276
1942 . 31, 318 27,768 133, 113
published without disclosing informa- the more important aromatic chemicals 1943. 32, 744 22, 595 79,864
tion regarding the output of individual follow:
CITRONELLOL Colorless liquid , rose
Production and Sales of Synthetic Aromatics odor. Widely used in rose and geranium
[In pounds] type perfumes and in soaps—

1938 1940 1942 1 1943 1 Production Sales

Year
Class and Item (pounds)
Pounds Value
Produc- Sales Produc- Sales Produc- Sales Produc- Sales
tion tion tion tion
1938. 3, 646 6, 298 $12, 103
1939 . 43, 176 44, 144 59, 842
Benzenoid: 1940. 53, 633 51, 779 76, 947
Amyl cinnamic aldehyde .... 57, 740 47,092 82, 307 77,991 87,017 66,236 51,366 36, 957 1941 . 132, 792 101, 113 254,792
Amyl salicylate.. 51,845 48, 741 65, 193 66, 907 196, 596 175, 479 (2) (2) 1942 104, 123 75, 784 228, 004
Anisic aldehyde . 19, 008 (2) 42, 218 32, 101 77, 580 62, 785 30, 041 39, 422 1943 . 30, 538 39,826 202, 426
Benzyl acetate.. (2) (2) 246, 887 250, 973 369, 548 317, 456 241, 413 288, 905
Benzyl alcohol. 95, 162 (2) 107, 336 121, 084 (2) (2) 318, 122
Benzyl benzoate.. 38, 810 36, 990 78, 426 77, 927 105, 805 97, 524 (2) (2) COUMARIN- Colorless crystals ; pleas-
Benzyl salicylate. (2) 23, 773 23, 381 34, 550 30, 899 (2) 16, 234 ant, fragrant odor. Occurs naturally in
Cinnamic alcohol.. (3) (2) (2) (2) 49, 916 (2) 20, 858 19, 477
Ethyl benzoate. 1,650 1,079 1,831 1, 635 1,267 1, 102 4, 518 1, 543 tonka beans. Widely used as flavor and
Methyl anthranilate 14, 709 (2) 42, 110 33, 078 (2) (2) (2) (2) in new-mown hay, heliotrope , and other
Methyl salicylate.. 1 , 287, 481 1, 319, 3951, 641, 571 1, 486, 791 2, 250, 124 2, 312, 461 2, 724, 945 2, 699, 387
Musk xylol 46,876 49, 667 (1) 104, 032 169, 925 107, 080 56, 493 110, 143 type perfumes-
Phenyl ethyl alcohol. 121, 645 120, 290 193, 149 171, 668 325, 716 (2) 166, 383 (2)
Vanillin . 465, 077 454,948 576, 708 619, 407 752, 541 694, 067 666, 746 683,963 Production Sales
Terpenoid: Year
Citral . 23, 148 21, 448 39, 930 32, 151 31. 318 27,768 32, 744 22, 595 (pounds) Pounds Value
Citronellol. 3, 646 6, 298 53, 633 51, 779 104, 123 75, 784 30, 538 39, 826
Geraniol. 318, 172 282, 555 306, 435 275, 772 293, 107 265, 242 102, 134 138, 306 1938 . 138, 357 154, 460 $387,056
Geranyl acetate. 9, 455 7,019 28, 150 26, 396 (2) (2) 13, 315 14, 637 1939 235, 633 225, 068 525, 695
Ionone . 41, 448 36, 962 82, 568 74, 739 95, 870 53, 208 10,977 11, 630 245, 688 506, 221
Linalyl acetate. 497 696 24, 248 21, 017 53, 854 44, 320 44, 874 43, 425 1940 . 217, 634
Methyl ionone. 21, 642 20, 113 61. 157 60, 949 108, 696 80, 517 52, 957 61, 127 1941 301, 156 338, 304 797, 531
Rhodinol.. 5, 311 4, 549 9, 967 9, 366 3, 710 3, 492 7.945 8, 337 1942 276, 570 284, 193 704, 289
Terpineol.. 638, 797 613, 109 766, 705 771, 247 (2) (2) 823, 825 888, 634 1943 . 191, 658 222, 287 552, 094
Terpinyl acetate. (2) (2) (2) (2) 254, 225 225, 348 82, 842 114, 857
Herterocyclic:
Coumarin. 138, 357 154, 460 245, 688 217, 634 276, 570 284, 193 191, 658 222, 287 GERANIOL-Colorless to pale yellow
Heliotropin .. 32, 248 (2) 34, 132 (2) 31, 943 (2) 39,548 29, 124 oily liquid, rose- geranium odor. Used
Acyclic:
Ethyl butyrate.. (2) (2) 50, 291 47, 668 81,056 (2) 80, 055 67, 182 for fine flower bouquets and for soap
Ethyl oenanthate... 3, 452 2,923 5,937 4,529 10, 441 9, 874 14, 976 8, 964 perfumes-
1 Preliminary. Production Sales
2 Confidential; publication would disclose the activities of individual producers. Year
(pounds) Pounds Value
Source: U. S. Tariff Commission.
1938. 318, 172 282, 555 $189, 683
tion and sales data on some of these out- 1939. 348, 324 355, 739 236, 596
Outstanding Individual Aromatics 1940 . 306, 435 275, 772 220, 432
standing aromatics. Note that figures 1941. 452, 154 474, 927 774, 942
Some individual aromatic chemicals for the years 1941 , 1942 , and 1943 are pre- 1942. 293, 107 265, 242 560, 215
liminary. ་ 1943 . 102, 134 138, 306 439,916
stand out among their fellows, either be-
cause of their singleness of purpose or AMYL CINNAMIC ALDEHYDE-Yellow,
because of their versatility . The follow- oily liquid with powerful and lasting IONONE Colorless liquid with typical
ing statistics, obtained from the United odor, useful in jasmine, lilac, and similar violet odor. Widely used in perfumes,
States Tariff Commission , show produc- floral products- soaps, and flavors-
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TERPINEOL Colorless liquid with lilac Sales Value per Pound of Certain Aromatic
Sales odor. Used extensively in perfume blends Chemicals-Continued
Year Production
(pounds) and soap where lilac effect is desired .
Pounds Value Also used as a base for hyacinth and as a Product 1934 1933 1942 1943
constituent of lily, sweet - pea, carnation,
1938 . 41, 448 36, 962 $62, 509 and narcissus creations— Musk xylene... 1.49 .94 1. 33 1.31
1939. 78, 366 91, 642 169, 790 Phenyl ethyl alcohol.. 2. 33 1.87 n. a. n. a.
1940- 82, 568 74, 739 155, 740 Terpineol. n. a. .20 n. a. . 28
1941. 93, 000 79, 012 211, 975 Sales Vanillin 3.36 2.22 2. 19 2. 17
1942. 95, 870 53, 208 260, 147 Year Production
1 4, 487 n. a. n. a. (pounds)
1943. n. a. 2 547 2 3, 651 Pounds Value n. a. Not available.
3 6, 490 3 11, 083 3 55, 020
1938 . 638, 797 613, 109 $122, 543 Many Consuming Channels
1 Alpha. 2 Beta. 3 All other. 1939. 694, 242 872, 115 190, 068
n. a. Not available. 1940. 766, 705 771, 247 157, 490 Ability to make innumerable combina-
1941. 962, 213 957, 056 268, 646 tions of the hundreds of aromatic chem-
METHYL IONONE- 1942 n. a. n. a. n. a.
1943 823, 825 888, 634 246, 227 icals makes possible an infinite variety
of finished perfumes and flavors. Tested
Sales n. a. Not available. formulations can be reproduced at will
Year Production
(pounds) and a uniformity of product assured.
Pounds Value VANILLIN- White , crystalline needles That the aromatics- both synthetic and
with pleasant aroma and taste. Princi- natural- serve important and growing
1938. 21, 642 20, 113 $52,052 pal flavor constituent of the vanilla industries is seen from the following
1939. 70, 508 73, 491 161, 977 bean. Finds wide use in perfumery as a data relating to two large consuming
1940- 61, 157 60, 949 136, 306
1941 . 114, 098 100, 878 393, 913 sweetener and blender. Its greatest use groups, as reported by the Bureau of the
1942. 108, 696 80, 517 464, 772 is in vanilla -type flavors- Census.
1943. 52,957 61, 127 282, 916
Production of flavoring extracts and
Sales flavoring sirups not elsewhere classified,
METHYL SALICYLATE— Colorless to yel- Year Production
(pounds) by establishments engaged primarily in
low, oily liquid with wintergreen odor. Pounds Value the manufacture of flavoring extracts
Widely used as a flavoring agent. Also and of sirups and fruit juices for soda
used as industrial odorant and in some 1938. 465, 077 454, 948 $1, 009, 227 fountain use and for uses as sauces for
perfumes such as new-mown hay and 1939 . 608, 614 604, 972 1, 198, 153 ice cream and other foods and of colors
1940- 576, 708 619, 407 1, 249, 459
meadow-sweet types. Employed as a 1941. 686, 360 490, 332 1,574, 153 for baker's and confectioner's use, was
counter- irritant- 1942. 752, 541 694, 067 1, 518, 170 valued in 1939 at $ 139,901,840, compared
1943. 666, 746 683, 963 1,481, 257
with $ 117,897,193 in 1937 and $ 67,874,935
Sales in 1935.
Year Production Production of perfumes , cosmetics,
(pounds) Unit Sales Values Fluctuate
Pounds Value and other toilet preparations by estab-
As shown in the accompanying table, lishments primarily engaged in the man-
1938. 1, 287, 481 1, 319, 395 $420, 301 the average unit sales value of cyclic ufacture of toilet waters, face powders,
1939. 1,684, 619 1,664, 740 489, 102 aromatics advanced from $0.94 a pound washes and lotions, hair tonics, tooth-
1940. 1, 641, 571 1, 486, 791 446, 989 in 1936 to a high of $1.36 in 1942, drop-
1941 . 2,577, 601 2,786, 931 836, 072 paste and powders, toilet, shaving, and
1942. 2,250, 124 2, 312, 461 721, 315 ping in 1943 to an average of $ 1.23 a liquid soaps, and so on, amounted to
1943 . 2, 724, 945 2, 699, 387 838, 754 pound. On the other hand , the average $225,854,987 in 1939 compared with
sales value of the acyclic aromatics was $207,306,380 in 1937 and $ 184,045,125 in
Musk (Ambrette, Ketone, Xylene ) . lower in 1943 ($0.50 ) than in 1936 ( $0.74) 1935.
Yellowish crystals with penetrating, last- or in 1941 , when a peak unit value of The increased production in 1939 over
ing odor. Employed as fixatives. Useful $1.42 was registered . Fluctuations in previous years of consumers' goods using
in fancy perfumes and in soaps. Musk average unit sales values may be attrib- synthetic aromatics, together with the
xylene (xylol ) is the most widely used uted to the varying nature of the prod- expanded output of synthetic aromatics
of the synthetic musks- ucts manufactured by the industry in since 1939, emphasizes the optimistic
MUSK XYLENE : these years . outlook for an even larger production
and consumption of synthetic flavors
Sales Synthetic Aromatics : Average Unit Sales and perfume materials in the post- war
Year Production Value era .
(pounds)
Pounds Value Year Outlook Favorable
Cyclic Acyclic
1938. 46,876 49, 667 $46, 450 1936. During the past quarter century the
1939 90, 891 81,404 70, 699 $0.94 $0.74
1940. n. a. 91.596 1937. 1.02 .66 manufacture of synthetic aromatic
104, 032 1938 . .92 .61 chemicals in the United States has grown
1941. 158, 265 166, 973 178, 943 1939. .90 71
1942. 169, 925 107, 080 142, 207 1940. remarkably, and in that time the coun-
1943 . 56, 493 110, 143 144, 635 .94 .90
1941 1 .88 1.42 try has become independent of foreign
1942 1 1.36 .92
1943 1 1.23 .50 sources of supply. Synthetic aromatics
n. a. Not available. manufactured today are tried and true
PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL- Clear, color- 1 Preliminary. products. Their increased use by per-
less liquid with rose -like odor. Indispen- Source: U. S. Tariff Commission . fumers and by the food industries has
sable in rose perfumes. Also used in been a gradual development . As previ-
Manufacturers' unit sales values for ously mentioned , the selling movement
flower bouquets, such as lilac, hyacinth ,
jasmine, narcissus, and lily of the valley certain years are shown below for typi- initiated on the "Sell by Smell" slogan
cal aromatic chemicals : has contributed to their increased con-
types, and in toilet waters-
sumption as has their employment as
Sales Value per Pound of Certain Aromatic deodorants and reodorants.
Sales Chemicals
Year Production The greater interest in synthetic aro-
(pounds) matics stimulated by the war and the
Pounds Value Product 1934 1938 1942 1943 1
scientific and technological advances in
1938. 120, 290 their manufacture , as well as the proved
121, 645 $225, 279 Amyl cinnamic aldehyde. $2.06 $1.50 $1.58 $2.47
1939. 147, 522 153, 983 267, 373 Butyl acetate. n. a. n. a. .63 .52 worth of these products in new and
1940. 193, 149 171, 668 327, 915 Citral.. 2.20 1.48 4.79 3.53 unique formulations , will undoubtedly
1941. 292, 884 241 , 877 474, 393 Coumarin . 2. 56 2.51 2. 48 2. 48
1942. 325, 716 n. a. n. a. Geraniol. 1.41 .67 2. 11 3. 18 bring about an even broader consumer
1942. 166, 383 n. a. n. a. Methyl salicylate. . 31 32 31 31 demand for them and a correspondingly
1 Preliminary. larger consumption in the post- war
n. a. Not available. n. a. Not Available. years .
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945
ocuments Room
Industrial
CO
NT
MM
ME
ER
RT
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE , Secretary
PA
OF CE
DE
A Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
UNI
IC
ER
TED
AMF
O
STATES
PART
DRUGS
Annual subscription, $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Uruguay: Pharmaceutical
American Republics Unit, George Wythe, Chief
The basic regulations governing the
sale of pharmaceutical specialties in
Uruguay were revised by a resolution of
the Ministry of Public Health (Ministerio
de Salud Publica ) , dated July 20, 1944,
and promulgated in the Diario Oficial of
July 29, 1944. These regulations define
pharmaceutical specialties as all simple
or compound medicinals, with a patented
name,¹ the formula of which is declared
quantitatively and qualitatively, prepared
by a pharmacodynamic process possible
of verification, and which are sold to the
public in the original closed containers.
Pharmaceutical Specialties
Registration
Before pharmaceutical specialties may
be marketed in Uruguay, they must be
approved by the Ministry of Public
Health and covered by a sales permit .
The sales permit is granted only after a
study of the declared formula, the com-
position of the product, its uses, dosage,
and the results of an analysis of the
preparation. The preparation must be
found to be inalterable and the formula
must be one of real pharmacological
value. The therapeutic indications as to
dosage must be correct. Injections must
be put up in ampoules of neutral glass,
with the name of the preparation en-
graved thereon. Chemical and galenic
products that are in accordance with the
French Codex or, until further notice,
the United States Pharmacopeia, are
permitted importation into Uruguay.
NOTE. This study was prepared by A. J.
Poirier, American Republics Unit, Division of
International Economy.
This part "with a patented name" sus-
pended by a resolution of January 18, 1945.
635289-451
Reference
2. CHEMICALS,
AND PHARMACEUTICALS
April 1945
Regulations
Pharmaceutical specialties which do not
conform to these requirements are re-
jected without appeal. Applications for
sales permits for foreign products must
be submitted within 7 months from the
date of the regulations (by February 20,
1945 ) . Presumably, new specialties, or
specialties not previously registered in
Uruguay, will be received subsequent to
this date and passed upon in due course.
The Division of Hygiene (Division de
Higiene) of the Ministry of Public Health
has the authority to :
1. Grant or deny sales authorization.
2. Specify the specialties which may be pre-
scribed by professionals who are not
doctors.
3. Classify specialties for their control, ac-
cording to their composition, in three
groups, as follows:
(A) Specialties with chemical and
galenic preparations which
will be subject to a chemical
analysis to verify the formula,
at the chemical laboratory of
the Ministry of Public Health .
(B) Specialties which require bio-
logical and pharmacodynamic
control. These may be sub-
mitted for examination to the
Institute of Experimental
Medicine (Instituto de Me-
dicina Experimental ) , to the
Institute of Endocrinology
(Instituto de Endocrinolo-
gia) , or to the Laboratory of
Vitaminology and Nutrition
(Laboratorio de Vitaminolo-
gia y Nutricion ) of the Minis-
try of Public Health , until the
Ministry has facilities to
make the required examina-
tions in its own laboratories .
(C) Serums and vaccines , which may
be submitted to the Institute
of Hygiene (Instituto de
Higiene ) .
Service
Number 7
Those Institutes will make their re-
port, which will be added to the file for
each application . But the Division of
Hygiene may reject the application for
sales authorization , even before making
any analysis or test of the specialty, if
it is deemed to be objectionable, either
because of defects in its preparation , or
because of unlawful indications as to its
administration and use.
The Division of Hygiene may, at its
discretion, order new analyses to be
made of those specialties already ap-
proved. It will also control the names
of pharmaceutical specialties and see
that the regulations are observed .
After the application has been made,
and before the study and verification of
the specialty has been carried out, the
Division of Hygiene may issue a condi-
tional authorization, which will be con-
firmed or withdrawn later, according to
the results shown by the study and anal-
ysis of the preparation. In the case of
specialties whose formula cannot be ver-
ified for technical reasons, the Division
of Hygiene may grant or deny the sales
authorization on the basis of the guaran-
tee offered by the laboratory where the
preparation is made, or on the merits of
the preparation itself.
The Division of Hygiene will decide
all cases of contention or dispute.
The Ministry of Public Health will
maintain a register of pharmaceutical
specialties in which all authorized spe-
cialties will be inscribed and classified .
Application¹ for sales authorization
must be presented to the Division of Hy-
giene. In the case of imported special-
¹ See Appendix I for application form.
2 INDUSTRIAL
ties the application must be made and
signed by a professional technician. It
should contain the complete formula and
references, and indicate that the prepa-
ration has been authorized in the coun-
try of origin .
In the declaration of the formula on
the application, all its components must
be indicated without omitting any ex-
cipient, solvent, aglutinant, coloring
matter, etc., in such a way that with the
qualitative and quantitative data given
a product of the same composition can
be prepared. The components must be
designated by their Spanish names or by
fancy names accepted by the French Co-
dex or which designate specialties al-
ready approved by the Ministry of
Health. In order to designate animal
or vegetable matter, their scientific
names in Latin (genus and species) must
be used.
The components making up a formula
must be declared according to one of the
¿wo following forms:
(A) By using, for each component, a name
or one of the names appearing in the
French Codex. Whenever the compo-
nent in question may be of different
composition according to the pharma-
copoeias of various countries (syrups,
tinctures, solutions, etc. ) it is neces-
sary to specify the pharmacopoeia ac-
cording to which the particular com-
ponent has been prepared. If no men-
tion is made of the pharmacopeia, it
will be understood that the component
has been prepared according to the
French Codex.
(B) When a component consists of a definite
chemical substance it must be men-
tioned according to the chemical no-
menclature or by adding its complete
chemical formula. By "complete
chemical formula" is meant that for-
mula which permits a definition of the
body in unequivocal form. In general,
it will not suffice to give the emperic
formula.
In the case of substances which may
contain molecules of water of crystalliza-
tion, it will be necessary to declare
whether they are present, or to indicate
their absence by the term "anhydrous."
In the case of complex compounds, prin-
cipally organic, it is necessary to declare
the detailed chemical formula . Sub-
stances not described in the French
Codex and which have a chemical for-
mula must be designated by adequate
technical expressions. Parts of vegetable
matter must be indicated by the techni-
cal name of the vegetable (genus and
species) ; and, in case of a processed
product derived from vegetable matter
or from an animal, the technique of prep-
aration and the technical name of the
animal or vegetable must be given.
The quantities of each one of the com-
ponents declared in the application must
be those contained in 100 grams or in
100 cubic centimeters of the prepared
product before its transformation into
the form under which it will be offered
for sale.
In case an application is submitted
without all these required details , the
interested party will have to present a
new application and pay the correspond-
ing analysis fee a second time.
REFERENCE SERVICE
Coloring Matter Permitted ¹
The two types of coloring matter per-
mitted in pharmaceutical specialties are
vegetable coloring matter or its respec-
tive lacquers and synthetic coloring
matter.
Only the following vegetable coloring
matter may be used :
Yellows.-Bixa, oriana or rocou; saffron,
turmeric.
Reds. Cochineal, carmine, rose petals
(extract or tincture) .
Blues.-Indigo.
Violets.-Violet petals (tincture) .
Green.-Chlorophyll.
Brown.-Caramel.
The following are the only synthetic
colors permitted in pharmaceutical
specialties :
Naphthol-Yellow.-(Sodium or potassium
salt of acid dinitro-alpha-naphthol-sul-
phonic) .
Oranges.-Tropaeoline 000 or Orange I.
(Sodium salt of sulphobenzene -azo-alpha-
naphthol) .
Reds. Eosine (Tetrabromo- fluorescein) .
Erythrosine.- (Tetraiodo-fluorescein) .
Rose Bengale.-(Iodic and bromic deriva-
tives of chloro- fluorescein ) .
Bordeaux Red.-(Resultants from the
action of sulpho-naphthol derivatives upon
diozoxilenes) .
Poncean Crystallized.-(Action of sulpho-
naphthol derivatives upon diozoxilenes) .
Roccelline.- (Sulphoxiazo- naphtholene) .
Acid Fuchsine.-(Acid sodium, or calcium
salt of acid disulpho-rosaniline) .
Blue-Lyon Blue .-(Derivative of rosani-
line, triphenyl, or diphenylamine ) .
Green-Malachite Green.-Chlorhydrate of
of tetra-methyl diamido-triphenyl-carbinol) .
Acid Green.- (Di -ethyl-dibenzyl -diamido-
triphenyl-carbinol-trisulphonic acid) .
Violet. Paris Violet.-(Hydrochloride of
penta- and bexa-methyl-pararosaniline ) .
Applications for sales permits of prep-
arations with a basis of new products,
and those based on vegetable products,
not sufficiently well known, must have
authorized clinical references, and, in
addition, satisfactory guarantees as to
their therapeutic properties and the
dosage.
The application must be accompanied
by three samples of the specialty, and by
separate copies of the label, prospectus,
and other literature used in connection
with the sale of the product.
The sales authorization is valid for 10
years, and may be renewed at the end
of that period. The Division of Hygiene
may refuse the authorization but must
show the reasons for such action . It
may also cancel authorizations already
granted whenever the use of the product
appears inadvisable.
After the sales authorization has been
granted for a given product, any subse-
quent modification of its formula, and
change in the container, in the labels or
prospectus must be declared to the Min-
istry of Public Health which will take
whatever action may be appropriate.
1 While the coloring matters listed in this
section are the only ones permitted by the
regulations, a high official in the Labora-
tories of the Ministry of Public Health of
Uruguay has indicated that the Ministry
would not object to the importation into
Uruguay of pharmaceutical specialties con-
taining coloring matter other than those
authorized, provided that they are included
in such standard references as the United
States Pharmacopoeia.
The sales permits of all preparations
registered prior to July 20, 1944 (the date
of the new regulations ) , must be revised ,
and permits will be canceled for those
preparations which do not conform to
the new regulations.
Import Procedure
Analysis
The Direction General of Customs
(Direccion General de Aduanas) will not
permit the importation of pharmaceu-
tical specialties which are not included
in the list of specialties authorized by
the Ministry of Public Health . It may,
however, authorize the importation of 10
units for the purpose of obtaining the
necessary authorization.
Every shipment of pharmaceutical
products imported into Uruguay is ex-
amined and analysed . This requirement
is only waived in the case of quantities
valued at less than 10 pesos,¹ imported
by parcel post or brought in as pas-
sengers' baggage.
Requests for the analysis of individual
importations must be prepared on special
forms and addressed to the Analysis Di-
vision of the Direction General of Cus-
toms. These requests must specify the
kind, quantity, and weight of the articles
to which they refer, according to the
text of the customs tariff and in con-
formity with the declaration by which
entry is verified, and the marks, con-
tainers, origin, carrying vessel, date of
arrival, and place of deposit .
Separate requests must be prepared
for each different size or form of con-
tainer in which the same preparation
may be imported.
Samples for analysis are extracted in
the presence of the importer or his repre-
sentative, the warehouse keeper and a
customs inspector, each of whom must
endorse the analysis request at that time.
The cases are then closed and secured
with zinc wire which is sealed with lead.
Any damage or shortage discovered at
the time samples are withdrawn for
analysis must be noted on the corre-
sponding request.
When merchandise subject to analysis
is imported through a subsidiary custom-
house, samples for analysis must be sent
to Montevideo. No part of this mer-
chandise may be cleared until the re-
sults of the analysis have been received
by the local customs collector, and ware-
house charges are computed from the
date of the submission of the request for
analysis.
If the results of an analysis are satis-
factory, a certificate is issued to the im-
porter who may then proceed to clear his
merchandise. A certificate will not be
issued unless the preparation analysed is
found to comply with the standards of
purity established by the French Codex
Medicamentarius.
Importers who are dissatisfied with
the result of an analysis are allowed 4
days with which to file a request for a
second confirmatory analysis to be per-
formed by a chemist of their own selec-
1 Uruguayan peso equivalent to $0.5623 on
December 31, 1944.
 CHEMICALS ,
tion . In the event of further disagree-
ment, a third and final analysis may be
ordered performed by the Minister of
Finance. Products which are rejected
for sanitary or hygienic reasons are re-
moved to a special warehouse (Deposito
de Detalles) where they may remain for
60 days pending their reexportation , de-
naturalization, inutilization, or destruc-
tion.
Control
The importation of pharmaceutical
specialties and perfumery and toilet arti-
cles may be effected only by importers
registered with the Direction General of
Internal Revenue, and those products
may be imported only at the port of
Montevideo.
Entry
A detailed description of pharmaceuti-
cal preparations must be given in the
customs declaration ; i . e. , in addition to
the requirements prescribed by Article
107 of the customs code of November 15 ,
1 ceutical specialties must indicate clearly
1926, the different kinds of pastilles ,
capsules, extracts, pills, etc., must be
specified. Merchandise not subject to
analysis must not be included in a cus-
toms declaration covering products
which are subject to this requirement ,
nor may a declaration of pharmaceutical
specialties include any other class of
merchandise, such as drugs, chemicals,
etc., which are subject to a technical
analysis upon importation .
As merchandise is withdrawn for con-
sumption or for transshipment to other
parts of the country, the quantities re-
moved are checked off the analysis cer-
tificate until the entire shipment cov-
ered has been cleared .
Fees
The charges incurred in connection
with the registration of a pharmaceutical
preparation with the Division of Hygiene
are approximately as follows :
Item Pesos 2
Inscription and analysis fee... 20.00
Stamped paper for application__. .50
Revenue stamp on application --- .25
Revenue stamp on analysis certificate_ 1.00
21.75
2 One Uruguayan peso is equivalent to
$0.5263.
It is estimated that with the additional
charges incidental to the translation of
documents, registration of the power of
attorney, and purchase of further rev-
enue stamps, the total costs of register-
ing a product will approximate 30 Uru-
guayan pesos . This estimate does not
include the fee for personal services
which is charged by the pharmacist who
represents a foreign manufacturer.
The fees charged for the analysis of
individual commercial shipments upon
importation are as follows :
Pesos
Analysis fee, for every 2,000 kilograms
or fraction thereof.. 2.00
Duplicate copies of the analysis cer-
tificate 1.00
Duplicate certificates required for transit
༧
shipments are issued gratuitously.
¹See Appendix II.
DRUGS , AND PHARMACEUTICALS
Pesos
Fee for confirmatory analysis which
gives the same result as the previous
one__ 5.00
The analysis fees are computed on
gross, legal, or net weight in accordance
with the terms of the customs tariff. The
payment of the fees is evidenced by a
special fiscal stamp .which is affixed to
the analysis certificate, without which
stamp no certificate is valid . These
stamps are canceled by the seal of the
Analysis Division of Direction General
of Customs. No analysis is verified by
the customs authorities unless this stamp
is attached to the request for such
verification.
Labeling
Pharmaceutical specialties must have
fancy names. Names based on the
pharmaceutical properties or on the
4
composition of the product, and names
based on the disease for which the spe-
cialty is intended are not permitted .
The labels and prospectus of pharma-
and visibly :
1. The formula with the indications and
dosage.
2. The name of the responsible technician.
3. The name of the laboratory where the
specialty is prepared .
4. The registration number of the spe-
cialty.
5. The maximum retail price.
6. The date of preparation.
7. For perishable products, the expiration
date of the period during which its proper-
ties are maintained.
8. For specialties which, because of their
composition and action, in the judgment of
the Division of Hygiene, must not be sold
freely, there must be added a red label visibly
marked with the inscription : "Venta exclu-
siva bajo receta profesional" (To be sold ex-
clusively under professional prescription.) .
9. Products containing penicillin or similar
products must show, in addition to the above,
the quantity of penicillin by weight or vol-
ume, expressed in Oxford units, and the date
on which its activity will cease.
After the analysis performed at the
time of importation, a sticker bearing the
notice "analizado” (analysed ) , together
with the number of the analysis certifi-
cate and the official seal of the custom-
house, is affixed to every container.
The labels of locally manufactured
products, regardless of the origin of the
formula from which they are com-
pounded, must show the name of the
manufacturer and bear the additional
legend "Industria Uruguaya."
All poisonous products must be dis-
tinguished by an orange-red label bear-
ing the word "Veneno" (Poison ) and the
conventional skull and crossbones.
Veterinary Preparations
Registration
The importation, manufacture, sale,
and use in Uruguay of veterinary special-
ties which have not been officially tested
or approved by the Executive Power is
prohibited. The following regulations
for the examination , approval, and reg-
4 Prohibition of names based "on the com-
position of the product" suspended by a
resolution of January 18, 1945.
3
istration of imported veterinary prod-
ucts became effective on October 4, 1936.
Zootherapeutic specialties are defined
as biological or chemical products of
known composition or properties, known
by their own name and by their original
container, and destined for the preven-
tion, cure, or diagnosis of animal dis-
eases . These regulations do not apply
to diagnostic products used officially for
combating certain infectious diseases,
such as tuberculine and malleine, the
unrestricted use of which might counter-
act the efforts of the Livestock Bureaù
(Direccion de Ganaderia ) ; the sale and
use of these products is governed by
special legislation .
For the importation of zootherapeu-
tic specialties the following requirements
must be complied with before the Live-
stock Bureau will begin to make the con-
trol tests :
(A) It must be shown that the products
come from an institute, factory, or laboratory
duly installed and authorized to operate in
the country of origin;
(B) When the products are prepared in a
private factory or laboratory, whose exist-
ence, operation, and reputation is not known
to the Uruguayan Livestock Bureau, a certifi-
cate will be required from the competent
authorities of the country of origin certify-
ing that the factory or laboratory was prop-
erly installed and is authorized to operate;
this certificate must also show that the es-
tablishment is under a director or technical
adviser with a title equivalent to that re-
quired for domestic factories , such as "Vet-
erinary," "Doctor," "Pharmacist," "Chemist,"
or "Bacteriologist"; the signature of the di-
rector or technical adviser will be required
on the certificate of origin¹ covering ship-
ments of these products.
(C) The products must be imported in the
original containers, labeled, and ready for
sale;
(D) When for the sake of convenience or
for other special reasons the importer desires
to import the merchandise in containers
larger than the usual sales units, or in a
solution, or in concentrated suspensions, re-
quiring repacking for sale, a special request
must be made , and permission may be given
under certain conditions. In the case of
biological products, serums, vaccines, etc., the
Uruguayan authorities may require a labo-
ratory to be set up, subject to the regulations
applying to domestic laboratories;
(E) When the owner or representative of
a foreign product cannot comply with the
requirements under (A) above, and when
in the opinion of the Uruguayan authorities
he does not fulfill the conditions set up under
(B) above, he may be permitted to import
the product provided that he establishes a
laboratory in Uruguay with a responsible
technician in charge, and with the equip-
ment necessary for making a chemical or
biological examination of the products.
The importers or legal representatives of
exporters who wish to introduce such prepa-
rations on the Uruguayan market must ap-
ply to the Livestock Bureau of the Ministry
of Livestock and Agriculture (Ministerio de
Ganaderia y Agricultura ) at Montevideo for
permission to do so. It is assumed that a
separate application must be submitted for
each different product. Each application
must declare that the applicant agrees to
abide by the present regulations, and must
set forth :
(A) The name of the owner of the product.
(B) The name under which the specialty
will be sold.
(C) Whether it is a domestic or foreign
product.
(D) The purpose for which it is intended
1 Combined consular invoice and certificat
of origin.
 INDUSTRIAL
(E) The nature of the preparation-
whether it is a chemical product, a biological
product, or a mixture.
(F ) In the case of a biological product,
there must be indicated the specifications
sufficient for its identification and control,
as follows:
1. For serums: The species of the animal
from which produced, its value in antitoxic
units or its preventive or curative power
against the infections for which it is in-
tended .
2. For vaccines : The microbian species it
contains, and whether the germ is alive or
dead; in the case of live germs, it must
declare whether or not they are attenuated ,
and if so, give a description of the method of
attenuation used, the virulence towards lab-
oratory animals if applicable to them, and
towards other animals; if the product is
an antianthrax (anticarbuncle) vaccine, the
application must state whether the vaccine
belongs to the mycelia or to the spore-
carrying variety; if the germs are dead, there
must be a declaration of the species and
concentration per unit of volume or per
dose.
(G) In the case of a chemical product,
the qualitative and quantitative composition
must be indicated , showing clearly the sub-
stances and their quantity on which the effi-
cacy of the preparation is based .
(H ) The precise manner of use:
1. If it is to be injected, the application
must state where the injection is to be
made and the dose and conditions under
which it may be repeated, if this information
is indicated on the container.
2. If for internal use, the application must
indicate the dose and the conditions under
which it may be repeated, if this is shown
on the container.
3. If for external use, local or general, or
for bathing, etc., the application must show
the required concentration of the solution
and duration of the treatment, the number
of treatments required to obtain the curative
or preventive effect attributed to the medi-
cine, and the influence of the kind of water
(fresh or salt) on the efficacy of the medicine.
The precautions to be taken with the animals
before and after the treatment so as to assure
the effect of the treatment or to avoid injury
to the health of the animals must also be
indicated .
(I) Whether the product has been recently
discovered or has been used previously for
the same purpose in Uruguay or in a foreign
country.
(J) Whether the specialty is easily subject
to change, and the manner of preservation.
In the case of biological products, the appli-
cation must state whether the product is a
serum, vaccine, etc., and the length of time
during which it will be effective must be
clearly indicated.
(K) The application must also state the
kind of container used for retail sale and
must show the label and special distinctive
or other marks.
No statement in the application is
taken into account unless it is precise
and susceptible of verification by anal-
ysis. The Inspection Service (Servicio
de Contralor) may request additional
data when considered necessary .
The above application for a test and
permission to import must be accom-
panied by scientific bibliography relative
to the use that the specialty has already
had, or, lacking this, by a circumstantial
report of the experiments made by the
person preparing the specialty, serving
as a basis for its curative or preventive
qualities.
The examination for admission of the
product will include tests for innocuous-
ness, and tests of the efficacy of the pre-
ventive or curative qualities attributed to
the specialty. When, due to the nature
of the product, it is difficult to test the
claimed preventive or curative qualities,
REFERENCE SERVICE
it may be accepted for examination, sub-
ject to a test only of its innocuousness if
the product does not already exist in the
country, and provided that it appears
from the scientific bibliography, records
of experiments, etc., presented with the
application, that its use will be bene-
ficial.
If an application is made for exami-
nation and approval of a product claimed
to have curative, preventive, or diagnos-
tic properties which it is evident that
the product does not contain, the appli-
cant will be required to present the docu-
mentation relative to the experiments
made by the person who has prepared
the product. This documentation will
have to be countersigned by a respon-
sible technician. If it is not presented or
if it is not conclusive as to the properties
attributed to the medicine, the Livestock
Bureau may refuse the application with-
out making the prescribed tests.
On the other hand, if a chemical prod-
uct is presented for approval, and it ap-
pears to the Livestock Bureau from a
quantitative and qualitative considera-
tion of its components that it has the
required degree of efficacy and that its
use will not cause harm to the animals
treated, the Livestock Bureau may ex-
empt it from the prescribed tests and
approve it forthwith.
It may also exempt from the tests spe-
cialties composed of defined chemicals
whose efficacy is recognized in general
scientific bibliography. However, these
provisions do not create a right in the
applicant but are entirely discretionary
with the Livestock Bureau ; these prod-
ucts shall also be subject to the regular
analysis to verify their chemical compo-
sition, and to the permanent control
after their authorization, for which the
regular chemical analysis fee will be
charged.
Import Procedure
Analysis
Veterinary specialties are submitted
to the following tests:
Insecticides-
1. Chemical analysis.
2. Their innocuousness and efficacy is
considered acceptable if the treatment of
calves bearing lice in all stages of devel-
opment, in two immersions made from 5
to 7 days apart and not exceeding 30
seconds each, results in the complete de-
struction of the lice or in the extinction
of their larvae (procreo) . Insecticides
requiring but a single immersion of 30
seconds or less, provided they are equally
effective, are accepted .
3. The tests will be made with fresh
and salt water at the required degree and
with at least four animals, two with
fresh and two with salt water.
Sheep-Dip-
1. Chemical analysis.
2. Their innocuousness , especially for
wool, and their efficacy are considered
acceptable if the treatment of scab-
infected sheep subjected to two immer-
sions of 1 minute maximum duration
each 2 days apart results in the death
of all the mites. Specialties to be applied
otherwise are also accepted , provided
that they assure the destruction of all
the mites or impede their transmission
(emigracion ) .
3. These tests will also be made with
fresh and salt water, at the proper de-
gree. At least 12 infected animals will
be used, 6 with each kind of water.
Vermicides and Other Chemicals-
Their composition , innocuousness, and
degree of efficacy are examined , and the
condition of their application is estab-
lished.
Vaccines
1. Their purity and biological charac-
teristics are determined by miscroscopic
examinations, cultures, or the innocula-
tion of laboratory animals.
2. Their innocuousness is determined
by their application to animals of the
species for which they are intended ; and
their efficacy at different periods of the
immunization experiment is determined
by the injection of the proper virus or by
the exposure to contagion of immune
animals.
3. For vaccines such as anticarbuncle
(antianthrax) and others similar, for
which the result of the test permits a
final pronouncement regarding the de-
gree of efficacy, a minimum of 15 animals
will be used, 10 of which will be vacci-
nated and the remaining 5 not vaccinated
but subjected to the same virus as those
which are vaccinated , on the same date
and under the same conditions, for pur-
poses of observation .
4. In the case of vaccines for combat-
ing diseases such as hoof and mouth dis-
ease, where tests are not always de-
pendable, the Inspection Service will de-
termine in each case the experiments re-
quired, even multiple tests in series if
necessary, and in any case more than 15
animals will be used for the test.
Serums and Other Biologicals-
Their specific adaptability to the pur-
pose for which they are intended, their
antitoxic power or, in lieu thereof, their
preventive and curative value, diagnostic
value, etc., according to the use for
which they are intended and the tech-
nique most appropriate in each instance.
The Inspection Service , in case of doubt
relative to the innocuousness or to the
efficacy of the product, may require the
prescribed tests to be repeated or new
ones to be made before approving the
product in question.
Upon the completion of the tests, the
Inspection Service of the Ministry of
Livestock and Agriculture draws up a
report thereof, indicating the results.
The authorization decreed in favor of
any specialty is subject to revocation if
the subsequent use of the specialty gives
rise to doubt as to its qualities of innocu-
ousness and efficacy, and its withdrawal
gives rise to no claim of any nature what-
ever.
If there is a change in the ownership,
agent, or representative of a foreign
product already approved, this must be
reported to the Livestock Bureau with
the name and address of the old and new
owner, agent, or representative.

CHEMICALS ,
Entry
The customs authorities may not per-
mit the importation of any veterinary
specialty unless the importer exhibits a
permit issued by the Livestock Bureau .
The Livestock Bureau may also au-
thorize the importation , once only or on
a temporary basis, of zootherapeutic spe-
cialties, in the following cases :
(A) When in the interest of the na-
tional livestock industry there is a mani-
fest and urgent necessity for a specialty
for combating a foreign disease which
has recently occurred or been found to
exist, or for recognized efficacious spe-
cialties not existing in Uruguay, or for
specialties recognized as being superior to
those obtainable locally.
(B) In small quantities for tests to be
conducted in laboratories or by ranchers.
Before clearing such trial shipments, the
customs authorities make a record of the
consignee and of the period within which
they will be utilized in order to facilitate
such examination of the results obtained
as the Livestock Bureau may wish to
make.
The Livestock Bureau, before permit-
ting importation of veterinary specialties
as provided under (B ) above ( and it may
do so in the case of specialties imported
under the provisions of (A) also) , will
require a prior declaration of the compo-
sition of the specialty, in order to deter-
mine in each case whether a test for in-
nocuousness is necessary.
It is prohibited to import specialties
for combating diseases which do not
exist in Uruguay, except in the case out-
lined under paragraph (A) above.
Fees
The fee for the chemical analysis is 50
pesos for insecticides, sheep- dip, and
vermifuge, and 25 pesos for other chem-
ical specialties.
The cost of procuring and maintaining
animals for the initial tests required for
the approval of specialties, as well as
other related expenses, are chargeable to
the person requesting the approval, who
must deposit at the Treasury (Tesoreria)
of the Livestock Bureau before the tests
are initiated, a sum estimated sufficient
to meet the expenses and fees. If dur-
ing the procedure of testing the product
this amount becomes exhausted, the in-
terested party must deposit an additional
amount, otherwise the tests will be dis-
continued. After the tests the applicant
must meet any debit to his account, or
any surplus remaining to his credit will
be refunded.
Labeling
The containers of all specialties, in-
cluding insecticides , must bear labels on
which are indicated :
(A) The name of the laboratory.
( B) The distinctive mark of the product.
(C) The series number of the preparation.
(D ) The official registration number.
When the container permits, it should
also bear a label called "Official Label"
(Etiqueta Oficial ) showing the conditions
of use under which the product has been
approved. This label must be printed in
black characters on a yellow background .
If the size of the container does not per-
DRUGS , AND PHARMACEUTICALS
mit the easy application of this " Official
Label," it must be accompanied by a
printed sheet containing the information
required on the "Official Label."
The containers of raw materials sold
for preparing veterinary specifics, or for
administration directly to animals, must
indicate the name of the company selling
the product, and must state on the label
"Uso Veterinario" (For Veterinary Use) .
Insecticides and Fungicides for
Agriculture
The regulations for the registration,
importation, and sale of insecticides and
fungicides for agricultural purposes were
established by Decree No. 428/942 of July
15, 1942. These products, whether do-
mestic or imported, may not be sold in
Uruguay unless they have been regis-
tered with and been issued a sales permit
by the Bureau of Agronomy (Direccion
de Agronomia ) , of the Ministry of Live-
stock and Agricultura (Ministerio de
Ganaderia y Agricultura) .
Registration
Requests for registration and the sales
permit must be presented on stamped
paper by the importer or representative
to the Division of Vegetable Pathology
and Entomology (Division de Patologia
Vegetal y Entomologia) .
The request for registration must be
accompanied by the following :
(A) A sample of the product, taken from a
shipment by the inspector of the Port of
Montevideo (Inspector del Puerto de Monte-
video) accompanied by the interested party.
(B) A statement of the active principle
and the percentage of this product.
(C) Directions for use of the preparation .
(D) The trade-mark.
(E) A declaration of the country of origin.
The registration is valid for 4 years
from the date of its approval by the Di-
vision of Vegetable Pathology and En-
tomology, and must be renewed every
succeeding 4 years if the product is to
remain on the market. Any modifica-
tion in the composition of the product
after it has been registered requires it
to be registered anew. The containers
must be such as to preserve the effica-
ciousness of the product .
Before the product is registered, the
Division of Vegetable Pathology and En-
tomology will make the necessary tests
to determine the practicality and efficac-
ity of the product. If it is insufficiently
equipped to make the required tests the
person requesting its registration will
have to supply the material required .
The Division of Vegetable Pathology and
Entomology will send a sample to the
Laboratories Section (Section Labora-
torios) of the Bureau of Agronomy so
that a chemical analysis may be made to
determine whether the amount of the
active ingredient or ingredients agrees
with the declaration of the importer or
with the statement on the label.
After it has been verified that the in-
secticides and fungicides meet the speci-
fications of purity, innocuousness, prac-
ticality, efficaciousness, and chemical
composition declared by the person who
made the application, they are regis-
tered, and a sales permit is issued. But
‫ام‬
5
the product nevertheless continues to be
subject to control by the Ministry of
Public Health.
For such insecticides and fungicides
as copper sulphate, copper carbonate,
calcium sulphide, alcaline polisulphide ,
lead and calcium arsenate, acetoarsen-
ite of copper (Urania Green ) , Uspulum,
oxychloride of copper, extra-ventilated
sulphur, "gree" sulphur and "cupro
atomico," iron sulphate, carbon sulphide,
pyrethrum in powder and its derivatives,
emulsionable mineral oils, tobacco ex-
tract, nicotine sulphate, commercial sul-
phuric acid, pyralin and paradichloro-
benzol, whose efficaciousness for para-
sites and plant diseases are now known
in Uruguay, the only test made will be to
verify their chemical composition so as
to test their nature and innocuousness.
Labeling
Insecticides and fungicides for agri-
cultural purposes must indicate on the
label :
(A) The name or trade mark of the prod-
uct or preparation .
(B) The active principle or principles in
the preparation; and the percentage of each .
(C) The net weight or quantity of the
contents.
(D) The usual emblem required by the
Council of Public Health (Consejo de Salud
Publica) , the skull and crossbones in the case
of poisonous substances.
(E) The country of origin (for imported
products) .
Prior approval of the labels to be used
on the containers must also be requested
at the time application is submitted for
the registration and sales permit. False
or exaggerated statements regarding the
efficaciousness of the products will not
be permitted.
Any reference, on the label, in notices
or in publications , to the registration of
the product may be made only in these
words: "Registrado en (dia)
------- de (mes) de
(ano) bajo el No.
por la Direccion de Agronomia"
(Registered on (day)
of ----- (month) of
(year) under No. by
the Bureau of Agronomy.)
Chemical products offered for sale as
insecticides or fungicides for agricul-
tural purposes , without any addition or
special preparation which modifies their
form of action or their use, may not
carry any name other than their usual
scientific or common names.
Import Procedure (Control )
Control over insecticides and fungi-
cides for agricultural purposes through-
out the country will be exercised by the
officials of the Bureau of Agronomy, who
may take samples of these products
whenever necessary, which they will sub-
mit to the Division of Vegetable Pathol-
ogy and Entomology for testing. The
Bureau of Agronomy will prohibit the
sale of products which are found to differ
from those originally presented or to
be falsified or deficient in their com-
ponent elements.
When an insecticide or fungicide is
found to have been adulterated, the re-
6 INDUSTRIAL
sponsible official will proceed to have the
stocks denatured or destroyed, and a full
account will be drawn up and signed by
the official and two witnesses.
The officials of the Bureau of Agron-
omy, upon presentation of their cre-
dentials, must be admitted into the fac-
tories, warehouses, storage houses, or
other establishments where insecticides
and fungicides are prepared or sold, so
that they may make tests, extract sam-
ples, and otherwise perform their duty.
Fees
At the time the request for registration
is presented, the fee of 25.00 pesos, per
product or preparation to be registered,
must be deposited at the Treasury
(Tesoreria) of the Bureau of Agronomy.
This amount will not be refunded
whether or not the product is approved.
Sulfa Drugs and Penicillin
Special regulations have been set up
for the sale of sulfonamides, barbiturates,
etc., by a resolution dated July 20 , 1944,
issued by the Ministry of Health. These
regulations apply to sulfonamides, bar-
biturates, adrenaline, ephedrine and
other derivatives.
In general, benzedrine (beta phenyl
isopropylamine ) and its derivatives and
salts, as well as veterinary preparations
containing sulfonamides, barbiturates
or benzedrine, are subject to the regu-
lations applying to pharmaceutical
containing
specialties. Preparations
penicillin or similar products , obtained
from "penicillium notatum" or from
other species of fungi, may not be sold
except under medical prescription .
Pharmaceutical specialties containing
these products are subject to the general
regulations applying to pharmaceutical
specialties. In addition to the data re-
quired to be shown on the label, these
products must also indicate the quantity
of penicillin by weight or volume, ex-
pressed in Oxford units, and the date
when its activity will cease.
Alkaloids and Narcotics
The importation and distribution of
heroin, diacetylmorphine and its salts,
and of preparations containing these
products may be made only by the Pur-
chasing Office of the Ministry of Public
Health. The importation of all pharma-
ceutical specialties which contain dia-
cetylmorphine or its salts is also pro-
hibited, except through the intermediary
of the Ministry of Public Health.
Patents, Trade-Marks, and
Copyrights
Information concerning the registra-
tion and protection of patents, trade-
marks and copyrights in Uruguay may be
obtained from the Foreign Law Adviser,
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com-
merce, upon specific request.
Sales Restrictions
Laboratories are inspected by officials
of the Division of Hygiene, who may ex-
tract, for purposes of analysis, samples
REFERENCE SERVICE
of pharmaceutical specialties on sale as
well as samples of their component mate-
rials. All sales by pharmacies of poison-
ous substances for use in industry or the
arts or for the destruction of animals
must be recorded so as to show the nature,
the quantity, and purpose of the sub-
stance, and also the signature of both the
seller and the purchaser.
All nonapproved veterinary specialties
which may be found on sale are subject
to confiscation, and their manufacturers
and distributors are liable to the maxi-
mum penalties provided by the Sanitary
Police (Policia Sanitaria) Law (April 13,
1910) .
The sale of raw materials to be used in
the preparation of veterinary specifics, or
to be administered directly to animals,
will be permitted only by companies
which have a technical director (a phar-
macist, veterinarian, bacteriologist, etc. ) ,
and under the responsibility of this per-
son .
The Control Service of the Laboratory
of Investigations (Servicio de Contralor
del Laboratorio de Investigaciones) is
charged with the periodical performance
of tests necessary to verify the preserva-
tion of the good qualities of veterinary
specialties already approved. For this
purpose factories and laboratories are
obliged to permit the entry of these in-
spectors and to furnish them with the
necessary samples. The Control Service
will stop the sale of, withdraw from the
trade and confiscate any product found
to have been changed after it was ap-
proved. In such cases it will warn the
manufacturer or agent so that the re-
quired correction may be made. A repe-
tition of this infraction may cause the
cancelation of the authorization of the
product, and its cancelation gives rise to
no claims of any nature whatever.
It is prohibited to attribute to special-
ties, either through advertisement or on
labels or in circulars, properties which
they have not been recognized to possess
and which, consequently , are not speci-
fied in the decree authorizing their sale
and use. Such exaggerated advertising
must be officially corrected , and repeated
infractions of this rule may result in the
cancelation of the authorization of the
product.
Consumption Taxes
A sales tax of 0.06 peso per unit is
payable on medicinal preparations of
foreign manufacture. The tax on the
same articles of Uruguayan production
is fixed at 0.04 peso per unit.
These taxes apply to mineral waters
for table use ; medicinal wines ; medicinal
oils, syrups ; emulsions ; elixirs ; capsules,
pills, pellets, drops, comprimees, tablets,
and pastilles ; liniments and prepara-
tions for external use such as pomades,
unguents, and tinctures ; medicinal cig-
arettes ; medicinal plasters ; medicated
papers ; medicinal powders and laxa-
tives ; medicinal soap ; natural and ar-
tificial mineral waters ; patented prod-
ucts in original containers ; specialties
not specified ; veterinary specialties, and
to all other products which have or
which are claimed to have any curative
properties.
The term "patented products" applies
to all chemical preparations with fancy
names or which are intended for the
manufacture of officinal formulae. The
term "pharmaceutical specialty" for
purposes of the application of the sales
tax includes "every substance or mix-
ture of substances conveniently packed
for its individualization in trade or for
its sale to the public." These charac-
teristics are identified by representations
of curative power, dosage, labels, wrap-
pers, prospectus, and every other visible
feature which differs appreciably from
those used in connection with prepara-
tions compounded under a medical pre-
scription or in accordance with formulae
in the Codex Medicamentarius.
Serums, virus, vaccines, and similar
preparations for the treatment of ani-
mals, sheep-dip, and insecticides for the
destruction of animal pests, prepara-
tions for the treatment of syphilis, and
malt extract containing not more than
1 percent (un grado ) of alcohol are ex-
empt from the payment of any sales tax.
All products of Uruguayan manufac-
ture which are labeled, advertised , or
presented in a form showing foreign
origin are taxable at the higher rate
provided for imported products. Prep-
arations which may be used as toilet
articles as well as medicinal specialties
are taxed at the still higher rates ex-
isting for the former.
Controversies which arise over the
application of the stamp tax on me-
dicinal preparations are decided by a
special commission created for this pur-
pose, and final appeals from the findings
of this body may be taken to the Min-
istry of Finance (Ministerio de Haci-
enda ) .
All importers or customs brokers who
handle pharmaceutical specialties, min-
eral waters, or patented products must
register with the Direction General of
Internal Revenue (Direccion General de
Impuestos Internos ) , stating their in-
dividual and firm names, their business
address, their working capital, their
marks and labels, and a list of products
in which they are interested. Two full
sets of all labels and wrappers habitually
used by the company, must be filed to-
gether with their application for regis-
tration . The Direction General of In-
ternal Revenue may or may not require
such applicants to furnish bonds, at its
option. It issues a certificate to each
licensed imported and forwards a list
of such licensed persons to the Direction
General of Customs (Direccion General
de Aduanas ) . Importers not registered
are not permitted to purchase revenue
stamps or to clear specialties, and per-
fumery and toilet articles through the
customs.
The sales tax is paid by means of reve-
nue stamps which must be affixed to the
outer containers or wrappers of the taxed
articles so that these may not be opened
without necessitating the destruction of
the stamp. In addition , the stamps must
be canceled with indelible ink. The Di-
rection General of Internal Revenue may
authorize the printing of revenue stamps
in sizes larger than those ordinarily used
in order that interested parties may add
approved legends of their own upon them.
 CHEMICALS ,
The additional cost of printing these
stamps must, of course, be borne by the
persons who obtain the privilege of us-
ing them. The stamps used on foreign
products are of a different color from
those used on domestic preparations.
Upon special request stamps may be pre-
pared without gumming or perforation ,
and they may be localized or individual-
ized. It is also permissible to send reve-
nue stamps abroad so that they may be
placed on articles of foreign manufacture
at the time of packing , but in such cases
the stamped merchandise must be im-
ported within 6 months. Otherwise im-
porters must stamp their merchandise in
the customhouse . At all events the
stamps must be affixed to the articles be-
fore they are offered for sale, and failure
to comply with this requirement will ex-
pose the delinquent distributors to heavy
fines.
When specialties are imported in bulk
for repacking in Uruguay, the importers
must purchase the required quantity of
stamps and affix them to the individual
containers at the time of packing, within
20 days from the day the goods leave
the customhouse.
As an example, when a large shipment
of soap powder was imported, the con-
signees were required to estimate the
number of packages into which the ship-
ment would be divided and to purchase a
sufficient number of stamps to seal each
package. The repacking , as is customary
in such instances, was supervised by a
representative of the internal revenue
service.
All products subject to this sales tax
must be cleared through the port of
Montevideo, except in such special in-
stances as the Direction General of In-
ternal Revenue may elect to authorize
clearance through other ports.
Samples
Samples of no commercial value may
be sent by sample post in packages up to
a limit of 18 ounces in weight. The
length and girth combined may be 36
inches, the greatest length not exceed-
ing 24 inches. Samples so sent are ex-
empt from documentary requirements
and customs formalities. They also take
a low rate of postage. They should be
marked "Muestras sin Valor," ( samples
without value) and must be so packed as
to allow easy inspection. Samples sent
by parcel post, by express , or by freight
are subject to the same documentary
requirements as ordinary commercial
shipments sent in the same manner.
Samples of no commercial value are
admitted free of duty. Samples which
are otherwise dutiable may be admitted
free of duty if they are so marked,
stamped, defaced , or mutilated as to be
rendered totally unfit for sale.
The clearance of dutiable samples by
commercial travelers may be final, tem-
porary, or conditional. In the first in-
stance duties are paid as they would be
on regularly imported merchandise ; in
the second, temporary admission of the
samples under bond is permitted for a
specified period ; and in the third, the
customs authorities undertake to refund
DRUGS , AND PHARMACEUTICALS
the duties paid provided the samples are
reexported within a specified time.
Import Duties
The import tariff of Uruguay provides
for a duty on imported specialties, pat-
ent medicines and drugs of 52 percent ,
53.5 percent, or 70.5 percent of certain
fixed official customs valuations, depend-
ing upon the kind , quality, or composi-
tion of the articles imported. Including
a general increase of one-half in import
duty rates established by a decree of
July 24, 1942, the present rates of duty
are 78 percent, 80.25 percent, and 105.75
percent of the official valuations.
Vaccine imported for the purpose of
preventing diseases among cattle is ad-
mitted into Uruguay free of duty but is
subject to port taxes amounting to 4
percent of its official customs valuation.
Exemption from the import duty, how-
ever, is contingent upon the procure-
ment of a permit from the Ministry of
Industries (Ministerio de Industrias ) .
The Direction General of Customs is ad-
vised of each such permit issued so that
the clearance of the shipment affected
may be completed with the least possible
delay.
The executive power of Uruguay may
also temporarily exempt from import
duties and minor taxes any substances
which may be used as curative or pro-
phylactic agents whenever an epidemic
threatens the cattle industry.
The rate of duty applicable to a given
product may be obtained from the Amer-
ican Republics Unit upon specific re-
quest. Such requests should plainly
state the nature of the preparation in
question, its use or purpose , and its chief
ingredients. Under a law dated Octo-
ber 12, 1912 , special reductions from the
general rates of import duty are pro-
vided for raw materials of industrial ap-
plication. It may therefore sometimes
be advisable to ship the ingredients for
prepared medicines in bulk to Uruguay
so that the preparation may be com-
pounded within the country.
Customs Treatment of Sheep-Dip
The manufacture of sheep- dip has be-
come an industry of considerable pro-
portions in Uruguay, and it has been
favored by legislation since 1911.
Imported sheep- dip is subject to the
payment of customs duty at the rate
of 0.10 peso per kilogram and to a cus-
toms surtax of 4 percent or 16 percent
ad valorem, depending upon its value.
Raw materials for the manufacture
of sheep -dip are imported at compara-
tively low rates of duty, and strong de-
naturalized tobacco used for this pur-
pose has been exempted from the pay-
ment of duty since October 12, 1912.
Under the exemption granted by this
law, imported tobacco may be denatu-
ralized at the establishment of the im-
porter with the permission and under
the supervision of internal revenue of-
ficials.
As a measure of added encouragement
to the local manufacture of sheep- dip ,
manufacturing plants established in
Uruguay enjoy the following privileges
under the law of October 12, 1912 :
(A) Exemption from duty on all construc-
tion materials not produced locally.
(B) Exemption from duty on all machin-
ery placed in their establishment, whether
for the manufacture of the specific itself or
of its containers.
(C) Exemption from license fees, land and
internal taxes for a period of 10 years.
Lumber imported for the manufacture
of sheep-dip containers is accorded a
draw-back upon its reexportation .
Appendix I
FORM OF APPLICATION FOR THE REGISTRA-
TION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
MONTEVIDEO, 194 .
AL MINISTERIO DE SALUD PUBLICA,
DIVISION DE HIGIENE,
Dr.
El que suscribe con domicilio en
calle numero ante ese Honor-
able Ministerio se presenta y expone :
·Que siendo el __ de la especial-
idad farmaceutica denominada
cuya confeccion se efectua en
del estado de
EE. UU. de A. , solicita la au-
torizacion correspondiente para proceder
a la venta en las condiciones que se es-
tablecen en las disposiciones vigentes.
Para sus efectos, remito tres mues-
tras en sus envases originales, acompa-
nandose a esta solicitud , el detalle de su
formula y rotulos , prospectos , y litera-
tura correspondiente, asi como todos los
demas datos ilustrativos.
SALUDA A VS. ATENTAMENTE,
(Firma) .
Appendix I
FORM OF APPLICATION FOR THE REGISTRA-
TION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
(Translation)
194 .
MONTEVIDEO,
TO THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH,
DIVISION OF HYGIENE,
Dr.
The undersigned , residing on
street, number declares to the
Honorable Ministry :
That being the of the phar-
maceutical specialty called
manufactured in
in the state of United
States of America, requests the corre-
sponding sales authorization under the
conditions established by the regulations
in force.
For this purpose, I submit 3 samples
in the original containers, and this re-
quest is accompanied by the detailed
formula and labels, prospectus, and ac-
companying literature, as well as all other
illustrative data.
Yours truly,
(Signature) .
8 INDUSTRIAL
Appendix II
Customs Code of November 15, 1926.
Uruguay.
Article 107 : Every permit which is re-
quested for customs transactions must
comply with the following requirements :
(A) It must be prepared on the proper
stamped paper and signed by
the interested party.
(B) It must be accompanied by three
similar copies bearing the cor-
responding tax.
(C ) It must state whether the mer-
chandise to which it refers is
for storage, clearance, or trans-
shipment.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo., 566 Customhouse.
REFERENCE SERVICE
(D) It must state the name, national-
ity, and port of departure of the
carrying vessel.
(E) It must state the types of con-
tainers used and the marks,
numbers , or indications by
which they are distinguished.
(F) It must state the name, class, and
quantity of the contents of each
package or container, express-
ing its measures in terms of the
legal units of the country (met-
ric units) . In the case of pack-
ages or containers which con-
tain exclusively merchandise
included in a single item of the
customs tariff that is dutiable
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
by weight, measure, or quantity,
only the total quantity will be
required for each group of con-
tainers or mark.
Article 108 : Merchandise must be de-
scribed in accordance with the de-
nominations used in the customs
tariff.
Article 109 : Whenever the importer
does not know the contents of the
packages or any information re-
ferred to in paragraph (D) of ar-
ticle 107 , the Direction General of
Customs may permit the inspection
of the packages and the verification
of their contents prior to the filing
of the importer's declaration.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut
St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S.W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 403 U. S. Post Office and
Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal Office Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945
Documents Room

Industrial Reference Service

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Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR , Director

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Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
LIBRARY
DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS
MAY -41945

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00 . Price this report 5 cents .
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or Department Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 April 1945 Number 8

Mexico: Pharmaceutical Regulations

Regulations Governing the Registration, Importation, Advertising,

and Sale of Patent Medicines, Pharmaceutical Specialties, Medical
( Apparatus, Toilet and Hygienic Preparations, and Related Products

American Republics Unit, George Wythe, Chief

Mexican executive decree , promul-
gated May 20, 1942, and effective June
1 , 1942 , as amended by subsequent en-
actments, constitutes the basic regula-
tions governing the importation , regis-
tration , and sale of medicinal products,
toilet preparations, biologicals, and heal-
ing apparatus and materials. The regu-
lations cover :
I. Every substance, natural or synthetic,
simple or compound, intended for ther-
apeutic, preventative , or curative ends,
including patent medicines and phar-
maceutical specialties, homeopathic
preparations, serums, vaccines, and
other biological products, drugs, disin-
fectants, medicinal soaps, insecticides,
parasiticides, raticides, and mineral
waters for internal use.
II. Hygienic, toilet, and beauty preparations,
such as perfumes, lotions, powders,
skin creams, pastes, rouge, cosmetics,
lipsticks, dentifrices, hair dyes, and, in
general, preparations intended for
beautifying or "make-up ."
III. Biological reagents and other products
used for diagnostic purposes.
IV. Healing materials and apparatus.
The following products are exempted
from the requirements of these regula-
tions :
I. Drugs, chemicals, and similar products,
which, although they may possess me-
dicinal properties, are intended exclu-
sively for use in the manufacture of
medicaments or reagents , provided that
they do not bear any therapeutic in-
dications on their respective labels or
containers, except the name of the
product or drug and a statement as to
whether or not it is poisonous.
II. Substances which, although susceptible
of use as medicaments, have industrial
applications, provided they bear on the
label the phrase, “Industrial Use" (Uso
Industrial) , the name of the product,
and a statement as to whether or not
it is poisonous.
III. Toilet soaps, not medicinal.
635288 45
Products to which these regulations
apply may not be imported , manufac-
tured, prepared , stored , advertised , sold,
or supplied to the public , unless they have
been previously approved by the Mexican
Department of Public Health (Departa-
mento de Salubridad Publica) , when
submitted for registration, or after the
periodic revision thereof by the Depart-
ment, as provided for in these regulations.
The same prohibitions are applied in the
case of products whose registration has
been canceled. The importation of un-
registered products, or products whose
registration has been canceled, is Pro-
hibited. An exemption to this prohibition
may be granted in the case of products
for experimental purposes by domestic
laboratories, upon prior application to
and authorization by the Department
of Public Health, and in the case of
samples submitted in connection with
the registration of a product. Lists of
approved products, of products whose
registration is active , of products which
have been denied registration , and of
those whose registration may have been
canceled will be published periodically in
the Diario Oficial.
Procedure for Registration
Applications for the registration of
products subject to these regulations
must be submitted in duplicate to the
Mexican Department of Public Health,
either by the manufacturer or producing
laboratory directly, or through an au-
thorized representative. Applications
must be signed jointly by the manager or
proprietor of the laboratory or establish-
NOTE. This study was prepared by E. W.
Skartvedt, American Republics Unit, Division
of International Economy.
ment where the product is manufactured,
prepared , or stored, and by the responsi-
ble pharmaceutical chemist thereof.
The application must furnish the fol-
lowing data : (a) Name of the product ;
(b) name and address of the proprietor ;
(c) name and address of the Mexican
representative, if any ; ( d) name and ad-
dress of the manufacturing establish-
ment or laboratory, and for imported
products, the name and address of the
domestic establishment in which it is
stored or prepared for sale ; ( e ) name
and address of the responsible head of
the establishment referred to in the pre-
ceding clause ; (f) the quantitative for-
mula of the product, without abbrevia-
tions, symbols , chemical formulas, or ob-
solete synonyms, which formula must be
stated in terms of 100 cubic centimeters,
if the product is a liquid ; and in terms
of 100 grams, if the product is a solid
(only when relating to fractions of a
milligram is the use of the unit "gamma”
permitted ) . For products such as am-
poules, bougies , capsules ; tablets, loz-
enges, hard -filled capsules , granules,
cachets, ovules, papers, pellets , pills, sup-
positories , and all kinds of tablets, the
formula shall be expressed in terms of
the "unit." In the case of ampoule con-
tainers , the formula shall be expressed in
terms of cubic centimeters and the quan-
tity which they contain .
Data to Accompany Applications
Each application for registration must
be accompanied by a supplementary
statement, in duplicate, containing the
following data concerning the product :
(a ) Its pharmacodynamic action ; (b)
the average dose of the product, per ap-
plication and per day, for children, ado-
D 6866
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
lescents, and adults ; (c) the means of
administration and method of use; (d )
information concerning the manner of
preservation ; and (e) methods of analy-
sis by which the product may be identi-
fied, when deemed necessary by the De-
partment of Health.
The supplementary sheet accompany-
ing applications for registration must
also contain the following data with re-
spect to each of the substances which
make up the product: (a) Pharmacody-
namic action, except for inert ingredi-
ents; (b) in the case of a defined chem-
ical substance, its structural formula, its
chemical properties, its physical con-
stants, and its toxicity ; (c) in the case
of an undefined or complex chemical
substance, its chemical properties ; its
physical constants, and its toxicity ; and,
(d) in the case of a vegetable drug, the
botanical classification of the corre-
sponding plant, place of origin, part of
the plant used , its analysis, its active
principle or fraction (if that be known)
and its toxicity.
Two provisional samples of the prod-
uct to be registered, in the form pre-
scribed in these regulations, must also
be furnished at the time the application
for registration is submitted, together
with a receipt for payment of the regis-
tration fee .
In addition to the prescribed data pre-
viously mentioned, the following addi-
tional information must be furnished for
the registration of the products indi-
cated :
I. For products containing tinctures, ex-
tracts, solutions, suspensions, etc.,
not officinal, the technique of prep-
aration, percentage of active princi-
ple, and method of control, must be
expressed with respect to each.
II. For products containing an external
antiseptic, its phenolic index must be
stated .
III. For products having some new thera-
peutic efficacy by reason of their
formula, dosage, or manner of admin-
istration, even though they represent
an association of previously known
medical agents, the application for
registration must be accompanied by
10 certificates, each of which must be
signed by 2 competent doctors , whose
titles are registered with the De-
partment of Public Health , and
whose studies have been carried on
in official establishments or in pri-
vate institutions of recognized
standing.
IV. For insecticides, parasiticides , raticides,
and similar products, a statement as
to the efficacy, method of use, danger
in handling, and antidotes (in lieu of
the information called for in the
supplementary statement referred to
above) .
V. For homeopathic products, the quali-
tative formula thereof ( in lieu of the
quantitative formula and the in-
formation in the supplementary
statement referred to above) .
VI. For "hygienic," toilet, and beauty
preparation , the formula may be
simply the qualitative formula, and
the data referred to in the supple-
mentary statement may be omitted :
Provided, That the quantitative for-
mula and other data may be re-
quired, when the product contains
some substance which, in the opin-
ion of the Department , may be
dangerous or require careful han-
dling.
VII. For opotherapic products, serums, and
vaccines, the special provisions of the
regulations for the biological control
of drugs and opotherapic products,
and those of the regulations for the
verification of antitoxic serums and
antimicrobians and of vaccines shall
be taken into account.
VIII. For healing materials, the uses for
which they are intended and meth-
ods of sterilization must be indicated.
IX . For apparatus for medical use, the in-
formation regarding the formula,
and the supplementary data required
for pharmaceutical specialties may
be omitted , but information regard-
ing their structure, function , and
method of operation must be sup-
plied, in addition to which the De-
partment of Health may require
drawings , sketches, or illustrations
of the apparatus under considera-
tion to be submitted in duplicate, or
that the apparatus itself be sub-
mitted on a temporary basis for ex-
amination or study.
Applications for registration, to-
gether with their respective inclosures,
when submitted in accordance with the
regulations, will be submitted to the
Medicaments Control Office (Oficina de
Control de Medicamentos ) for study in
order to determine whether or not to
proceed with the registrations of the
product. If the decision is favorable,
the applicant must present, within 60
days, two definitive samples of the prod-
uct in the form in which its registration
was approved. The definitive samples
must satisfy the requirements pre-
scribed by the resolution approving the
registration of the product, and the
label thereof must contain the wording
required or authorized therein, includ-
ing the phrase " Reg . Num. *
(the number of the corresponding regis-
tration ) * * * D. S. P." All leg-
ends or inscriptions must be printed in
clear and legible characters. The use of
illustrations may be authorized when, in
the opinion of the appropriate authori-
ties, they do not involve deceit nor in-
duce self-medication.
Denial of Registration
Applications for registration will be
denied in the case of products which
are found upon examination to be : (1 )
"Secret remedies," that is, preparations
which do not bear the complete formula
on the label or container ; (2 ) contrary
to public health ; (3 ) lacking in thera-
peutic or curative properties with respect
to the ailments for which they are in-
tended; (4 ) inadequate for their destined
purpose by reason of their composition,
dosage, etc.; and (5) susceptible of use
for criminal purposes.
Cancelation of Registration
The registration of products subject to
the provisions of these regulations may
be canceled under the following condi-
tions:
(1) If the definitive samples are not sup-
plied within 60 days of the date on which
registration was approved;
(2) If any change is made in the name,
formula, uses, dosage, technique of manu-
facture, or the indications on labels, con-
tainers, prospectuses, notices or commercial
advertising of the product in general, which
would bring about any variation in the con-
ditions or requisites that were presented for
their registration or which served as a basis
for the approval thereof, unless such change
is specifically approved by the Department
of Health . The use of unauthorized illus-
trations, legends, etc., on the containers,
labels, or in the advertising of registered
products, is prohibited except for those which
refer to patents or trademarks registered
with the Ministry of National Economy or
which are absolutely necessary to comply
with the laws, regulations, or other dispo-
sitions in force, under penalty of a fine of
from 10 pesos to 5,000 pesos, as well as the
cancelation of registration of the product,
when warranted by the gravity of the offense.
Whenever the registration of a product
is canceled, immediate notice thereof will
be given to the interested party, or his
representative. by the Department of
Public Health, and within 15 days there-
after a notice will be published in the
Diario Oficial to the effect that from the
date of publication, the importation or
manufacture of the product concerned
will be prohibited, and that 6 months
after that date (when relating to bio-
logical products ) or 1 year from that
date, (for other products) the prepara-
tion, storage, advertising, sale, or sup-
plying of the product whose registra-
tion has been canceled will be pro-
hibited.
Reconsideration of Denial
In the event that an application for
the registration of a product is denied or
the registration thereof is canceled, no-
tice thereof will be communicated to the
interested party, with a statement of the
reasons and the legal basis for the deci-
sion. Within the first 5 days of the 15-
day period which must elapse between
the notice of denial or cancelation of
registration and the official publication
thereof, the interested parties may ap-
peal the decision in writing to the Sec-
retary General of the Department of
Health, stating the legal or scientific rea-
sons which are contrary to the decision
upon which the order was based. A defi-
nite ruling upon the appeal must be
handed down within the next 10 days.
Samples
For the purposes of these regulations,
two types of samples are recognized,
namely: Provisional samples and defini-
tive samples. Provisional samples are
those submitted in duplicate to the De-
partment of Public Health in connection
with the application for registration of
a product. Definitive samples are those
which are submitted to serve as a stand-
ard of the product in the form in which
it was approved for registration and as
offered for sale.
Provisional samples must bear type-
written labels, in Spanish, with or with-
out illustrations, on which only the fol-
lowing data may be shown, except as
otherwise specifically authorized for
specified products : (1 ) The name, kind,
and pharmaceutical form of the prod-
uct; ( 2 ) the formula of the product,
which must be identical with that shown
in the application for registration, ex-
cept for the specification of the excipi-
ent; (3) the statement, "Dose : as di-
rected by the physician" ("Dosis: la que
el medico senale" ) ; (4 ) method of ad-
ministration; (5 ) name of the manufac-
 MEXICO :
turer and location and postal address of
the factory or laboratory ; (6 ) name and
address of the Mexican representative, if
relating to imported products, or the
phrase "Made in Mexico" (Hecho en
Mexico) , if relating to domestic prepara-
tions; (7) recommendations for the use
of the product, in abstract form ; and (8)
other data as may be required by special
laws or regulations in force.
The provisional samples may, if de-
sired, be accompanied by instructions for
use, which should be placed inside the
package, and which may refer to the
name of the product , its composition, ab-
stract recommendations, dosage, and
method of administration and use, pro-
vided they bear the legends required by
the Department, as well as the registra-
tion number of the product. An excep-
tion from the labeling requirements per-
mits giving the dosage and some concrete
indications on the labels of products for
which a medicinal prescription is not
habitually required.
In addition to the foregoing require-
ments, provisional samples of the prod-
ucts specified below must bear the fol-
lowing data on the respective labels :
I. Products which, by the nature of their
components or pharmacodynamic ac-
tion, may involve some danger in their
use, must bear the inscription : "This
medicament is to be used with care"
("Esto medicamento es de empleo
delicado") .
II. Products which contain toxic substances
or are to be handled carefully, such
as hypnotics or trivalent or pentavalent
organic arsenicals, must bear the
following inscription : "To be used ex-
clusively by prescription and under
medical supervision. The sale of this
product requires a prescription by a
physician whose degree is registered in
the Department of Health ." ("Usese
exclusivamente por prescripcion y bajo
la vigilancia medica. Su venta re-
quiere receta de facultativo con titulo
registrado en el Departamento de Sa-
lubridad .")
III. Products which contain enervating drugs
must be marked with the statement :
"This medicament is subject to the
legal requirements which govern the
the sale of enervating products."
("Este medicamento esta sujeto para
su vento a las disposiciones legales que
rigen sobre productos enervantes" ) ,
except in the case of products con-
taining such drugs in amounts not
exceeding the quantities prescribed in
the Decree of January 9, 1925, in which
case they shall be labeled as indicated
in paragraph II, above.¹
IV. Products used for the prevention of ve-
nereal diseases must bear the following
inscription : "This medicament may
prevent venereal disease, but it does
not always avoid them. A doctor
should be consulted ." ("Este medica-
mento puede prevenir las enfermeda-
des venereas, pero no las evita siem-
pre. Debe consultarse al Medico .")
V. Local and general analgesics must be
labeled with the statement : "This
medicament is used to alleviate pain .
It is advisable to consult a doctor,"
("Este medicamento se emplea con-
tra el dolor. Es conveniente consultar
al medico.")
¹ Under provisions of Article 2 of the De-
cree of January 9, 1925, preparations may
contain up to 2 percent of opium, 1 percent
of extract of opium, 0.2 percent of morphine
‫ני‬
or its salts or derivatives, except codeine and
dionine , 0.1 percent of cocaine , its salts or
derivatives, 20 percent of coca leaves or 2
percent coca extract.
PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATIONS
VI. Products which contain counterirritants,
emollients, or antipruritics, must carry
the legend : "This medicament is used
to soothe discomfort . It is advisable
to consult a doctor." ("Este medica-
mento se emplea para calmar moles-
tias . Es conveniente consultar al
medico .")
Provisional samples of the products
specified below, in addition to the general
requirements for labeling (except the
formula) , must also bear the additional
information , as indicated :
I. In the case of "hygienic" products, pro-
phylactic indications may be shown.
II. In the case of insecticides, parasiticides,
or raticides, the method of use, dangers
in handling, antidotes, and, if inflam-
mable, the phrase "Must not be used in
places where there are flames" ("No
debe usarse en engares donde haya
flamas") must be shown. Such prod-
ucts may also be labeled with other
statements or illustrations, subject to
the approval of the Department of
Public Health.
III. In the case of healing materials, the
uses for which they are intended and
the methods of sterilization should be
expressed .
IV . In the case of toilet or beauty prepara-
tions, other statements and illustra-
tions may be given, subject to approval
by the Department of Public Health;
and,
V. In the case of homeopathic products, the
inscription "Homeopathic Medica-
ment" ("Medicamento Homeopatico" )
must appear on the label , in clear
letters and of the same size as the
largest which are used thereon .
Provisional samples in the form of
ampoules must be labeled with the for-
mula of the product, or at least the name
thereof, and, in every case, the capacity
of the ampoule .
Definitive samples must be labeled in
the form in which approval to the appli-
cation for registration was granted.
In addition to the definitive samples,
two copies each of the labels, seals, bands
of guarantee, packings , wrappers, etc. ,
in or with which the product is offered
for sale must be deposited with the De-
partment of Public Health .
Advertising
All advertising matter or propaganda
of any kind relating to a product subject
to these regulations must be approved
by the Department of Public Health. For
the purpose of these regulations, the fol-
lowing types of advertising are con-
sidered :
(1 ) Advertising matter intended exclu-
sively for the medical profession-such ad-
vertising may contain information regard-
ing the pharmacodynamic properties, dosage,
indications, and contraindications of the
product, must bear the following legend in
large-type letters : "Literature exclusively for
physicians" ("Literatura exclusiva para
medicos") , and may be distributed only
among the profession. Plans for this adver-
tising must be submitted, signed by a
physician .
(2) Advertising intended for the general
public- which must not be such as to in-
duce self-medication and shall contain the
protective legends which may be prescribed
by the Department of Public Health . In no
case will the advertising of an unregistered
product be authorized, nor the inclusion of
the publication of testimonials in advertising
matter.
Advertising programs of all kinds re-
lating to products subject to the provi-
3
sions of these regulations, together with
illustrations and other graphic material
which it is desired to use, must be sub-
mitted in quadruplicate to the Depart-
ment of Health for approval. Upon ap-
proval of the program, with or without
modifications , the interested party will be
notified, with an indication of the regis-
tration number assigned to the product,
which must in every case appear on such
advertising matter.
Revision of Registration
The registration of all products sub-
ject to these regulations is subject to
revision at intervals of 5 years ; those
for which registration was approved
prior to March 12, 1942 , to be void unless
revised on or before a scheduled time
limit, ended in January 1944.
The registration of a product will be
canceled unless proof of payment of the
reregistration fee is submitted before the
end of the 5 -year period. In the event
that the Department of Public Health
determines that the medicine or product
under revision is not in conformity with
the regulations in force at the time of
revision, or is not in accord with scien-
tific progress, notice will be given to the
interested party, with a statement of the
scientific and legal bases upon which the
decision is made. The interested party
will be given a period of 60 days within
which to make the necessary changes in
the medicine or product, and to furnish
new samples thereof, or to present evi-
dence tending to refute the decision of
the Department of Health. If no reply
is received from the interested party
within 60 days, or if the medicine or
product, as modified, is not accepted by
the Department of Public Health, the
registration of the product will be can-
celed, subject to the provisions for no-
tice of cancelation and right of appeal .
Registration Fees and Tax Stamps
The fee assessed in connection with
the registration of patent medicines,
pharmaceutical specialties, toilet prep-
arations, and related products, is 200
pesos, when imported, and 20 pesos when
of domestic origin.' Fees in the same
amount are also payable in connection
with the required revision of registra-
tion at intervals of 5 years.*
Patent medicines, pharmaceutical spe-
cialties, and toilet and beauty prepara-
tions, prior to sale are required to bear
a stamp of 0.05 peso on the container
thereof, as packed for sale to the con-
sumer, in the case of imported products,
and 0.02 peso for domestic products.
As an exception, for products in units
having a value of not more than 0.10
peso, the stamp should be affixed to the
box or package, which may contain a
maximum of 100 units . The stamps
should be affixed to the package by the
importer in the case of foreign products,
2 The Mexican peso has a value equivalent
to approximately $0.20 United States cur-
rency.
By virtue of the Reciprocal Trade Agree-
ment between Mexico and the United States,
which became effective on January 30, 1943 ,
products of United States origin are sub-
ject to the payment of fees at the rates ap-
plicable to Mexican products.
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

and by the domestic manufacturer mak- with the Mexican Department of Pub- be determined by the Health Department
ing the original sale, in the case of lo- lic Health . in each case. Preparations containing
cally produced preparations. The The following have been established these substances must carry a green
stamps may be attached only to prepara- as units for the collection of the stamp label on the inner and outer containers
tions which have been duly registered fee of 0.05 peso or 0.02 peso respectively : and on the accompanying advertising
matter, indicating in letters at least 4
Products Number or quantity taxable millimeters high that their use may be
as a unit dangerous to some persons. Prepara-
Medicinal products (solids) —
Pomades, ointments, and vaselines_ 500 grams or fraction. tions containing pyrogallic acid must be
Medicinal pellets, pills, tablets, bonbons and capsules .. 100 grams or fraction. similarly labeled, and also a warning
Ovules and suppositories__ 200 grams or fraction.
Salts---- 500 grams or fraction. that users should make a daily urinary
Powders__ 500 grams or fraction. examination and discontinue use when
Bougies and antrophores-- 200 grams or fraction. the slightest green tint appears. Prepa-
Poultices and plasters-- 500 grams or fraction. rations containing silver nitrate or other
Cottons, gauzes, and bandages__ 1,000 grams or fraction. silver salts must bear a red label on
Silks, catgut, and similar articles. 100 grams or fraction .
Oiled silks.. 100 grams or fraction. which is indicated in capital letters at
Soaps 1,000 grams or fraction. least 4 millimeters high a warning of the
Pastes_. 1,000 grams or fraction. possibility of skin discoloration and in-
Conserves. 500 grams or fraction. jury to the hair. Products containing
Pencils. Each.
Cigarettes--- 20 cigarettes or less. oxygenated water must bear a similar
Solid medicinal products not specified... 500 grams or fraction. label calling attention to the destruc-
Medicinal products (liquid) . tive action of this substance on the hair.
Wines, tinctures, liquors, balsams.. 500 grams or fraction . Hair dyes with a base of vegetable sub-
Fluid extracts_ 500 grams or fraction. stances which have not been expressly
"Intractos". 100 grams or fraction .
Syrups, elixirs, etc.. 500 grams or fraction. declared injurious to health will be ac-
Distilled waters, mineral waters, etc.--. 2,000 grams or fraction. cepted.
Medicinal oils, emulsions, liniments, etc.. 500 grams or fraction. Biological preparations.-Control
Disinfectants, oxygenated waters.. 500 grams or fraction. standards have been established for bio-
Injectable solutions, in vials.. 100 grams or fraction .
Serums and vaccines. 5 ampoules or less. logical preparations, including hormones
Liquid medicinal products, not specified ... 500 grams or fraction. and organic preparations, vitamins and
Toilet and beauty articles- medicinal products containing them ,
Creams.. 250 grams or fraction. drugs of determined physiological action,
Rouge 100 grams or fraction. and arsenicals for the treatment of ve-
Pomades, pastes, tinctures, cosmetics. 250 grams or fraction. nereal diseases.
Powders.. 100 grams or fraction .
Pencils . Each. Penicillin.-The importation, manu-
Perfumes. 100 grams or fraction. facture, elaboration, sale, transporta-
Lotions 250 grams or fraction. tion, supply, and use of penicillin is un-
Toilet or beauty preparations, not specified-- 250 grams or fraction. der the control of a National Regulatory
Commission for Penicillin (Comision
Price Control beling requirements . The use of cyanide Nacional Reguladora de la Penicilina) .
of potassium and all cyanic products and Dangerous drugs.-The importation,
The control of prices of medicinal
compounds, lead, uranium, arsenic, mer- exportation, elaboration, possession, use,
products is vested in the Ministry of
Health and Public Welfare, under pro- cury, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin , or consumption, and in general, every act
other substances that may be considered of acquisition, distribution, or traffic of
visions of an Executive Decree of June poisonous or harmful to health are pro-
23, 1944. Maximum prices have been any kind in enervating or narcotic drugs
hibited in the composition or prepara-
established for the sale of medicinals . is subject to comprehensive control reg-
tion of hair dyes. It is also prohibited ulations in the Department of Public
Special Restrictions to state on the accompanying labels or Health.
advertising matter that accidents result- Veterinary preparations.- Prepara-
Hair dyes. While hair dyes are sub- ing from the use of these preparations
ject to the regulations governing medic- tions for veterinary use require authori-
are due to impurities of the blood , to any zation from the Mexican Ministry of
inal products and toilet preparations in previous ailment, or to the use of com-
general, special regulations have been mon foods or other substances. Para- Agriculture and Development (Secre-
issued prohibiting the use of various phenylendiamine and other similar sub- taria de Agricultura y Fomento) before
chemical products in their composition stances used in hair dyes should be mixed their importation or sale will be per-
and establishing additional specific la- with sodium sulphite in a proportion to mitted.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945

Documents

Industrial Reference Service

T
RTMEN CO U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
EPA MM
D OF ER
CE Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

A
IC
UNI

ER
OF AM
TED
STA

Part 2.-CHEMICALS, DRUGS UNIVERSITY

INDIANA
AND PHARMACEUTICALS

LIB
RAR
Y
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
JUN - 1945
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 May 1945 Number 9

LEAD ARSENATE

(Synopsis of Information)

By L. N. Markwood and Laura G. Arrington, Chemical Unit

C. C. Concannon, Chief

containers for lead arsenate are as

Description Grades, Standards, and
follows:
Lead arsenate, a white, water-insol- Specifications
Pack-
uble powder, appears on the market in Size ages
Lead arsenate is sold only in com- of Type of per Territory
two types : (1 ) Standard or acid lead pack-
mercial grade . Formerly a "paste" con- container ship-
arsenate , essentially PbHASO. , contain- age ping
sisting of 50 percent lead arsenate and (pounds) case
ing 33 percent As₂Os , and (2 ) basic lead
arsenate, Pb. ( PbOH ) (AsO₁ ) 3.H₂O, con- 50 percent water was common, but this
taining less arsenic ( 23 percent As₂O5) , form has been almost entirely replaced 100 Fiber drum

250
25 Paper bag National.
and more lead than the standard type. by the powder. 9 Paper bag West of Rocky
6 Paper bag 8 Mountains
Standard lead arsenate is the more im- Because of the poisonous nature of 4 Paper bag 12 National.
portant commercially and is the type lead arsenate, due both to lead and to 3 Paper bag 16 National.
Paper bag or 24 East of Rocky
meant unless otherwise indicated . The arsenic, the Federal Security Agency fiber can- Mountains.
ister National .
qualification "standard" is replacing the has placed tolerances on the allowable
older term "acid" for psychological
quantities of such residues on certain Lead arsenate may also be packed in 26-
reasons . Information regarding gage steel drums containing 100 pounds.
food crops.
these tolerances may be obtained from Lead arsenate is classed as a poison-
Uses ous material by the Interstate Com-
that Agency.
Lead arsenate is an insecticide used merce Commission, and must be packed ,
Since lead arsenate is an insecticide ,
marked, certified, labeled, and described
principally on apple trees for control it comes under the provisions of the according to the regulations for Class
of the codling moth, but peaches, pears, Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 , which is 1 B poisons. It carries a white label.
grapes, and various vegetables are also administered by the United States De -...
protected by it. On the Pacific Coast,
partment of Agriculture . Method of Production
where acid lead arsenate is injurious
because of climatic conditions, basic The commercial process for making
lead arsenate is employed for certain standard lead arsenate involves the re-
Packing and Shipping
fruit trees. Elsewhere the standard type action of arsenic acid, litharge (PbO ) ,
is used more extensively. Lead arsenate Regulations and a relatively small proportion of
is also used to treat soil for the control nitric acid. Arsenic acid is produced
of the Japanese beetle . In this country In 1942 the National Bureau of from white arsenic ( As2O3) , the primary
calcium arsenate is the prevailing ma- Standards promulgated Simplified Prac- material for all arsenic insecticides ,
terial for control of the boll weevil, but tice Recommendation R-41-42, approved and nitric acid. Most producers of lead
because of the humidity in some sec- arsenate manufacture their own arsenic
tions of Latin America, lead arsenate, by the industry, covering packaging of acid, but some acid is also sold for this
rather than calcium compound, is used agricultural insecticides and fungicides . purpose ; the commercial strength is
for protection of the cotton crop . The recommended sizes and types of approximately 75 percent H‚ASO..

D7446
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

In the reaction some of the relatively
insoluble litharge is brought into solu-
tion by the nitric acid; the soluble lead
nitrate formed reacts with the arsenic
acid whereby insoluble lead arsenate is
formed and nitric acid regenerated ,
whereupon more litharge is dissolved
and the cycle is repeated . The main
feature of this process, patented in 1908,
is the limited quantity of nitric acid
required. Basic lead arsenate can be
made similarly, by adjustment of the
ratio of litharge to arsenic acid and the
use of acetic acid rather than nitric
acid. After decantation of excess liquor,
the wet solid is filtered off and dried in
an oven, or, preferably, filtered and
dried on a drum dryer. The material is The geographic distribution of the 15
then ground to a fine powder. plants manufacturing lead arsenate in
1943 was as follows:
1
Output California New Jersey
Indiana 1 New York 3
Many of the arsenic-producing coun- Maryland 2 Washington 1
Michigan 1 Wisconsin 1
tries of the world manufacture the vari-
ous arsenical insecticides, of which lead
arsenate is one, but no data on world Imports
production are available. The United
The United States is self-sufficient in
States is by far the largest producer in
the Western Hemisphere, with Mexico lead arsenate. The only imports re-
ranking next. In general, plants manu- ceived in recent years have been 551
facturing lead arsenate also produce pounds from Japan in 1937 ; 550 pounds
calcium arsenate and, at certain periods
from Japan and 11,007 from Czecho-
of the year, concentrate on either one or
slovakia in 1939.
the other.

United States Production of Lead Arsenate Exports

Thousands of Thousands of The United States has an extensive
Year Value Year Value
pounds pounds
export trade in lead arsenate . Exports
1929 30,682 $3,523,000 1939 59,569 $5,422,000 during the 5- year period 1934-38 were :
1931 37,974 3,674,000 1941 74,443 n.a.
19331 30,000 2,368,000 1942 63,577 n.a. 1934, 650,256 pounds ($53,059) ; 1935 ,
1935 52,146 4,173,000 1943 80,955 n.a. 1,156,922 ( $94,448 ) ; 1936, 827,560 ( $ 64 , -
1937 63,291 5,541,000 1944 90,704 n.a.
215) ; 1937, 1,042,880 ($91,377) ; and
1 Incomplete census. 1938, 1,021,345 pounds ( $ 95,196 ) . By
n.a. Not available.
Source: Bureau of the Census- Census of Manufactures, 1929-39 ; and Bureau of the Census 1939 exports had risen to 1,712,583
and War Production Board, 1941-44. pounds ; in 1940, they advanced still
further to almost 3,000,000 pounds, and
United States Production, Consumption in Producing Plants,¹
and Stocks of Lead Arsenate (Acid and Basic) , 1941-44 in 1941 to the record high of more than
[ Thousands of pounds] 9,000,000 pounds (over 7,000,000 pounds
1941 1942 to Brazil for protection of the cotton
crop) . Due to restricted shipping, sup-
Month Stocks at Stocks at ply and other war-born factors, exports
Consump- pro ducing Consump- pro ducing
Produc- tion in Produc- tion in dropped in 1942 to 592,029 pounds but
tion plants, tion producing plants,
producing end of end of
plants month plants month in 1943 rose to 3,054,326 pounds. Brazil ,
Argentina, Mexico, and Cuba are the
Total 74,443 477 63,577 4,124 most important markets. New Zealand
and the Union of South Africa have
January 6,673 40 17,206 8,682 79 12,148 also figured prominently.
February 6,593 44 19,146 7,690 176 10,369
March 8,451 36 18,858 8,342 172 7,694
April 10,026 146 12,735 8,259 313 4,960
May 10,319 116 10,012 6,938 120 3,356 Foreign Language
June 6,696 49 7,502 5,573 235 2,664
July 2,901 18 5,348 1,286 87 2,258 Equivalents
August 872 15 1,868 1,003 219 1,304
September 2,504 2,619 1,812 179 1,957 Foreign language names for lead
October 3,734 2,820 3,560 98 3,495
November 6,887 2 6,735 3,838 542 4,299 arsenate are : French, Arseniate de
December 8,787 11 10,215 6,594 1,904 4,446
plomb; Spanish, Arseniato de plomo;
Italian, Arseniato di piombo; Portu-
1943 1944 guese, Arseniato de chumbo ; German ,
Bleiarseniat.
Month Stocks at
Consump- producing Stocks at
Consump- producing
Produc- tion in plants, Produc- tion in plants,
tion2 producing end of tion 2 producing Consumption
end of
plants month plants month No data are available on actual do-
mestic consumption of lead arsenate.
Total 80,955 1,840 90,704 2,403
Apparent consumption was determined
from the formula, production plus im-
January 6,506 34 4,993 7,809 180 6,503
February 6,914 200 5,767 7,952 105 7,317 ports minus exports, with allowance for
March 8,642 219 4,469 10,284 191 6,278 a normal carry-over (5 to 10,000,000
April 9,979 198 2,972 10,802 397 6,508
May 10,102 368 3,146 9,238 376 5,765 pounds) for the period 1935-39, and ac-
June 6,251 291 2,476 6,573 337 3,934 tual stocks at the end of 1940-43.
July 1,529 86 1,580 4,832 343 5,236
August 1,089 164 1,520 6,016 115 9,261
September 2,561 58 2,815 5,753 81 11,191 APPARENT U. S. CONSUMPTION OF
October 5,840 76 6,006 5,955 44 13,315 LEAD ARSENATE
November 7,572 73 8,464 7,528 105 15,174 Year Pounds
December 13,970 73 8,057 7,961 129 14,809 1935 43,000,000
1937 55,000,000
1 Refers to quantity mixed with other goods before sale. 1939 50,000,000
2 In 1943, 4 percent consisted of basic lead arsenate ; in 1944, 5 percent. 1941 68,000,000
1942 70,000,000
Source: War Production Board and Bureau of the Census. 1943 74,000,000
 LEAD ARSENATE 3

Estimated consumption by crops dur- prime raw materials-arsenic and lead- Substitutes
ing 1941 is as follows : are. White arsenic was placed under
Percentage of Nicotine sulfate and cryolite are the
Стор total consumption complete allocation by the War Pro-
Apples 50 principal substitutes for lead arsenate
Home gardens and orchards .. 12 duction Board on May 22, 1942. Lead in the protection of apple crops. Cryo-
Peaches 9 supplies have recently become more crit-
Shade trees and ornamentals 7 lite particularly has given good results
Pears 4.5 ical and in January 1945 the War Pro- in the Pacific Northwest apple area, the
Grapes 4.5 duction Board issued Order M-384 largest apple-growing section in the

42221 ~
Nurseries
Potatoes restricting the amount of lead that may world. Cryolite can be substituted also
Forests for lead arsenate on truck crops , while
Lawns and golf courses be used in the manufacture of specific
Tobacco lead chemicals . This order limits the in certain applications barium fluosili-
Miscellaneous cate is another substitute . The ro-
amount of lead that may be used in the
Total 100 manufacture of lead arsenate, per tenone-bearing roots ( cube , timbo , and
derris) can be used on vegetables in
calendar quarter, to 45 percent of the place of lead arsenate and have the
Prices amount of lead used for this purpose further advantage of being harmless to
Prices of Lead Arsenate, 1937-42 during the first 6 months of 1944. human beings, thus eliminating the
[East. wholesale, in drums, cents per pound]

1937 1938 1939 1910 1941 1942

United States Exports of Lead Arsenate by Country of Destination, 1938-43
High 13.50 13.50 11.50 11 11 12
Low 11 11 10 8.50 9 11 1938 1939 1940
Country of
destination
Source : "Chemical Industries , Buyers' Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
Guidebook, " October 1942.

On May 18, 1942 , the Office of Price Argentina 279,780 $25,795 235,050 $19,625 420,012 $36,018
Australia 28,740 2,361 47,932 3,748
Administration declared retail sales of Bolivia 24,000 2,280
agricultural insecticides and fungicides Brazil 567,845 55,601 1,538,313 126,302
to be seasonal and issued Maximum Canada 13,915 1,559 60,442 6,041 16,956 1,379
Chile 122,104 12,747 200,912 21,265 154,360 15,492
Price Regulation No. 144 to determine Colombia 13,000 1,140 50,724 4,325 135, 084 11,656
the manner in which maximum retail Cuba 61,716 5,891 72,305 7,253 42,755 3,977
Dominican Republic 646 70 10,225 937 100 13
prices are to be established . Maximum Leeward Islands
Mexico 42,280 4,536 47,549 5.429 51,232 5,840
prices were established by the Office of Mozambique 6,048 389
Price Administration, February 2, 1943 . Netherlands East Indies 23,654 1.670
These prices, still effective as of March New Zealand 107,561 10,513 81,710 7,390 68,320 5,555
Paraguay
1945 , works or warehouse basis , freight Peru 16,500 1,091 6,500 627 6,600 575
allowed to destination in lots of 96 Philippine Islands 6,800 728 21,500 1,875 18,548 1,655
Portugal 912 100 1,324 128 27,504 1,607
pounds or over, were as follows : Spain
Switzerland 2,307 293 46.725 4,490
Maximum Prices of Lead Arsenate Union of South Africa . 262,530 21,749 184,352 13,281 293,602 21,268
United Kingdom 20,000 1,990
[Cents per pound] Uruguay 3,000 340 9,488 874 39,524 3,556
Venezuela 16,300 2,038 9,700 923 39,208 3,548
Other 1 19,254 1,965 32,252 3,606 24,478 2,288
Manufac-
turers or All other
distributors purchasers
Total 1,021,345 95,196 1,712,583 159,797 2,900,250 242.399
Item
Less Less
Car- than Car- than 1941 1942 2 1943 2
load car- load car- Country of
load load destination
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
Paste, standard,
cans 54 6 6 614 Argentina 872,106 $75,568 104,933 $12,633 410,215 $51,280
Powder, basic, 3 -lb Australia
cans or larger 11/2 12 12 12% Bolivia 43,500 4,390
Powder, basic 1 -lb. Brazil 7,133,853 649,843 1,682,718 206,118
cartons 182 19 221/2 23 Canada 18,192 1,813 4,432 434
Standard, 3-lb. Chile 122,208 11,205 240 30 265,440 31,900
bags or larger 11 11 % 11/2 12 Colombia 20,718 1,943
Standard, 1 -lb Cuba 163,675 16,216 102,776 12,505 165,163 18,943
bags 16 16% 20 2012 Dominican Republic 96 13 12 5
Standard, 1-lb . Leeward Islands 26,840 3,355
cartons 18 182 22 222 Mexico 125,893 16,367 203,834 27,076 231,632 30,134
Standard, 2 -lb Mozambique 14,480 1,099
cartons 21 212 25 252 Netherlands East Indies 677,000 60,386
New Zealand 53,936 4,595
Paraguay 22,018 3,009
Current market prices are quoted in : Peru 2,000 188 17,616 2,077
Philippine Islands 50,024 4,899
"Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter," Schnell Portugal
Publishing Co. , 59 John Street, New Spain
York 7, New York; "Chemical Indus- Switzerland
Union of South Africa . 259,536 19,611
tries," Tradepress Publishing Corp. , 522 United Kingdom
Fifth Avenue, New York 18 , N. Y. Uruguay 50,600 4,690 35,280 4,155 96,196 11,648
Venezuela 16,410 1,583 6,032 856 100,961 13,558
Other 1 13,852 1,979 10,320 3 1,450 3 9,941 1,486 3
Restrictions on Supply and
Demand Total 9,594,483 871,985 592,029 73,312 3,054,326 375,465

Tariff-The import duty on lead ar- ¹ Shipments of less than 10,000 pounds during each year shown are included in "Other."
senate is 3 cents per pound. 2 Country distribution available only for the Western Hemisphere.
Allocation-Although lead arsenate 3 Includes Latin America countries only .
itself is not under allocation control , the Source: Bureau of the Census.
4 INDUSTRIAL
residue hazard present with the use of
lead arsenate on such vegetables as cab-
bage, cauliflower, broccoli , and other
vegetables difficult to clean . The use of
nicotine bentonite in place of lead ar-
senate for codling moth control in In-
diana-Illinois areas has made consider-
able progress in the last 10 years.
Trade Associations
Agricultural Insecticide and Fungicide
Association (manufacturers ) , 285 Madi-
son Avenue, New York 17, New York.
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of do-
mestic firms . The following commercial
directories carry listings for lead
arsenate :
Chemical Buyers' Guidebook . Annual .
Buyers' guidebook number of "Chemical
Industries ." Tradepress Publishing
Corp. , 522 Fifth Avenue, New York 18,
N. Y.
Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual. Reinhold Publishing Corp. , 330
W. 42d Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Entoma. Annual. $1.00. Eastern
Branch of the American Association of
Economic Entomologists, New Jersey
Agricultural Experiment Station , New
Brunswick, N. J.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg .
Chicago 4, Ill.. 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg .
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo . , 566 Customhouse.
REFERENCE SERVICE
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co.,
Inc. , 59 John Street, New York 7, New
York. With a year's subscription to
"Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter," $5.00 .
Thomas' Register of American Manu-
facturers. Annual. $15.00. Thomas
Publishing Co. , 461 Eighth Avenue,
New York 1, New York.
Economic References
Arsenic. Economic Paper 17. 1934.
Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of
the Interior. Contains bibliography. 35
pp. 5¢. Available from Superintendent
of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.
The Chemistry and Toxicology of In-
secticides. By Harold H. Shepard . 1939 .
383 pp. $4.00 . Burgess Publishing Co. ,
426 South 6th St. , Minneapolis , Minn.
Chemistry of Insecticides and Fungi-
cides. By D. E. H. Frear. 1942. 300
pp. $4.00. D. Van Nostrand Co. , 250
Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
696 pp . $2.50. Available from the
Superintendent of Documents , Washing-
ton 25, D. C. Earlier editions may be
consulted at libraries . Later selected
statistics on foreign trade are now
Detroit 26 , Mich. , 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex. , 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn. , 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime
Bldg .
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130 W.
42nd St.
being made available in a series of
separate reports. Descriptions of these
reports and the prices at which copies
are sold are given in " Reports on U. S.
Foreign Commerce Available," 1944, a
copy of which may be obtained on re-
quest from the Bureau of the Census,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.
Insecticides , Present Demand and
Long-Term Outlook. By R. C. Roark ,
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar-
antine, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
In July 20, 1942 , issue of "Oil , Paint and
Drug Reporter."
Manufactures : 1939- Volume II, Re-
ports by Industries, Part I. 1942. Six-
teenth Decennial Census of the United
States, 1940. Bureau of the Census, U.
S. Department of Commerce. 936 pp.
Out of print. Copies may be consulted
at large libraries and Department of
Commerce Field Offices.
Minerals Yearbook. Annual. Chap-
ter on Arsenic. Bureau of Mines, U. S.
Department of the Interior. Chapter
preprints are available at nominal
prices from Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington 25 , D. C. The pre-
print, "Arsenic and Bismuth" ( 12 pp.
5¢) , from the 1941 Yearbook, is the lat-
est issued for public distribution .
Philadelphia 2, Pa. , 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S.W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19 , Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga. , 403 U. S. Post Office
and Courthouse Bldg .
Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945-638817
Hamants Room

Industrial Reference Service

MEN

CO
MM U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, SINDIANA UNIVERSITY
ART

ER
OP CE
DEP

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Amos E. TAYLOR, Director

LIBRARY
A
IC
UNI

ER
STAD
TE

OF
AM

1.1945
T

Part 2. CHEMICALS , DRUGS

AND PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 April 1945 Number 10

CALCIUM ARSENATE

(Synopsis of Information)

By L. N. Markwood and Laura G. Arrington, Chemical Unit

C. C. Concannon, Chief

Description
Commercial calcium arsenate , a white,
water-insoluble powder , consists of a
mixture of calcium arsenate and hy-
drated lime. The hydrated lime ac-
companies the calcium arsenate as a
net result of manufacture since an
excess of lime is used in the reaction
mixture . The excess of lime is advan-
tageous as it reduces the percentage of
water-soluble arsenic and so renders
the material noninjurious to vegetation .
Calcium arsenate itself is not a pure
product but is believed to consist of a
mixture of arsenates of varying ratios
of CaO :As2O5. Calcium arsenate with five
definite ratios of CaO : As2O5 are known.
Only the more basic of these arsenates
are found in the commercial product.
Uses
Calcium arsenate is used as an insecti-
cide for the protection of plants. From
the standpoint of cost, it would normally
be selected for general use since it is
cheapest of the common arsenical in-
secticides (lead arsenate, calcium arsen-
ate, and paris green) . However, it
cannot be applied to all types of vegeta-
tion because of possible injury to the
foliage owing to liberation of water-
soluble arsenic.
The principal use of calcium arsenate
it to protect the cotton plant against
the boll weevil, the bollworm, and the was rescinded on February 4, 1944. To
leaf worm. It is usually applied as a take care of gardeners and other small
dust from ground machines or from users, calcium arsenate is packaged in
airplanes ; but in certain areas molasses 1 -pound fiber containers and 4- pound
is used as a carrier in application to bags. Larger sizes include 25 and 50-
pound bags and 100 - pound fiber drums.
cotton plants. London purple, a mix-
ture containing calcium arsenate plus A simplified practice program for cal-
calcium arsenite, is also effective on cot- cium arsenate packages was approved
ton plants. by the industry and promulgated by
Some calcium arsenate is used to pro- the National Bureau of Standards on
tect the potato crop. Also , small quan- November 1 , 1942 , with the following
recommendations :
tities are employed to protect apples ,
beans, cabbage, grapes, tomatoes, home
gardens and orchards, shade trees and Pack-
crnamentals. Size of Type of con- ages per Terri-
package tainer ship- tory
(pounds ) ping
case
Grades, Standards, and Specifica-
tions 1001 Fiber drum :: National
502 Paper bag National
25 Paper bag 2 National
Calcium arsenate is sold in commercial 4 Paper bag 12 National
1 Fiber canister 24 National
grade only .
Since calcium arsenate is an insecti-
cide, it comes under the provisions of 1 For domestic and export trade.
2 This package is not recommended for
the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 , storage .
which is administered by the United
States Department of Agriculture. The Interstate Commerce Commission
classifies calcium arsenate as a poison-
Packing, Shipping, and Storage ous material and it must be packed ,
Regulations marked, certified , labeled , and described
according to the regulations for Class
Calcium arsenate (and other arsenical B poisons. It carries a white label.
insecticides ) may be packed in 100- Calcium arsenate tends to deteriorate
pound 26-gage steel drums. The War in the presence of moisture and carbon
Production Board ruling which per- dioxide. It should therefore be stored
mitted only paper and fiber containers in tight containers.

D 7294
 2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Method of Production the bulk of the liquid decanted, and the Domestic manufacturing plants are
remaining paste either dried upon a located chiefly in the East, South, and
Calcium arsenate is made from arsenic steam-heated drum dryer or put through Far West. Formerly most of the plants
acid and milk of lime. In production of a filter press and the press cakes dried . producing arsenical insecticides were
arsenic acid, the ordinary white arsenic After drying, the material must be paint companies but today, while the
of commerce is slowly fed into nitric ground to a fine powder suitable for paint companies still manufacture these
acid of suitable strength. The arsenic dusting . The process of manufacture products, the business has also been
acid solution so prepared is usually of requires careful control of conditions in established by independent companies
about 75 percent strength (H,ASO.) . order to prepare a product uniform in devoted wholly or largely to the manu-
Most of the companies producing cal- composition and effectiveness, and safe facture of insecticides. Companies pro-
cium arsenate manufacture their own ducing calcium arsenate, in general, also
to vegetation.
arsenic acid, but some acid is also sold produce the other arsenical insecticides .
for this purpose. Output Following is a table giving United States
The arsenic acid is then added to a Many of the arsenic-producing coun- production of calcium arsenate during
slurry made from either quicklime or tries of the world manufacture the recent years :
hydrated lime. It is generally conceded various arsenical insecticides, of which
that high-grade chemical lime is neces- United States Production of Calcium
calcium arsenate is one, but the United
Arsenate by Years
sary to produce a satisfactory product.. States is by far the greatest producer in
For production of a sufficiently in- the Western Hemisphere. Canada pro- Thousands of
soluble material, it is necessary that the Year pounds Value
duces some but not enough to be of
lime and arsenic acid be combined in export consequence. Potential produc-
such proportions that the weight of the tion in Mexico is capable of supplying 1927 27,282 $1,665,000
calcium oxide (CaO) is equal to or even 1929 33,064 1,859,735
all domestic needs. Peru, which takes 1931 26,129 1,279,789
10 percent in excess of the weight of the largest percentage of United States 1935 43,295 2,322,394
the arsenic acid (As2O6) . 1937 37,002 1,879,253
exports of calcium arsenate, is contem- 1939 39,282 1,911,896
When the reaction is completed , the plating its manufacture. No figures are 1940 49,966 n.a.
1941 59,368 n.a.
calcium arsenate is allowed to settle, available on world production . 1942 77,796 n.a.
1943 69,863 n.a.
1944 44,308 n.a.
United States Production, Consumption in Producing Plants ¹ and Stocks of
Calcium Arsenate, 1942-44 n.a. Not available.
Source: Bureau of the Census (Census of
[Thousands of pounds ] Manufactures) , 1927-39; Bureau of Mines,
1940-41 ; War Production Board and Bureau
of the Census, 1942-44.
1942 1943 19442 The geographic distribution of the 16
plants manufacturing calcium arsenate
Stocks Stocks Stocks in 1943 was as follows:
Month at pro- at pro- at pro-
Produc- Con- ducing Produc- Con- ducing Produc- ducing California 4 New Jersey 3
tion sump- plants , tion sump- plants, tion plants, Georgia 1 New York
tion end of tion end of end of Indiana 1 Tennessee 1
month month month Maryland 2 Wisconsin 1
Michigan 1
Total 77,796 3,762 .... 69,863 3,589 44,350 .... Imports
Imports of calcium arsenate have been
January 806 31 2,204 3,272 11 3,947 2,541 8,003 relatively insignificant in comparsion
February 2,603 48 2,239 3,148 75 3,827 3,957 8,812
March 3,579 64 1,592 3,751 173 3,245 3,392 8,203 with domestic production. Japan and
April 5,195 150 1,547 4,219 252 2,190 4,099 8,530 Canada figured most prominently in
May 7,837 470 1,608 5,209 269 1.213 4,890 7,709
June 10,372 346 1,238 8,528 370 1,370 7,401 7,965 import trade.
July 13,655 252 1,418 13,063 579 1,285 8,228 12,801
August 13,352 168 1,055 11,641 1,153 4,306 4,673 13,392 Foreign Language Equivalents
September 9,351 152 3,916 5,301 342 8,174 1,130 13,955
October 4,438 817 5.563 4,358 243 10,257 608 13,075 Foreign language names for calcium
November 3,524 64 6,347 1,518 72 8,349 2,038 14,549
December 3,263 1,201 5,167 5,855 50 9,413 1,393 15,295 arsenate are : French, Arseniate de cal-
cium; German, Arsensaures calcium ;
1 Refers to quantity mixed with other goods before sale. Portuguese, arseniato de calcio ; Spanish ,
2 Consumption not available except for first 2 months : January, 434,000 pounds, and February, arseniato de calcio.
86,000.
Source: War Production Board and Bureau of the Census.
Consumption
United States Imports of Calcium Arsenate, by Years and Principal Countries of Origin No data are available on actual do-
mestic consumption of calcium arsenate .
Total Canada Japan Belgium Apparent consumption was determined
Year from the formula : Production plus im-
ports minus exports , with allowance for
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
a normal carryover for the period
1937-40 , and actual stocks at the end
1934 1 24,000 $250
1935 182,900 9,177 180,000 $9,000 of 1940 and 1941.
1936 817,200 29,009 796,700 27,129
1937 796,243 28,880 796,243 $28,880 APPARENT UNITED STATES CONSUMPTION
1938 400,000 14,896 400,000 14,896
1939 1,627,193 54,640 1,214,050 38,745 260,943 $10,043 OF CALCIUM ARSENATE
1940 432,785 13,621 410,200 12,754 22,275 864 Thousands
1941 1,230,960 44,826 1,230,960 44,826 Year of pounds
1942 ...
1943 514 6 514 1937 32,000
1939 34,000
1940 46,000
1 From Mexico. 1941 75,000
Source: "Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States," 1934-1940 ; Bureau of the 1942 72,000
Census, 1941, 1942, 1943. 1943 60.000
 CALCIUM ARSENATE

Estimated consumption by crops dur- On May 18, 1942 , the Office of Price Allocations .—Although calcium arsen-
ing 1941 is as follows : Administration declared retail sales of ate is not under allocation control, the
Percentage of total agricultural insecticides and fungicides
Crop consumption prime raw material, white arsenic , was
Cotton 92.5 to be seasonal and issued Maximum
placed under complete allocation by the
Potatoes 2.5 Price Regulation No. 144 to determine
Cabbage 1 the manner in which maximum retail War Production Board on May 22 , 1942.
Home gardens and orchards . 1 Effective March 24 , 1944 , the Mexican

LOLOLOLO
Shade trees and ornamentals . .5 prices are to be established. The price
Beans Government placed an informal embargo
Tomatoes in February 1945 was 7-8 cents in bags,
Apples carload lots, freight allowed. In less- on imports of calcium arsenate. On
Miscellaneous 1 December 22 , 1944 , the Mexican Gov-
than-carload lots , the price range was
Total 100 7.5-8.5 cents . ( "Oil, Paint and Drug ernment imposed a duty of approxi-
Reporter. ") mately 2 U. S. cents per pound ( 20
Prices Current market prices are quoted in centavos per kilogram ) on all imports
"Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter," Schnell of calcium arsenate.
Prices of Calcium Arsenate, 1937-41 Publishing Company, 59 John Street,
[Wholesale, in drums, cents per lb. ] New York 7, N. Y.; "Chemical Indus-
tries," Tradepress Publishing Corp. , 522 Substitutes
1937 1938 1939 1940 1941
Fifth Avenue, New York 18, N. Y.
Cryolite, sodium aluminum fluoride,
High 7.75 7.25 7.25 7.25 7.25 which occurs as a mineral in Greenland
Restrictions on Supply and and is also made synthetically, is about
Low .... 6.25 6.75 6.75 6 6 Demand one-half as effective against the boll
Tariff.-Imports of Calcium arsenate weevil as calcium arsenate, equally effec-
Source : "Chemical Industries, Buyers'
Guidebook, " October 1942. are duty-free. tive against the bollworm, and only
partially effective against the leaf worm .
Sodium fluosilicate (silicofluoride ) is
United States Exports of Calcium Arsenate, 1938-1943, by Country of Destination also considered a partial substitute.
Certain of the fluorine insecticides can
1938 1939 1940 be used for some purposes but no fully
Country satisfactory substitute for the use of
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value calcium arsenate on cotton is known.
A mixture of two parts sulfur and one
Argentina 242,470 $12,249 279,894 $12,253 121,115 $4,403 part calcium arsenate is used here and
Bolivia .... 10,000 350 1,000 52
Brazil 286,860 16,873 in Latin America, particularly in Peru ,
Canada 45,672 2,658 444,109 27,617 81,996 4,604 in place of calcium arsenate alone. The
Chile 65,500 2,511
Colombia 1,040,308 47,353 40,000 1,781 130,000 5,104 further use of this mixture is probably
Costa Rica 18,100 1,078 200 11 feasible and would unquestionally ex-
Cuba 4,416 314 1,728 iii 31,918 1,309 tend our supply of calcium arsenate.
り

Egypt 32,000 1,595 31,968 1,358

Guatemala 3,984 173 2,000 110
Haiti 200 16 13,084 671 20,016 1,001
Mexico 75,964 4,405 653,106 33,891 498,752 23,820 Trade Association
Mozambique 4,500 209
Nicaragua 1,000 48 100,050 4,294
Peru 3,647,700 140,172 4,867,580 200,358 3,702,300 152,349 Agricultural Insecticide and Fungicide
Philippine Islands 50,000 2,293 23,000 913 24.000 996 Association (manufacturers ) 285 Madi-
Salvador 40,572 2,247 62,936 3,263 17,904 860
Union of South Africa 210 10 528 23 son Avenue, New York 17 , N. Y.
Venezuela 2,310 173 13,034 595 107,000 5,440
Other¹ 5,446 312 2,244 164 4,672 261
Producers and Dealers
Total 5,242,882 215,964 6,731,103 300,512 4,879,391 206,181 The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of do-
1941 1942 2 1943 2 mestic firms. The following commercial
Country directories carry listings for calcium
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value arsenate :
Chemical Buyers' Guidebook . Annual .
Argentina Buyers' guidebook number of "Chemical
Bolivia Industries." Tradepress Publishing Corp ,.
Brazil 100,000 $7,688
Canada 188,173 $8,722 13,301 $1,086 9,722 602 522 Fifth Avenue , New York 18 , N. Y.
Chile 871 169
Colombia 135,016 10,770 470,080 36,544 Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
Costa Rica 532 32 nual. Reinhold Publishing Corp. , 330 W.
Cuba 20,697 1,278 2,000 150 11,329 863
Egypt 30,000 1,245 42d Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Guatemala 600 30 2,500 217 Entoma. Annual. $1.00. Eastern
Haiti 200 30
Mexico 722,144 41,399 1,891,998 140,642 2,129,103 161,082 Branch of the American Association of
Mozambique 11,200 520 Economic Entomologists, New Jersey
Nicaragua 100,000 4,800 101,700 7,744
Peru 4,532,825 211,456 1,751,082 117,598 2,564,689 191,213 Agricultural Experiment Station, New
Philippine Islands 77,000 3,742 Brunswick, N. J.
Salvador 200 16 47,512 3,939 147,000 11,447
Union of South Africa 500 23 Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Venezuela 209,356 11,448 100,500 8,188 847,936 66,384
Other¹ 3,500 191 300 21 Book. Annual . Schnell Publishing Co.,
Inc. , 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.
Total 5,897,598 285,071 3,941,722 282,393 6,384,559 483,835 With a year's subscription to "Oil, Paint
and Drug Reporter," $5.00 .
Thomas' Register of American Manu-
1 Shipments of less than 10,000 pounds during each year are included in "Other." facturers.. Annual. $ 15.00. Thomas
2 Country breakdown shown only for countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Source: "Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, " 1938-40 ; 1941, 1942, 1943, Publishing Company, 461 8th Avenue,
Bureau of the Census. New York, N. Y.
4 INDUSTRIAL
Economic References
Arsenic. Economic Paper 17. 1934.
Bureau of Mines , U. S. Department of
the Interior. Contains bibliography.
35 pp. 5c. Available from Superinten-
dent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.
The Chemistry and Toxicology of In-
secticides. By Harold H. Shepard. 1939.
383 pp. $4.00 . Burgess Publishing Co.,
426 South 6th Street, Minneapolis , Minn.
Chemistry of Insecticides and Fungi-
cides. By D. E. H. Frear. 1942. 300 pp.
$4.00. D. Van Nostrand Co. , 250 Fourth
Avenue, New York, N. Y.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
1941. 1944. Annual . Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
696 pp. $2.50. Available from the
Superintendent of Documents, Wash-
ington 25, D. C. Earlier editions may be
consulted at libraries. Later selected
statistics on foreign trade are not being
made available in a series of separate
Department
Atlanta 3, Ga ., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3 , N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2 , Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union
Commerce Bldg.
Dallas 2 , Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2 , Colo . , 566 Customhouse.
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1018 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
REFERENCE SERVICE
reports. Descriptions of these reports
and the prices at which copies are sold
are given in "Reports on U. S. Foreign
Commerce Available," 1944 , a copy of
which may be obtained on request from
the Bureau of the Census, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington 25 ,
D. C.
Insecticides for Control of Cotton In-
sects. By R. C. Roark, Bureau of Ento-
mology and Plant Quarantine , U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture. In September
25, 1942 issue of " Chemical Engineering
News."
Insecticides, Present Demand and
Long-Term Outlook. By R. C. Roark,
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar-
antine, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
In July 20 , 1942 issue of "Oil, Paint and
Drug Reporter."
The Manufacture of Calcium Arsen-
ate. By C. M. Smith. In "Mineral Re-
sources of the United States," 1922.
Part I, "Metals" (page 75) . Geological
of Commerce Field
Houston 14, Tex. , 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12 , La., 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130
W. 42d St.
Survey, U. S. Department of the In-
terior. $1.00 . Available from Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C.
Manufactures: 1939-Volume II, Re-
ports by Industries, Part 1. 1942. Six-
teenth Decennial Census of the United
States, 1940. Bureau of the Census,
U. S. Department of Commerce. 936 pp.
Out of print. Copies may be consulted
at large libraries.
Minerals Yearbook. Annual. Chapter
on Arsenic. Bureau of Mines, U. S. De-
partment of the Interior. Chapter pre-
prints are available from the Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C. The preprint, "Arsenic and Bis-
muth" (12 pp., 5c) , from the 1941 Year-
book, is the latest issued for public
distribution.
Report of the Federal Trade Commis-
sion on the Calcium Arsenate Industry,
March 3, 1923. U. S. Federal Trade Com-
mission. Out of print. Copies may be
consulted at most large libraries.
Service
Philadelphia 2 , Pa ., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2 , Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal
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tomhouse.
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Office Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-638816
 ts
Documen Room

L Industrial Reference Service

E NT

CO
TM U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

MM
AR

ER
P OP
DE

CE
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
A
RIC
UNI

AME
ST D
TE
A

Part 2.- CHEMICALS, DRUGS

AND PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 May 1945 INDIANA UNIVERSITYNumber 11

LIBRARY

Chilean Plastics Markets

By Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

9 00 10
0 .
9 00 .11
0
0 0 0
9

*
*
* *
* *
*
*
*
*

(
 Chilean Plastics Markets
Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
Among Chile's industries of fairly re- there is greater use of plastics . For ex-
cent origin is the manufacture of plas- ample, consumers are interested in the
tics goods. At present that country is vinyl plastics but are unable to obtain
fourth among Latin American countries them .
engaged in the manufacture of such Molded goods.-Chilean manufacture
goods , and the future of the industry of plastics goods began in 1934 , and war
appears encouraging. conditions have given impetus to the
industry. Imports from many foreign
Production markets have been curtailed and the
industry has sought to offset these
Plastics materials .- There is at pres-
losses by greater output. Workers from
ent no production of plastics materials the plants of Europe have made a valu-
in Chile, with the exception of limited able contribution through their knowl-
quantities of casein plastics manufac- edge and initiative. It is predicted that
tured by the Central de Leche de Chile, in the post -war period production will
S. A. of Santiago. be at least four times the average out-
Serious thought is being given by a put during the war years .
producer of chemicals to the possibili- There are 12 firms¹ engaged in the
ties of manufacturing plastics materials manufacture of plastics goods, and con-
with the technical and financial coop- siderable interest in post-war opera-
eration of a United States manufacturer tions has been shown by several persons
of synthetic resins. The plant would not now engaged in such work. Almost
use domestic raw materials such as coal all molded goods are produced by the
tar (a byproduct in the manufacture of compression molding method and ap-
illuminating gas) and methanol, the proximately 800 workers are employed
production of which could be easily in- in the industry . Many articles are pro-
creased with the installation of modern duced in quantities sufficient to meet
equipment. the requirements of the country. Pro-
Chilean consumers of plastics ma- duction figures are not available, but
terials have stated that their minimum a fair estimate can be made on the
annual requirements are as follows : basis of the import data on plastics
materials in this report .
Annual Requirements for Plastics Materials The principal products are buttons,
Quan- Per- electric switches, electrical equipment ,
Product tity centage jewelry, notions, buckles, bottle and
Pounds of
total tube caps, water meter parts , desk tele-
phones and parts, poker chips, chess
Phenol formaldehyde) boards, combs, thimbles, brush and
resins 462,746 47.64 furniture handles, tooth brushes , coated
Urea formaldehyde 264,111 27.20
Cellulose acetate 199,296 20.52 copper wire, and household utensils.
Cellulose nitrate 18,827 1.92 The most complex articles being man-
Polystyrene resins 17,637 1.82 ufactured are desk telephones. Radio
Celluloid 8,730 0.90
cabinets were made previously, and no
Total 971,347 100.00 doubt when restrictions on the manu-
facture of new radios are lifted, pro-
Chile's estimated annual minimum duction will be resumed.
essential requirements of synthetic There were no known exports of
resins for the manufacture of paints, molded goods through 1943, and, al-
varnishes, and lacquers are reflected in though the official 1944 export figures
the following table: are not yet available , it is stated that
certain telephone parts were exported
Quan- Per- to Peru.
tity centage
Product Pounds of Reportedly Chilean manufacturers of
total
molded goods have no affiliations with
foreign capital or foreign manufac-
Alkyd resins 176,533 59.63 turers and no marketing agreements or
Modified phenolic resins . 90,830 30.69
Miscellaneous resins 28,660 9.68 exchanges of technical information
among themselves.
Total 296,023 100.00
Distribution and Advertising
There appears to be no particular
type or color preferences among the Domestic molded goods.- Generally
consumers of plastics materials. When
domestic manufacturers distribute di-
materials are again available , trends in
rectly to the retailer, although in a few
fashions and applications will probably
conform to those of countries where 1 A list of firms which are at present
manufacturing plastics goods may be ob-
Digested from a report by R. F. Schneider, tained for $ 1.00 from the Commercial Intelli-
United States Foreign Service, Santiago, gence Division of the Bureau of Foreign and
Chile. Domestic Commerce.
instances the manufacturers employ the
services of distributors.
A considerable quantity of finished
molded articles is made to order on
specifications of the consumer. Such
articles include radio parts, telephone
parts, and water-meter parts.
Credit terms are granted on the
financial status of the retailer, but
rarely exceed 90 days.
Advertising of molded goods by Chil-
ean manufacturers is at present negli-
gible, restricted by the limited output of
goods. In the past, newspapers were
the most common medium. Importers
and agents of plastic materials did not
advertise .
Packing other than that which will
protect the merchandise is not required
by law.
Imported molded goods.-Imported
molded articles are usually purchased
directly by the retailer from the foreign
manufacturer. However, the services
of agents would be of value for the pur-
pose of insuring proper distribution.
Imported plastics materials.— United
States manufacturers of plastic ma-
terials are well represented in Chile. All
companies have exclusive representa-
tives , the consumers apparently prefer-
ing this method to direct importation .
At present, no United States exporter
has service men in Chile and the em-
ployment of such help will probably
depend on the future market . It has
been suggested that exporters train their
Chilean representatives either by corre-
spondence courses or by instruction at
the main offices and factory in the
United States so that the representative
may be in a position to render assistance
to the consumers .
Chilean Plastics Import
Trade
Imports of molded goods are shown
in the accompanying table. Innum-
erable molded goods are classified ,
however, under various tariff schedules
so that it is impossible to determine
the exact amount of molded goods actu-
ally imported .
Prior to the war, Germany and Great
Britain controlled the import market
for plastics materials , except casein
probably because of their liberal credit
terms. Credit terms were extended by
these countries usually either 50 percent
or 33 percent cash, the balance
payable in 90 or 120 days. Such liberal
terms are not granted generally by
United States manufacturers ; they ex-
pect cash payments against documents .
Casein was received from Argentina
while Germany and Japan enjoyed the
molded goods market. It is stated that
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE 3

during the pre-war years a German im-
porter of German plastics materials
maintained stocks on hand of the more
commonly used plastics materials
(phenol formaldehyde and urea formal-
dehyde resins ) and thus was able to
supply his customers immediately with
at least part, if not all, of their re-
quirements.
Increase of Exports from the United
States. Shipments from the United
States of both plastic materials and
molded goods have increased consider-
ably since 1940 , according to available
data. This growth is largely the result
of the curtailing of shipments from
many former sources of supply. It is
expected that when the countries which
previously controlled the market are
again in a position to export, the Chil-
ean market will again be guided by price
and credit terms.

Chilean Imports of Plastics Materials and Molded Goods

Prewar Average Average during

1940 1941 1942 1943 the War
Commodity and prin- (1936-1939) (1940-1943 )
cipal importing
countries
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value

Plastics materials (in

bars, sheets, rods, 3
tubes and powder) 195,436 $59,855 371,947 $102,461 526,386 $148,950 162,840 $50,714 329,735 n.a. 347,7271 $100,7081
United States 10,015 3,613 118,518 36,557 321,014 82,968 152,827 47,525 240,703 n.a. 208,266¹ 55.6831
Great Britain 52,046 13,598 142,135 30.883 73,332 20,202 28 22,972 n.a. 59,6121 17,038¹
Germany 118,129 37,878 16,656 6,152 165 100 n.a. 4,2051 2,0841
Japan 12,067 3,649 77,430 23,520 120,770 42,076 6,175 1,929 n.a. 51,0941 22,508¹
Synthetic resins 3 102,8642 31,5992 79,738 18,484 173,606 46,598 104,450 36,598 71,914 n.a. 107,4271 33,8931
United States 2,8292 2502 64,165 12,978 165,028 43,785 104,450 36,598 71,914 n.a. 101,3891 31,1201
Germany 84,180° 29,056° 3,935 917 n.a. 9841 3051
Molded goods of
"galalith" 24,610 72,154 4,186 14,161 9,462 30,662 13,913 54,918 11,455 $57,279 9,754 39,255
United States 192 1,085 2,207 6,745 7,416 25,430 11,720 48,029 9,449 46,905 7,698 31,777
Germany 22.236 65,216 752 3,358 29 1,556 195 1,228
Molded goods of
"Bakelite," cellu-
loid or similar
materials + 55,274 129,268 25,897 104,992 32,610 150,562 53,049 292,732 58,398 301,021 42,488 212,327
United States 4,500 38,739 12,280 77.437 21,962 128,146 44,789. 272,148 53,096 280,277 33,032 189,502
Germany 22,024 61.994 635 3,469 242 2.405 219 1,468
Japan 26,246 22,375 9,689 15,395 7,075 12,280 137 587 4,225 7,066

Based on the years 1940 - 1942. Quantity in gross weight.

2 Based on the years 1938 and 1939. Quantity includes weight of inner containers.

With the exception of certain molded
goods, such as fancy jewelry, cigarette
cases, and similar commodities, there is
no apparent preference for United
States products. The fact that an ar-
ticle is imported , however, usually not
only commands a higher price but has
better acceptance among the higher
income groups of consumers.
Competing plastics .-Since 1942 other
producing countries besides the United
States have exported only small quan-
tities of plastics to Chile . Argentina ex-
ported approximately 30 tons of plastics
materials in 1943. The Argentine
material is reportedly not up to United
States standards of quality and is higher
in price. It is stated that German and
British plastic materials were com-
parable in quality to the United States
products and in some instances, par-
ticularly those chemicals exported by
Germany, less expensive . Present
prices of British and United States
plastic materials are stated to be the
same.
Machinery and equipment.- There
have been no substantial imports of
plastic molding machinery from any
country since the beginning of the war.
This circumstance has stimulated dɔ-
mestic manufacture of hand-operated
presses, which are not only more ex-
pensive but apparently have not met the
requirements of the industry . Import
statistics are not available because
Chilean statistics group this type
machine under a general group of in-
dustrial machinery .
Manufacturers of plastic molded
goods are reported as having in opera-
tion 75 hand operated presses mostly of
Chilean manufacture , several hydraulic
presses ( 100- to 250 -ton) of United
States and British makes , 15 automatic
and semiautomatic presses and approxi-
mately 13 hand injection automatic and
semiautomatic injection molding ma-
chines.
Machinery and equipment are usually
made in Chile to the specifications of
the plastic molded goods manufacturers.
In some instances , the machinery is
built on the premises of the manufac-
turer.
Dies are now being made and are
adequate for the simple articles pres-
ently produced but when Chilean manu-
facturers are able to obtain the raw
materials for the expansion of the
industry, foreign-made dies may again
be imported. Whether such imports will
be made from the United States will
depend , as in the case of the plastic
materials, upon price, credit, and serv-
ice terms among other factors. It is
stated that, in general, prices of British-
made machinery and equipment are
approximately 33 percent lower than
the United States products.
Opportunities for Greater
Service
United States manufacturers of plas-
tic materials will be in a better position
to retain the market they now enjoy by
meeting competitive prices, by granting
more generous credit terms to reliable
importers, and by appointing represen-
tatives who have a technical knowledge
of the manufacturing processes of plas-
tic articles. As an additional aid, all
descriptive catalogs and technical data
should be printed in Spanish .
To share in the post -war market
United States manufacturers of plastic
materials may find it advisable to coop-
erate with Chilean manufacturers of
chemicals. Manufacturers in other
countries are said to be interested in
such arrangements.
Raw materials, such as phenol and
formaldehyde are, or could be, easily
obtainable in the country ; and Chilean
manufacturers of chemicals will eventu-
ally manufacture plastics materials ,
with or without foreign financial or
technical aid . National pride would be
satisfied by the manufacture of an
article which can be labelled "Made in
Chile." When the industry is estab-
lished, foreign competitors may be
handicapped by restrictions of exchange
permits to the importers of plastics or
to prohibitive tariff duties.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-639275

 Department of Commerce

BUSINESS PUBLICATIONS

OCTOBER 1944

SURVE
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Heat, Cold . Pow - Futu
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October 14, 1914

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War Puts ilLiesfe in Comrdage Tol. xvu, No. 3

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Write for

AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE CONFERENCE, NEW YORK CITY, OCTOBER 18-19-28, 1924 Sample Copies

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Washington 25

 Documents Room

Industrial Reference Service

CO U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
MM
ER
ND OP CE
TRA Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Amos E. TAYLOR, Director

CA
RI
OF AME
STATES
ST
Part 2.- CHEMICALS, DRUGS

AND PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 May 1945 INDIANA UNIVERSITY2

LIBRARY

MAY 1945
BUTANOL

(Synopsis of Information)

By C. A. Rager, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Butanol, or normal butyl alcohol, Standards for butanol are specified Allocations of Butanol
fourth in the series of monohydric al- in the following :
cohols, is a colorless liquid with a wine- The American Society for Testing Per- Per-
Materials-D304-40. End use cent Pounds cent
Pounds of
like odor and with the following gen- re- of re-
Army-Navy Aeronautical Specifica- quests quests
erally accepted physical properties : Sp .
tion-AN-O-A-39.
20°
gr. , 0.810 ; m.p ., - 79.9° C ; b.p. , 117°C . United States Pharmacopoeia- Rea- Butyl ace-
4 gent grade. tate 1,515,000 100 846,000 85
It is soluble 9 parts in 100 parts of Other butyl
derivatives 49,200 100 64,186 100
water, and miscible with alcohol and Cellulose
ether. The commercial grades of Packing, Shipping and Storage acetate
sheets 33,243 100 106,000 95
butanol vary but slightly from these Regulations Research 4,295 100 ....
physical properties. Hydraulic
The usual containers for butanol are brake fluid 244,110 90 109,110 50
Plastics and
1- and 5-gallon cans, 55 - gallon steel resins 194,110 239,980 85
Uses Dyes and
drums, tank cars, and trucks. Butanol penetrants 28,540 95 13,850 95
is combustible but since its flash point Miscellane-
Butanol is widely used in the manu- is over 80 ° F., it is not classified for ous 50,937 90 48,803 85
Protective
facture of butyl compounds , principally shipping regulations as an inflammable coatings 433,423 1 845,822
the acetate and phthalate which are liquid and does not require a red cau- Photographic
and repro-
employed in the production of laquers , tion label. Information on shipping duction
product's .... 34,585 100
varnishes, and other protective coatings. containers and stowage factor for ocean
Other uses are shown in the following shipping is given in "Modern Ship
Stowage." (See "Economic References.") 1 Not available.
table of allocations made by the War Source : War Production Board.
Production Board for civilian use when
butanol was in comparatively free sup- Methods of Production Output
ply.
Butanol is produced by the selective The area including Illinois and In-
fermentation of carbohydrate-contain- diana is the major production area in
Grades, Standards and ing materials such as molasses and the United States, accounting for 55
Specifications grain. Synthetically it is produced from percent of the total output of butanol.
petroleum or natural gases. It was es- Approximately 5 percent is produced in
The commercial grades of butanol timated in 1942 that 80 percent of the Puerto Rico.
‫لال‬

have a purity of 98 to 100 percent and butanol produced in the United States The production of butanol excluding
meet the usual standards and specifica- was by fermentation and 20 percent by secondary, tertiary, and iso butyl al-
tions. synthesis. cohol is shown in the following table :
D 7447
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

United States Production and Sales United States Exports of Butanol by Principal Countries, 1939, 1940, and 1941
of Butanol
1939 1940 1941
Num- Sales Country
ber Production Value Pounds Value Pounds
Year of Pounds Value
pro- (Pounds) Pounds Value
lucers
France 156,348 $11,724
Netherlands 301,978 22,593 64,474 $4,904
1935 .. 4 36,082,089 22,904,156 $ 2,279,805 Sweden 109,061 10,359 47,160 3,830
1939 .. 4 72,736,886 45,836,362 3,182,229 Switzerland 104,928 6,988 47,876 3,938 18,000 $2,070
1940 .. 100,412,850 54,434,432 4,200,248 United Kingdom 615,353 44,625 373,228 37,343 900,082 72,389
Canada 997,449 65,952 1,604,939 114,414 2,613,838 233,173
Sources : United States Tariff Commission. Brazil 61,108 5,435 70,299 6,760 169,254 22,726
China 48,431 3,448 194,233 14,207 3,633 376
Japan 4,204,975 342,799 1,793,795 144,829 960,575 98,087
The total production of butyl alcohol, Australia 732,202 55,572 203,020 16,039 53,142 3,936
including normal, secondary, tertiary, New Zealand 23,326 1,595 87,286 7,307 44,769 4,299
and iso butyl alcohol, is given in the
Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
following table :
United States Exports of Butanol to the Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
United States Production and Sales of nual. $10.00. Reinhold Publishing
Butyl Alcohol Latin American Republics (Including
Lend-Lease exports) Corp., 330 West 42d Street, New York
Sales 18, N. Y.
Production 1942 1943 Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Year (Pounds) Pounds Value Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing
Country
Pounds Value Pounds Value Company, 59 John Street, New York 7 ,
1933 39,734,513 27,492,432 $2,235,761 N. Y. $5.00 with a year's subscription
1934 49,082,406 36,456,719 3,144,579 to "Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter."
1935 58,145,494 28,132,691 2,656,405 Mexico 27,900 $3,898 5,700 $1,084
1936 75,327,184 41,007,744 3,263,700 Cuba
.. 29 9 Thomas' Register of American Manu-
1937 124,464,656 40,806,856 3,322,689 Ecuador 1,109 221 facturers. Annual. $ 15.00. Thomas
1938 81,304,789 30,220,372 2,376,175 Venezuela 15 3
1939 127,010,364 52,590,016 3,548,824 Peru 360 44 360 56 Publishing Co. , 461 Eighth Avenue, New
1940 164,568,813 61,313,850 4,621,665 Chile 2 1 York 1 , N. Y.
Brazil 50,992 8,139 39,828 6,288
Uruguay 4,320 537 1,800 291
Source: United States Tariff Commission. 219 66 16
Argentina 1,211
The output of butanol in 1935 repre- 7.747 Trade Associations
Total 85,894 13,059 47,798
sented 62 percent of the total , 57 per- Manufacturing Chemists' Association
cent in 1939 and 61 percent in 1940 . Source : Bureau of the Census, United
States Department of Commerce. of the United States, 608 Woodward
Building, Washington 5, D. C.
Foreign Equivalents Prices National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer
Alcohol , butyl- Since October 27 , 1941 , butanol has Association, 1500 Rhode Island Avenue,
French-Alcool butylique. been controlled by the price ceilings es- N. W., Washington 5 , D. C.
Spanish-Alcohol butilico. tablished by the Office of Price Ad- Society of Plastics Industry, 295 Madi-
Italian-Alcool butilico. ministration in MPR-37. son Avenue, New York, N. Y.
Portuguese-Alcool butylico . Current market prices are available Synthetic Organic Chemical Manu-
German- Butylalkohol. weekly in "Oil, Paint and Drug Re- facturers' Association of the United
porter" and from the Bureau of Labor States, 6 East 45th Street, New York,
Foreign Trade Statistics , United States Department of N. Y.
Labor; semimonthly in "Chemical and
Imports Engineering News," and monthly in
There have been no imports for con- "Chemical Industries" and "Chemical Economic References
sumption of butanol since 1934. In that Governmental
and Metallurgical Engineering."
year 22 pounds valued at $ 15 were im-
ported. The Schedule A, Statistical Prices of Butanol Regulations for Transportation of
Classification of Imports code number Explosives and Other Dangerous Arti-
is 8231.100. Year Price Year Price Year Price cles by Land and Water in Rail,
Freight, Express and Baggage Services,
Exports 1926 $0.184 1932 $0.121 1938 $0.088 and by Motor Vehicle, Highway and
Exports as shown in the following 1927 .188 1933 .101 1939 .077 Water, Including Specifications for
1928 .179 1934 .106 1940 .086
tables are from Schedule B export clas- 1929 .169 1935 .128 1941 .096 Shipping Containers. 1941. 206 pp.
sification code under 8313. In 1939 ex- 1930 .168 1936 .091 1942 .124
1931 .155 1937 .090 1943 .108 Interstate Commerce Commission,
ports were approximately 10 percent of Washington 25 , D. C. Out of print.
production but decreased to less than Source : Bureau of Labor Statistics, United Copies may be consulted at large
5 percent in 1940 : States Department of Labor. libraries.
Specifications for pricing : Per pound , Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
United States Exports of Butanol
tank, f. o . b. , works , freight allowed . the United States for the Calendar Year
Year Pounds Value Prior to 1932 f. o . b. works . 1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
Producers and Dealers 696 pp. $2.50. Available from the
1932 1,506,912 $137,696
1933 4,890,941 439,676 The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Superintendent of Documents, Wash-
1934 3,357,535 332,493 ington 25, D. C.
1935 2,135,307 205,274 Commerce does not compile lists of do-
1936 3,124,012 297,905 mestic firms. The following commercial United States Exports of Domestic
1937 3,346,442 288,312 directories, while not intended to be all Merchandise to the Latin American Re-
1938 4,286,386 360,071
1939 7,618,568 592,667 inclusive, carry a listing for butanol : publics (Including Lend - Lease Exports)
1940 4,874,870 385,507 Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An- Calendar Year 1942. 1944. Bureau of
1941 5,103,799 469,090
1942 14,082,913 1,912,695 nual. Buyers guidebook number of the Census, United State Department
1943 15,518,731 2,735,751 "Chemical Industries." Tradepress Pub- of Commerce.
lishing Corp. , 522 Fifth Avenue, New Modern Ship Stowage. Industrial
Source : Bureau of the Census, United
States Department of Commerce. York 18, N. Y. Series No. 1. 1942. Bureau of Foreign

and Domestic Commerce, United States
Department of Commerce. 719 pp .
$1.50. Available from the Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C.
Tariff Act of 1930. 71st Congress , 2nd
Session, House Document No. 476. 20
cents. Available from the Superinten-
dent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C.
Products and Priorities. Monthly.
War Production Board. $2.00 a year.
Single copy 20 cents. Available from
the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C.
Specifications for Wholesale Com-
modity Prices. 1940. 30 pp. Available
on request from Bureau of Labor Sta-
tistics, United States Department of
Labor, Washington 25, D. C.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
BUTANOL
Synthetic Organic Chemicals— United
States Production and Sales, Report No.
148. Second series. 1940. United
States Tariff Commission . 60 pp . 10
cents. Available from the Superinten-
dent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C.
Index of United States Army and
Federal Specifications Used by the War
Department. Manual with monthly
supplement . $ 1.50 per year.
Nongovernmental
N. A. Lange. Handbook of Chemistry.
1944. 1777 pp. 5th Edition. $6.00.
Handbook Publishing Co. , Sandusky,
Ohio.
Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
1942. 3rd edition . $ 12.00 . Compiled
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla. , 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn . , 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
లు
and edited by the editorial staff of the
Chemical Engineering Laboratory. Fran-
cis M. Turner, Editorial Director. Rein-
hold Publishing Corp., 330 West 42d
Street, New York 18 , N. Y.
Index to A.S.T.M. Standards. 1944.
Available on request. American Society
for Testing Materials, 260 South Broad
Street, Philadelphia 2, Pennsylvania.
Charles D. Hodgman, Editor. Hand-
book of Chemistry and Physics. 1942 .
2515 pp . $3.50 . Chemical Rubber Com-
pany, 2310 Superior Avenue, Cleveland,
Ohio.
Rogers Manual of Industrial Chem-
istry. C. C. Furnas, Editor. 1942. 6th
Edition. 2 vols. 1,721 pp. $ 17.00 . D.
Van Nostrand Co. , Inc. , 250 Fourth
Avenue, New York 3, N. Y.
Philadelphia 2, Pa. , 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 403 U. S. Post Office
and Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-639276
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

● Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system .

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

● Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

• from the Superintendent of Documents

$ 1.00 per year .

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

 ts
Doemen Boom

Industrial Reference SARAVIICERSITY

N T
ME
CO

RT U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary LIBRARY

MM

PA
ER

DE OF
CE
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
JUN - 1045
UNI

ERICA

IC
ER
TED

AM
STATES
Part 2.—CHEMICALS, DRUGS

AND PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 May 1945 Number 13

ACETONE

(Synopsis of Information)

By C. A. Rager, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Acetone or dimethyl ketone, the first At the present time, acetone is under Philadelphia 2, Pa., covers acetone by
in a series of aliphatic ketones, is a allocation control by th War Production Specification D-329-33 available at 25
colorless highly inflammable liquid with Board (Order M- 800 ) and the quanti- cents.
the following generally accepted physi- ties and uses for which it was allocated
20°C for the second half of 1944 for civilian Packing, Shipping, and
cal properties : Sp . Gr. 0.792- -; m.p. , use are shown in the following table. Storage Regulations
4
-94.6°C ; b.p. , 56.5 ° C and weight per The usual containers for acetone are
gallon 6.6 pounds . The physical prop- Grades, Standards and 1- and 5- gallon cans, 70 to 700 pound
erties as given in manufacturers' publi- Specifications drums, and 8,000 - gallon tank cars.
cations show a slight variation from The interstate Commerce Commission
those given above : Commercial acetone is generally of lists acetone as an inflammable liquid
such purity that it meets, and in some and as such requires a red label. Ten
Uses cases surpasses, the usual specifications . gallons is the maximum quantity per-
The principal use of acetone is in the The C.P. and U.S.P. grades contain not mitted to be shipped in one outside con-
production of cellulose acetate rayon. As less than 99.5 percent and 99 percent of tainer by rail express . For shipping
a solvent, substantial quantities are acetone respectively . Market quota- regulations see Sections 103 and 110 of
consumed in the manufacture of smoke- tions are usually for the C.P. grade. I.C.C. Regulations for Transportation
less powder ; varnish , lacquer and other Federal specifications for acetone are of Explosive and Other Dangerous Ar-
protective coatings ; gums, resins, and given in the Federal Standard Stock ticles. Shipping containers and stowage
waxes, and paint and varnish remover. Catalog No. O-A-51a, copies of which factors are given in "Modern Ship
It is the solvent employed for acetylene are available for 5 cents each from the Stowage," 1942 , United States Depart-
stored in cylinders. As a raw material Superintendent of Documents, Wash- ment of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign
it is used in the manufacture of chloro- ington 25, D. C. The American Society and Domestic Commerce .
form , iodoform , and diacetone. for Testing Materials, 260 S. Broad St.,
Methods of Production
Acetone Allocations -Second Half of 1944
[In thousands of pounds] Prior to World War I, actone was
manufactured on a commercial scale
Percent only by the dry distillation of acetate of
of
Item July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. request lime produced by the hardwood distilla-
granted, tion industry. The large war-created
Dec.
demands, chiefly for use as a solvent,
were far in excess of the quantity avail-
Drugs and pharmaceu- able from this source. The result was
ticals 1,036 1,003 940 894 867 990 99
Rayon 3,768 3,879 3,394 3,535 3,317 3,259 97 the development of new processes which
Plastics 242 252 56 82 106 136 34 made this method of manufacture ob-
Textiles 23 1 1 1 41 31 12
Lacquers and thinners 414 215 129 186 418 426 23 solescent. Acetone is now produced by
Shoe adhesives 211 162 228 212 317 313 58 the fermentation of carbohydrates by
Miscellaneous 49 68 65 106 125 104 95
bacterial organisms and by the oxida-
1 Included in miscellaneous. tion of iso-propyl alcohol . A process
Source: War Production Board. developed in Canada produces acetone

97448
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

from calcium carbide. Another develop- In 1940 they represented 12.97 percent Exports as shown in the following
ment during World War I was the compared with 5.96 percent and 7.67 tables are taken from Schedule B export
production of acetone as a byproduct of percent in 1936 and 1937 respectively. classification code number 8316 :
the Burton oil -cracking process . The
production of acetone from natural gas United States Exports of Acetone
was started in 1929 by one firm in the
United States. In 1941 it was estimated Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value
that 80 percent was made synthetically
from petroleum gases and the remaining 1930 3,644,535 $341,980 1937 9,513,940 $616,333
1931 3,845,821 282,682 1938 11,212,013 634,926
20 percent by fermentation. 1932 4,404,131 318,068 1939 23,115,332 1,561,853
1933 3,508,420 255,414 1940 26,150,288 1,947,414
1934 3,534,353 324,298 1941 26,805,152 1,920,836
Output 1935 2,884,386 298,291 1942 69,575,091 5,094,692
1936 5,636,285 455,737 1943 34,935,127 2,446,662
The latest years for which production
statistics can be published are 1936, Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
1937, and 1940, when 94,565,804 pounds,
124,012,187 pounds, and 201,506,334 United States Exports of Acetone by Areas and Principal Countries- 1938-41
pounds respectively were produced . The [In thousands of pounds]
output of acetone during 1941 has been 1938 1939 1940 1941
estimated to be 250,000,000 pounds. Area and principal
Sales of acetone by producing firms are countries
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
shown in the following table:
United States Sales of Acetone
Europe 8,103 $451 11,463 $763 16,729 $1,214 10,370 $733
Belgium 2,871 146 2,503 137 179 14 ....
Netherlands
46664365

Num- 1,488 96 1,961 136 1,218 87

Total Sweden 744 44 2,007 143 701 57 145 15
Year ber of Quantity
pro- pounds value
Unit
value United Kingdom 2,424 126 2,979 164 13,202 906 10,099 707
ducers Spain .... 1,008 114 401 56 30 3
All others 576 39 1,005 69 1,028 94 96 8
North America 973 41 635 36 1,515 85 12,754 866
1933 42,205,443 $3,047,923 $0.072 Northern 846 32 432 22 1,356 71 12,375 829
1934 42,615,312 3,867,440 .09 Canada 830 31 409 20 1,329 67 12,313 821
1935 All other 16 1 23 2 25 4 62 8

196214223
56,124,067 4,704,028 .08 Southern & West Indies . 127 203 14 159 14 379 37
1936 64,651,128 4,066,906 .06 Mexico 89 150 10 92 7 290 29
1937 68,772,268 3,586,971 .05

30
1938 2,887,374 .04 Cuba 30 43 3 63 6 74 7
67,041,184 All others 8 10 1 6 1 15 1
1939 100,935,422 4,384,757 .04 South America 124 648 41 657 61 922 92
1940 121,172,975 5,571,188 .05

9202 LG
Argentina 34 579 36 517 44 736 70
Colombia 20 12 1 15 2 63 7
Chile 44 20 31 2 42 3
Source: United States Tariff Commission. Uruguay 2 26 4 31 4
All others 26 35 3 68 9 50 8
Asia 972 61 9,021 618 3,171 294 1,287 111
Foreign Equivalents British India 15 1 37 3 159 12 208 17
Acetone Netherlands East Indies 59 4 122 9 188 13 343 26
Japan 820 52 8,533 585 2,403 234 411 36
English-Acetone Kwantung 143 9 203 22
French-Acetone All others 78 4 186 12 421 35 122 10
Oceania 926 61 1,092 87 3,346 249 814 65
Spanish-Acetona Australia 878 58 1,069 85 3,211 239 646 51
Italian-Acetone New Zealand 48 23 2 136 10 168 14
Africa 114 256 17 732 54 658 54
Portuguese- Acetona Union of South Africa 114 254 17 572 44 626 51
German-Aceton Egypt 2 1 157 9 27 2
All others 1
Imports Total 11,212 635 23,115 1,562 26,150 1,947 26,805 1,921
Imports of acetone are included under 1 Less than 500.
Schedule A, Statistical Classification of Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
Imports, Code Number 8380.00 : "Ace-
tone, ethyl methyl ketone and their United States Exports of Acetone to the Prices
Latin American Republics
homologues and acetone oil." Imports [ Including Lend -Lease Exports]
for consumption, under this heading, Since October 27, 1941 , acetone has
are shown in the following table : 1942 1943 been under the price ceilings established
Imports for Consumption Country by the Office of Price Administration's
Pounds Value Pounds Value MPR-36 .
Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value
In the following table the prices of
Mexico 65,186 $7,693 72,909 $8,430
$3,105 1938 565 Guatemala 230 61 1,249 247 acetone from 1926 through 1930 are
1932 19,131 $87 15 6
1933 7,116 705 1939 11 28 Salvador f. o. b. N. Y., drums ; 1931 through 1935
1934 56 40 1940 135 47 Honduras 135 38
1935 1941 737 140 Nicaragua 981 196 f. o. b. N. Y. , tanks ; 1936 through 1940,
1936 1,826 132 1942 Costa Rica 1,844 403 1,401 174
1937 215 58 1943 231,723 24,090 Panama 328 86 340 68 delivered N. Y. tanks :
Cuba 42,417 5,466 45,590 4,411
Haiti 180 47 315 90
Source: Bureau of the Census , United Dominican Prices of Acetone (C.P.) per Pound
Republic 3,655 877 1,944 425 in Carlots
States Department of Commerce. 14,460 2,053 31,880 3,830
Colombia
Venezuela 16,389 1,620 18,000 2,295
The rate of duty on imports of ace- Ecuador 7,910 1,221 2,868 412 Year Price Year Price Year Price
tone is 20 percent ad valorem and is Peru 13,338 1,549 24,543 2,780
Bolivia 1,950 229 9,206 1,248
covered in paragraph 3 of the "Tariff Chile 24,023 2,267 19,624 2,139
Act of 1930." Brazil 10,204 1,513 3,376 331 1926 $0.120 1931 $0.098 1936 $0.081
700 116 1927 .120 1932 .098 1937 .053
Paraguay 1928 .140 1933 .085 1938 .048
Exports Uruguay 21,036 2,901 12,059 1,359 1929 .143 1934 .105 1939 .047
Argentina 152,291 17,191 71,502 6,450 .113 .120 1940 .055
1930 1935
Exports of acetone have increased not Total 375,441 45,177 318,637 35,045
only in quantity and value but also in Source : Bureau of the Census, United Source : Bureau of Labor Statistics, United
the percentage of domestic production. States Department of Commerce. States Department of Labor.

Current market prices , are available
weekly in "Oil, Paint and Drug Re-
porter" and from Bureau of Labor Sta-
tistics, United States Department of
Labor, semimonthly in "Chemical and
Engineering News," and monthly in
"Chemical Industries" and "Chemical
and Metallurgical Engineering."
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of do-
mestic firms. The following commercial
directories, while not intended to be all
inclusive carry a listing for acetone :
Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An-
nual. Buyers guidebook number of
"Chemical Industries." Tradepress Pub-
lishing Corp. , 522 Fifth Avenue , New
York 18 , N. Y.
Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual. $ 10.00 . Reinhold Publishing
Corp., 330 West 42d Street, New York
18, N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Com-
pany, 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.
$5.00 with a year's subscription to "Oil ,
Paint and Drug Reporter."
Thomas' Register of American Manu-
facturers. Annual. $15.00. Thomas
Publishing Co. , 461 Eighth Avenue, New
York 1 , N. Y.
Trade Associations
Manufacturing Chemists Association
of the United States, 608 Woodward
Building , Washington 5, D. C.
National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer
Association , 1500 Rhode Island Avenue
N. W., Washington 5 , D. C.
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manu-
facturers Association of the United
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9 , Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg .
Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo . , 566 Customhouse.
ACETONE
States, 6 East 45th Street, New York,
N. Y.
Economic References
Governmental
Federal Specification O -C-141-Janu-
ary 7, 1944. Acetone. Procurement
Division, United States Treasury De-
partment. 5 cents. Available from the
Superintendent of Documents, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.
Regulations for Transportation of
Explosives and Other Dangerous Arti-
cles by Land and Water in Rail, Freight,
Express and Baggage Services, and by
Motor Vehicle, Highway and Water, In-
cluding Specifications for Shipping
Containers. 1941. 206 pp. Interstate
Commerce Commission, Washington 25 ,
D. C. Out of print. Copies may be con-
sulted at large libraries.
Modern Ship Stowage. Industrial
Series No. 1. 1942. Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce, United States
Department of Commerce. 719 pp.
$1.50 Available from the Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
1941. 1944. Annual . Bureau of the
Census, United States Department of
Commerce. 696 pp. $2.50 . Available
from the Superintendent of Documents ,
Washington 25 , D. C.
Tariff Act of 1930. 71st Congress , 2nd
Session, House Document No. 476. 20
cents. Available from the Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C.
History of Prices During the War.
WIB Price Bulletin 53. 1919. War In-
dustries Board. Out of print. Copies
may be consulted at large libraries.
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo .. 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn.. 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
♡
Products and Priorities. Monthly.
War Production Board . $2.00 a year.
Single copy 20 cents. Available from
the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C.
Specifications for Wholesale Com-
modity Prices . 1940. 30 pp . Available
on request from Bureau of Labor Sta-
tistics, United State Department of
Labor, Washington 25, D. C.
Synthetic Organic Chemicals— United
States Production and Sales, Report No.
148, Second Series. 1940. United States
Tariff Commission . 10 cents. Available
from the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25 , D. C.
Nongovernmental
N. A. Lange. Handbook of Chemistry .
1944. 1,777 pp. 5th Edition . $6.00.
Handbook Publishing Co. , Sandusky ,
Ohio.
Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 1942.
3rd edition. $ 12.00. Compiled and
edited by the editorial staff of the
Chemical Engineering Laboratory , Fran-
cis M. Turner, Editorial Director. Rein-
hold Publishing Corp., 330 West 42d
Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Index to A.S.T.M. Standards. 1944.
Available on request. American Society
for Testing Materials , 260 South Broad
Street, Philadelphia 2 , Pennsylvania.
Charles D. Hodgman, Editor. Hand-
book of Chemistry and Physics. 1942.
2515 pp. $3.50 . Chemical Rubber Com-
pany, 2310 Superior Avenue, Cleveland,
Ohio,
Rogers Manual of Industrial Chemis-
try. C. C. Furnas, Editor. 1942. 6th
Edition. 2 vols. 1,721 pp. $ 17.00. D.
Van Nostrand Co., Inc. , 250 Fourth Ave-
nue, New York 3, N. Y.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19 , Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine,
S01 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 403 U. S Post Office
and Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-639277
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

● Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

$ 1.00 per year ... from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

 ents
Docum Room
Industrial
NT U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
TM
E CO
PA
R MM
DE
OP ER Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
CE
*
UNI
STATESO
T
FAMERIC
ED
A Part
and
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities. Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 50
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or Department Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Paraguay -Regulations
and
By Walter Haidar, American Republics Unit
Introduction
The new regulations on the importa-
tion of pharmaceutical products into
Paraguay here presented had their origin
in decree-laws 2,000 and 2,001 , both of
which were enacted on June 15, 1936.
The former decree -law authorized the
creation of a Ministry of Public Health ,
and the latter established the duties and
responsibilities of the new Ministry. To
exercise these responsibilities the Min-
istry was authorized :
1. To prohibit the importation, manufac-
ture, trade, and sale of those medicines which
in its judgment are considered useless,
prejudicial, or harmful to health;
2. To establish regulations controlling the
importation, commerce, manufacture, prepa-
ration, storing, sale, and use of medicines;
3. To approve all types of advertisement of
pharmaceutical specialties, patent medicines,
biological products, and other medicines;
4. To control importation and exportation
of medicines through custom houses;
5. To prohibit the importation and sale of
opium and its derivatives, or of other drugs
and substances which produce or tend to
produce vicious habits, in quantities which
exceed the essential medical need of Para-
guay.
As a result of these powers, decree No.
10905 was signed on February 4, 1942.
This decree, published in the Gaceta
Oficial of February 5 , 1942 , set forth the
basic regulations controlling the impor-
tation or domestic manufacture of phar-
maceutical specialties in Paraguay. One
of its provisions was that all manufac-
turers and merchants of specialties
would have 6 months in which to comply
with the new regulations. However, due
to war conditions, it was later decreed
that the regulations would not be appli-
cable until after January 31 , 1945.
Pharmaceutical Specialties
Registration
To be sold in Paraguay, all national
and foreign pharmaceutical specialties
whether for internal or external use must
642932-45
Reference
INDIANA UNIVERS
LIBRARY
2. CHEMICALS, DRUGS
PHARMACEUTICALS
May 1945
Governing
Toilet Preparations
George Wythe, Chief
be registered with the Department of
Hygiene.
Pharmaceutical specialties and SO-
called "specifics" are understood to be
pharmaceutical preparations or medici-
nal recipes of simple substances or of a
determinable formula conveniently put
up for sale under a patented name; as
well as chemical products , biological
products, medicinal mineral water (see
section on "Sales Restrictions" for fur-
ther detail) , herbs, homeopathic special-
ties for human or veterinarian use, pro-
vided they are sold under a patented and
conventional name ; and prescriptions or
formulas having conventional names.
The registration must be made by the
manufacturer or by his representative,
who must live in the country and have
a pharmacist's diploma recorded in the
Department of Hygiene. The applica-
tion for registration must be made on
stamped paper and be accompanied by-
1. A statement presenting a complete
qualitative formula showing the active sub-
stances as well as the excipients;
2. Copies of labels, prospectus, and pam-
phlets dealing with the specialty in retail
form . These should indicate the name of
the manufacturer or representative of the
specialty who will be responsible for the au-
thenticity, composition , and preparation of
the declared formula;
3. The quantity of units necessary for the
analysis, plus two samples of the specialty
ready for sale;
4. A complete explanation of the physio-
logical and therapeutic principles on which
the preparation is based, its "raison d'etre,"
and the hygienic or pharcacological advant-
ages which it possesses;
5. A legalized copy, or two photostatic
copies, of a document setting forth what is
known regarding its origin, preparation, and
registration, as well as the judgment of the
official laboratories of the country of origin
regarding the product.
All specifics which are patented in the
Paraguayan Patent Office should be ac-
companied by evidence thereof. In case
of nonpatented specifics , the registration
of the product in the Department of
Hygiene will not imply the recognition of
Service
JUN - 1945
Number 14
Pharmaceuticals
the ownership of the name registered .
Specialties may not be designated by
names similar to those of products al-
ready registered , whether these names
refer to the name of the specific, to the
trade mark, or to the manufacturer.
Any variation which is introduced in
a pharmaceutical specialty, whether it be
a change in form , color or size of con-
tainer, in the color or wording of the
cliche, in the name of the manufacturer
or representative, or in the original
formula, will necessitate a new registra-
tion. Noncompliance with this regula-
tion will result in cancelation of the au-
thorization to sell the product. The
pharmacist who signs the application for
registration and sale of the specific is
the person responsible for the changes
or modifications which the composition
of the specific undergoes thereafter, ex-
cept for falsification obviously made by
other parties, in which case they become
responsible.
Once the specialty has been ana-
lyzed at the expense of the applicant and
the declared formula , booklets, and other
matter which accompany the specialty
are approved, the certificate of registra-
tion, on which will be indicated whether
the sale can be made freely or only under
prescription, will be granted.
Importation 7562
The National Customs will not permit
the importation of specialties which have
not previously been registered by the
Department of Hygiene . However, the
General Council of Health can allow, by
means of a special permit, and only in
one instance, the entry of specialties
which have been authorized in the coun-
try of origin and which have not yet been ,
registered.
Labeling
The declared qualitative and quantita-
tive formula of the specialty must be
clearly printed on the label in Spanish
or Latin .
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
Labels must indicate the name of the
manufacturer or representative of the
specialty, who will be responsible for the
declared formula.
The registration number, as well as the
phrase "Venta Libre" (free sale ) or "Bajo
Receta" (under prescription) , must be
shown in printed form on the original or
other label attached to each unit.
For tax purposes it is also obligatory
to show on the container, in a form
clearly visible, the net quantity of the
product and the number of basic units
which it contains.
Advertising
The advertising of specialties the sale
of which has not been authorized is for-
bidden. The public advertisement of
pharmaceutical specialties which are au-
thorized for sale only under prescription
is also prohibited. Only the medical and
related professions may be advised
through advertisements or similar
methods of pharmaceutical specialties
authorized for sale under prescription.
Advertisements of authorized special-
ties must first be approved by the Depart-
ment of Hygiene . Advertisements claim-
ing infallible curative properties, a cure
within a specified time, or supernatural
properties will not receive approval.
Advertisements must be limited to an ex-
planation of composition, therapeutic
properties, form and method of use, anti-
dote instructions, and the name of the
manufacturer or representative of the
specialty who will be responsible for the
declared formula.
Advertisements (rotulos ) and pros-
pectuses of national or foreign specialties
must be printed in Spanish, and must
indicate clearly the country of origin.
Sales Restrictions
Medicinal mineral water considered for
table use by the Department of Hygiene
can be sold freely by any commercial
house, while medicinal mineral water
considered as a specific must comply with
the requirements for registration .
All firms selling pharmaceutical spe-
cialties, biological products, dietetics,
natural substances, drugs, and chemical
products used in the arts and industry,
are subject to the control of the Division
of Inspection of Pharmacies of the De-
partment of Hygiene. Agencies repre-
senting manufacturers of specialties and
pharmaceutical, biological, and chemi-
cal products for human, veterinarian,
and vegetable use, as well as hygienic
and toilet products in general, are also
subject to the control of the Department
of Hygiene.
An agency or branch house in Para-
guay may distribute the pharmaceutical
specialties, or the chemical products
from which they are produced , of not
more than five national or foreign labo-
ratories, representing not more than a
total of 50 specialties. Agencies or
branch houses can also sell, in their re-
spective original containers, biological
products and in general all medicinal
substances and toilet preparations man-
ufactured in their laboratories if they
have complied with registration and
other requirements .
Agencies and branch houses handling
pharmaceutical products are authorized
to sell their articles only to pharmacies
and drug stores.
Only pharmacies can sell specialties
or specifics to the public. The sale of
medicinal products in doses and in me-
dicament form can take place only in
pharmacies, including ambulatory phar-
macies. Drug stores can sell specifics,
drugs, chemical products, and medica-
ments only in wholesale quantities.
Alkaloids and Narcotics
The President of Paraguay is em-
powered to restrict, control, prohibit, or
limit to certain ports the importation of
alkaloids and narcotics. The importa-
tion and sale of opium and its derivatives,
or other drugs or substances which cause
or tend to produce vicious habits, are
prohibited in quantities which exceed the
real medicinal necessity of Paraguay.
Fees
The charges for registration, analysis,
and authorization to sell in Paraguay are
shown in the table below but the Ministry
of Public Health has the power to reduce,
or exempt from payment of the registra-
tion fee those products which he con-
siders necessary to society.
Equiva-
lent in
Purpose Guaranis 1 United
States
currency
For registration of each foreign
pharmaceutical specialty.. 35.00
For registration of each national
pharmaceutical specialty. 8.75
For authorization to advertise.. 5.00
For authorization to sell per
annum.. 5.00
For each qualitative analysis and
written certification thereof.... from 1.00
to 3.00
For each quantitative analysis
and written certification thereof. from 2.00
to 5.00
For each quantitative analysis of
a formula not indicated in the
Codex.. from 5.00
to 15.00
For each recheck of an analysis,
which is requested .. 5.00
1 The guarani was convertible at the rate of $0.3205
as of Mar. 31, 1945.
Source: Laws of Mar. 9, 1942, and Sept. 10, 1936.
Samples
All samples of pharmaceutical special-
ties admitted into the country for free
distribution must be deposited in the
Ministry of Public Health for distribution
under control of the Paraguayan Gov-
ernment. Fifty percent of the samples
will be distributed to hospitals and public
aid services, and the remainder among
physicians.
Price Control
Under the authority vested in the Min-
istry of Public Health, a Committee of
Price Control and Fixing of Prices of
Medicaments has been organized to es-
tablish wholesale and retail prices for
medicaments, drugs, and pharmaceutical
specialties sold in Paraguay.
System of Weights and Measures
The decimal metric system of weights
and measures is used in Paraguay. Ex-
ceptions are made, however, in the case
of preparations of prescriptions where
the doses are indicated in another sys-
tem , where original containers are of
products packed in a foreign country or
packed for export to countries where a
different system is used, and where the
doses have a set standard requiring the
use of biological or chemical units for
each particular product.
Trade-Marks
The trade-mark must be registered in
Paraguay. Requests for further infor-
mation on this subject should be for-
warded to the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, Department of
Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.
General Regulations
Since the promulgation of the present
regulations, new pharmacies, drug stores,
ambulatory pharmacies, and houses and
agents representing laboratories of spe-
cialties and factories of chemical and
biological medicinals can be established
only by a pharmacist who has a diploma
from the National University of Para-
guay, and which is recorded in the De-
partment of Hygiene.
Pharmacists, in all cases, are person-
ally responsible for the purity and legit-
imacy of the products which they sell
or use in their preparations. However,
they are not responsible for products
registered by the Department of Hygiene.
Only the pharmacist who has requested
the registration of a product is held re-
sponsible for it.
$11.22 Pharmacy Inspection
The inspectors of pharmacies are re-
2.80
1.60 quired to make an inspection twice a
year, at such time as the Director of the
1.60
Health Department believes necessary.
.32 At each inspection, samples of chemical
.96
products, official preparations, or pre-
64 pared prescriptions may be secured for
1.60 analysis. Three sealed samples are used,
of which one is left at the establishment
1.60 under inspection, and the other two are
4.81
taken to the Department of Hygiene.
1.60
Hygienic and Toilet
Preparations
Registration
All hygienic and toilet preparations to
be sold in Paraguay must have the prior
approval of the Department of Hygiene.
The term hygienic and toilet prepara-
tions include: Dyes and lotions used to
tint the hair and beard or to prevent and
cure diseases thereof; creams, pomades,
unguents, pastes and liquids used for the
conservation of the complexion and
treatment of freckles, blemishes, and
wrinkles ; depilatories and preparations
to strengthen or avoid the loss of hair in
general; face powders, pastes, and color-
ing materials for the embellishment of
the face, lips, eyebrows, nails, eyelashes
and eyelids ; dentifrices, soaps and per-
fumes for the bath with special direc-
tions for their use; perspiration preven-
tatives in general ; perfumed bath salts
and any product comprehended in the
classification of cosmetics and rouges ; lo-
tions, perfumed extracts and cures for
corns and callouses; and all articles for
intimate hygiene and beauty.
The application for prior approval for
each product must be presented to the
 PARAGUAY- REGULATIONS GOVERNING PHARMACEUTICALS AND TOILET PREPARATIONS
Office of Inspection of Pharmacies, De-
partment of Hygiene, Asuncion, Para-
guay, by the manufacturer, importer,
representative, or exclusive agent. It
must be accompanied by four samples of
the product, and a sworn declaration that
the formula or composition of the hy-
gienic or toilet preparation does not con-
tain any of the following ingredients :
Arsenic, mercury, lead, silver, and their
respective derivatives ; pilocarpine and
its salts; chromic acid, aminophenol, bel-
ladonna and its active principles ; diami-
nophenol, aminoresorcinol, hydroqui-
none, phenylene diamine (meta and
para ) and preparations which contain
them ; pyrogallol, ammonia, formalde-
hyde, and all coloring agents ; and in gen-
eral all other mineral or organic sub-
stances which, in the opinion of the De-
partment of Hygiene, may cause harm ;
as well as the use of containers which
are composed of lead, arsenic, or any
other harmful substance.
When for technical reasons the prep-
arations must contain any of the poison-
ous substances enumerated in the pre-
ceding paragraph , they must bear a
legend in characters prominently visible
saying "Use Con Cuidado" (Use With
Care) . Their preparation must be under
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga . , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg .
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2 , Ohio , Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union
Commerce Bldg.
Dallas 2 , Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
the direction of a pharmacist or doctor
of chemistry, who has a diploma regis-
tered in the Department of Hygiene, and
whose name must appear on the prin-
cipal label. Only this person will be
responsible to the Department of
Hygiene.
The application for prior approval of
the Department of Hygiene to sell
products either foreign or domestic
which contain the above-mentioned
harmful substances must be presented
by a pharmacist or a chemist who has a
diploma registered in the Department
of Hygiene. The following information
should accompany the application :
1. Complete qualitative and quantitative
formula;
2. A certificate of analysis issued by a
chemical office, which the Department of
Hygiene shall designate; and
3. A certificate duly legalized , in which it
is made clear that the factory or establish-
ment of preparation is directed by a pharma-
cist with a legal title.
After submission_to_the_Department
of Hygiene for analysis, authorization ,
and sales control, and receipt of the
necessary approval, the product may be
distributed to pharmacies and commer-
cial establishments. The authorization
Houston 14, Tex. , 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla. , 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130
W. 42d St.
3
of sale may be issued in the name of the
manufacturer, proprietor, or represent-
ative, depending on who applies for it.
Importation
The Director General of Customs is
not permitted to allow importation of
any hygienic or toilet preparation with-
out previous authorization of the De-
partment of Hygiene.
Fees
The charges for registration , authori-
zation to advertise, selling, and analyzing
hygienic and toilet preparations are the
same as those applicable to pharmaceu-
tical specialties.
Trade Information
Trade information may be obtained
from "Foreign Markets for American
Medicinal Products," a pamphlet pub-
lished in 1939 by the Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce of the Depart-
ment of Commerce. It can be purchased
from the Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office , Washing-
ton 25, D. C. , for the price of 15 cents in
coin or from the field officer of the
Department of Commerce.
Philadelphia 2 , Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520
S. W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga. , 403 U. S. Post Office
and Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal Office
Bldg .
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1945
Jocuments Room
Industrial
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
CO
MM
ER
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
CE
ICA
UNI ST
R
TED ATE
AME
OF
DRUGS
For sale by the Superintendent ofDocuments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Fiel
Volume 3- Part 2
Uruguayan
Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
In any discussion of the Uruguayan
market, it must be realized that the
country is essentially agricultural, de-
riving a large part of its national income
from the products of its livestock in-
dustry. Comparatively little industrial-
ization has taken place. In normal times,
in spite of some tariff protection, com-
petition offered by foreign sources of
supply tended to keep the level of prices
down to a point where little incentive
has been provided for the development
of large industries.
No Organic Chemical Industry
In the course of the present war, cer-
tain traditional European sources of
supply for organic chemicals have been
curtailed or completely cut off from this
market. No attempt has been made to
offset this loss by domestic production.
Only several small plants were opened
partly because the United States and, to
a much lesser extent, Great Britain have
supplied Uruguay with its minimum
essential requirements and partly be-
cause of the high price or nonavailability
of the necessary imported machinery
and equipment. The few interested in-
dustrialists, therefore, have preferred to
wait in order to take advantage of an
expected lowering of prices and the op-
portunity to gage more accurately both
the postwar demand of their products
and the character of future foreign com-
petition.
Factors Influencing Trade
The Uruguayan market for organic
chemicals is not only a limited one, but
Digested from a report by Arthur
H. Emmons, 3d, Third Secretary,
United States Embassy, Montevideo.
Reference
Part 2. CHEMICALS,
PHARMACEUTINDIANAUNIVERSITY
and
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
June 1945
Organic Chemical
it is also strongly subjected to the in-
fluences of conservatism and tradition.
Domestic trade is largely characterized
by person-to-person relationships, a fact
which should be noted by United States
exporters in dealing with this market.
Prejudices, personal or otherwise, are
often influential and, as such, must be
taken into account when a product is
being adapted for local acceptance. Ex-
porters would do well to establish and
maintain in this area their own repre-
sentatives who are prepared to give
technical assistance and advice, if the
volume of their business would appear
to warrant it, rather than to rely upon
correspondence or upon more informal
agency contacts.
Consuming Channels Localized
The local market and most of the in-
dustries are centered in and around the
city of Montevideo, which contains 747,-
700 people, or about 34 percent of the
2,200,000 inhabitants of Uruguay, as well
as the greater part of the wealth of the
country. Chemical products in their
crude form are usually imported from
abroad directly by the consumer, or in
some cases through the intervention of
local importing firms. Finished chemical
products, on the other hand, are sold to
the public chiefly through a wide variety
of outlets such as pharmacies and other
small retail establishments. In general,
only relatively small stocks of goods are
carried by these dealers.
Advertising is carried on principally
through the radio, local Spanish-lan-
guage newspapers and magazines, and
by street signs. Window displays have
not been developed to a high degree.
United States advertising methods are
beginning to enjoy an increasing vogue,
particularly for their own lines of com
modities. There are several advertising
Service
LI
BR
AR
Y
JUL 1, 1945
Number 15
Market
agencies in Montevideo, and in general
the cost of advertising is materially
lower than in the United States or Great
Britain. Much emphasis is now being
placed upon the widespread advertising
of various proprietary drugs and medi-
cines, among which there is strong local
competition.
United States Products Liked
The Uruguayan chemical market in
normal times reflects a marked tendency
toward price-consciousness. At present,
with most sources of supply curtailed
and demand unfilled , price is not neces-
sarily a major consideration. Following
the war, however, it is likely that price
will again become a major factor in this
market and the United States must meet
price competition to retain the position
it has gained since 1940. Furthermore,
Uruguay will probably endeavor to
place its import trade with those coun-
tries where its export markets lie in
order to make use of a favorable balance
of payments.
Liberal Credits Favored
Sales terms imposed by United States
exporters in recent years have usually
involved an irrevocable letter of credit
or payment on receipt of shipping docu-
ments, as contrasted with the more
liberal credit terms customarily ex-
tended by the exporters of other coun-
tries. In Great Britain exporters fre-
quently have agreed to payment on
drafts from 30 to 60 days after sight,
while those in Germany and Japan have
increased this period even up to 90
days in the case of well-established cus-
tomers. Credit is an important factor in
the Uruguayan market, and United
States exporters would do well to con-
sider terms after the war on bases more
nearly competitive with those of other
for tries.
6 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

chloride are consumed in a normal year, Thus far, however, the project has not Import Trade
although this figure is subject to varia- been carried out because of the lack of
The following table shows imports
tion. The general use -pattern may be necessary methanol to begin production. into Uruguay of the more important or-
analyzed as follows : Preparation of live- If this project should be successful later, ganic chemicals :
stock remedies, 99 percent; cleaning it would probably preclude the necessity
fluid, 0.9 percent; fire -extinguishing of all further importations of methyl Imports of Certain Organic Chemicals
chemicals, 0.1 percent. chloride into Uruguay. Into Uruguay
No marked change in the consumption [In pounds]
The United States has very nearly
of carbon tetrachloride in the period im- Imports
supplied the local market for methyl
mediately following the war is foreseen. chloride during the past 4 years. It is Commodity and 1938-1942
There is no domestic production of this Leading sources of supply Average 1943
chemical. estimated that approximately 17,000 Benzol . 126,500 32,069
pounds of refined methyl chloride are United States . 120,334 24,286
Since 1940, the United States has Toluol . 10,768
consumed per year, virtually all of United States .
maintained a strong position in the 3,686
which is utilized as a refrigerant by Creosote . 1484,533 485,000
import trade. Great Britain 1476,367 370,800
Carbon Disulphide. - Carbon disul- cold-storage warehouses, and ice cream Crysylic acid, refined . 612,000 156,000
plants, food stores, et cetera. While the Great Britain . 604,000 156,000
phide is not manufactured in Uruguay Phenol . 2,080 2,393
use of refrigerants by these various en- United States . 733 2,392
at the present time. The average annual Great Britain . 699
consumption rate is estimated to be terprises will undoubtedly show a grad- Naphthalene, total . 64,720 2101,750
ual increase, no great expansion in the United States . 17,600 210,500
about 15,000 pounds. This yearly rate is Belgium . 44,480
subject to wide variation , depending use of methyl chloride is anticipated Great Britain . 291,250
after the war because more specialized Paradichlorobenzene . $6,032 18,149
upon the local incidence of plant para- United States . 3954 7,818
sites, since this chemical is employed types of refrigerating media, such as England.. $2,473 10,331
freon gas, will probably return to the Benzoic acid 345 792
as a seed disinfectant and as a plant in- United States . 71 792
secticide . market. Great Britain . 155
Methanol.. 227,422 6,212
It appears probable that after the war Chloroform.-As far as can be ascer- United States . 137,864 6,212
Argentina will hold much, if not all, of tained, chloroform is not manufactured Butyl alcohol . 16,968 1,236
United States . 16,968 1,236
the local market for carbon disulphide in Uruguay . Glycerin, refined . 9,728 3,357
by virtue of its traditional position Argentina.. 8,173 1,950
Consumption in recent years is re- Formaldehyde . 37,669 25,393
therein and its nearness to this trade United States. 18,034 23,298
ported to have remained fairly steady Great Britain 7,426 2,095
area. On the other hand, should United at a level of approximately 7,000 pounds Acetone . 24,013 13,618
States exporters establish satisfactory United States . 16,915 13,618
a year. While it has not been possible Acetic acid . 211,703 75,043
contacts with the Uruguayan importers to obtain exact figures, it is believed that United States . 111,716 42,814
and consumers of this chemical and be Argentina . 2,523 31,576
by far the larger proportion of the Oxalic acid. 18,027 15,510
able to meet price competition, they may chloroform used is represented by the United States . *6,566 14,281
Germany . 10,801
secure some of this market. No signifi- requirements of the medical profession Citric acid, natural and
cant expansion in the consumption of synthetic . 72,441 18,800
and is employed principally by the Pub- United States . 9,071 18,800
carbon disulphide in Uruguay is fore- lic Health Ministry in its various hos- Italy.. 29,939
seen, however, except as might be re- pitals and clinics. Ethyl ether, medicinal
grade 3,359 12,698
flected in a long-range increase in farm- United States . 2,819 11,200
It is considered probable that no Butyl acetate . 120,117 24,000
ing and market- gardening in general. marked increase in the local use of United States . 120,030 24,000
Perchloroethylene . 132,567 13,543
Methyl Chloride.- There is no pro- chloroform will occur in the period im- United States . 125,313 13,543
duction of methyl chloride in Uruguay mediately following the war. In fact, Trichloroethylene . $18,500
United States . $15,564
at the present time, chiefly because suf- since its use in this country is principally Carbon tetrachloride . 150,177 58,523
ficient supplies of methanol are not now as a medical anaesthetic, there is a pos- United States . 102,099 47,694
Great Britain . 33,958 10,829
available. sibility that chloroform may be sup- Carbon disulfide . 13,222 7,920
Argentina.. 13,222 7,920
A local company has under considera- planted to an increasing extent by other Methyl chloride, refined . 113,323 28,125
tion a project for the manufacture of re- types of anaesthetics such as cyclopro- United States . 113,230 28,125
Chloroform 7,204 2,867
fined methyl chloride involving only pane and avertin. Such a local market United States . 1,833 1,985
slight modifications of its present plant, Great Britain . 2,047 882
as may ultimately exist will probably
which it is claimed, could supply Uru- have to be shared to a considerable ex- ¹Average based on 3 years, 1940, 1941 , and 1942.
'Refined only.
guay's entire needs for this chemical. tent with other foreign sources of supply. 'Average based on 4 years, 1939 through 1942.
U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-642931
 Field Offices

Joseph A. Mack, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following 26 leading cities
to assist businessmen in their current, domestic and foreign trade problems :

Location of Offices Managers

Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg... .C. Parker Persons

Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse .. .Harold P. Smith

Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.. John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg... .C. W. Martin

Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse . George C. Payne

Cincinnati 2 , Ohio, Chamber of Commerce .. Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio , 750 Union Commerce Bldg.. Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2 , Tex. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg.... .Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2, Colo . , 566 Customhouse ... .Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus

Detroit 26, Mich. , 1018 New Federal Bldg.. .Richard Stephenson

Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg... Thos. U. Purcell

Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.. ... William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.... .Harry M. Washington

Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse ... Walter Measday

Memphis 3 , Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.. ..Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal Bldg.. Will F. Kissick

New Orleans 12, La . , 408 Maritime Bldg.. .Harold C. Jackson

New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W. 42d St.. John F. Sinnott

Philadelphia 2, Pa. , 1510 Chestnut St..... William M. Park

Pittsburgh 19, Pa . , 1013 New Federal Bldg.. .Chas. A. Carpenter

Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313 , 520 S. W. Morrison St..... Howard Waterbury

Richmond 19, Va . , Room 2 , Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St... ..C. Roy Mundee

St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.. .....Clyde Miller

San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307 Customhouse .. .John J. Judge

Savannah, Ga. , 403 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Bldg.... .Joseph C. Stovall

Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal Office Bldg... .Philip M. Crawford

 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ,

● Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman. It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system .

● Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

21
of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

● Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post- war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

$ 1.00 per year . from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

0
Documents Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
NT

CO
ME

MM
RT
PA

ER
DE

CE

CA Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
RI
UNI *

OF AME
TED
ST

ST
ED ATE DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any ofthe Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 May 1945 Number 16

INDIAN UNIVERS
A ITY

The Paint Industry of ChileIBRARY

Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief L.

. i 81945

THOUSANDS OF GROSS KILOS THOUSANDS OF GROSS KILOS

350 350

300 300

TOTAL IMPORTS OF

PAINT PRODUCTS INTO CHILE

250 250
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

200 200
READY MIXED PAINTS

150 150
PASTE OIL PAINTS AND WATER
PAINTS DRY OR PASTE

100 100

VARNISHES AND
· ENAMELS AND LACQUERS BITUMINOUS PAINTS !
50 50

MARINE PAINTS
O
1935 1936 1937 193
19388 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
1943 IMPORT DATA NOT AVAILABLE. D.D. 45-105
2
The Paint
The Chilean paint industry is one of
the newest in the country. Prior to 1934
only small quantities of paints were
manufactured by four small companies
and total value of the combined output
probably was not more than 10,000,000
pesos annually or approximately $323,-
000, at present values, while today, even
with the shortages of raw materials
caused by the present conflict, the pro-
duction of Chilean paints is valued at
more than 65,000,000 pesos or about
$2,125,000 annually wholesale. The in-
dustry is of importance economically
because Chile expects to be able to pro-
duce approximately 95 percent of its
own paint requirements in normal times.
Chile is approximately 2,600 miles
long and averages only about 109 miles
in width and is usually divided, for com-
mercial convenience, into three regions.
In the Northern region, which includes
the territory north of Coquimbo to the
Peruvian border, are located copper and
nitrate mines. The Central region, in-
cluding the capital, Santiago, the prin-
cipal port, Valparaiso, and the third city,
Concepcion, has a large number of
factories and the greatest purchasing
Percentage of Total Consumption
Oil
Purchaser paints
3 BTOBB0B03345
Sold by retail outlets . 15
Sold directly to construction companies by whole-
salers .
Petroleum companies . 7 10
State railways and private shipping companies . 10
Public buildings .
Army and Navy. 15
Air Force . 10
Hospitals, private and Government . 8 15
Streetcar service .. 10
Electric power companies.
Mining industry .
Agriculture .
Telephone company
100
The percentage consumption of nationally produced paints by regions is as follows :
Percentage Consumption of Nationally Produced Paints by Regions
Item
Oil paints and enamels for interior and exterior painting .
Water paints..
Oil and/or resin emulsion paints .
Clear varnishes..
Enamel and lacquer used in the production of industrial goods
Marine paints ..
The percentage consumption of imported paints by regions is shown in the follow-
ing table:
Percentage Consumption of Imported Paints by Regions
Item
Oil paints for interior and exterior.
Enamels for interior and exterior.
Water paints.
Oil and/or resin emulsion paints .
Clear varnishes ..
Enamel and lacquer used in the production of industrial goods
Marine paints ..
Outlook for Paint
Distributors
While a program for the post-war
period has not as yet been completed,
it is estimated that approximately 8 bil-
lion pesos will be spent on construction
within several years. This figure com-
Industry of Chile
power of the country. The Southern re- stated that most of the Government-fi-
gion, which includes the area south of nanced dwellings will be chiefly of wood ,
Concepcion and the Straits of Magellan of which there is an abundance in the
region at the tip of South America, is Southern region of Chile. In general,
agricultural and pastoral. Owing to the private enterprises will use cement for
geographical location of the Province basic construction and wood and brick
of Magallanes, and the fact that its main for trimming and interiors. Warehouses
city, Punta Arenas, is a free port, it can vary in construction, some being of
almost be considered a separate region. cement and others of wood with gal-
Paint can be obtained there at less cost vanized roofs.
directly from foreign sources than from It seems reasonable to suppose that,
other regions of Chile itself. For this provided Chilean paint manufacturers
reason, some privately owned ships can obtain the necessary raw materials,
purchase their marine paints in Punto the local industry will be able to supply
Arenas. the greater portion of the paints re-
It is estimated that paints are con- quired for the program.
sumed in Chile in the following pro- Oil companies.-Chile has no exten-
portions: sive petroleum industry and the paints
consumed by the oil distributors are
Percentage
Kind of Paint of Consumption mostly for maintenance purposes.
Oil paints for interior and exterior
painting. 50 Railroads. Seventy percent of Chil-
Water paints . 15 ean railroads are controlled by the Gov-
Clear varnishes 10
Enamels and lacquers. 20 ernment and it is improbable that im-
Oil and/or resin emulsion paints. 5 ported paints will be used for the
A breakdown of the percentage of maintenance of equipment.
principal purchasers of both domestic Bus lines.-Chilean buses are all pri-
and imported paints is shown in the fol- vately owned. Buses are not purchased
lowing table: already manufactured, the usual pro-
cedure being to purchase the chassis and
construct the body from local raw mate-
Enamels rials. Outlook for imported paints for
Water Var- and Marine maintenance or future new construction
paints nishes lacquers paints
::
of buses is not considered good.
88
4 300 :0020
2 885212588
50 20 45 Air lines.-The Chilean Air Force, as
well as the Chilean Air Line (Linea
20
Aerea Nacional ) , has in the past con-
5 10 40
10 sumed imported paints and enamels for
11 10 maintenance purposes. It is the opinion
5
of the trade that the types of paints re-
10 quired by airlines can be manufactured
locally in sufficient quantities to meet
5 the requirements if the raw materials
3
are available. The Chilean Air Force
100 100 100 100 probably will continue to use imported
paints, enamels, lacquers, and dopes be-
cause of their high quality and the fact
that it does not pay import duties.
Ship yards. - There are no Chilean
North Central South Magellan shipbuilding yards for very large ton-
nage ships. Only small vessels are built,
55
30 50 15
30 50 15 minor repair work is done and, up to
negligible the present time, almost all the marine
60 io 2
10 75 15 paints required for these purposes have
negligible been imported. Chilean paint manufac-
turers feel that in the future marine
paints will be produced in the country
in sufficient quantities to meet require-
10055205
ments.
:anbS
North Central South Magellan Trucks, petroleum trailers.-With the
exception of trucks and petroleum
488880
O2000
15 10 50 trailers owned and operated by large
8 10
b
60 10 5 domestically and foreign- controlled
60 10 5
60 10 10 companies, such types of equipment are
75 15 generally not so well maintained with
30 is respect to painting as in the United
States.
prises private dwellings and factories, Durable goods. It is estimated that
Government- financed dwelling pro- consumer durable goods manufactured
grams, and Government buildings. It is in Chile, such as radios, bicycles, bed-
steads, office furniture, household fur-
Digested from a report by R. F. niture, etc., will increasingly employ
Schneider, United States Foreign domestically manufactured paints and
Service, Santiago, Chile. varnishes, owing, primarily, to their
lower costs.

Production
There are approximately fourteen
paint manufacturers in Chile, of which
three produce about 70 percent of the
total output. An estimated sum of 24
million pesos has been invested in the
manufacture of paints by the various
companies which employ a total of ap-
proximately 300 persons.
With the exception of marine paints,
nitrocellulose lacquers, and emulsion
paints, of which there is little produc-
tion at present owing to shortages of the
required raw materials, all types of
paints are manufactured in Chile. Fig-
ures as to the volume and value of each
class manufactured are not available ;
however, it is estimated that the total
volume produced is between 3,400,000
and 4,000,000 gallons annually, valued at
about 65,800,000 pesos, wholesale price.
The prospects for growth and im-
provement of the industry appear to be
excellent, depending upon the availa-
bility of the necessary raw materials in
the post-war years. It is believed that
production, with the present equipment,
can be increased by approximately 30
percent.
The technical aid which a large Amer-
ican manufacturer could furnish, par-
ticularly in the manufacture of the
newer types of paints, would be of great
economic value to Chile. American
capital is already invested in one Chil-
ean paint factory and British capital in
another. Exports from the United States
of ready-mixed paints are small at pres-
ent and may even decline in the future.
Raw Materials
Drying Oils
Linseed oil is the principal vehicle
used by Chilean paint manufacturers.
Flaxseed is imported principally from
Argentina and Peru, averaging 2 million
kilograms annually and the oil extracted
by three domestic plants. Crude and
boiled linseed oils also are imported ,
chiefly from Argentina and the United
States at the present time. In pre-war
years, Great Britain supplied the greater
part.
Dehydrated castor oil is not used to
any great extent by manufacturers. Al-
though small quantities have been im-
ported in the past, mainly from the
United States, Chilean production is
sufficient to meet the total requirements.
Production figures are not available.
Fish oil is likewise used in small quan-
tities, all of Chilean origin.
Oiticica oil and soybean oil are used
but little by the industry and the small
quantities consumed are generally ob-
tained from Brazil.
Tung oil is consumed in small amounts
at the present time and imported mainly
from Argentina. At present, there is no
Chilean production of tung oil, but con-
siderable thought is being given to the
possibilities of planting trees in the
Southern region.
INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
Opaque White Pigments
Leaded and lead-free zinc oxide.
Chilean production of leaded zinc oxide
has averaged 80,000 kilograms annually
and is consumed by manufacturers in
the production of cheap paints. Lead-
free zinc oxide, for the manufacture of
the better paints, must be imported, the
chief source of supply at present being
the United States. Approximately 200
metric tons annually are consumed by
the paint industry.
Lithopone formerly derived from
Europe is now imported mainly from
the United States. Average annual im-
ports since 1938 have been 1,027,228 kilo-
grams.
Titanium dioxide is imported prin-
cipally from the United States.
White lead is also imported chiefly
from the United States. The imports
since 1938 averaged 97,353 kilograms
annually.
Extender Pigments
Barytes, talcum and whiting are ob-
tainable in Chile in sufficient quantities
to meet the country's requirements.
Production figures are not available,
except for talc, of which the 1941 pro-
duction figure is placed at 100,000 kilo-
grams.
Mica, at present, is not employed to
any great extent, and requirements are
imported, principally from Brazil. Im-
port figures are not available.
Natural and Synthetic Pigments
Carbon black and lamp black.- The
small Chilean production of carbon
black is inadequate to meet the require-
ments. Imports are made principally
from the United States. Import figures
are not available.
Chrome pigments . - Owing to the
present difficulties in obtaining chrome
pigments from the United States, the
principal source, an attempt was made
to manufacture the simpler chrome com-
pounds, but on account of high produc-
tion costs and lack of raw materials, the
project was abandoned . The estimated
normal consumption of the industry is
approximately 65,000 kilograms of
chrome pigments annually.
Iron blues are imported principally
from the United States, Argentina, and
Great Britain. Average imports of Prus-
sian blue between 1938 and 1943, in-
clusive, were 26,319 kilograms annually.
Iron oxides, natural and synthetic,
are at present imported mainly from the
United States. The average annual im-
ports between 1938 and 1943, inclusive,
were 59,550 kilograms.
Lakes and toners are imported, gen-
erally from the United States.
Mineral earths, such as ochre, umber,
and sienna, are produced in small
amounts, most of the requirements being
met by imports principally from the
United States and Great Britain.
Red lead is imported at present mainly
from the United States. Average im-
ports between 1938 and 1943, inclusive,
were 130,025 kilograms annually.
3
Utramarine blue is imported at pres-
ent from Brazil and the United States
for the most part, such imports averag-
ing 178,156 kilograms annually between
1938 and 1943, inclusive.
Natural and Synthetic Resins
All resins must be imported, the
United States supplying practically all
the synthetic resins, while the various
natural resins are imported from the
United States, Mexico, and India. Exact
figures on the consumption of the syn-
thetic resins by the paint industry can-
not be obtained from official Chilean
statistics of imports. An estimate places
it at approximately 134,675 kilograms
annually, approximately 80,075 kilo-
grams being alkyd resins and the bal-
ance, modified phenolic and miscellane-
ous resins .
Solvents and Thinners
Acetone is produced in Chile, but it
is not high grade and, while no exact
production figures are available, it is
reported that the output is approxi-
mately 5,000 liters annually. Imports of
the chemical are at present chiefly from
the United States.
Butyl acetate must be imported, the
United States being the chief supplier.
Ethyl alcohol production in Chile was
reported as being 40,596 liters in 1941,
the last year for which production fig-
ures are available . However, many
Chilean alcohols are simply classified as
"potable" alcohols which can be, and
are, consumed by the paint industry.
Total production of Chilean potable al-
cohol during 1942 was reported to be
1,721,335 liters, while production of “in-
dustrial" alcohols during 1942, was re-
ported to be 3,981,108 liters.
Mineral spirits are imported, mainly
from the United States, but are not used
to a great extent by the paint industry.
Naphtha likewise is imported from the
United States, but the consumption is
very small.
Toluene is at present used but little
by the paint industry. The small amounts
consumed, averaging less than 1,000
kilograms annually since 1938, are gen-
erally imported from the United States.
Turpentine is imported, the United
States supplying the largest amounts.
Average imports between 1938 and 1943,
inclusive, were 1,116,519 kilograms an-
nually.
Xylene is consumed in relatively small
quantities and is imported from the
United States.
Metallic driers
All metallic driers consumed by the
paint industry must be imported, the
United States being the main source of
supply.
Miscellaneous
Casein is produced to some extent in
Chile but not in sufficient quantity to
meet the requirements of the country.
Imports of the commodity are mostly
from Argentina.
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Volume 3- Part 2 May 1945 Number 16

INDIAN UNIVERS
A ITY

The Paint Industry of ChilЄBRARY

Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon , Chief . i 81945

THOUSANDS OF GROSS KILOS THOUSANDS OF GROSS KILOS

350 350

300 300 .
TOTAL IMPORTS OF

PAINT PRODUCTS INTO CHILE

250 250
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

200 200
READY MIXED PAINTS

150 150
PASTE OIL PAINTS AND WATER
PAINTS DRY OR PASTE

100 100

VARNISHES AND
ENAMELS AND LACQUERS BITUMINOUS PAINTS
50 50

MARINE PAINTS
O
1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
1943 IMPORT DATA NOT AVAILABLE. D.D. 45-105
 The Paint Industry of Chile

The Chilean paint industry is one of
the newest in the country. Prior to 1934
only small quantities of paints were
manufactured by four small companies
and total value of the combined output
probably was not more than 10,000,000
pesos annually or approximately $323, -
000, at present values, while today, even
with the shortages of raw materials
caused by the present conflict, the pro-
duction of Chilean paints is valued at
more than 65,000,000 pesos or about
$2,125,000 annually wholesale. The in-
dustry is of importance economically
because Chile expects to be able to pro-
duce approximately 95 percent of its
own paint requirements in normal times.
Chile is approximately 2,600 miles
long and averages only about 109 miles
in width and is usually divided, for com-
mercial convenience, into three regions.
power of the country. The Southern re-
gion, which includes the area south of
Concepcion and the Straits of Magellan
region at the tip of South America, is
agricultural and pastoral. Owing to the
geographical location of the Province
of Magallanes, and the fact that its main
city, Punta Arenas, is a free port, it can
almost be considered a separate region.
Paint can be obtained there at less cost
directly from foreign sources than from
other regions of Chile itself. For this
reason, some privately owned ships
purchase their marine paints in Punto
Arenas.
It is estimated that paints are con-
sumed in Chile in the following pro-
portions:
Percentage
Kind of Paint of Consumption
Oil paints for interior and exterior
stated that most of the Government-fi-
nanced dwellings will be chiefly of wood,
of which there is an abundance in the
Southern region of Chile. In general,
private enterprises will use cement for
basic construction and wood and brick
for trimming and interiors. Warehouses
vary in construction, some being of
cement and others of wood with gal-
vanized roofs.
It seems reasonable to suppose that,
provided Chilean paint manufacturers
can obtain the necessary raw materials,
the local industry will be able to supply
the greater portion of the paints re-
quired for the program.
Oil companies.-Chile has no exten-
sive petroleum industry and the paints
consumed by the oil distributors are
mostly for maintenance purposes.

83024
In the Northern region, which includes painting. 50 Railroads. Seventy percent of Chil-
Water paints . 15 ean railroads are controlled by the Gov-
the territory north of Coquimbo to the Clear varnishes . 10
Peruvian border, are located copper and Enamels and lacquers. ernment and it is improbable that im-
Oil and/or resin emulsion paints. 5 ported paints will be used for the
nitrate mines. The Central region, in-
cluding the capital, Santiago, the prin- A breakdown of the percentage of maintenance of equipment.
cipal port, Valparaiso, and the third city, principal purchasers of both domestic Bus lines.-Chilean buses are all pri-
Concepcion, has a large number of and imported paints is shown in the fol- vately owned. Buses are not purchased
factories and the greatest purchasing lowing table : already manufactured, the usual pro-
cedure being to purchase the chassis and
Percentage of Total Consumption construct the body from local raw mate-
Enamels rials. Outlook for imported paints for
Oil Water Var- and Marine maintenance or future new construction
Purchaser paints paints nishes lacquers paints of buses is not considered good.
E BTOBEOBO334E

2 8852120

Sold by retail outlets . 15 50 20 45 Air lines. The Chilean Air Force, as

ENG
: ow

Sold directly to construction companies by whole-

2:49 :

salers .. 5 20 well as the Chilean Air Line (Linea

&

7 10
B

Petroleum companies . Aerea Nacional ) , has in the past con-

State railways and private shipping companies . 10 5 10 40
Public buildings . 5 10 sumed imported paints and enamels for
Army and Navy . 15 11 10 60 maintenance purposes. It is the opinion
Air Force . 10
Hospitals, private and Government . 8 of the trade that the types of paints re-
Streetcar service . 10 10 quired by airlines can be manufactured
Electric power companies . 8
Mining industry . locally in sufficient quantities to meet
Agriculture . the requirements if the raw materials
Telephone company. 5 3 5
are available. The Chilean Air Force
100 100 100 100 100 probably will continue to use imported
paints, enamels, lacquers, and dopes be-
The percentage consumption of nationally produced paints by regions is as follows: cause of their high quality and the fact
that it does not pay import duties.
Percentage Consumption of Nationally Produced Paints by Regions Ship yards.. There are no Chilean
Item North Central South Magellan shipbuilding yards for very large ton-
nage ships. Only small vessels are built,
55 .2

Oil paints and enamels for interior and exterior painting . 30 50 15

Water paints... 30 50 15 minor repair work is done and, up to
Oil and/or resin emulsion paints . negligible the present time, almost all the marine
Clear varnishes... 28 60 10
Enamel and lacquer used in the production of industrial goods 10 75 15 paints required for these purposes have
Marine paints . negligible been imported. Chilean paint manufac-
turers feel that in the future marine
The percentage consumption of imported paints by regions is shown in the follow- paints will be produced in the country
ing table: in sufficient quantities to meet require-
Percentage Consumption of Imported Paints by Regions ments.
Trucks, petroleum trailers.- With the
:Saab8

Item North Central South Magellan

exception of trucks and petroleum
2025205

488887

Oil paints for interior and exterior . 15 10 50

Enamels for interior and exterior. 8 80 2 10 trailers owned and operated by large
5

Water paints. 60 10 5 domestically and foreign- controlled

Oil and/or resin emulsion paints . 60 10 5
Clear varnishes.. 60 10 10 companies, such types of equipment are
Enamel and lacquer used in the production of industrial goods 10 75 15 generally not so well maintained with
Marine paints .. 30 is
respect to painting as in the United
States.
Outlook for Paint prises private dwellings and factories, Durable goods. It is estimated that
Government -financed dwelling pro- consumer durable goods manufactured
Distributors grams, and Government buildings. It is in Chile, such as radios, bicycles, bed-
While a program for the post-war steads, office furniture, household fur-
period has not as yet been completed, Digested from a report by R. F. niture, etc., will increasingly employ
it is estimated that approximately 8 bil- Schneider, United States Foreign domestically manufactured paints and
lion pesos will be spent on construction Service, Santiago, Chile. varnishes, owing, primarily, to their
within several years. This figure com- lower costs.

Production
There are approximately fourteen
paint manufacturers in Chile, of which
three produce about 70 percent of the
total output. An estimated sum of 24
million pesos has been invested in the
manufacture of paints by the various
companies which employ a total of ap-
proximately 300 persons.
With the exception of marine paints,
nitrocellulose lacquers, and emulsion
paints, of which there is little produc-
tion at present owing to shortages of the
required raw materials, all types of
paints are manufactured in Chile. Fig-
ures as to the volume and value of each
class manufactured are not available ;
however, it is estimated that the total
volume produced is between 3,400,000
and 4,000,000 gallons annually, valued at
about 65,800,000 pesos, wholesale price.
The prospects for growth and im-
provement of the industry appear to be
excellent, depending upon the availa-
bility of the necessary raw materials in
the post-war years. It is believed that
production, with the present equipment,
can be increased by approximately 30
percent.
The technical aid which a large Amer-
ican manufacturer could furnish, par-
ticularly in the manufacture of the
newer types of paints, would be of great
economic value to Chile. American
capital is already invested in one Chil-
ean paint factory and British capital in
another. Exports from the United States
of ready -mixed paints are small at pres-
ent and may even decline in the future.
Raw Materials
Drying Oils
Linseed oil is the principal vehicle
used by Chilean paint manufacturers.
Flaxseed is imported principally from
Argentina and Peru, averaging 2 million
kilograms annually and the oil extracted
by three domestic plants. Crude and
boiled linseed oils also are imported ,
chiefly from Argentina and the United
States at the present time. In pre-war
years, Great Britain supplied the greater
part.
Dehydrated castor oil is not used to
any great extent by manufacturers. Al-
though small quantities have been im-
ported in the past, mainly from the
United States, Chilean production is
sufficient to meet the total requirements.
Production figures are not available.
Fish oil is likewise used in small quan-
tities, all of Chilean origin.
Oiticica oil and soybean oil are used
but little by the industry and the small
quantities consumed are generally ob-
tained from Brazil.
Tung oil is consumed in small amounts
at the present time and imported mainly
from Argentina. At present, there is no
Chilean production of tung oil, but con-
siderable thought is being given to the
possibilities of planting trees in the
Southern region.
INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
Opaque White Pigments
Leaded and lead-free zinc oxide.
Chilean production of leaded zinc oxide
has averaged 80,000 kilograms annually
and is consumed by manufacturers in
the production of cheap paints. Lead-
free zinc oxide, for the manufacture of
the better paints, must be imported, the
chief source of supply at present being
the United States. Approximately 200
metric tons annually are consumed by
the paint industry.
Lithopone formerly derived from
Europe is now imported mainly from
the United States. Average annual im-
ports since 1938 have been 1,027,228 kilo-
grams.
Titanium dioxide is imported prin-
cipally from the United States.
White lead is also imported chiefly
from the United States. The imports
since 1938 averaged 97,353 kilograms
annually.
Extender Pigments
Barytes, talcum and whiting are ob-
tainable in Chile in sufficient quantities
to meet the country's requirements.
Production figures are not available,
except for talc, of which the 1941 pro-
duction figure is placed at 100,000 kilo-
grams.
Mica, at present, is not employed to
any great extent, and requirements are
imported, principally from Brazil. Im-
port figures are not available .
Natural and Synthetic Pigments
Carbon black and lamp black.-The
small Chilean production of carbon
black is inadequate to meet the require-
ments. Imports are made principally
from the United States. Import figures
are not available.
Chrome pigments . - Owing to the
present difficulties in obtaining chrome
pigments from the United States, the
principal source, an attempt was made
to manufacture the simpler chrome com-
pounds, but on account of high produc-
tion costs and lack of raw materials, the
project was abandoned. The estimated
normal consumption of the industry is
approximately 65,000 kilograms of
chrome pigments annually.
Iron blues are imported principally
from the United States, Argentina, and
Great Britain. Average imports of Prus-
sian blue between 1938 and 1943, in-
clusive, were 26,319 kilograms annually.
Iron oxides, natural and synthetic,
are at present imported mainly from the
United States. The average annual im-
ports between 1938 and 1943, inclusive,
were 59,550 kilograms.
Lakes and toners are imported, gen-
erally from the United States.
Mineral earths, such as ochre, umber,
and sienna, are produced in small
amounts, most of the requirements being
met by imports principally from the
United States and Great Britain.
Red lead is imported at present mainly
from the United States. Average im-
ports between 1938 and 1943, inclusive,
were 130,025 kilograms annually.
3
Utramarine blue is imported at pres-
ent from Brazil and the United States
for the most part, such imports averag-
ing 178,156 kilograms annually between
1938 and 1943, inclusive.
Natural and Synthetic Resins
All resins must be imported, the
United States supplying practically all
the synthetic resins, while the various
natural resins are imported from the
United States, Mexico, and India. Exact
figures on the consumption of the syn-
thetic resins by the paint industry can-
not be obtained from official Chilean
statistics of imports. An estimate places
it at approximately 134,675 kilograms
annually, approximately 80,075 kilo-
grams being alkyd resins and the bal-
ance, modified phenolic and miscellane-
ous resins .
Solvents and Thinners
Acetone is produced in Chile, but it
is not high grade and, while no exact
production figures are available, it is
reported that the output is approxi-
mately 5,000 liters annually. Imports of
the chemical are at present chiefly from
the United States.
Butyl acetate must be imported, the
United States being the chief supplier.
Ethyl alcohol production in Chile was
reported as being 40,596 liters in 1941 ,
the last year for which production fig-
ures are available. However, many
Chilean alcohols are simply classified as
"potable" alcohols which can be, and
are, consumed by the paint industry.
Total production of Chilean potable al-
cohol during 1942 was reported to be
1,721,335 liters, while production of “in-
dustrial" alcohols during 1942, was re-
ported to be 3,981,108 liters.
Mineral spirits are imported, mainly
from the United States, but are not used
to a great extent by the paint industry.
Naphtha likewise is imported from the
United States, but the consumption is
very small.
Toluene is at present used but little
by the paint industry. The small amounts
consumed, averaging less than 1,000
kilograms annually since 1938, are gen-
erally imported from the United States.
Turpentine is imported, the United
States supplying the largest amounts.
Average imports between 1938 and 1943,
inclusive, were 1,116,519 kilograms an-
nually.
Xylene is consumed in relatively small
quantities and is imported from the
United States.
Metallic driers
All metallic driers consumed by the
paint industry must be imported, the
United States being the main source of
supply.
Miscellaneous
Casein is produced to some extent in
Chile but not in sufficient quantity to
meet the requirements of the country.
Imports of the commodity are mostly
from Argentina.

Nitrocellulose is used at present in
negligible amounts owing to the fact
that Chilean paint manufacturers have
not as yet produced nitrocellulose lac-
quers in large scale.
Plasticizers, like nitrocellulose, have
found very little application as yet in
the paint industry of Chile.
Machinery
" There is no appreciable domestic pro-
duction of machinery suitable for the
paint industry, and the equipment in
present use is of an average age of 5
years. Most machinery now being em-
ployed was originally imported from
Germany and Great Britain, with the
United States third in importance as a
supplier. Exact figures are not available,
as imports of machinery to be employed
by paint manufacturers are grouped
under a general classification of indus-
trial machinery.
It is estimated that in the next 10
years approximately $60,000 worth of
new machinery will be imported by
the Chilean paint industry, probably
with the United States and Great Britain
sharing equally in the trade.
Roller mills are preferred and are at
present required by some of the manu-
facturers. Both mixing tanks and var-
nish kettles will be required in the post-
war period, while ball mills will find
only a small market in Chile. Crushing
and grinding machinery will be re-
quired.
Packing machinery is not employed . Law requires that on all containers
and probably will not be in the future,
as such work is done manually by low-
salaried workers.
Container-making machinery will not
be required, as containers are bought
from domestic manufacturers. There are
two such factories in Santiago and three
in Valparaiso, but it is stated that they
will not require machinery in the im-
mediate future.
National, and Local Laws
There is no federal law stipulating the
minimum frequency with which dwell-
ings must be painted. There is, however,
a Santiago municipal law that requires
proprietors to paint the front of the
dwelling before the 18th of September
of each year (the 18th of September be-
ing the most honored Chilean patriotic
holiday) , but the law is not always en-
forced.
No restrictions are placed on the use
of lead pigments, although most manu-
facturers in Chile avoid their use in
paints destined for interior use.
There are no fair trade practice regu-
lations in Chile and they do not appear
necessary as far as the paint industry
is concerned. There is no restraint of
trade regarding the domestically pro-
duced paints and no known restraints
have been placed on imported paints,
THE PAINT INDUSTRY OF CHILE
except high duties. Withthe exception
that posters must meet with the ap-
proval of the municipality before being
posted, there are no other regulations
affecting advertising of paints. Duties
on imported paints and varnishes are as
follows:
Powder or paste paints, whether the
base is oil or water, pay an import duty
of 5.76 paper pesos ' per gross kilogram
plus a combination import tax of 12.6
percent which is based on the c.i.f. price.
of the commodity plus the import duty.
Liquid paints, regardless of the medi-
um, pay an import duty of 7.04 paper
pesos per gross kilogram plus a combi-
nation import tax of 12.6 percent.
Enamels pay an import duty of 19.2
paper pesos per gross kilogram plus a
combination import tax of 12.6 percent.
Varnishes pay an import duty of 19.2
paper pesos plus a combination import
tax of 12.6 percent.
Marine paints pay an import duty of
4.80 paper pesos plus a combination im-
port tax of 12.6 percent.
The name of a paint or the label of
the manufacturer should be registered
in order to obtain protection. Informa-
tion on trade -marks in Chile is con-
tained in bulletin No. 165 of the Trade
Promotion Series, "Industrial Property
Protection Throughout the World," by
James L. Brown. ( 190 pp . 20c) . A copy
of this publication may be secured upon
application to the Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce.
there must be indicated the weight or
volume of the container, either in kilo-
grams, liters, gallons, or pounds. It is
suggested, however, that United States
exporters use, in parenthesis if more
suitable, the words kilograms or liters
rather than pounds . or gallons or frac-
tions thereof, as the metric system of
weights and measures is the official
standard of Chile.
The only other important law affect-
ing the Chilean paint industry is one
which requires that all paints domesti-
cally manufactured must bear on the
label the words "Fabricacion chilena"
(Chilean manufacture ) .
There are no known agreements
among Chilean paint manufacturers re-
specting prices, division of the market,
etc. Technical information is not usually
exchanged and the only known help
which they render one another is the
loan of raw materials.
Distribution
Domestic production is distributed
almost exclusively by wholesalers, the
Chilean Government being the only
direct important purchaser of paints
from the manufacturers. Importers
usually distribute through agents and
1 The Chilean paper peso is convertible at approxi-
mately 0.0323 United States currency.
wholesalers, although one is known to
distribute also through his own retail
outlet. Importers of American paints
have their main offices in Santiago with
branch houses or agents in other im-
portant cities of the country in order to
obtain proper distribution. It has been
suggested that representatives of foreign
and particularly American manufactur-
ers distribute through wholesalers and
have agents in the larger Chilean cities,
in order to obtain proper coverage and
distribution.
There have never been any "paint up,
clean up" campaigns promoted by either
the manufacturers or the dealers.
Customary selling methods to whole-
salers are: 12 percent discount for cash
payment, which is understood to mean
30 days from date of delivery. Credit
terms usually range from 60 to 90 days.
Importers usually adopt the same terms.
Containers for paints generally are
of the following sizes: Liquid paints—
1/32, 1/16, 14, 12, 1 and 5 gallon con-
tainers, and/or 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 200
liters; paste paints-2, 12, 3, 5, 10, 20,
and 40 kilograms.
Advertising and Publicity
While advertising during the pre-war
years was extensive considering the size
of the industry, at present the advertis-
ing of paints is practically paralyzed
owing to the shortage of paints caused
by the curtailment of imported raw
materials. Salesmen of the larger paint
manufacturing plants can be considered
the only advertising medium at present,
as they call upon the retail trade and
contractors to explain the merits of their
products and the proper way in which
various paints should be applied. There
have been practically no advertisements
appearing in local newspapers or maga-
zines in recent months. However, it can
be stated that the copy used is similar
to that employed in the United States,
depicting the various types and colors
of paints which can be employed in
painting dwellings, etc. There are no
trade associations or magazines devoted
to the Chilean paint industry.
Trade Promotion
From the foregoing it appears that
the prospects of larger exports of United
States made paints are not very encour-
aging, but it is rather the export of raw
materials, particularly chemicals, that
can be developed . It should be pointed
out that, when Chilean paint manufac-
turers can supply their country's re-
quirements, it may become difficult for
an importer to obtain the required ex-
change license to pay for an importation
of a competing product. Through finan-
cial or technical aid, American manu-
facturers might cooperate with Chilean
firms and work on a percentage- of- profit
basis.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-642930
Documents Room

Industrial Reference Service ·

2-
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
MEN smi dwors 1p

CO
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
MM
ART

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OF
DEP

CE
A SITY
INDIAN UNIVER
ICA

CHEMICALS,
UNI

Part 2.
R
A ME
TED

OF
ST

RY
STATE LIBRA
S
DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS
UN 141945

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

358 Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents. 99
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 May 1945 Number 17

PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE

(Synoposis of Information)

By Susan M. Phillips, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Phthalic anhydride, CH. ( CO) ,O, is is the recent discovery of the effective- Methods of Production
the anhydride of phthalic acid, an aro- ness of dimethyl phthalate as an insect Phthalic anhydride is made by vapor-
matic polybasic organic acid derived repellent. Over 90 percent of current phase catalytic oxidation of crude naph-
from napthalene. Phthalic anhydride is output enters these products and syn- thalene using vanadium petnoxide as a
in the form of translucent, white crys- thetic resin manufacture, leaving small catalyst and is purified by sublimation.
talline needles or flakes, is soluble in quantities available for the manufacture Approximately 100 pounds of crude
alcohol, slightly soluble in ether, and of anthraquinone vat dyes, benzoic acid, naphthalene are required to produce 130
very slightly soluble in water. and sodium benzoate (used as a good pounds of phthalic anhydride.
Phthalic acid was first developed by preservative) , phenolphthalein, and many
Laurent and Marignac in 1836 by oxidiz- other purposes. Output
ing naphthalene tetrachloride. In 1916 The civilian demand for phthalic an- Before the discovery of the method of
Gibbs and Conover working in the Bu- hydride as well as the amounts granted manufacture now in use, little phthalic
reau of Chemistry, United States De- under the War Production Board's allo- anhydride entered the market. In 1918
partment of Agriculture, and Alfred cation system is limited by the stringent several companies began commercial
Wohl in Germany simultaneously de- controls affecting its distribution. The production on a small scale with the
veloped the method of manufacture now following end-use pattern is based on only important use being in the manu-
in use. the average September 1943-May 1944 facture of coal-tar dyes. New uses for
Gibbs and Conover were granted requests for phthalic anhydride rather phthalate esters, principally dibutyl
than on the actual amounts allocated phthalate , caused a considérable expan-
United States patent No. 1,285,117 cov- for civilian consumption :
ering the basic process, and the inven- sion in the period from 1922 through
tion was assigned to the people of the End Use Percentage 1928. From 1929 to the present time
United States. In 1920 Wohl applied Plasticizers , glycolates and esters .. 60.5 alkyd resin manufacture , expanded very
for U. S. patent covering this process Synthetic resins . 431.1 rapidly as these resins became more
Alkyd resins .... .30.1 percent
claiming invention in the summer of All others . 1.0 percent widely used for protective coatings.
1916, 2 months earlier than the date Dyes and intermediates . 5.6
when Gibbs and Conover developed Foods and drugs. 1.9 United States Production of Phthalic
Rubber 0.2
their process. Considerable litigation Miscellaneous (cellophane, oil demul- Anhydride
ensued, but the Wohl patent was upheld sifying agents, resale and photo- [In pounds]
in July 1934 by the United States Court graphic film) . 0.7
of Customs and Patent Appeals. He Year Production C Year Production
was granted United States patent No. Sources of World Supply
1917 5.. 138,857 1931 1
1,971,888 issued August 28, 1934 and as- Phthalic anhydride is also manufac- 1918 227,414 71932 6.259,000
signed it to the German I. G. tured in Germany and England. Al- 1919 290,677 1933 14,075,844
1920 796,210 1934 20,680,379
Grades, Standards and Specifications though current foreign production sta- 1921 1 1935 23,421,558
tistics are not available, phthalic anhy- 1922 1,629,182 1936 31,244,378
Grades : Technical ; pure (99.9 per- dride output in Germany and in several 1923 2,343,802 1937 45,210,784
cent). 1924 2,787,308 1938 27,650,270
other industrialized foreign countries 1925 3,900,332 1939
Constants : Molecular weight : 148.11 ; 44,274,430
was increasing rapidly before the out- 1926 4,379,108 1940 57,946,415
specific gravity : 1.527 at 4° C ; melting break of World War II. 1927 4,549,820 1941 1
point : 130.8°C ; boiling point : 284.5° C. 1928 6,080,854 1942 $94,807,180
Shipping and Packaging 1929 9,168,946 1943 2113,067,288
Uses 1930 6,693,001 1944 $120,000,000
Phthalic anhydride has many essential Containers : 80, 150, 175, 200, and 250
pound barrels ; 100-pound drums ; and 1 Not available.
uses, the principal one under the pres- Preliminary.
ent wartime conditions being in the 100-pound kegs.
3 Estimate based on data for first 11 months
manufacture of esters. The determin- Railroad shipping regulations : No of 1944.
ing factor in the increased usage of label required by the Interstate Com- Source : Basic data-United States Tariff. Com-
phthalic anhydride for these materials merce Commission. mission,
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
A
Production statistics for phthalic an- It is included with an over-all group of Report on Production and Sales of
hydride are compiled from reports of cyclic intermediates in Schedule A clas- AteSynthetic Organic Chemicals in the
all known manufacturers. In 1943 there sification No. 8040.100. United States, 1940. 1941. U. S. Tariff
were six companies manufacturing Commission. 64 pp. 10¢. Available
phthalic anhydride in the United States Exports from the Superintendent of Documents,
and the majority of these operate plants A separate export classification for Washington 25, D. C.
in various places in the country : phthalic anhydride was established on
September 1, 1941. Before that date Trade Associations
United States Production, Plant Consump- s
export were practic ally negligi ble. Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufac-
tion, and Stocks of Phthalic Anhydride, turers' Association of the United States,
Prices 6 E. 45th Street, New York, N. Y.
1943 and January-June 1944¹
[In pounds] The price of phthalic anhydride was Manufacturing Chemists' Association
extremely high before 1916.. Since then, of the United States, 608 Woodward
Stocks at a simplified method of manufacture and Building, Washington 5, D. C.
Produc- Plant producing increased efficiency in the industry has
Month consump- plants, National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer
tion tion s end of permitted a steady drop in price: Asso., Inc., 1500 Rhode Island Ave.,
month Year Washington 5, D. C.
Prices of Phthalic Anhydride
1943 : 1926-1928 .. $0.200 refined ; lb. ; bbls.; f.o.b. N.Y. National Association of Insecticide
9,984,407 2,408,291 2,305,347 1929 . .191 refined ; lb.; bbls.; f.o.b. N.Y.
January 1930 . .160 refined ; lb. ; bbls.; f.o.b. N.Y. and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc.,
February 9,065,923 2,384,144 | 2,994,846 1931-1932 .150 rfi'd.; lb. ; drums ; f.o.b. N.Y. 110 E. 42d Street, New York, N. Y.
March 9,964,878 2,979,423 4,598,986 1933 .. .149 rf'd.; lb.; drums ; f.o.b. N.Y.
April 9,193,990 2,637,301 3,863,376 1934 . .145 rfl'd.; lb. ; drums ; f.o.b. N.Y. Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.,
May 9,956,840 2,713,521 3,546,684 1935-1942 . .145 lb. drums ; c/1 wks. frt. all'd. 295 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y.
June 8,652,139 2,723,547 3,135,062 E. of Miss.
July 8,481,154 2,687,661 | 2,236,100 American Pharmaceutical Manufac-
9,566,720 3,061,348 2,042,9182 1843¹ ..... .141 lb. drums ; c/1 wks. frt, all'd.
August E. of Miss. turers' Association, 608 Fifth Avenue,
September . 9,214,370 2,870,277 1,765,196 New York, N. Y.
October 9,850,180 3,002,005 2,605,451 1 Change in price occurred in October 1943
November 9,775,390 3,304,425 2,389,772 when it dropped to $0.130 per lb.
December.. 9,361,295 3,076,015 1,642,083 Source : Bureau of Labor Statistics, United Economic References
1944 : States Department of Labor.
Government :
January 9,205,342 2,570,729 1,564,253
February 9,675,900 2,621,906 1,735,855 Tariff
March 10,345,136 2,546,644 1,982,944 Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
April 10,607,574 2,537,067 1,780,311 According to paragraph 27 (a) of the the United States for the Calendar Year
May 10,713,572 2,441,743 2,403,789 Tariff Act of 1930 imports of phthalic 1941. 1944. Bureau of the Census,
June 9,664,363 3,138,638 2,909,286 anhydride are dutiable at the rate of 7¢ United States Department of Com-
July 10,643,510 2,934,479 2,954,420 per lb. plus 40 percent. This is the merce. 696 pp. $2.50. Available from
August 10,600,197 4,416,321 3,243,728
September . 10,611,285 3,976,452 3,154,151 ad valorem rate based on the American the Superintendent of Documents ,
October 10,792,415 3,821,381 3,781,565 selling price or United States value. Washington 25, D. C. Later selected
November • 10,425,671 4,020,089 | 2,835,145 statistics on foreign trade are now being
Producers and Dealers made available in a series of separate
1 Preliminary.
Includes material produced, whether con- Lists of domestic manufacturers or reports. Descriptions of these reports
sumed in producing plant or sold. dealers are not compiled by the Bureau and the prices at which copies are sold
* Consumption at producing plants only ; in- of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. are given in “Reports on U. S. Foreign
cluding material produced in such plants, or The following commercial directories Commerce Available," 1944, a copy of
material purchased or transferred from other
plants. carry listings for phthalic anhydride : which may be obtained on request from
Source : United States Tariff Commission and the Bureau of the Census, United States
War Production Board. Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An- Department of Commerce, Washington
nual. October. Buyers guidebook num- 25, D. C.
Foreign Trade ber of "Chemical Industries." Trade-
press Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Ave- Report on the Production and Sales
Language Equivalents : nue, New York 18, N. Y. of Synthetic Organic Chemicals in the
English ... Phthalic anhydride United States, 1943. November 1944.
French .... Acide phthalique anhydre
60 Spanish ... Acido ftalico anhidro Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green (Preliminary) . 41 pp. Available on re-
Italian ... Anidride ftalica Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co., quest from the United States Tariff
Portuguese Acido ftalico anidro Inc., 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.
German ... Phthalsaureanhydrid Commission, Washington 25, D. C.
$5.00 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Imports Paint and Drug Reporter.' Synthetic Resins and Their Raw Ma-
terials. Report No. 131. 1938. United
Imports of phthalic anhydride into the Chemical Engineering Catalog. An- States Tariff Commission. 162 pp. Out
United States have never been of suffi- nual. August. Reinhold Publishing of print. Copies may be consulted at
cient magnitude to justify the establish- Corp., 330 West 42d Street, New York most large libraries.
ment of a separate import classification. 18, N. Y.
Tariff Act of 1930. 71st Congress ,
2nd Session. House Document No. 476.
United States Exports of Phthalic Anhydride Available from the Superintendent of
Country of 19411 194 2 1493 Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price
Destination Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars 20¢.
Canada 280,510€ $32,988 428,858 $64,261 211,075 $30,355 Nongovernmental :
Cuba 100 31 5,095 801 4,400 686
Argentina 22,480 5,504 18,026 14,922 6,307 6,899 Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An-
Brazil 500 511 8,500 1,576 16,639 2,885
Colombia 330 161 ... ... nual. October. Buyers' guidebook num-
New Zealand 21,900 2,900 ber of "Chemical Industries." Trade-
Mexico 1,303 237 15,736 2,702 press Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Ave-
Chile .... 18 15 nue, New York 18, N. Y.
Total (world) .. 325,820 42,095 660,449 100,337 1,152,367 163,202
Chemical Engineering Catalog. 1944-
1 September through December, 1941. 1945 Edition. Annual. August. Rein-
2 Data for countries other than the Latin American Republics and Canada are not publishable. hold Publishing Corp., 330 West 42d
Source : United States Department of Commerce. Street, New York 18, N. Y.

Chemicals of Commerce. By Foster
Dee Snell and Cornelia T. Snell. 1939.
542 pp. $5.00. D. Van Nostrand Co.,
Inc., 250 Fourth Avenue, New York 3,
N. Y.
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
Thomas C. Gregory, Editor. Third edi-
tion. Compiled by the editorial staff of
the "Chemical Engineering Catalog."
1942. 756 pp. $12.00. Reinhold Pub-
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
T Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg. 1 mice Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo., 566 Customhouse.
goborsh of naviy et soitetta mindra't e
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
lishing Corp., 330 W. 42d Street, New
York 18, N. Y.
Chemical Tables from Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, Charles D.
Hodgman, Editor in Chief. 1938. 1,383
pp. $4.00. Chemical Rubber Publish-
ing Co., 1900 West 112th Street, Cleve-
land, Ohio.
Hackh's Chemical Dictionary. Re-
vised and edited by Julius Grant. 1944.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office
aria
New Orleans 12, La., 408 M Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130
'W. 42d St.
.bans om stajduk amokuv
{{ @{3®O• AJ& 3s$ $ 3s { qc %opts %
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:
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Third edition. 925 pp . $ 12.00. The
Blakiston Co., 1021 Walnut Street, Phil-
adelphia 5, Pa.
Handbook of Chemistry. Compiled
by Norbert Adolph Lange. 1944. 1,777
pp. $6.00. Handbook Publishers, Inc.,
Sandusky, Ohio.
Organic Chemistry. By Louis F.
Fieser and Mary Fieser. 1944. 1,091
pp. $8.00 . D. Heath and Company, 285
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Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
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Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezza-
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St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal
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>
90.12
1945-643366
 Domestic Commerce

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ocuments 000

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63852 WALLADANAUNIVERSITY
MEN U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE

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Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, DireBR
Dire ARY

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ART

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A CE J1
4
194
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AME
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Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 May 1945 Number 18

CASEIN

( Synopsis of Information )

Prepared by Susan M. Phillips, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Casein is marketed in the form of a water-proofness, durability, and appear- Argentina is the largest producer of this
noncrystalline granular powder varying ance are important factors, casein is ex- material.
in color depending upon grade and meth- tensively used ; however, coated papers
od of preparation. It occurs in milk as classed as luxury items have been World Production of Casein in 1939
acolloidal suspension or emulsion in largely dispensed with during the war. [In thousands of pounds]
combination with calcium. About 3 per- The next most important use is as an
cent of the solid matter of cow's milk is adhesive especially in operations where Percentage
Country Quantity of total
casein, and it represents about 80 per- the waterproof qualities of casein glues
cent of the entire milk protein. Casein are essential. Other important uses of United States . 40,878 24.7
is soluble in dilute mineral acids or casein are in the manufacture of water Argentina . 39,348 23.8
France.. 11,962 7.2
dilute alkali hydroxides but insoluble in paints and oil and resin emulsion paints ; Norway . 3.9
6,393
water or in organic solvents. A vegeta- in casein plastics used principally in the Australia . 6,0001 3.6
ble casein is made from soybeans. manufacture of buttons and inexpensive New Zealand 6,0001 3.6
Netherlands . 4,543 2.7
ornaments ; in wall paper to impart body All other... 50,223 30.5
Grades, Standards and Specification and waterproof qualities ; in rubber
There are six grades of casein recog- latex compounds ; as a binding agent in Total .... 1,65,347 100.
nized and defined by the Office of Price the manufacture of wall board ; and in
finishes for leathers. 1 Estimated.
Administration Order MPR-289 :
Wet curd acid Wet curd rennet Source : Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
The civilian consumption of casein United States Department of Agriculture.
Dry acid Dry rennet has been somewhat curtailed during the
Processed acid Processed rennet war as a result of decreased domestic
Shipping and Packaging
MPR-289 specifies that processed production and imports. A use pattern
based on estimated requests for casein Containers- 100 lb. bags.
acid and processed rennet shall be cream
to light yellow; be nearly odorless with rather than the actual amounts allocated Stowage Casein from Argentina usu-
not more than a trace of sourness ; and by the War Production Board in 1943 ally packed in double-stitched burlap
have a moisture content of not more is as follows : bags of 133 lbs. Approximately 61 cu .
than 10 percent. It further specifies Uses Percentage ft. required to stow one long ton.
that processed acid casein shall contain Paper industry . 46 Railroad Shipping Regulations- No
not more than 2.25 percent fat (moisture Adhesives 15 label required by the Interstate Com-
free basis) or less than 14.2 percent Paint 11 merce Commission.
Plastics 7
nitrogen (moisture-fat-ash free basis) Building materials . 4
or more than 4 percent ash (moisture
321

Rubber compounds . Methods of Production

free basis) , and the total acidity shall
not be more than 10.5 cc of n/10 alkali
per gram. A processed rennet casein
shall contain not more than 1 percent
fat (moisture free basis) or less than
14.2 percent nitrogen (moisture -fat-ash
free basis) , or less than 7.5 percent ash
(moisture free basis) , and the total
acidity shall not be more than 2.5 cc of
n/10 alkali per gram.
Uses
The principal use for casein is in the
sizing and coating of paper. Where
Wall paper .
Leather finishing .
All others (food, medicinals, pharma-
ceuticals, textile, sizing, insecti-
cides, etc. ) ...
Total ...
Sources of World Supply
Prior to World War II the United
States produced almost one-fourth of
the entire world supply of casein. Ar-
gentina supplied a slightly smaller
amount. At the present time, however,
Casein is derived from skim milk by
either one of two methods : (a) Coagula-
11 tion and precipitation with dilute acids
generally lactic, acetic, hydrochloric or
100 sulfuric; (b) coagulation and precipita-
tion with rennet which is an extract of
an enzyme derived from the stomachs of
calves or lambs. The greater part of
production is by the first method. Ren-
net casein has a higher ash content, is
relatively insoluble in solutions of most
alkalies, and is used principally in the
plastics industry.
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Output Production of Casein, by States Foreign Trade

[In thousands of pounds] Language equivalents :
Statistics on the domestic production
of casein, as compiled by the Depart- State 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 ¹ English casein Italian ...... caseina
ment of Agriculture, date back to 1922 French caseine Portuguese .. caseina
Arizona... 178 122 103 106 17 caseina German ...... casein
in which year the output was approxi- California .. Spanish
9,051 11,815 10,501 7,451 3,445
mately 7,000,000 pounds. In 1923 pro- Idaho.. 1,993 2,427 2,598 3,708 2,397
Illinois . 173 Imports of Casein into the United States
duction just about doubled, and in 1924 3,088 1,544 1,926 1,912
Indiana . 22 31 19 79 1 [In thousands of pounds]
was about three times larger than in Iowa . 375 484 353 289 124
1922. Between 1925 and 1930 produc- Maine . 194 230 187 95 ... Year Imports Year Imports Year Imports
tion increased more gradually, reaching Massachusetts ... 35 8 5
Michigan . 116 29 61 59 16 1930.. 18,500 1935 3,230 1940 24,523
42,000,000 pounds in 1930, then decreased Minnesota . 1931 .. 3,503 1936 16,209 1941 41,518
3,051 4,824 6,287 5,975 1,773 1932.. 1,201 1937 1942 16,833
from 1931 to 1933 as a result of the Missouri. 121 159 5,210
Montana 22 29 1933.. 8,142 1938 417 1943 28,358
depression. After reaching an all-time 24 1934 . 1939 15,832 1944 n.a.
New Jerse y 6 7 1,491
peak in 1937 domestic output then New York . 7,460 8,076 8,665 6,568 4,041
dropped in 1943 and 1944 because of the Ohio... 360 493 516 n.a. Not available.
diversion of skim milk to other uses. Oklahoma. 125 312 298 253 195 Source : Bureau of the Census, United States
Oregon.. 70 211 250 262 69 Department of Commerce.
Casein Production in the United States Pennsylvania . 223 93 124 54 6
South Dakota 7 ... • Imports
[In thousands of pounds] Utah . 80 77 126 125 152
Vermont..... 2,094 2,380 2,018 1,981 Argentina is the largest producer of
Produc- Produc- Produc- 1,424
Year Year Year Washington .. 1,524 1,325 1,555.1,406 869 casein abroad and accounted for 86 per-
tion tion tion
Wisconsin.... 10,724 11,954 11,688 11,937 3,681 cent of the total imports into the United
1930 .. 41,965 1935 37,638 1940 46,616 States in 1939 and 92 percent in 1943.
1931 .. 35,335 1936 46,140 1941 47,346 1 Preliminary.
1932. 24,428 1937 67,467 1942 42,268 Source : Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Comparable statistics on the imports
1933 .. 24,087 1938 48,549 19431 18,388 United States Department of Agriculture. of casein are as follows:
1934. 37,331 1939 40,878 19441 14,7592
1 Preliminary. Imports of Casein into the United States by Country of Origin
211 months. [In thousands]
Source : Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
United States Department of Agriculture. 1940 1941 1942 1 1948 1
Country of
Origin Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
Military and Lend-Lease requirements
for powdered milk have made it neces- France . 681 $40 44 $3 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Germany . 2 3 2 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
sary to divert skim milk from casein Canada . 2 10 50 1,106
$8 $209
production, thus lowering the United Cuba. 4 2
States output in 1943 and 1944 almost to Argentina. 22,142 1,100 40,757 15,472
3,752 3,281 26,181 2,508
Brazil . 11 2 304 26
1,215 215 111 8
the 1923 level of production. Ecuador . ... ... 2 2
Uruguay . 209 40 439 38
Skim Milk Used in the Production of Australia. 997 44 393 18 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.&.
Dried Casein New Zealand . 436 30 8 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
[In millions of pounds] 1 Imports for consumption for 1940 and 1941, and general imports for 1942 and 1943.
2 Less than 500.
Percent- Percent- n.a. Not available for publication.
Year Quantity age of Year Quantity age of Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
totali totali
1933.. 860 13.9 1939 1,459 15.9 Exports
1934. 1,333 19.5 1940 1,664 16.0
1935. 1,344 19.1 1941 1,690 15.5 A separate export classification for United States since these data have been
1936. 1,647 20.2 1942 1,509 12.0 casein was established on July 1, 1941. available. In 1941 (July - December)
1937. 2,409 25.8 1943 656 6.0 Canada has consistently been the largest they received 24 percent of the total
1938 .. 1,733 17.7 single importer of casein from the exports and in 1943 almost 92 percent.
1 Liquid skim and butter milk used in manu- Exports of Casein from the United States
facturing.
Source : Bureau of Agricultural Economics. 1941 (July-Dec.) 1942 1948
United States Department of Agriculture. Countries
Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars
Wisconsin, California, and New York,
the States in which domestic production Iceland 2,248 414 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Sweden 21,791 6,600 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
is mainly centered, produced 11,162,000 United Kingdom . 4,683 1,400 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
pounds of casein in 1943, or only 60.7 Canada 22,299 9,015 479,515 76,545 22,522 6,495
percent of the total for the entire coun- Mexico 10,891 3,363 396 96 200 40
try as compared with 76.9 percent of the Cuba 2,118 1,342 1,633 681 200 50
Diminican Repub. 400 128 200 64
total in 1938, and 66.7 percent in 1939. Bolivia 200 36
There has been a tendency on the part Brazil 14,000 1,700
of the casein industry to move to loca- Chile 100 46
tions where skim milk is available in Ecuador 200 38
Surinam 110 39 ...
large quantities. This is indicated by Neth. Indies . 10,379 2,614 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
the constant increase in the volume of Philippine Is.. 2,150 753 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Un. of S. Africa . 2,000 448 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
casein production in Idaho , Illinois, Oth. Br. S. Africa . 120 38 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Minnesota, and Missouri. In 1938 these Colombia 1,210 349 440 121
States produced 19.8 percent of the total Nicaragua 100 21
Peru 3,600 1,260
domestic output. Their combined share Costa Rica. 500 200
amounted to 20.2 percent in 1939 and Uruguay 313 407
23.6 percent in 1943. Haiti 10 5
Guatemala 100 29
In 1943, the most recent year for
which such data are available, there Total . 93,689 27,974 491,916 81,766 24,536 7,128
were 112 factories reported to be pro- n.a. Not available.
ducing casein. Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.

Prices (Domestic and Imported)
Wet curd acid (dry basis) .. . $0.1475 per lb.
Wet curd rennet (dry basis) . .1625 per lb.
Dry acid . .1775 per lb.
.1925 per lb.
Dry rennet .
Processed acid . .2100 per lb.
Processed rennet . .2250 per lb.
(Ceiling prices-domestic, f. o. b. manufac-
turer's plant ; imported, c. i. f. New Orleans. )
Tariff
According to the Bureau of Customs,
Treasury Department, rates of duty on
imports of casein are as follows:
5½ ¢ per pound
2¾¢ per pound—Argentina
Producers and Dealers
The following commercial directories
carry listings for the various grades of
casein.
Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An-
nual. October. Buyers' guidebook num-
ber of "Chemical Industries." Trade-
press Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Ave-
nue, New York 18, N. Y.
Chemical Engineering Catalog. 1944-
1945 edition. Annual. August. Rein-
hold Publishing Corp., 330 West 42d
Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co.,
Inc., 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo., 566 Customhouse.
CASEIN
$5.00 with a year's subscription
" to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter.'
Trade Associations
American Paper and Pulp Associa-
tion, 122 E. 42d Street, New York, N. Y.
Manufacturing Chemists' Association
of the U. S., 608 Woodward Building,
Washington, D. C.
National Association of Glue Manu-
facturers, 55 W. 42d Street, New York,
N. Y.
National Association of Insecticide
and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc.,
110 E. 42d Street, New York N. Y.
National Farm Chemurgic Council,
Inc., 50 W. Broad Tower, Columbus,
Ohio.
National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer
Assn., Inc., 1500 Rhode Island Ave.,
Washington, D. C.
Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.,
295 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y.
Economic References
Chemical Engineering Catalog. 1944-
1945 edition. Annual. August. Rein-
hold Publishing Corp., 330 W. 42d
Street, New York 18, N. Y.
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
Thomas C. Gregory, Editor. Third
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130
W. 42d St.
☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:
Edition. Compiled by the editorial
staff of the "Chemical Engineering Cat-
alog." 1942. 756 pp. $12.00. Reinhold
Publishing Corp., 330 W. 42d Street,
New York 18, N. Y.
Casein and Its Industrial Application,
by E. Sutermeister and F. L. Browne,
2d edition. 1939. 434 pp. $6.50. Rein-
hold Publishing Corp., 330 W. 42d
Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Dairy Products Manufactured in 1943.
1945. U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Agricultural Economics,
Washington 25, D. C. Available on re-
quest.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar year
1941. 1944. Bureau of the Census,
United States Department of Commerce.
696 pp. $2.50. Available from the Su-
perintendent of Documents, Washington
25, D. C. Table 4, "Exports of Domestic
Merchandise, by Articles and Countries,
1941." Later statistics on foreign com-
merce are now being made available.
Descriptions and prices of these reports
are listed in "Reports on United States
Foreign Commerce Available," a copy
of which may be obtained on request
from the Publications Section, Bureau
of the Census, United States Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezza-
nine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 403 U. S. Post Office
and Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
1945-643365
 9714

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Volume 3- Part 2
The Paint Industry of Cuba
-ngin 70 anso nolles-
Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
10 bosmash aldersbieness a
Prior to 1927 only one concern was
producing paints, enamels, and varnishes
in Cuba, and that on a small scale, and
the country ranked third or fourth as a
market for American paints and var-
nishes. Following the duty increases
in the Cuban tariff in 1927, the impor-
tance of Cuba as a market for American
paints started to decline ; a trend which
still continues.
At the present time 70 percent of
Cuba's demand for paints and varnishes
is met by domestic production from five
factories. The industry in general has
facilities for expanding its output when-
ever supplies of raw material make it
possible and demand requires it.
Consumption
The consumption of paint in Cuba can
be determined from a study of the im-
ports and domestic production, there
being no exports. Paints of all types
were produced and imported in 1943 to
a total of approximately 1,000,000 gal-
lons. The pattern of consumption was
about as follows :
Kind of Paint Percent
Oil paints and enamels for interior and
722
exterior use. 84
Water paints . ...
Oil and/or resin emulsion paints .....
Clear varnishes for household industrial
LO
or marine purposes..
Enamels and lacquers for use as finishes
in the production of household furniture
331
and equipment ¹ .
Marine paints . .
Lacquers and auto finishes ...
1 There is virtually no Cuban production of
other types of industrial goods requiring paint.
It appears that there will be no im-
portant change in this pattern, although
an effort is being made at the present
time to promote the use of oil and/or
resin emulsion paints. It is reported
Digested from a report by Orray Taft, Jr.,
United States Foreign Service, Habana, Cuba.
Reference
IN
DI
AN
A
Part 2. CHEMICALS,
May 1945
that the attempt is not meeting with a
great deal of success and that the de-
mand is not satisfactory. Dealers are
said to have stocked heavily but stocks
are moving very slowly.
At present, there are no large-scale
public construction projects, and while
plans for the construction of low- cost
dwelling and school buildings are being
considered, it is not anticipated that
these will cause any considerable in-
crease in the demand for paints. Cuba
is currently experiencing a building
boom of considerable proportions, but
reports indicate that its effect on the
paint industry is minor. However, the
recent increase in revenue from the
Cuban sugar crop has increased expen-
ditures on the painting of sugar mills
and adjoining property. It is stated
that the sugar industry is the largest
single consumer of industrial oil paints,
both exterior and interior types, and
that the activity of the Cuban paint in-
dustry is directly proportionate to the
sales of Cuban sugar.
There is a slow trend away from the
Cuban custom of using low-grade paints
and repainting often and one Cuban
manufacturer claims a definite increase
in the demand for his medium -quality
product. Cuban paint producers say
that they are looking forward to this
change but claim that the increase in
cost of production which would result
from an improvement in the quality is
unwarranted by the present buying hab-
its of Cuban nonindustrial paint con-
sumers.
The type of protective coating most
commonly used in Cuba is white or
tinted whitewash, known locally as
"lechada." The consumption figures
given above would require radical re-
vision if the quantities of "lechada"
were considered as being within the
paint trade. "Lechada" is manufactured
through the mixing of lime, water, and
Service
NIV
ERS
ITY
LI
BR
AR
Y
JUN 14 1945
Number 19
colors and is applied with large fiber
brushes. Its cheapness and compara-
tively long life have endeared it to a
great percentage of the Cuban buying
public.
Production
There are five paint factories in Cuba,
all located in or near Habana. One im-
portant unit is a subsidiary of a United
States company while another is a sub-
sidiary of a British company. These
two firms manufacture more than two-
thirds of all paints produced in Cuba,
in both value and quantity. The indus-
try, it is estimated, employes in the
actual production of paint only about
200 persons, with another 75 being em-
ployed in the offices and sales forces.
According to figures presented by the
producers, they had intended to manu-
facture slightly over 1,000,000 gallons of
paints and enamels during 1944, but ex-
port restrictions on raw materials of
United States origin seriously curtailed
operations and the output, it is esti-
mated, did not exceed 750,000 gallons.
The value of the five factories' output
is estimated by reliable sources as ap-
proximately $1,650,000 for 1944.
Producers estimate that under present
operating schedules their output can be
divided as follows :
Kind of Paint Percent
Oil paints and enamels for interior and
exterior painting 89
Water paints ... 1
Oil and/or resin emulsion paints . 1.5
Clear varnishes ... 7
Enamel and lacquer and industrial finishes 1
Marine paints . 0.5
In general, the trend in the paint in-
dustry is upward and present facilities
could supply a much greater demand.
It is reported that the industry is oper-
ating on only one 8-hour shift per day
and is not expanding production owing
to its inability to procure raw materials
under war conditions, and because the
demand is insufficient for the type of
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICES
goods which it is accustomed to pro-
duce to warrant any considerable in-
crease at the present time. It is the
opinion of the trade that the present
pattern of production will continue
co in
the future with the possible exception
of an increase in the output of oil
and/or resin emulsion paints, the intro-
duction of which as noted, is not prov-
ing immediately successful. The rela-
tively small demand for high-quality
specialized lacquers which has always
existed, does not make it economically
feasible for the industry to enter into
this type of production due to the high
cost of materials and the lack of the
higher skilled labor required.
Sources of Raw Materials
With the exception of linseed oil,
leaded and leadfree zinc oxide, natural
mineral earths, red lead, ultramarine
blue, shellac, and casein, all raw ma-
terials used by the five Cuban paint
producers are supplied from United
States sources, even though, as in the
case of tung oil, copal, and dammar
gums, they originate outside the United
States. Some barytes and part of the
mineral spirits and casein consumed are
obtained from Cuban sources. It is not
anticipated that the postwar period will
show any great change from the prewar
pattern of imports.
The mineral spirits used by the in-
dustry are distilled from crudes brought
from the Netherlands West Indies.
Casein is the byproduct of the dairy
industry, which it is understood, plans
to increase its output. Domestic barytes
is not generally of a high quality but
has found utilization in low-grade
paints.
Machinery and Equipment
There is no domestic production of
paint-making machinery, but some var-
nish kettles have been made by tin-
smiths. All equipment now in use is
of United States origin, except two
large roller mills of British manufac-
ture installed in the British-owned
company. There is little current de-
mand for American machinery and it
does not appear that any important de-
mand will develop in view of the already
large production facilities.
A survey indicates that all units of
the Cuban paint industry employ roller
mills and stone-grinding machinery.
The type of varnish kettle used de-
pends entirley on the location of the
factory; in Habana coke is used, while
in nearby districts, wood or oil is
burned. Automatic packaging machin-
ery is not used in the absence of suffi-
cient production to make its use eco-
nomically profitable. All producers
purchase their containers from Cuban
can manufacturing plants.
Laws Affecting the Paint Trade
The use of paint in Cuba is not re-
quired by law nor are there any laws
governing the minimum frequency for
painting dwellings. In certain urban
areas there are municipal regulations
requiring that the facades of building
be kept in good condition, but the en-
forcement of these regulations is flexi-
ble. On account of the variation in the
quality of the paints used in Cuba, it
has been recognized that one standard
term cannot be set, and it is only when
a building becomes dilapidated that the
owners are required, through the inter-
vention of municipal inspectors, to re-
finish the front. There are no restric-
tions on the use of lead pigment or
certain solvents in paint, and none other
than the natural ones imposed by the
presence of chemical fumes or weather
conditions, on the use of paints in
general.
In accordance with the general policy
of the Cuban Government, there are no
Government subsidies on the production
of paint nor are there any quantitative
import restrictions.
Information on the registration of
trade marks in Cuba is contained in
Bulletin No. 165 of the Trade Promo-
tion Series "Industrial Property Pro-
tection throughout the World" by James
L. Brown (190 pp. price 20¢) . A copy
of this publication may be obtained
upon application to the Bureau of For-
eign and Domestic Commerce.
Distribution
So far as can be ascertained, there
are no formal agreements among the
five producers restricting their partici-
pation in the market, but there has ex-
isted a tacit agreement which permits
one company to hold a virtual monopoly
of municipal and governmental orders .
Paints of all types, whether locally
manufactured or imported in the finished
form, are sold through normal channels
of trade, namely wholesalers, or dis-
tributors, and retailers. The principal
American companies appear to have
well-established local agents and in two
cases have production facilities near
Habana ; one is the subsidiary while the
other manufactures on license. In the
larger cities the usual outlets for paints
-other than the main distributors-are
stores specializing in paints, while in
the smaller cities and towns, general
hardware stores which are numerous in
Cuba provide outlets. These hardware
stores however are often more inter-
ested in selling the ingredients for the
commonly used "lechada" and do not
always push the sales of finished paints.
There have been no combined cam-
paigns instituted by importers, produc-
ers, or distributors to spread the use of
paints ; and there appears to be at pres-
ent no possibility of their joining in any
permanent sales promotion campaign.
Such campaigns as have been instituted
were directed by, and at the expense of,
one company only.
There is a variance in the credit terms
granted by paint producers, wholesalers,
and retailers within the paint trade it-
self. Certain companies insist on cash,
others grant up to 30 days, and one or
two grant 90 days' credit, with an aver-
age of 45 days. The average retailer
has found through experience that gen-
erally he cannot afford to give credit
because of lack of responsibility on the
part of many of the smaller contractors.
As a result of this condition some paint
dealers and distributors have engaged
in the paint-contracting business.
The large wholesale houses and the
better known paint distributors how-
ever are known to be good risks and
have been able, usually through the
maintenance of cash terms , to continue
in a strong financial position . At the
present time the serious reduction in
the amount of finished paints being re-
ceived from the United States has
placed the distributors in a stronger
position .
While all types of containers for
paints and enamels are to be found in
the market, it is the judgment of
wholesalers and retailers that the most
popular sizes are gallon cans for oil
paints and 1 / 16-gallon cans for high-
quality enamels. It is also reported
that there is a considerable demand for
half-gallon cans of oil paints. The
1 /16-gallon enamel size is preferred by
the amateur painter who is desirous of
doing his own painting of small house-
hold items, while the general painter
prefers the gallon can.
Advertising
9ons )
Little advertising of paints is done in
Cuba. Only one company employs the
use of outdoor displays including elec-
tric signs, while the other producers
and distributors limit themselves to
store window displays accompanied by
brochures on the shop counters. It is
reported that one wholesaler has util-
ized some radio time to advertise his
paint but the general concensus among
the trade is that it has not been very
successful. It has been found that the
most successful type of advertising is a
brochure furnishing color combinations
and particularly “before and after" pic-
tures. However, in one instance, where
a brochure was printed in the United
States, its effect was reduced through
the use of unappropriate cliches and by
the fact that most of the houses dis-
played were wooden bungalow types
which are virtually unknown in Cuba.
The opinion of many of the whole-
salers of imported paints is that before
the market for ordinary household oil
paints will increase, there must be a con-
siderable educational campaign pointing
out the economic value of using good
paints. They feel that because condi-
tions and the necessity of a special ap-
proach to prospective Cuban paint pur-
chasers, the drafting of advertising
copy might best be done locally. It is
a fact that the advertising media cur-
rently employed by paint distributors
have failed to increase appreciably pri-
vate consumption because of the poor
approach. The education of the buying
Cuban public must form the basis of
approach to the problem of selling
paints in Cuba .
 THE PAINT INDUSTRY OF CUBA 3

General ucts is dependent on the degree of ex- The United States lost its importance
As previously indicated, wooden pansion of Cuba's paint industry and in the Cuban paint market solely be-
houses are not as prevalent as in the also on the success of a campaign to cause of the increase in tariff-protected
United States. The great majority of create a public demand for high quality production. Through an educational
office buildings, apartment houses, and products. program directed towards increasing the
private residences are either of brick, There is always the possibility that consumption of non-industrial paints
plaster-covered limestone, or reinforced the Cuban paint industry may produce and the establishment of American
concrete. Only in the rural regions and in sufficient quantity and quality and paints as a symbol of high quality, it
in some of the smaller cities and towns undersell to gain control of the market may be possible to increase both the
is wood employed in the construction of in oil paints. The industry is protected consumption of our products and our
dwellings, and the interior walls are by tariff walls and can only, at its pres- percentage of participation in the Cuban
wa s. A
usually plaster. Sugar mills, the chief ent levelllof t presentoperate
efficiency, consumwithin
ption
market . At the presen time the com-
t
industrial consumers of paints, are con- these petitive position of American paints
structed in the main of wood and sheet levels any domestic producer who could could be immeasureably improved if
iron. more economically manufacture 1,000,- sufficient supplies were available. War-
There are no recognized or Govern- 000 gallons of paint a year would be in time shortages and restrictions however
ment established laboratories where a position to freeze out both imported are such that exports cannot be in-
paint products can be analyzed in case and domestically produced brands other creased now but they should be accel-
of dispute. In fact, inter-trade control, than his own. erated at the earliest possible moment.
arbitration, and associations are com-
pletely lacking. Customs regulations Imports of Paints and Varnishes into Cuba
require the analysis of paints upon their
arrival but in general the analysis is Commodity and 1937 1938 1989
superficial. exporting countries Value Value
Pounds Value Pounds Pounds
Trade Promotion 140,655 274,857 $42,144
Pigments in paste form . 310,257 $46,954 $22,050
Under present conditions and until United States . 209,840 35,700 134,567 21,382 262,607 40,708
Germany 799 508 161 65
such time as the average Cuban con- United Kingdom 96,571 10,541 5,927 603 10,956 1,136
has been
sumer of domestic to demanding
educated nonindustrial oil
paints All hers
Water 3,047 205, 1,294 300
paints 22,333 3,214 109,877 15,899 380,142 50,560
United States 21,645 3,058 109,107 15,701 380,142 50,560
paints instead of whitewash, it is not Germany 25 770 198 ... ...
felt that the Cuban paint industry offers United Kingdom 495 32
much opportunity for the employment All others 178 99
of additional American capital. Cuban Enamels 205,827 41,958 99,867 25,667 174,744 42,091
labor laws are such as to limit the avail- United States 187,527 41,535 98,738 25,176 173,578 40,965
Germany 247 100 86 108
ability of positions for technicians from United Kingdom 0240 68 913 343 1,166 1,126
the United States, but investigation in- All others 17,813 255 130 40
dicates an increasing awareness on the Miscellaneous ready-mixed
paints 1,815,915 264,529 978,688 183,442 1,095,772 182,524
part of the companies of the necessity United States 1,742,902 255,404 922,150 175,401 1,029,965 173,300
of American technical assistance and Germany 1,482 583 645 372 ...
there may be in the future an oppor- Belgium 722 127 4,701 627
United Kingdom 70,426 8,304 40,764 5,594 63,422 8,624
tunity for the local employment of 2 All others 378 111 10,428 1,368 2,385 600
or 3 experienced paint chemists. Clear varnishes 223,384 41,130 265,342 44,890 340,199 66,867
The extent of the Cuban market for United States 216,779 38,945 254,346 42,144 336,052 65,479
Germany 3,608 1,007 3,542 1,017
paint, both for industrial and household France 669 496 3,524 415
use, is determined by the country's chief United Kingdom 726 291 3,742 1,295 4,147 1,388
economic factor- sugar. It is axio- All others 1,602 391 188 19
matic that the Cuban demand for all Paints and colors in tablet
and cake form . 7,575 4,100 13,057 4,612 9,379 6,042
consumption goods varies in direct pro- United States 3,909 1,816 2,455 1,492 9,372 6,029
portion to the revenue from the sugar Germany 1,965 898 1,320 606 ...
United Kingdom 1,269 1,024 8,963 2,244 13
crop. All others 431 362 319 270 ...
The development of a larger share of
the market for American paint prod- Source : Comercio Exterior, Cuba.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945-643367

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Volume 3-Part 2 June 1945 Number 20

Synthetic Organic Chemicals in Brazil

Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Courtesy of CIAA
Volta Redonda . A general view of the construction taken from the water pump station near the Pariba River.

79
D 89
 Table of Contents

Page
Introduction . 3

Production

Coal-Tar Products . 3
Production of Coal Tar.. 3
Commercial Products of Coal Tar. 3
Coal-Tar Intermediates ... 3
Dyes and Other Finished Coal-Tar Products . 3
Data on Finished Coal-Tar Groups .
Noncoal-Tar Products . 4
Ethyl Alcohol . 4
Methanol .
Butyl Alcohol .
Other Aliphatic Alcohols .
Acetic Acid and Anhydride . 4
Citric Acid . 5

5 55
Other Aliphatic Organic Acids .
Other Aliphatic Organic Compounds .
Miscellaneous Noncoal-tar Products .

Distribution

Marketing of Domestic Chemicals .. 6

Consumption by Establishment . 6
Consumers and Their Location . 6
Terms of Sale-Advertising . 6
Imports and Exports . 7
Distribution of Imports . 7

Trade Promotion
7788∞

Imports of United States Origin .

Best Method of Handling Sales .
The Airplane in Sales Promotion .
Chemical Research in Brazil..
Trend and Outlook....
Synthetic Organic
Introduction
The manufacture of synthetic organic
chemicals is not a well-defined branch
of Brazil's chemical industry, require-
ments being met primarily by imports.
Coal-tar byproducts of gas plants con-
stitute the most significant production
in the synthetic organic chemical field .
Most of the present output consists of
crudes, although some synthetic dyes
and other finished products are produced
from imported intermediates.
When the important Government-
sponsored National Steel Mill now near-
ing completion at Volta Redonda, State
of Rio de Janeiro, is placed in full oper-
ation, the coal- tar byproducts of the
coke ovens will more than double the
amount currently produced in the coun-
try and provide the basis for a significant
potential output of products of coal- tar
origin. Road and roofing tars, benzol,
toluol, xylol, solvent naphtha, and am-
monium sulphate will comprise the
initial production. No reliable estimates
can be given as to the quantities of the
products which may be refined at Volta
Redonda since plans have not yet been
definitely formulated and operations
may entail refining additional crudes
from nearby gas plants.
Through Decree- Law No. 5664 of July
14, 1943, the Federal Government has
taken measures to promote the produc-
tion of various coal-tar products.
This Decree -Law establishes that the
Rio de Janeiro Gas Company shall erect
additional plant equipment to extract
and purify benzene, toluene, naphtha-
lene, and allied products from coal-tar
residuals and from all gas produced, the
Brazilian Government reserving the
right to acquire these products on a cost
basis for military purposes. Owing to
present-day conditions and the neces-
sity for importing the required plant
equipment, the erection of this new plant
will be delayed . Moreover, it may be de-
cided to refine the crude light oil of the
Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo gas plants
at the Volta Redonda installations now
under construction .
In the field of aliphatic organic chem-
icals the relatively small domestic pro-
duction is effected primarily through
the natural processes of fermentation
and distillation. Ethyl alcohol, distilled
from sugar cane molasses, is outstanding
in this group of products, which also in-
cludes, in more limited amounts, butyl,
propyl, amyl and methyl alcohols ; acetic,
citric, tartaric, tannic, lactic and formic
acids ; various aldehydes, ketones, ethers
and esters; as well as casein plastics and
certain miscellaneous commodities.
Digested from a report by Aldene
Barrington Leslie, Economic Analyst,
U. S. Embassy, Rio de Janeiro.
Chemicals
Production
Coal-Tar Products
Production of Coal Tar
Accurate statistics on the present out-
put of coal tar in gas plants of Brazil
are difficult to obtain from either the
operating companies or the Government.
Any figures in this regard, therefore, are
estimates based on data furnished
through trade and other sources. The
amount of coal tar produced annually in
Brazilian gas plants is reported to be in
the neighborhood of 15,000 metric tons.
It is believed that over three -fourths of
the total is produced in plants in Rio de
Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Santos.
According to current information, the
quantity of byproduct coal tar at the
Volta Redonda Steel Plant may initially
be around 1,000 metric tons per month,
based on the following calculations.
Present plans are for 20,000 tons of cok-
ing coal per month, this amount to pro-
vide operation of the blast furnaces at
60 percent of capacity. National coal, to
be used for this purpose , is said to yield
at least 5 percent coal tar. However, as
the full capacity of the coke ovens pre-
sumably to be attained at a later date
is 30,000 tons of coal per month, on the
same conservative calculation of a 5
percent yield the output under capacity
operation will be some 1,500 tons of coal
tar per month, or 18,000 tons per year.
It is uncertain when coking opera-
tions will commence but it was expected
that the plant might begin operating
this spring.
Commercial Products of Coal Tar
The principal commercial products of
coal-tar distillation in Brazil include :
Crude benzol; motor benzol; xylol;
naphthalene ; carbolic, creosote and an-
thracene oils ; carbolineum; disinfect-
ants ; ammoniacal liquor ; cresylic acid ;
prepared light tars, road tars, and pitch.
The most reliable data available rela-
tive to production activities indicate an-
nual output of individual plants as given
below :
Rio de Janeiro gas plant. This plant
carbonizes about 350 tons of coal per
day. The following figures in metric tons
represent recent estimates of annual
sales of byproducts: Crude tar, 6,500 ;
pitch, 800 ; prepared tar (including road
tar) , 950.
In addition, sales of crude benzol, light
oils, creosote oil, disinfectants and pre-
pared light tars of this plant have been
estimated to total around 1,000 metric
tons, about three-fourths of which rep-
resents disinfectants. Some benzene and
solvent naphthas are also produced in
Rio de Janeiro by individual firms which
purchase the crude coal tar from the gas
plant for this purpose .
in Brazil
Sao Paulo and Santos plants .- These
two plants carbonize about 200 tons of
coal per day estimated combined output
in metric tons : Tar, 5,000 ; pitch, 400 ; tar
oils, 200 ; crude benzol, 85.
In addition, approximately 2,500 tons
of ammoniacal liquor and a small
amount of disinfectants and prepared
tar paint are produced .
In Sao Paulo crude coal tar purchased
from the gas plant is rectified by several
private firms to obtain crude benzol ;
light, medium and heavy tar oils ;
naphthalene ; and pitch. The benzol is
consumed principally as a solvent by the
paint industry, while the light and medi-
um tar oils are destined primarily for
disinfectants and veterinary products .
Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do
Sul.-Metric tons : Hard, medium, and
soft tars, 550 ; liquid tar, 600 ; creosote oil,
light and heavy, 76 ; carbolineum, 42 ;
prepared tar paint, 3. (liters ) : crude and
motor benzol, 75,000 ; naphtha, washed,
7,200.
One firm distills crude coal tar pur-
chased from the above gas-plant, pro-
ducing the following products in the
approximate quantities given below in
metric tons : Medium and liquid tars,
400 ; paving tar, 60 ; carbolineum, 48 ; tar
paint (metal varnish) , 8 ; creoline ( 3
types) , 96 ; creosote oil, 60.
In
Recife, State of Pernambuco .
metric tons: Tar, paving type and hard,
120 ; pitch, 45; waterproof drying tar, 4.
In liters: Carbolic oil, 30,000 ; creosote
oil, 20,000 ; naphthalene and anthracene
oils, 4,000 ; disinfectant ("Fenolina" ) ,
9,000.
Belem, State of Para.-The gas com-
pany in Para manufactures gas from a
mixture of coal and wood, producing as
a byproduct a coal-and-wood tar. The
mixture used is one-third coal and two-
thirds wood. The amount of mixed tar
annually produced in this plant is in the
neighborhood of 11,000 imperial gallons.
It is sold in crude state and not used for
further distillation.
Coal-Tar Intermediates
No coal-tar intermediates are manu-
factured in Brazil. Some coal-tar dyes
are produced but the intermediates em-
ployed in their manufacture are im-
ported.
Dyes and Other Finished Products
Sulfur black is the most important
coal-tar dye produced in Brazil in recent
periods. Under normal conditions, out-
put meets domestic requirements, esti-
mated as somewhat over 350 tons an-
nually.
Other types of dyes are manufactured
by several firms from imported inter-
mediates. The German firm, Allianca
Commercial de Anilinas, Ltda, taken
over by the Brazilian Government after
3

the country's entrance into the war and
now in process of liquidation, has been
Brazil's principal producer. No data are
available on past output. In 1940, how-
ever, 408 metric tons of intermediates
were imported into Brazil for this pro-
duction, the bulk of which is understood
to have been on behalf of this German
firm .
Several other firms manufacture dyes
on a limited scale. Besides sulfur black,
direct, acid, chrome, and miscellaneous
dyes are produced . Producers include
seven companies.
During the past few years the cur-
tailed supply of imported intermediates
has reduced the output of dye manu-
facturers, and some firms have recently
been producing sulfur black only. Re-
cent production figures are not avail-
able nor would they particularly repre-
sent normal capacity output in view of
wartime conditions which have affected
production. As these intermediates be-
come more freely available, it is possible
that the manufacture of dyes may be
increased (particularly those types re-
Item
Intermediates for dyes..
Coal -tar dyes..
Coal-tar dyes (new classification- -1944)
19 months.
2 One cruzeiro equals approximately 5 cents U. S. currency.
The shortages of dyes on the Brazilian
market became acute in 1942 ; toward
the end of 1943, when supply and ship-
ping facilities improved somewhat, im-
ports amounted to 1,753 tons, of which
884 tons were supplied from the United
States, 812 tons from England, and 57
tons from Switzerland, according to
Brazilian Custom statistics. In the first
9 months of 1944, the United States sup-
plied over 85 percent of the total imports
of dyes and intermediates.
In connection with these import fig-
ures, no breakdown is available as to
the chemical classes involved or classifi-
cation in terms of application or color.
Information from a reliable trade
source, however, indicates that the past
over-all normal consumption of dyes
and intermediates in Brazil may be
broken down into the following classifi-
cations showing approximate percent-
age consumption for each:
Percent
Direct .
Acid .
Basic .
Vat .
Chrome dyes for calico printing .
Chrome dyes for wool printing
Rapidogens .
Sulfur dyes .
Indigosols .
Acetate..
Diazo .
Intermediates .
Total .
Photographic chemicals. - With the
exception of acetic acid, organic photo-
graphic chemicals are not produced to
any appreciable extent. It is estimated
by the trade that over 85 percent of all
photographic chemicals employed lo-
INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
quiring less technical skill) in view of
the advantages accruing from lower im-
port duties on the intermediates. How-
ever, such increased activities will pre-
sumably be contingent upon postwar
prices of dyes of foreign origin. The most
important intermediates imported into
Brazil are dinitrochlorobenzene, benzi-
dine base, and dianisidine.
Data on Finished Coal-Tar Groups
Dyes and color lakes by chemical
classes. In 1942, firms were exceedingly
handicapped in receiving intermediates
from abroad for this production. Out-
put of sulfur black in that year was esti-
mated at 260 metric tons, while the pro-
duction of other types of dyes was in
the neighborhood of 100 tons, 60 tons
of which represented direct type dyes.
Imports of intermediates into Brazil
will give some idea as to the local pro-
duction of finished dyes in more recent
periods. Statistics on these arrivals as
well as those for coal-tar dyes during
1943 and 1944 (9 months) are shown
below :
1943 1944 1
Metric tons Cruzeiros ? Metric tons Cruzeiros 2
289 6,755,957 263 7,198,055
1,753 92,491,577 113 4,430,203
1,187 61,175,022
cally is of foreign origin. As far as can
be ascertained, such chemicals of coal-
tar origin are not manufactured in
Brazil.
Medicinals (exclusive of natural prod-
ucts and proprietaries ) . The manufac-
ture of coal-tar medicinals in Brazil is
negligible. The only manufacturer has
a small production from imported inter-
mediates in a few medicinals. Arsen-
icals are produced by that firm from im-
ported neoarsphenamine, phenamine,
phenol, and diethylamine.
Synthetic flavor and perfume mate-
rials. - As far as can be ascertained ,
coal-tar aromatics are not produced in
Brazil.
Noncoal-Tar Products
For the most part, the relatively small
output of chemical products of this type
is effected through the natural processes
of fermentation and distillation, al-
though a few products are produced
25 synthetically.
5
20
10 Ethyl Alcohol
5 Brazil has a significant production of
5
anhydrous alcohol from sugar cane
molasses. In the crop-year 1943-1944,
1
2 according to the Federal Sugar and Al-
1 creased to meet expanding future de-
20 cohol Institute, output amounted to
100 43,389,369 liters. This was a decrease
from the 77,958,447 liters reported in the
preceding year. Output of all types of
alcohol, including potable , reached 116, -
901,036 liters during the 1943-44 crop
period. The daily production capacity of
distilleries is placed at more than 700, -
000 liters.
Methanol
Natural methanol is produced on a
relatively small scale from the destruc-
tive distillation of wood by six firms.
Current output is estimated from 6,000
to 9,000 kilos per month. Sao Paulo pro-
ducers have encountered difficulties be-
cause of the current high price of wood
as well as transportation costs from the
interior, and their output today is prac-
tically at a standstill. Plans for the pro-
duction of methanol have been discussed
by two additional firms but thus far,
possibly owing to wartime conditions,
no concrete developments have taken
place.
Butyl Alcohol
In 1943 one of the larger companies
initiated the production of butyl alcohol
in their newly-erected plant near Rio
de Janeiro. At the present time , the com-
pany claims to be producing 15 tons per
month. Over-all capacity of the plant is
60 tons per month- 60 percent (36 tons)
of which is calculated as eventual output
of butyl alcohol, 30 percent ( 18 tons ) of
acetone and 10 percent (6 tons ) of other
alcohols. Production is through the fer-
mentation of ground mandioca, a tuber
indigenous to Brazil. As far as can be
ascertained, there is no other commer-
cial production of butanol in Brazil. A
small pilot plant with an output of sev-
eral hundred kilos per month, however,
was recently built in Sao Paulo.
Other Aliphatic Alcohols
A Sao Paulo company normally pro-
duces some amyl alcohol from byproduct
fusel oil obtained from alcohol distil-
leries of sugar mills. It is estimated that
between 50 and 75 tons have been pro-
duced annually. The company states
that they have currently been forced to
curb production because of the present
high price and other complications in
connection with obtaining supplies of
fusel oil.
The Rio de Janeiro company also has
a sporadic production of amyl and
propyl alcohols. As in the case of the
production of the Sao Paulo organiza-
tion, most of the output is converted into
amyl acetate for consumption primarily
by the paint industry.
These two alcohols are also produced
to a small extent in the Northeast of
Brazil, likewise from fusel oil obtained
from anhydrous alcohol distilleries.
Acetic Acid and Anhydride
The most important producer of acetic
acid in Brazil uses the process involving
the oxidation of ethyl alcohol. Current
output of this company is in the neigh-
borhood of some 800 tons per year. It is
understood that the output can be in-
mands. In addition to the acid, this firm
produces acetic anhydride for its manu-
facture of cellulose acetate used in the
artificial silk industry. Little or none of
the anhydride, however, is sold on the
open market.
Two other entities are producing
acetic acid. One turns out around 350

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN BRAZIL
tons per year, and is making plans to
increase this amount. A new firm in the
State of Parana expects soon to be pro-
ducing between 6 to 8 tons of 80 per-
cent grade per month from the calcium
acetate byproduct of several wood car-
bonizing plants in that State.
Citric Acid
Citric acid (crystal) is being produced
by a company in Sao Paulo. The product
is made through the citric fermentation
of sugar as well as from lemons. Output
at present is at the rate of 400 kilograms
per day. It is understood that plans are
being made to increase daily capacity of
production to 1,000 kilograms, thus pro-
viding a substantial exportable surplus.
Liquid citric acid (around 33 percent
concentration) is also produced in
Brazil to a small extent, primarily from
sugar.
Other Aliphatic Organic Acids
Tartaric acid is produced in the grape-
growing district of Southern Brazil. A
firm in the State of Rio Grande do Sul
being the most important producer.
Local output is reputed to supply from
30 to 40 percent of domestic require-
ments. Before the war, Italy was the
principal foreign supplier of tartaric
acid, although during the period of hos-
tilities Argentina has displaced Euro-
pean sources for the imported product.
The tannic acid produced in Sao Paulo
is said to be of secondary quality. The
operating company recently indicated
that output is at a standstill owing to
transportation difficulties in the interior
districts from which the raw material
is obtained . No information is available
as to the normal production capacity of
this firm .
Lactic acid of 50 -percent concentra-
tion is currently produced from sugar
cane by a company in Sao Paulo, at the
rate of some 15 tons per month. No phar-
maceutical grade is manufactured at
present. The firm is said to be contem-
plating an increase in installations in
order to supply the entire domestic de-
mand, particularly that from the impor-
tant Brazilian textile and leather indus-
tries, and possibly to provide an export
surplus. As the equipment for additional
facilities will be imported, it is doubtful
whether the contemplated expansion
can be realized under wartime con-
ditions.
Formic acid production was initiated
a short time ago by European refugees
who had small installations for this out-
put. The small plant has recently been
purchased by a Brazilian firm which is
making plans to increase the installa-
tions and bring production to a more
significant figure.
Oxalic acid is not produced in Brazil.
Flavors for some foodstuffs and per-
fumery products are distilled from
native botanicals. The bulk of those
used, however, in the beverage, soap ,
perfume and cosmetic industries is pre-
pared from imported synthetic aro-
matics.
Other Aliphatic Organic Compounds
A few sugar mills and alcohol dis-
tilleries produce aldehydes and ether.
In general, those aldehydes, ketones, and
ethers derived from ethyl, butyl, and
amyl alcohols, and their acetic acid
esters, are produced in Brazil or could
be produced with relative facility. Pres-
ent production is contingent upon de-
mand for specific products as well as
availability of some of the basic chem-
icals. One firm, for instance, has rela-
tively large acetate installations, but its
butyl alcohol plant has not yet attained
full production capacity to enable it to
reach the contemplated butyl acetate
output.
Three firms produce some formalde-
hyde from methanol, but total produc-
tion is small, perhaps not over 1,500 kilo-
grams per month .
There are two important producers of
acetone, one employing the synthetic
method and the other the fermentation
process. The product is also made by a
Government plant in Sao Paulo. Trade
information reveals that there is also
one small producer in the State of Rio
Grande do Sul.
The extraction of linalool from Pau
Rosa (Bois de rose ) , native to Brazil,
and the production of linalyl acetate
were recently undertaken by a Rio de
Janeiro company.
Sodium acetate and small quantities
of chrome auxiliaries are produced for
the textile industry .
Miscellaneous Noncoal-Tar Products
Medicinals.- Very little manufacture
of synthetic medicinals is carried on in
Brazil. Generally speaking, the synthetic
products are imported and as stated
under the section on coal-tar products,
one company has a small output of a few
synthetic medicinals. No data are avail-
able on this production.
Plastics.-A Sao Paulo plant manu-
factures galalith (hardened casein) .
Making cellulose nitrate for rayon.
S
Rated capacity of this plant is 40 tons
per month, but output is believed to be
much smaller than this figure, as mold-
ers are increasingly turning to other
types of plastic materials. Some casein
products are also manufactured for use
by the paint, leather, and other indus-
tries. Alkyd, urea, and phenolic resins
are made to some extent when imported
raw materials are available, although
the bulk of consumption requirements
is normally met by imported prepared
resins and molding powders.
As a result of the wartime shortages
of imported phenolic and other tar- acid
resins, a few firms have attempted to
produce synthetic resins in Brazil, using
cresylic acid as a substitute for phenol.
The endeavors have met with relatively
little success. When imported supplies
of phenol, phthalic anhydride , formalde-
hyde, and other basic materials are
available, some resins for the paint and
molding industry are prepared locally.
Immediately preceding the war period,
about 185 tons of phenol-formaldehyde
resins were produced annually.
Cellulose acetate flake is manufac-
tured on a large scale for the rayon in-
dustry, but as yet there is no production
of the plasticized product for the mold-
ing industry. It is reported, however,
that such output is now under consider-
ation. A small amount of pyroxylin
sheets has recently been manufactured
in the country. This output was stimu-
lated by wartime shortages and it is a
question as to whether the product will
be competitive in the postwar period.
One company produces substantial
quantities of nitrocellulose for the man-
ufacture of rayon as well as gun-cotton
for the Government munitions plant.
They also produce collodion for lacquers,
artificial leathers, etc.
Cellophane (stated not to be mois-
ture-proof) is produced by a firm in
Sao Paulo. The capacity of this plant is
said to be one ton per day.
Courtesy of CIAA
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

country, comprise the outlets of greatest

significance for these products . Because
of difficulties in obtaining many finished
products which were formerly imported,
Brazilian industry has expanded re-
markably during the war period in order
to meet this lack, and many new con-
sumers have thus come into existence .
The textile, beverage, cosmetic, plastic
molding, disinfectant, tanning, paint
and varnish, explosive, and pharma-
ceutical industries comprise important
outlets. No recent official statistics are
available on Brazilian industry. The fol-
lowing are unofficial estimates covering
1942, which show the dollar value (in
millions ) of output in some lines: Food-
stuffs, 500; textiles and yarns, 310 ; chem-
icals, pharmaceuticals and perfumery,
105 ; paper and graphic arts, 70 ; rubber
goods, 25; leather goods, 20.
An outlet which has been accentuated
today for the domestically produced
crude coal tars is in the preparation of
disinfectants . This use has grown as a
result of the difficulties in importing
phenol disinfectants owing to war con-
ditions. Perhaps 25 percent of the tar
distillates are used for this purpose.
Courtesy of CIAA Pitch and paving tars used in construc-
Transforming sodium sulphate to sodium sulphide in roaster. tion and road building programs also
account for a substantial part of the pro-
Oils and soaps.-Sulphonated oils and Consumption by Establishments duction. The light crudes, benzol, and
textile soaps for the tanning and textile The bulk of the products manufac-
industries are produced in sufficient solvent naphthas are in great demand
tured locally are sold outside of the pro-
quantities to meet domestic require- by the domestic paint industry.
ducing establishments. The use of the
ments. Domestic castor oil, neat's foot acetic anhydride produced by one com-
oil, and tallow are used in these surface- pany for its cellulose acetate artificial Terms of Sale-Advertising
acting agents. Synthetic detergents, wet- silk industry and certain other instances, The usual terms of sale are 30-60 days.
ting and penetrating agents, however, constitute exceptions to this general Depending upon the application of the
are imported. Several firms prepare situation. product, a limited amount of advertising
their own trade-marked products, mix- is carried on in official and private agri-
ing domestic sulphonated oils and im- Consumers and Their Location
ported synthetic auxiliaries. Estimates Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, the two cultural publications as well as in chem-
of competent trade sources as to present outstanding industrial centers of the ical trade journals.
market demands for these imported Brazilian Imports of Certain Organic Chemicals During 1939 and 1943
auxiliaries vary from 9,000 to 15,000
kilograms (standard concentration) per 1939 1943
month. Commodities Kilograms Cruzeiros Kilograms Cruzeiros
Synthetic tanning materials. -Other
Distilled coal tar products, n. e. s.. 86,000 103,853 44,622 780,332
than the chromium sulphate and tan- Coal-tar dyes... 775,005 44,887,314 1,752,973 92,491,577
ning mixtures produced by two com- Accelerators in rubber vulcanization. 75,463 1,289,072 130,485 2,825,507
Essences for prefumery (synthetic) 35,613 10,053,106 13,186 6,828,079
panies, no synthetic tanning materials Synthetic perfume extracts.. 26,908 1,895,326 32,401 4,165,398
are known to be produced in Brazil. Fixatives for perfumes (synthetic) . 645 90,419 166 39,801
When raw materials are available, pro- Perfume ingredients (synthetic) n. e. s.. 43 18,610
Acetic esters . 293,034 1,386,840 18,943 203,721
duction is around 600 tons per year. Solvents and thinners (synthetic) 247,192 918,361 130,265 1,158,768
Solvents & paint removers . 19,003 127,061 8,816 100,434
Glycerin.-Brazil produces sufficient Plasticizers ....; 10,199 97,630 156,142 1,759,662
glycerin for its own requirements and Driers . 11,169 130,011 5,396 84,254
Synthetic camphor. 6,541 85,647 8,593 369,593
normally also has a surplus for export. Formaldehyde.. 336,941 833,794 125,456 978,964
Annual output exceeds 2,000 metric tons. Ethers, chloroform, bromoform, etc.. 10,218 300,721 6,529 107,793
Ether and its preparations . 177,109 2,899,316 33,927 613,975
Naphthalene . 160,369 278,781 1,081,693 5,750,119
Distribution Nitrobenzol, nitrotoluol, and chlorodinitrobenzols . 304,144 1,636,255 134,947 1,168,239
Intermediates for dyes.. 336,629 6,340,893 288,512 6,755,957
Phenol.. 180,429 1,231,573 12,925 159,352
Marketing of Domestic Chemicals Synthetic organic products, n. e. s.. 656,754 4,925,927 2,130,278 15,462,263
Citric acid . 207,692 1,754,792 32,831 460,376
Most gas plants and other producers Formic acid , 134,702 811,315 143,829 1,624,655
of synthetic organic chemicals sell direct Lactic acid . 24,558 188,831 597 20,928
Oxalic acid . 169,130 935,912 224,458 2,122,249
through their own commercial organiza- Tannic acid 32,827 666,556 6,597 208,175
tions. The only known exception is a Tartaric acid 302,704 3,114,888 65,031 1,814,781
Organic acids, not specified . 32,611 431,471 15,631 608,068
gas plant which markets its products Flavoring extracts and essences. 13,251 1,678,367 5,788 753,014
through an affiliated distributing organ- Synthetic tanning material. 22,442 248,115 56,412 696,903
Organic reagent chemicals. 6,239 216,728 93 13,819
ization. As previously stated, the syn- Photographic developers and fixing agents . 7,924 194,909 4,352 162,370
thetic organic chemical industry is in its Ascorbic acid and other vitamins . 403 1,770,086
Alcohols . 78,435 503,121 52,246 510,223
infancy in Brazil and no highly organ- Tartaric emetic . 14,543 149,098 989 35,691
ized distribution channels have been Plastic molding powders, sheets, etc.. 315,122 4,857,406 136,683 3,389,327
Synthetic materials for industry, n. e. s.. 133,845 939,596 784,872 5,572,081
necessary.
 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN BRAZIL
Imports and Exports
Because of the abnormal trade situa-
tion created by the war, with few excep-
tions the United States has supplied the
bulk of Brazil's requirements for syn-
thetic organic chemicals in recent years.
However, some supplies have also come
from Great Britain, notably various
coal-tar products such as naphthalene,
aniline dyes and intermediates, aromatic
flavoring extracts, naphtha solvents,
nitrobenzol, and rubber accelerators.
Brazil has little export trade of signifi-
cance in synthetic organic products. Per-
haps the most significant organic prod-
ucts exported today are caffeine and
theobromine, the extraction of which
from cocoa, mate, and coffee is a rela-
tively new Brazilian industry. In the
purely synthetic field, however, exports
are negligible.
The table given below enumerates
Brazil's imports, according to official
statistics, of coal tar and certain other
organic chemicals and related products
during 1939 and 1943, the latest year for
which data are available. For the ma-
jority ofthese products-those for which
domestic production is either nonexist-
ent or negligible-the figures present a
fairly representative picture of con-
sumption. In some instances Brazilian
import statistics are not shown in any
detailed breakdown nor according to
classifications in official statistics of the
United States.
Distribution of Imports
The important cotton textile industry
(comprising around 300 mills ) and the
rayon industry are believed to be the
most outstanding consumer outlets for
imported organic chemicals in Brazil.
The market for coal -tar dyes and inter-
mediates alone is estimated to total
$4,000,000 per year.
Annual sales of perfumery and toilet
preparations in Brazil reach many mil-
lions of dollars. Protected by high cus-
toms duties, the domestic industry and
branch manufacturers of foreign firms
are estimated to supply at least 90 per-
cent of the demand. For this production,
large quantities of synthetic perfumery
ingredients are annually imported.
The 250 or more tanneries in Brazil,
although many are relatively small,
create a substantial demand for the mis-
cellaneous synthetic organics used today
in the preparation of leathers. The vol-
ume and quality of the leather produced
in the country has improved materially
in recent periods, coincident with the
greater use of synthetic materials.
The domestic paint and varnish in-
dustry has had considerable impetus
during the war period, and plans of
various paint concerns indicate that
further marked expansion will take
place in the postwar period. Domestic
requirements for all types of paints and
varnishes are manufactured in increas-
ing quantities locally. These include
baking enamels for metals, nitrocellu-
lose varnishes and lacquers, as well as
miscellaneous protective coatings and
synthetic-base products, antifouling
paints, aviation dopes, etc. The produc-
tion is dependent upon foreign sources
for many basic chemicals for this manu-
facture. One trade source indicates that
Brazil's requirements for aromatic sol-
vents and thinners for nitrocellulose
lacquers will be in the neighborhood of
900,000 gallons in the immediate post-
war period . The demand for alkyd,
maleic and phenolic resins is likewise
expected to increase with the contem-
plated expansion in the output of syn-
thetic-base protective coatings.
Keen interest in augmenting domestic
production facilities of the plastic mold-
ing industry has stimulated a larger de-
mand for synthetic molding powders,
sheets, tubes, and other unfinished
forms. While some phenol-formalde-
hyde and other type resins are com-
pounded locally, the industry is almost
entirely dependent upon foreign sources
for its supplies of synthetic resins or
basic materials for their manufacture.
The plans and outlook for postwar de-
velopment in the field are exceedingly
favorable.
Twenty firms are now manufacturing
injection molded products from cellu-
lose acetate resins. The present demand
for these materials is in the neighbor-
hood of 200 tons per year. When poly-
styrene molding powder is available,
molders will turn to that product for
many uses. The postwar market for urea
and phenolic molding compounds, ac-
cording to reliable trade sources, will
be in the neighborhood of 500 tons. Over
50 molding firms use thermosetting
plastic materials. At the present time,
acrylic resins are used only by the dental
trade for the manufacture of dentures.
In the postwar period when these resins
become available in free supply, they
will undoubtedly be employed for other
uses in this market, particularly for
novelty and decorative articles.
Trade Promotion
Imports of United States Origin
In normal times, Brazil is essentially
a price market. Before the outbreak of
hostilities, the bulk of chemical imports
came from Germany, which enjoyed the
advantage (ranging from 20 to 30 per-
cent) of payments in Compensation-
Marks. At that time it was exceedingly
difficult for United States firms to com-
pete in many items. Germany became
well entrenched and German trade-
marked products were well known.
Generally speaking, there is no strong
preference for the product of one coun-
try, other than that based on the cost
factor.
When war commenced in Europe, the
abrupt cutting off of European supplies
and the anticipated shortages in the more
strategic chemicals, changed the Brazil-
ian import picture overnight from a
buyers' to a sellers' market. Free from
the handicaps of German competition,
United States products substituted in
large part the former imports from Ger-
many. However, with the entry of the
United States into the war, Brazil's sub-
7
sequent declaration of war, and concur-
rent shortages of shipping facilities,
Brazil's import trade necessarily became
restricted and notably so in strategic
chemicals.
With the United States presently sup-
plying the bulk of Brazil's chemical im-
ports, an opportunity has been afforded
for United States chemical products to
become known on the Brazilian market.
While Great Britain has been shipping
some products to Brazil, the quantity
has been relatively limited, and under
today's abnormal conditions, the ques-
tions of quality, utility, and price have
been secondary to that of supply.
In the postwar period, it may be as-
sumed that the price factor will again
become of prime importance. If products
of United States origin are competitive
in quality and price with those which
become available from other sources
after the war, it is believed that the ac-
ceptance and favor which have accrued
to them during the war period will be
of distinct advantage in meeting this
competition.
Best Method of Handling Sales
The trade can best be handled through
exclusive manufacturers' representa-
tives. Stocks are not essential in all lines
but highly desirable in some, particu-
larly as a facility in selling to the small
purchaser. Local manufacturers are
agreeable to paying substantially higher
prices for goods they can purchase from
stocks of distributors rather than place
an order direct for importation. One
local distributor - representative of
United States products indicates that
the current profits on goods carried in
stock are from two to four times as much
as those on direct imports. It is logical
to assume, however, that the profits ac-
cruing from stock sales may be accentu-
ated today, owing to the wartime diffi-
culties in obtaining export licenses from
the United States and the shortages in
obtaining some materials at present.
In selling coal-tar dyes, printing inks,
reagent chemicals, plastic materials, etc.,
stocks, as well as technical servicemen
to demonstrate and assist in problems
of the consumer, are of definite advan-
tage. Before the war, the German control
of dyestuffs sales in this market was
maintained not only through their low
prices for quality dyes, but because of
the constant availability of German
technicians familiar with the intricacies
of dye application to correct any diffi-
culties of the consumer in the utilization
of a specific quantity and type of dye.
For the most part, the middleman in
Brazil is not in a position to supply this
service, and in this and other specialized
lines it is of paramount importance for
United States firms interested in main-
taining or expanding the foothold now
attained in the market to seriously con-
sider this angle of their merchandising
programs. As Brazil lacks chemical tech-
nicians, either a competent resident
American or a qualified Brazilian who
has been specifically trained by the com-
pany in this field would be essential in
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
meeting such competition as obtained
in this market before the war.
The Airplane in Sales Promotion
The airplane is of advantage in sales
promotion for quick delivery of medic-
inals and high- cost products where air-
transportation costs are a relatively
small percentage of the total value of the
shipment. If postwar freight costs by
airplane are drastically reduced, as
some authorities feel will be the case,
the range of products which can eco-
nomically be shipped by airplane will
automatically be enlarged .
Chemical Research in Brazil
Although the chemical industry in
Brazil is still in its infancy, it is a local
point of great industrial interest in that
country. No degree of self- sufficiency
has been attained as yet in many lines,
the industry being dependent upon for-
eign sources for many of its chemicals ;
the trend, however, is to branch out in
diversified lines, utilizing available do-
mestic raw materials in the manufacture
of those products now being supplied by
foreign sources. High protective duties
aid in this expansion.
As far as private research activities
are concerned, only about four of the
larger manufacturers have research
laboratories of any consequence, and
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill ., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Commerce
Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg .
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
their activities in general are said to be
comparatively limited . In Government-
sponsored laboratories and institutes
also, activities are limited but they are
increasing. The Oswaldo Cruz Institute
at Rio de Janeiro is a well- known labo-
ratory for scientific research. It has long
enjoyed a splendid reputation for the
excellency of its work, which, however,
has been primarily in the medical rather
than in the general chemical field. The
activities of various official biological
and technical research laboratories have
recently been enlarged as a result of in-
creased State of Federal Government
assistance . The one in Sao Paulo is car-
rying out various studies and experi-
ments in the chemical field, including
synthetic organic research.
Trend and Outlook
Brazil is not sufficiently industrialized
to provide large domestic outlets for
synthetic organic chemicals and their
manufacture is necessarily contingent
to a large degree upon the progress in
other industries employing these prod-
ucts. It is doubtful whether production
of many of the synthetics could compete
in price with the items imported from
countries which have large - scale out-
put. While Brazil has recently made
rapid strides toward industrialization ,
it is the concensus of opinion in the trade
Detroit 26, Mich . , 1018 New Federal Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex. , 603 Federal Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla. , 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post Office
and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
that many years will lapse before the
synthetic organic chemical industry may
be highly developed in Brazil.
On the other hand, because of Brazil's
varied natural raw materials in the form
of vegetable and mineral wealth, it is
believed that the extractive industries
will receive considerable impetus in the
industrial development of the country.
The products and their derivatives, in-
cluding vegetable oils and waxes, caf-
feine, emetine, menthol, rubber, tan-
ning materials, chromium, titanium ,
aluminum, etc. , provide important basic
materials for miscellaneous chemicals
and chemical specialties.
Brazil's textile industry is an impor-
tant outlet for synthetic organic prod-
ucts. A growing demand also stems from
the tanning, paint and varnish, explo-
sive, cosmetic, plastic molding, rubber,
and pharmaceutical industries. While
Germany supplied the bulk of Brazil's
imports in these products before the out-
break of hostilities, the country's re-
quirements during the present war
period have been met largely by the
United States. If products of American
firms are competitive in quality and
price with those available from other
sources after the war, the acceptance and
favor which have accrued to them in
recent periods should be of distinct ad-
vantage in meeting future competition.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New Federal Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine, 801
E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Customhouse.
Savannah, Ga . , 403 U. S. Post Office and
Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945-643254
 nts
Docume Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE , Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

T
EN COM
R RTM MER
A PA OF CE
IS D DE UN
V
IN IV
DI ER
Part 2. CHEMICALS , AN SI
A

TY
RIC

A
AMFE
O

DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS LI

BR
AR
Y

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents. JOL - 71945

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 June 1945 Number 21

Cuban Market for Organic Chemicals

Prepared in Chemical Unit , C. C. Concannon , Chief

Cuba has not developed an organic
chemical industry of importance inas-
much as basic raw materials such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas are not avail-
able in the country and it is not consid-
ered practicable to establish such an
industry on the basis of importing these
raw materials.
There is no production in Cuba coming
within the noncoal- tar products ' classi-
fication other than the production of
ethyl alcohol in a number of distilleries
in various parts of the Island. It is the
only alcohol being produced at present
on a commercial scale. The establish-
ment of automotive fuel rationing in
Cuba, the satisfactory price obtained for
Cuban rum and liquors in the United
States, and other factors were respon-
sible for the sharp increase in the pro-
duction of ethyl alcohol during the past
few years .
In the main, with certain noteworthy
exceptions, Cuba's industrial develop-
ment has been based largely on the
processing of agricultural and pastoral
products. Although the Island is capable
of producing foodstuffs far in excess of
its requirements, most of its productive
energy, up until a comparatively few
years ago, was devoted to sugar and
tobacco as cash crops for export. In
recent years, diversification was intro-
duced and a number of products for-
merly of negligible importance now bulk
large in Cuban export statistics.
The Board of Economic Warfare
Technical Mission of the United States,
in the early part of 1943 , studied the
feasibility of establishing various man-
ufacturing industries using sugar cane
and its products as raw materials. In its
report the Technical Mission suggested
butanol, acetone, methanol, carbon di-
oxide, cane wax, plastics, edible yeast,
butylene glycol, and similar items as
products which might be developed
profitably on a commercial scale.
The most important industry is, of
course, the production of sugar from
sugar cane, and it is this industry with
all its ramifications which constitutes
the source of Cuba's demand for a wide
variety of organic and other chemical
products .
Cuba is rich in mineral reserves, some
of which, such as manganese, chrome,
iron, and copper have been exploited
for many years, and the output of which
during the war years has increased by
a very substantial amount.
Industries Becoming Diversified
While Cuba's economy is primarily
agricultural, and industrial development
is still not very extensive, there has been
a continuous trend during recent years
towards the installation of plants, gen-
erally of relatively small size, for the
manufacture of products heretofore not
made in the country. This tendency has
been stimulated by the difficulty in ob-
taining many items from abroad . Most
of the industries, have been set up since
the 1927 Cuban customs tariff and in-
clude the following : Condensed milk,
evaporated milk, other dairy products ;
packing house products ; the canning in-
dustry; shoes ; tiles ; cement ; nails and
wire fencing ; plows and cultivators ;
iron and steel fabricating plants ; plants
making wooden and cardboard boxes ;
plants producing rubber-soled tennis
shoes and tires and tubes ; glass con-
tainers ( in the recently reopened glass
bottle plant ) ; paints and varnishes of
Digested from a report by Com-
mercial Attache Charles H. Ducote,
United States Embassy, Habana,
Cuba.
many kinds; petroleum products refin-
ing; and alcohol distilleries.
Outlook for Industrial Expansion
The implantation of new industries
is likely to proceed at a slow pace and
producers of organic and other chemical
products must, as in the past, look to
those operators already established to
provide the bulk of the Cuban demand .
It is noped that in time capitalists on the
Island and abroad may seek opportun-
ities for investment in industries.
The following lists give an indication
of the actual development of Cuban in-
dustries from the point of view of oppor-
tunities for the sale of organic chemicals.
These are the principal industries and
manufactures, most of which in some
form or other create a demand for chem-
ical products. Group 1 lists products and
.services based upon abundant native
raw materials ; Group 2 is based upon
importation of some or all raw mate-
rials ; and Group 3 is based upon high
tariff protection or special circum-
stances.
GROUP I
Alcohol distilleries
Bakeries
Baskets
Beauty parlors and barber shops
Building and construction
Canning, (pineapples, tomatoes)
Cassava and corn flour
Cellulose pulp board
Cement
Cement moulded products
Charcoal
Chemical plants
Cigar, cigarette and tobacco factories
Cocoa
Coffee hulling and roasting
Cold storage plants
Construction materials
Contractors for building contraction
Dairy produce butter, conden edilk, cheese
Distilled liqu
Electric light and power plants
Furniture and woodworking
Gas plant
Glue
Glycerin
Hard candy
(GROUP I continued on next page)
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Henequen fiber, cordage and rope

Honey Incoming Shipments Increase during the years shown above ; if the
Ice plants According to Foreign Commerce and relatively high rate of activity of Cuban
Laundries and dry cleaning establishments industries subsequent to 1941 is consid-
Lime kilns Navigation, exports from the United
Lumber mills (native woods) States to Cuba during 1939, 1940 and ered, shipments of organic chemicals
Lumber yards doubtless would have continued to in-
Machine shops 1941 , of certain organic chemicals (the
Marble cutting and working more important classifications) were as crease had it not been for the stringency
Meat products of supply which made it necessary to
Mineral waters and soft drinks follows:
Mining (asphalt, copper, iron, chrome, manganese,) curtail deliveries to industries not di-
and quarries Exports from the United States to Cuba
Molasses rectly related to the war effort.
Native fruit juices and syrups Commodity 1939 1940 1941
Oil (naphtha) production Coal-Tar Products
Opticians COAL-TAR PRODUCTS
Packing house products Crude and refined coal- Benzol.-The consumption of benzol
Paints and varnishes tar . $3,419 $4,276 $5,238 is estimated at about 900,000 pounds per
Petroleum production Benzol.. 24,612 21,507 22,495
Pottery, bricks and tiles Coal-tar pitch . 167 1,937 597 year, based upon import data covering
Putty Creosote or dead oil. 9,306 5,710 11,611
Rice milling Toluene.. the years 1938 to 1941 , inclusive. The
Salt 40 2
Xylene . (1) 37 246 following tabulation shows Cuban im-
Shoe repair shops Other crude coal-tar
Sponges ports from the United States according
Starch and other fisheries products products, n. e. s..
Phenol..
10,995
596
5,914
403
7,001
408 to official United States export figures
Sugar mills Other coal-tar acids. 706 358 2,989
Tallow rendering Other coal-tar inter- (there were no imports from other
Tanneries mediates.. areas) :
Textile mills 9,917 9,063 11,030
Rubber compounding
Vegetable dehydrating plants agents of coal-tar Value
Vinegar products .. 3,957 4,416 9,318 Year Gallons¹ Pounds! (U. S. dollars)
Wallboard and insulating board from cane fiber Coal-tar colors, dyes,
Waterworks and sewage disposal stains and color 1938. 107,587 785,385 16,567
Electric and other welding lakes .. 74,390 86,520 172,261 1939. 143,880 1,050,324 24,612
Other finished coal- tar 1940. 133,687 975,915 21,507
GROUP 2 products. 11,796 16,271 24,577 1941 . 145,029 1,058,711 22,495
Automotive vehicle repair shops and garages NONCOAL-TAR PRODUCTS
Automotive vehicle body building Alcohols 17.30 pounds per gallon.
Automotive tire repair shops Methanol . 17,776 46,400 59,512
Automotive tire retreading shops Butanol (butyl alco- Benzol is used principally in the pro-
Biscuits and crackers hol) (¹) 40 (1)
Breweries Glycerin 92,400 41,507 55,005 duction of blended motor fuels, the out-
Bed springs and mattresses Other alcohols. 8,506 1,128 5,600 put of which has increased greatly dur-
Chocolates and confectionery Acetone.. 2,929 5,607 7,066
Clothing and accessories Butyl acetate. 245 195 90 ing recent years because of the tight
Coffins Carbon bisulphide.. 6,516 4,554 5,555
Compound lard and oleomargarine Formaldehyde (forma- supply of gasoline. Blended fuels are
Containers (glass) lin).. 4,148 3,509 3,751 generally composed of 60 to 70 percent
Containers (tin) Amyl acetate . 54 46 397
Containers (wood) Synthetic collecting re- alcohol, 25 to 30 percent gasoline and
Cooperage agents for concen- about 3 percent benzol, lubricating oil,
Curtains, awnings and shades tration of ores , and a native natural naphtha known as
Disinfectants and insecticides metals or minerals 5,213 6,363 14,523
Fertilizers Other organic chemi- "motembo gasoline."
Foundries cals . 32,493 24,080 74,460
Graphic arts NITROCELLULOSE (PY- Benzol has been used also by local
Hats, caps and gloves ROXYLIN ) LACQUERS laboratories and oil companies for test-
Kitchenware Pigmented . 9,265 9,944 18,748 ing purposes. It is estimated that about
Laboratories, biological, medicinal Clear. 7,400 4,185 10,651
Matches Thinnersfor nitrocellu- 97 percent of the benzol imported into
Notions: combs, fans, pins, buttons lose lacquers.. 13,611 12,358 18,886 Cuba is used in blended motor fuels and
Paper and cardboard SYNTEHTIC GUMS AND
Paper and cardboard containers RESINS about 3 percent is used in laboratories.
Prepared foods In powder, flake or
Prepared fertilizers liquid form. (1) 25,690 Naphthalene.-Whether in the form
(¹)
Printing and writing inks Laminated sheets , of balls or flakes, naphthalene is not
Poultry raising equipment plates, rods, tubes produced in Cuba but is imported from
Perfumery and other unfin-
Petroleum refining ished forms . (¹) 5,862 1,569 the United States. Imports of balls were
Saddleries Not laminated sheets,
Shoes plates, rods, tubes 14,867 pounds and 35,747 pounds in 1942
Shoe polish and other unfinish- and 1943, respectively. No flakes were
Showcases ed forms . (1) 5,152 4,751
Sign manufacturers Pyroxylin scrap and imported in 1942 and 7,773 pounds in
Soap and candles film scrap. (¹) 1943.
Tin shops Pyroxylin plastic film Naphthalene balls are used exclu-
Truck and bus bodies support (film base) 148 38
Transmission belting Pyroxylin sheets, rods sively in Cuba as an insecticide for the
Vegetable oils ortubes, and other
Vermicelli and macaroni unfinished forms . 5,470 5,596 3,342 protection of textile products, particu-
Cellulose acetate larly when stored away in the spring
GROUP 3 sheets,rods, tubes,
Aluminum kitchenware of the year. Naphthalene flakes have
molding powder
Brooms, brushes, mops and dusters and other unfin- had wide usage as a component of a
Blankets and towels ished forms (plas-
Bottle caps ticized) . 2,044 5,978 12,658 formula for denaturing ethyl alcohol for
Cast iron soil pipe Cellulose acetate plas- use as a fuel for household purposes.
Cotton textiles tic film support .. 257 Coal-Tar colors, dyes, stains, and color
Diamond cutting and polishing NITRO AND ACETO
Explosives CELLULOSE lakes. Sales of United States coal-tar
Fabricated iron and steel Solutions collodion, dyes in Cuba have expanded during the
Fire extinguishers etc... 1,644 898 638
Hosiery and knit wear Not in solution 106 259 132 war period, official United States statis-
Iron and steel beds and furniture Can cements . 343 585 14,359
Lighting fixtures Other cementing prep- tics showing that value of exports ad-
Luggage, handbags and other leather goods arationsfor repair- vanced from $41,791 in 1938 to $202,144
Machinery ing, sealing, and in 1943.
Musical instrument assembly and repair adhesive use. 6,960 6,768 21,455
Nails and tacks Specialty cleaning and
Pencils washing com- United States Exports of Coal-Tar
Pins and hairpins pounds . 4,332 6,363 11,039 Colors, Dyes, Stains, and Color Lakes
Plows ACIDS AND ANHYDRIDES
Plumbing fittings Acetic acid . 1,518 1,260 3,624 to Cuba
Razor blades Acetic anhydride.. 5 11 10
Sporting goods Other organic acids Quantity Value
Storage battery assembly and anhydrides.. 17,095 25,832 46,110 Year pounds (U. S. dollars)
Stoves
Tennis shoes and alpargatas 1 Not separately shown. 1938. 66,326 41,791
Toothpaste SOURCE: Foreign Commerce and Navigation ofthe 1939 . 124,227 74,390
Toys United States. 1940 . 138,987 86,520
Umbrellas 1941. 332,451 172,261
Wire bed springs Exports of organic chemicals as a 1942 . 292,184 270,773
Woven wire fencing 1943 . 216,079 202,144
Wooden and rubber heels whole to Cuba increased at a rapid rate
 CUBAN MARKET FOR ORGANIC CHEMICALS

Although official Cuban import data which frequently are reported with im- These uses result in the following ap-
show imports of coal-tar dyes under ports of dyestuffs. Trade sources esti- proximate distribution of imports by
separate tariff items, these data do not mate that official quantity figures are types:
give an accurate picture of imports be- Percent of
approximately 30 percent above actual Item total imports
cause they are on a basis of gross weight, importations. The following table shows Acetate silk 1.13
and dyestuffs tare is about 12 percent; Acid , 20.02
both the Cuban official customs data as Azoic .
and also because they include various Basic . 18.91
fine chemicals for laboratory reagents published, and the adjusted quantities Chrome . .57
which are not coal-tar derivatives but as estimated by reliable trade sources: Direct . 28.51
Diazo.. 2.86
Lakes and toners. .19
Cuban Imports of Dyes Derived from Coal Tar Oil soluble.. .20
Spirit soluble . .73
1938 1939 Sulphur.. 1.00
Union. 1.25
Official Official Adjusted Official Official Adjusted Vat.. 24.63
quantity value quantity quantity value quantity
Country (pounds) (dollars) (pounds) (pounds) (dollars) (pounds) Total . 100.00
United States . 107,836 54,072 75,485 196,586 83,253 137,610
Mexico ... 37 11 26 29 19 20 Each of the above types is used in
Czechoslovakia 7 8 5 .... Cuba roughly as follows:
Germany 86,994 51,565 60,896 81,176 52,267 56,823
Belgium . 384 278 269 Percent
France 2,352 975 1,646 3,476 1,049 2,433 Item Use of total
Holland . 423 143 296 49,266 2,082 34,486 1. Acetate silk . .Exclusively on cellu-
Spain . 46 124 32 lose acetate fiber .
United Kingdom. 1,548 679 1,084 1,971 989 1,380 2. Acid.. textiles. 20
Italy .. 7,681 4,090 5,377 paper . 5
Switzerland 66 59 46 408 492 286 leather. 58
Japan . 165 31 116 .... soap 2
shoe stains . 15
Total. 199,428 107,543 139,600 341,023 144,643 238,716 3. Azoic none .
4. Basic . paper . 60
1940 1941 leather . 40
5. Chrome . wool. 100
United States 159,785 99,281 111,849 297,716 192,909 208,401 6. Direct . textiles. 50
Mexico . 948 532 664 paper. 10
Argentina 79 100 55 leather. 30
Germany 3,464 1,160 2,425 33 32 23 all others . 10

80
Belgium . 1,590 705 1,113 7. Diazo (developed) .textiles. 100
Holland . 172 80 120 8. Oil soluble. .paste shoe polish 100
Spain. 410 582 287 9. Spirit soluble. .spirit soluble inks . 30
France . 1,995 1,129 1,397 shoe stains . 70
Italy . 185 120 130 10. Union.. .dry cleaners and dyers 100
United Kingdom . 3,322 1,704 2,325 862 121 603 11. Vat. ..cotton textiles.... 100
Switzerland . 77 187 54 152 241 106
Japan¹ 31,415 13,780 21,991
Noncoal-Tar Products
Total.. 170,907 104,968 119,635 331,298 207,695 231,908
Methanol. Total consumption of
1942
(Jan.-Sept.) methanol is represented by imports, in-
228,597 asmuch as there is no commercially im-
United States . 165,319 160,018
Spain .. 296 45 207 portant domestic production nor is
Total.. 228,893 165,364 160,225 methanol exported from Cuba. Ship-
ments of methanol from the United
Re-export from Germany. States to Cuba were 59,380 gallons with
SOURCE: Official Cuban customs data. a value of $ 17,048 in.1938 ; 53,503 gallons
Although the adjusted official Cuban and others. The types of coal- tar dyes valued at $ 17,776 in 1939, and 116,431
and official United States data for the in greatest demand are, in the order of gallons valued at $46,400 in 1940.
3-year period 1938, 1939, and 1940 are importance: Direct, vat, acid, and basic. For comparative purposes, there are
not in strict agreement, they are in rela- Acetate silk, chrome, diazo, union and shown the following data covering
tively close accord in that the adjusted sulphur dyes are needed also though in Cuban imports of methanol by country
Cuban figures show 324,944 pounds of smaller quantities . of origin during recent years:
coal-tar dies coming from the United Dyestuffs in Cuba are absorbed prin-
cipally by industries producing for the Cuban Imports of Methanol
States, and the United States figures
show 329,540 pounds leaving the United low-price market for mass consumption, Equiva-
States for Cuba. and are, therefore , closely related to the lent
in gallons
Prior to the outbreak of hostilities in economic stability and development of Quantity Value (6.63 lbs.
Europe in 1939, the major portion of the the country . (kilo- (U. S. per
grams) dollars) gallon)
coal-tar dyes used in Cuba came directly Under normal circumstances, stocks
are built up by importers during the 1938
or indirectly from Germany. The large United States .. 213,088 20,667 70,856
German company, I. G. Farbenindustrie, early months of the year to prepare for Germany.. 79,181 6,755 26,329
is estimated to have controlled up to 75 the heavy demands of the winter shades Total 292,269 27,422 97,185
percent of the market, either through dyeing which is done during the sum- 1939
mer months. Following the summer's United States . 260,105 25,347 86,490
direct exports to its agent in Cuba, or Belgium . 14,871 1,086 72,281
through reexports by its agent in the consumption, stocks generally are much Germany . 217,374 18,661 4,945
United States. After September 1 , 1939, lower and are not built up again until Total. 492,350 45,094 163,716
and the blockade of German shipping, the late fall to meet the lighter demands 1940
of the summer shades dyeing which is United States .. 352,625 47,263 117,255
Cuban imports from Germany gradually Belgium .. 7,658 577 2,546
decreased although some reexports con- done during the winter months.
Coal-tar dyes in Cuba are used ap- Total. 360,283 47,840 119,801
tinued to arrive from various parts of 1941
the world up to the entrance of the proximately as follows: United States.. 183,755 35,967 61,102
United States into the war. Percent 1942 (Jan.-June)
Coal-tar dyes are used in Cuba in a 1. For cotton and rayon dyeing and printing United States... 27,788 7,303 9,240
diversity of industries. As they are sec- (direct and sulphur colors, anthraquinone
and other vats). 45 SOURCE: Official Cuban customs data.
ondary rather than primary raw mate- 2. For wool dyeing and printing (acid and
rials, used in connection with other im- chrome colors) . 1 It will be noted that the average an-
3. For leather (acid, direct, and basic colors) . 30
ported materials, their need is deter- 4. For paper (acid, direct, and basic colors) 15 nual imports from the United States
mined by the volume of imports of such 5. Miscellaneous.. 9 during the years 1938 through 1940 are
materials as raw cotton, paper, leather, Total.. 100 shown as 91,534 gallons in Cuban cus-
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
toms figures, while export data of United years, despite the larger sugar output.
States on shipments to Cuba show an They ascribe these decreases as prob-
average of 76,438 gallons. Estimates of ably due to more economical use and to
Cuban consumption made by the trade the fact that mills have worked continu-
are closer to the United States figures. ously without shutdowns for holidays
Aside from the small quantity of a or other causes, thus obviating the re-
few hundred pounds of the acetone -free newing of formaldehyde in the tanks as
grade used annually as a laboratory re- frequently as heretofore.
agent, methanol finds its principal appli- According to authoritative sources,
cation as a denaturant to render ethyl approximately 20,000 pounds per year
alcohol unfit for internal human con- are used by the sugar industry on the
sumption. (Alcohol so denatured is not basis of a 3,000,000 Spanish long-ton
subject to Cuban internal revenue crop. It is estimated that during 1943 an
taxes.) Denatured alcohol is in wide de- additional 19,000-20,000 pounds were
mand principally as a domestic fuel for consumed for other essential uses, in-
cooking purposes. Small quantities are cluding 3,500 to 4,000 pounds for the
used for rubbing and after-shave lotion preservation of bodies for dissection,
purposes as well as for bathing during with the remaining 16,000 to 17,000
the cool winter months by the farming pounds in embalming and as a disinfect-
population. ant and germicide in hospitals, clinics,
Butyl alcohol.-Consumption of butyl and similar institutions. The local yeast
alcohol is almost negligible. manufacturing plant normally consumes
Ethyl alcohol. - The production of about 7,500 pounds annually.
ethyl alcohol in Cuba is a highly impor- Acids and Anhydrides
tant phase of the Cuban sugar industry
Acetic acid.-There is no production
and the expansion of existing distilleries
and the construction of new units have in Cuba of acetic acid, and the United
States is the sole supplier. Official Cuban
proceeded apace since the latter part of
1942. data on imports are as follows:
At the end of 1944 there were operat-
Quantity Value
ing in Cuba 57 distilleries, an increase Year (pounds) (U. S. dollars)
of over 100 percent compared with the 1938. 41,569 4,715
27 in operation 12 months previously. 1939 17,068 2,012
1940 16,563 2,100
The total production of industrial alco- 1941 . 29,972 3,854
hol in 1944 was 56,000,000 gallons valued 1942 . 17,008 2,942
at about $36,000,000. Production in 1943
amounted to 30,400,000 gallons, in 1942 Citric Acid Imports
to 27,000,000 gallons ; only 8,750,000 gal- [Figures include 15 percent tare]
lons were produced in 1939. Production 1938
in 1944 was about one-half of rated
capacity. Value in
Kilograms U. S. dollars Kilograms U. S. dollars
According to the Office of Price Regu-
From:
lation and Supply, total Cuban produc- U. S... 8,845 5,554
tion of alcohol during 1943 amounted to Germany 761 458
Italy .
111,496,296 liters, equivalent to approxi- Belgium. 8,030 2,704
mately 29,454,300 gallons, and 77,760,992 United Kingdom . 10,429 3,901
liters (20,504,300 gallons ) during the Total.. 28,065 12,617
first 5 months of 1944.
1941
Formaldehyde.-An estimate as to the
consumption of formaldehyde may be Kilograms Value in U. S. dollars
obtained from the following data of From:
United States exports of this product to U. S.. 55,028
Cuba, inasmuch as there is no domestic Germany
Italy.
production, nor is the product exported Belgium.
from the Island: United Kingdom .
Total. 55,028
United States Exports to Cuba
of Formaldehyde SOURCE: Cuban Customs Statistics.
Year Pounds Value In former years imports of citric acid
came principally from Italy, England,
1939 82,100 $4,148 Belgium, and the United States in the
1940 . 69,295 3,509
1941 50,026 3,751 approximate proportion of about 35, 16,
1942 . 79,058 6,610
1943 . 64,145 4,608 29 and 20 percent, respectively. The
price, by special arrangement, was al-
If any formaldehyde has been im- ways the same in the three European
ported from other sources, it has been centers. From 1938 on, chiefly as a result
in small amounts usually of a reagent of the new process of production, em-
quality in pound or quarter-pound ployment of cheaper raw material (suc-
bottles. It is to be expected that Cuban rose) , and the preferential rate of im-
importers will continue to purchase port duty, the United States has been
their requirements of this product from able to compete to a greater extent.
the United States after the war. Form- Available data indicate annual con-
aldehyde has been used mainly by sugar sumption of citric acid as follows:
mills in preventing fermentation on Percent
molasses tanks. The importers have re- Soft drinks in bottles. 34
Confectionery, including hard candy 42
ported a marked falling off in consump- Cakes, jellies and similar products . 14
tion by the mills during the last 2 or 3 Pharmaceuticals .. 10
Imports of acetic acid into Cuba in
normal years originated mainly in Bel-
gium, Germany, and the United States.
Since 1939 all imports have come from
the United States.
Acetic acid is used in Cuba for a
variety of purposes. It is used principally
for pharmaceutical and analytical pur-
poses which account for about 45 per-
cent of the total consumption (in medi-
cines and in popular pharmaceuticals ,
40 percent; analytical and laboratory
work, about 5 percent) . The textile in-
dustry accounts for about 35 percent;
tanneries, about 10 percent ; photo-
graphic work about 72 percent ; and
copper mines, and photoengraving for
publications, 2½ percent.
All acetic acid imported into Cuba is
glacial acetic acid, and it is imported in
carboys and in paraffine- lined barrels
for dilution after arrival.
There are legal restrictions specify-
ing that acetic acid may not be used in
Cuba for the manufacture of vinegar or
for preserving food.
Citric acid.- Citric acid is not pro-
duced in Cuba and entire requirements
of consumption on the Island are im-
ported, mainly from the United States.
Cuban import statistics on citric acid
are as follows:
1939 1940
Value in Value in
Kilograms U. S. dollars
· 12,837 7,173 27,680 13,819
313 222
9,988 3,623 4,421 1,920
10,015 2,445
1,659 665
34,812 14,128 32,101 15,739
January-October, 1942 .
Kilograms Value in U. S. dollars
36,281 45,175 30,379
36,281 45,175 30,379
A good part of the 42 percent con-
sumed in the confectionery industry
was used in the manufacture of hard
candy for export to the United States.
Tartaric acid.-There is no domestic
production of tartaric acid and no sig-
nificant exports thereof from Cuba.
No separate classification is made by
the Cuban customs authorities to show
imports of tartaric acid . Data furnished
by an important chemical importing
firm , which has compiled statistics since
1939 from published data on ships' mani-
fests, indicate that the annual consump-
tion averaged 49,733 kilograms over the
years 1939-1942. In 1939, 75,803 kilo-
grams were imported; in 1940, 42,154
kilograms ; in 1941 , 47,788 kilograms ; and
in 1942 , 33,186 kilograms.
 CUBAN MARKET FOR ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Bottlers of soft drinks, confectioners,
and bakers, biscuit and sweetmeat man-
ufacturers use approximately 90 per-
cent of all imports of tartaric acid. The
large individual users normally carry
stocks sufficient for 120 days' operation,
while small operators, of which there
are many, purchase their needs on a
hand-to-mouth basis from large mer-
chant importers who carry stocks for
resale. Some large users import direct
and others buy locally from merchant
importers ; some do both. Merchant im-
porters normally carry stocks sufficient
for 6 months' sales.
According to the best available figures,
there is the equivalent of 6,400,000 cases
of 24 8 -ounce bottles each of soft drinks
produced in Cuba per year, of which
total the output of two important pro-
ducers (amounting to 1,500,000 cases and
750,000 cases, respectively) does not in-
volve the use of tartaric or citric acids.
There is, therefore, a production of the
equivalent of more than 4,000,000 cases
dependent on the use of tartaric and
citric acids in their manufacture.
Annual consumption of tartaric acid
is estimated at 109,000 pounds. Of this
annual demand the bottlers use approxi-
mately 44,000 pounds, confectionery
makers 18,700 pounds, manufacturers of
cakes, biscuits and other sweetmeats
40,700 pounds, and pharmaceutical
houses 5,600 pounds. From 1938 through
1940 a large part of the tartaric acid im-
ports of Cuba was furnished by Italy.
With this source cut off in 1941, Cuba
began to rely on the United States for
its supply. In 1942 some quantities were
imported from Argentina and Spain but
no import statistics are available to show
the amounts. It is reported that a small
quantity was received from Spain arriv-
ing late in the year. Inquiries in the trade
indicate that the tartaric acid received
from Argentina in 1942 was obtainable
only in granulated form, which is not
considered a suitable substitute for the
crystallized product.
Plastics. No plastics are produced in
Cuba, although there is some production
of casein capable of being transformed
into molding powder. The following
general comments may be of interest in
connection with the demand for some
of the principal types used :
Alkyd synthetic resins. According
to information from the five Cuban paint
factories (the only users of alkyd syn-
thetic resins ) , imports of these resins
during the period 1938-1941 averaged
10,440 pounds. These companies estimate
that due to a general increase in the
production of paint and an improvement
in the quality thereof, present consump-
tion is at the rate of about 30,000 pounds
per year. The largest paint factory on
the Island has imported phthalic an-
hydride for the manufacture of alkyd
synthetic resin.
Cellulose acetate resins. -Average an-
nual exports of cellulose acetate from
the United States to Cuba during the
period 1938-1943 were 10,164 pounds.
The recent establishment of the comb
factory has caused an increase in the
demand for cellulose acetate ; demand
by this one plant alone is in an amount
at least three times the aforementioned
average figure. There are certain other
demands for cellulose acetate in sheet
form , namely for use in table and floor
lamps, windows for cardboard boxes,
and similar products. All needs must be
met by importation.
Pentaerythritol resins. Pentaery-
thritol resins are not produced in Cuba.
Their only essential use is in the manu-
facture of matches, a relatively impor-
tant Cuban industry. Pentaerythritol
resins have been imported only since
1943 when 117,000 pounds were received.
The natural gums, chiefly damar, for-
merly used as a binder, are no longer
obtainable.
Phenol formaldehyde resins.—These
resins are not produced in Cuba. They
are used in the paint manufacturing in-
dustry and at the present time by one
manufacturer of buttons. Manufacture
of door handles, furniture trimmings
and accessories, and innumerable other
small plastic items ceased concurrently
with the reduction of United States ex-
ports of phenol-formaldehyde destined
for nonessential end uses.
According to figures supplied by the
five Cuban paint factories, the annual
imports of phenol- formaldehyde resins
destined for use in paints during the
years 1938-1941 inclusive averaged near-
ly 10,800 pounds. Imports of these resins
by the button factory averaged during
the years 1940-1943, inclusive , over 9,000
pounds per year. It is considered likely
that a new demand will arise for phenol-
formaldehyde molding powder in the
future by a company which, it is under-
stood, has been formed but has not yet
begun operations, in the manufacture of
closures for use in medicinal, chemical,
hair tonic and perfume containers and
toothpaste tubes.
5
In addition to the resins already men-
tioned, it is stated that the button fac-
tory consumes annually about 40,000
pounds of urea-formaldehyde molding
powder.
Trade Promotion
In the years prior to the war, Euro-
pean countries, chiefly Germany, France,
and the United Kingdom, supplied a
substantial proportion of the organic
chemical products consumed in Cuba.
This was especially true dyes, colors,
organic acids and anhydrides, alkaloids,
acetone, and alcohols. Since the begin-
ning of the war, however, American
manufacturers have entirely supplanted
European firms.
Cuba a Price Market
In many lines and items the Cuban
demand for organic chemicals can be
held normally by the United States due
to better and cheaper processes and vol-
ume production. In the postwar years,
however, European countries may make
shipments at lower prices. If prices and
quality are about the same the prefer-
ence generally will be for the United
States products. Price, however, is the
principal factor and final determinant.
Stocks are essential in the case of
items in demand from a large number
of consumers or where the variety of the
products consumed on the Island is large.
This is true of products such as dyes and
acids. It is generally difficult for the
small consumers to import direct and
carry stocks.
As a rule, when consumption of a
given product by individual users is
large, sales are made direct to such con-
suming industries. Where there is a
large number of users whose individual
consumption is relatively small the
American exporter will usually operate
most satisfactorily through importing
distributors. Exclusive representatives
or agents are useful where the manu-
facturer's lines are very numerous or
where the number of his clients in Cuba
is large. Under such circumstances it is
found desirable to have the services of an
agent who is able to call on the trade,
and who can work along with an import-
ing distributor who carries stocks of the
items in greatest current demand.
The Cuban market for organic chem-
icals would appear to be on the upgrade
and the outlook is favorable for further
expansion of the demand in the postwar
period. .
 Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign trade
problems :
Location of Offices Managers
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.. .C. Parker Persons

Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse. .Harold P. Smith

Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.. .John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. C. W. Martin

Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse ... George C. Payne

Cincinnati 2 , Ohio, Chamber of Commerce .. Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Commerce Bldg.. Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse .. Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus

Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal Bldg.. .Richard Stephenson

Houston 14, Tex ., 603 Federal Office Bldg.. Thos. U. Purcell

Jacksonville 1 , Fla. , 425 Federal Bldg. William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.. Harry M. Washington

Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse . Walter Measday
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg... Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Bldg.. Will F. Kissick

New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.. Harold C. Jackson

New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W. 42nd St .. .John F. Sinnott

Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.. William M. Park

Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New Federal Bldg.. Chas. A. Carpenter

Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313 , 520 S. W. Morrison St... Howard Waterbury

Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St... C. Roy Mundee
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.. Clyde Miller
San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307 Customhouse . .John J. Judge

Savannah, Ga . , 403 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Bldg... Joseph C. Stovall

Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal Office Bldg. Philip M. Crawford

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-645444

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makes easily available to businessmen over 2,200 com-
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 Domestic Commerce

written for

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Documents Room
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Volume 3- Part 2
Mexico
Consumer
Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon , Chief
A Nation that is rapidly becoming in-
dustrialized , Mexico offers a steadily ex-
panding market to United States plastics
molders and plastics materials manu-
facturers. Interest in Mexico continues
active for general information and tech-
nical assistance in regard to distribu-
tion, processing, and uses of plastics.
In an analyses of Mexico's plastics
market a distinction must be drawn be-
tween the present war market and
normal peacetime trade conditions. The
country is dependent to a large extent
on imports, and shipments have been
greatly curtailed during the war period .
This situation has had its effect not
only upon production but also upon
consumption and distribution of plastics
materials.
The growth of the plastics industry in
Mexico during the last 10 years has been
phenomenal, particularly in the field of
plastics molding, but the country is far
more important as a consumer and proc-
esser of plastics materials than as a pro-
ducer. Production has been limited
to a few specific thermosetting plastics
materials.
The United States plastics industry is
well represented in Mexico through the
establishment of direct agencies as Mex-
ican affiliates of several prominent
United States plastics materials manu-
facturers. In addition to direct repre-
sentations, many United States firms in-
cluding the principal manufacturers of
plastics raw materials, semifinished, and
Digested from a report by Herbert
N. Higgins, Senior Economic Analyst,
United States Embassy, Mexico City.
Reference
Part 2. CHEMICALS,
and PHARMACEUTICALS
Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
June 1945
as a Producer
of Plastics
finished plastics are represented through
nonexclusive distributors, jobbers, and
general importers.
Other foreign representation is of
necessity limited at this time, but minor
activity of a Swiss firm is reported by
the trade.
Distribution
Raw materials from the United States
for the production of plastics materials
are largely distributed to the consumer
through direct representatives, agents,
or importers of chemical products.
Plastics materials in powder, sheet,
rod or tube form are distributed to the
molding and finishing industry largely
through direct factory representatives
of United States producers. This method
of distribution has been most successful,
since the technical service of the sup-
plier has been directly available to the
Mexican molder through a trained
representative. Distribution of these
semifinished forms of plastics has been
undertaken to some extent also through
general importers and nonexclusive
representatives but apparently without
the success attendant upon the direct
factory representative method.
Finished plastics articles as novelties,
electrical equipment, table and kitchen-
ware, combs, and the myriad of molded
products which have been regularly im-
ported into Mexico are distributed
through exclusive and nonexclusive
representatives and by regular import-
ers who are usually specialists in the
distribution of the particular type of
commodity represented by a specific
plastic molding. Hardware importers
distribute plastics hardware and house-
D. 8004
Service
Number 22
and
hold articles ; electrical equipment im-
porters distribute such items as sockets,
plugs, insulating material, etc.; novelty
importers such items as jewelry and ash-
trays. To only a very limited extent do
consumers of any form of plastics order
directly from the supplier without the
intermediary of a middleman.
The average molder has his own sales
force for distribution directly to retail
outlets such as hardware stores, and
drug, novelty, and general establish-
ments. Molding of plastics is at this time
largely restricted to the production of
functional items such as combs, and the
sales forces of the molders have been
personally covering even remote and
outlying retail outlets. In several cases,
molders also distribute their products
through jobbers.
In general, locally produced plastics
or plastics materials are not consumed
within the producing establishments.
An exception to this procedure is found
in certain power plants, which mold
to a limited extent electrical equipment
for use within the plants.
The most important Mexican market
for plastics is in and around the large
cities, principally the Federal District
(which includes Mexico City) , Guada-
lajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Leon, San
Luis Potosi, and Merida, the capital of
the isolated peninsular State of Yuca-
tan.
Terms of Sale
The United States producer would do
well to study credit practices within the
Mexican plastics market which is ex-
panding along all lines. Cash business
is the exception rather than the rule in
2 MEXICO AS A PRODUCER AND CONSUMER OF PLASTICS
domestic trade, and the Mexican prefers
to arrange for lenient credit terms in
his international transactions. European
manufacturers have long catered to this
general tendency among Latin Ameri-
cans by offering credit terms of an
extremely liberal nature, whereas it
appears that many United States manu-
facturers require payment through irre-
vocable letters of credit or against docu-
ments. The demand by United States
manufacturers of what the Mexican con-
siders harsh credit terms has often made
the latter turn to European sources
which have offered credit terms as
liberal as 120 days. Credit terms of 60
and 90 days are commonplace.
A questionnaire regarding credit
losses in Mexico was sent out by a large
United States credit agency to a cross
section of the drug and chemical trade
in the United States. Forty-nine replies
covering 479 accounts sold in Mexico for
the year 1941 showed a credit loss of
0.03 percent as against a loss figure for
all of Latin America of 0.2 percent. It
thus appears that the Mexican con-
sumers of organic chemicals represent
good credit risks.
Trade Promotion
The Mexican market for all forms of
plastics materials has generally been
dominated by United States producers.
This situation has been true not only for
primary plastics raw materials, but also
for sheets, rods, tubes, and molding
powders as well as finished plastics
products. Germany made some inroads
into the molding powder market with
polystyrene resins, but that country
never became a serious threat to estab-
lished United States representation.
With the coming of war such European
competition as had already developed
was practically eliminated.
Recent investigation indicates that
producers of plastics raw materials, fin-
ished, and unfinished forms can expect
a phenomenal increase in the Mexican
market for their products. The plastics
industry of the Federal District includ-
ing Mexico City, of Monterrey in the
north, and, to a limited extent, of Guada-
lajara in the west has extensive postwar
plans for expansion of the production of
plastics materials and of the molding
and finishing of both thermoplastic and
thermosetting plastics products.
Mexico is a Nation with an extensive
handicraft industry in such fields as pot-
tery, wood, leather-working, and bas-
ketry. Each of these handiwork indus-
tries represents a market for limited
plastics application. A large part of this
handiwork industry depends upon for-
eign markets and tourist trade , and as the
very crudeness of material and work-
manship is in many cases the essence of
saleability no large plastics substitution
is possible. That portion of the handi-
craft industry which produces for do-
mestic consumption, however, repre-
sents a field for increased plastics appli-
cation, as the domestic consumer is not
attracted by the rustic nature of the
finished product.
Argentine casein is used in consider-
able quantities for cheap formaldehyde-
hardened buttons and novelties.
Opportunities for Greater Service
United States producers can render
increased services, thus improving their
own marketing possibilities : ( 1 ) By
guaranteeing the prime quality of their
products, whether raw material, unfin-
ished plastic, or finished product, ( 2 ) by
improving credit relations in accordance
with Mexican market custom, (3 ) by
supplying up-to -date information con-
cerning the characteristics and uses of
their products and, if necessary, per-
sonal technical assistance through serv-
ice men, and (4 ) by either warehousing
or providing some other means to cope
with delays in delivery caused by trans-
portation difficulties. Large stocks do
not appear to be so essential in the case
of representatives of American firms as
in the case of those of European organ-
izations, particularly when a return to
transportation normalcy makes delivery
from United States factory to Mexican
consumer comparatively a simple mat-
ter. Some stocks sufficient to provide for
possible emergencies are indispensable.
As the plastics industry in Mexico is
at present rather limited in scope, the
question of color, types and styles is only
of secondary importance, with the ex-
ception that bright colors are generally
preferred for all molding other than
electrical and telephone equipment. The
use of thermoplastic materials is far
more general than the use of thermo-
setting materials. Injection molding
greatly exceeds compression molding in
commercial significance . Although this
ratio has become somewhat exaggerated
due to war conditions, it appears that
in the future the use of thermoplastic
materials will continue to surpass that
of the thermosetting plastics materials.
Mexico's thermosetting plastics indus-
try has, for all practical purposes , come
to a standstill during the critical war
period, and this field may offer promis-
ing opportunities for United States con-
cerns during the immediate postwar
period . Such development would repre-
sent, in many cases, completely new
fields of endeavor, and the Mexican Gov-
ernment may provide inducement to
encourage these new enterprises.
Continued improvement of Mexico's
transportation systems will unquestion-
ably foster an even greater demand for
plastics as more and more cities, tradi-
tionally isolated, begin to feel the effects
of industrialization. The airplane has
already made accessible many remote
parts of the Republic heretofore reached
only by arduous train trips or primitive
methods of travel. Plastics mechanical
and industrial replacement parts, func-
tional moldings, and even novelties , par-
ticularly those of relatively small bulk,
are now flown daily to outlying parts of
the country .
Primary Raw Materials
Mexico is not commercially significant
as a producer of the primary raw mate-
rials consumed by the plastics industry.
Of such primary materials as cellulose,
acetic acid, nitric acid, phenol, formalde-
hyde, urea, ethylene, benzol, styrene,
camphor, pentaerythritols , glycerin,
glycols, anhydrides of phthalic or maleic
acid, and the many specific plasticizers,
only a few have ever been produced
commercially.
Mexico's paper industry produces
chemical cellulose from local forest re-
sources, but only for consumption in its
own plants and not in a form suitable
for plastics production.
Present annual acetic acid production
is approximately 20,000 kgs . (44,000
pounds ) of low- grade acid. A large new
plant is under construction, however,
in the Federal District, with a planned
annual production capacity of over 600,-
000 kgs. ( 1,320,000 pounds ) of acetic
acid. This acid is expected to be of stand-
ard purity and available in sufficient
quantities and at a price which will
permit use in plastics materials manu-
facture.
Various attempts have been made to
produce nitric acid, phenol, and ethylene
on a commercial scale. At present none
of these plants are in production. If suf-
ficient demand were created by plastics
materials manufacturers, it is believed
that adequate production of these raw
materials could be undertaken.
Both benzol (approximately 50,000
gallons monthly) and glycerol ( 155
metric tons monthly) are of standard
purity and in sufficient quantity to be
readily available for plastics materials
manufacture. Imported almost entirely
from the United States, are other pri-
mary raw materials including the vari-
ous specialized solvents and plasticizers.
Manufacturing
Synthetic Resin Coatings
The 35 members of the Mexican Paint
Manufacturers' Association include over
25 producers of modern types of syn-
thetic resin coatings. These protective
coatings have been largely of the alkyd
or cellulose nitrate type, although a
limited production of phenolic and ester
gum coatings has been reported. The
combined yearly production of these
firms amounts to over 10 million pesos
(2,000,000 dollars ) and they employ in
the neighborhood of 1,500 persons.
Unfinished Forms
Mexico does not produce at the pres-
ent time resins for synthetic coatings
and adhesives, molding powders, nor
sheets, rods, and tubes of either ther-
mosetting or thermoplastic materials.
Opportunity for the development and
expansion of existing Mexican facilities
in the immediate postwar period is espe-
cially promising in this field . Prior to
war restrictions on raw material supply ,
there was a limited production of alkyd
(3,000 pounds monthly) and phenolic
(1,000 pounds monthly ) resins, suitable
for synthetic coating applications. In
addition, several Mexico City firms pro-
duced about 11,000 pounds per month
of phenol- formaldehyde resins suitable

for molding operations. This output has
been discontinued owing to the scarcity
of phenol and formaldehyde.
Finished Forms
The principal investment, develop-
ment, and progress in the Mexican plas-
tics industry has been more specifically
in the field of thermoplastic molding.
Plastics materials molding plants are
located chiefly in the Federal District
including Mexico City, with 2 injection
molders and 2 compression molders ; in
Monterrey, with 4 injection molders and
no compression molders ; and in Guada-
lajara, with 2 compression molders.
These 10 main plastics molding con-
cerns annually produce molded products
valued at more than 25,000,000 pesos
(5,000,000 dollars) .
More than 70 percent of the injection
molded products are in the form of
combs, approximately 15 percent in the
form of goggles (including sunglasses)
and toothbrushes, 10 percent in the form
of buttons, and only 5 percent in the
form of razor handles, razor boxes, bottle
caps, church goods, and the many and
varied products which are suited to in-
jection molding. Very favorable post-
war opportunities should develop in the
expansion of the Mexican injection
molding industry for the production of
the many varied injection molded arti-
cles now so common in the United States,
including novelties, household appli-
ances , kitchenware, and even industrial
and electrical equipment and replace-
ment parts.
About 90 percent of the output of the
compression molding industry has been
a limited line of electrical equipment in-
cluding electrical sockets, outlets , plugs,
and a few industrial parts . As is the case
of the thermoplastic molders, the mold-
ers of thermosetting plastics look for-
ward to a manifold expansion in the
quantity and types of moldings which
will be demanded by the immediate
postwar market. Production of other
forms of finished plastics is very limited.
Some machining of sheets, rods, and
tubes has been attempted ; but with the
increasing difficulty in obtaining these
forms of plastics from the United States,
such experimentation has ceased for the
time being. Experiments were under-
taken to process plastic laminates in
Mexico but without success, largely the
result of a lack of technical information
and a shortage of special synthetic resins
and types of paper .
Consumption
The principal primary raw materials
consumed by Mexico's synthetic resin
coating industry include phthalic an-
hydride, maleic anhydride, phenol, for-
maldehyde, dibutyl phthalate , and such
solvents as amyl and butyl acetate. Con-
sumption has been seriously curtailed
as a result of the continued scarcity of
these chemicals in the United States.
Indications are, however, that present
normal quarterly capacity consumption
approximates 8,000 pounds of phthalic
anhydride, 4,000 pounds of maleic an-
INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE 3
hydride, 2,000 pounds phenol, 2,500 There has been no production of theṛ-
pounds formaldehyde, 5,000 pounds di- moplastic plastics materials in Mexico,
butyl phthalate, and 60,000 pounds of the and a survey shows that no such produc-
solvents amyl and butyl acetate . A large tion is anticipated under conditions of
postwar expansion program is at present competition from the United States.
under consideration by the members of It has also been recently ascertained
the Mexican Paint Manufacturers' Asso- that pentaerythritol resin is particularly
ciation, and estimates indicate that per- suited to the needs of the candle indus-
haps a fourfold increase in the consump- try, which is an important one in Mexico,
tion of these synthetic resin primary raw due to the lack of electrification in many
materials is anticipated when conditions rural areas of the country. This synthetic
permit full development of the program. resin can be employed to raise the melt-
At present the thermosetting industry ing point of the paraffin and wax used for
is not active. It is reported that prior to candle making. Yearly requirements
the war over 30,000 pounds of phenol have been estimated at 20,000 kilograms.
and formaldehyde were imported from Not yet has such resin been employed
the United States for resin manufacture. in other than an experimental manner,
No use was made at that time of either because of the difficulty of procuring it
urea or melamine resins. Interest is under wartime restrictions; but its use
high, however, in the postwar possibili- should be included in any postwar esti-
ties of thermosetting resin production. mate of consumption.
Recent investigation indicates an imme-
Unfinished forms of plastics materials
diate postwar market of over 100,000
as sheets, rods, and tubes, are not con-
pounds, annually for these primary raw
materials. sumed in commercially significant quan-
Normal annual consumption of all tities at this time. It is believed that
plastics materials in Mexico is over vinylidene chloride (Saran ) and all
2,000,000 pounds. In 1942 , consumption similar types of plastic tubing may be
was estimated as follows: consumed in large quantities in the im-
mediate postwar period for industrial
Industry Consumption
(Kilograms) application and as gas conductors for
Paint industry: home cooking and heating installations.
1. Alkyd resins ( phthalic anhydride . 75,000
maleic anhydride .. 40,000 In addition, there is developing a con-
2. Phenolic resins . 45,000 siderable market for elastomer-like
3. Ester gum . 40,000
4. Cellulose nitrate . 20,000 coatings as an insulation for electrical
5. Pentaerythritol resins . 35,000
Plastics industry: wire. One large wire manufacturing
1. Thermo - phenol-formaldehyde . concern located in the Federal District
de .. de
ldehyldehy 125,000
setting urea
melamforma
ine- forma .. has already indicated a need for over
cellulose acetate.. 120 tons quarterly.
ethyl cellulose .
polystyrene.
2. Thermoplastic- polyvinyl chloride . 175,000 Plans for Expansion
celluloid.. Plans for the expansion of Mexico's
methyl methacrylate
3. Casein . 400,000 plastics materials molding industry are
Leather industry: ambitious, and the growth of this branch
Cellulose nitrate . 5,000
Match industry: of the plastics industry promises to be
Pentaerythritol resins . 130,000
Miscellaneous: phenomenal. Approximately 41 injec-
Lithographic inks-alkyd resins. tion and compression presses in the Re-
Gluing plywood-urea formaldehyde ... 500
Gluing lamp bases-phenol formaldehyde { public produce at capacity when suffi-
Total ...... cient plastics materials are available.
1,090,500
One Mexico City plant alone is planning
The plastics molders and synthetic the installation of over 35 modern injec-
resin coating manufacturers are of pri- tion presses. Two firms in Monterrey
mary importance to Mexico's national are at present building in their own ma-
economy. War restrictions have in-
chine shops over 20 new injection- type
fluenced normal consumption severely. machines.
As far as the plastics molding industry
is concerned, no distinction between the An idea of immediate postwar expan-
sion plans can be ascertained from the
individual resin types is absolutely
necessary, since many of the thermo- trade estimate of plastics materials con-
setting and thermoplastic resins are sumption by the plastics industry itself
readily interchangeable in modern and of nearly 2,500,000 kgs. approximately
efficient compression and injection 5,500,000 pounds annually, an increase
molding presses. of a little more than 150 percent over
United States Exports of Plastics Materials to Mexico
Cellulose acetate
Synthetic gums Pyroxylin (sheets,
and resins rods and tubes) (Sheets, rods, tubes, etc.)
Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars
Average during prewar years
(1936-39) 217,113 39,477 2,810 2,069 1,731 843
1940 . 432,369 110,292 2,668 2,006 26,408 14,019
1941 . 315,458 68,197 8,096 8,137 337,984 133,058
1942 . 465,601 106,171 16,809 18,204 402,264 184,129
1943 . 560,794 157,839 27,791 27,199 208,434 86,439
Average during war years
(1940-43) . 443,556 110,625 13,841 13,886 243,772 104,411
Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
 0
4 MEXICO AS A PRODUCER AND CONSUMER OF PLASTICS
present consumption capacity. Certainly
an expanding market of such proportions
should offer greatly increased sales op-
portunities to United States plastics
materials manufacturers.
With the exception of occasional plas-
tic specialties imported from the United
States and reexported from Mexico,
there is no commercially significant ex-
portation of plastics products. Market
research undertaken by Mexico's lead-
ing plastics molders has indicated a
potentially profitable market for inex-
pensive functional moldings in the
neighboring Central American repub-
lics, and a brisk trade with these markets
is expected to develop in the future.
Processing Machinery
and Products
The plastics molding and finishing in-
dustry in Mexico represents an invest-
ment of over 50 million pesos, approxi-
mately 10 million dollars, the principal
firms operating 29 injection and 12 com-
pression presses. Activities are largely
limited at this time to the more populous
parts of the Republic, but expansion
plans include future operations in many
of the smaller cities.
Mexico, as a consumer of both thermo-
setting and thermoplastic materials, is
a potential market for both compression
and injection molding machines, with a
greater demand for injection molding
types.
There are only two known plastics
extrusion presses in Mexico both being
used exclusively for the extrusion of
formaldehyde-hardened casein prod-
ucts. No extrusion of synthetic thermo-
plastic materials has so far been at-
tempted.
In addition to , or as a part of, existing
plastics molding plants there exists a
branch of plastics finishing which is not
strictly limited to molding operations.
Such finishing may include milling,
turning, beading, stamping, and cutting.
The larger Mexican molding establish-
ments, one in Monterrey and two in
Mexico City, are not only fully equipped
to handle complete plastics machining
and finishing operations but are in a
position to produce the necessary ma-
chinery (lathes, cutters, stampers, bead-
ers, etc. ) in their own well -equipped
machine shops.
Since the finished plastic product in
many cases determines the type of
equipment to be used, a brief review of
the principal types of such products pro-
duced in Mexico is included here to
assist equipment manufacturers in de-
termining the types of machinery best
suited to the present Mexican plastics
market. Combs of all kinds, large and
small, molded by injection presses of
thermoplastic materials in a variety of
colors, are Mexico's principal plastics
molded product. Second in commercial
importance is electrical equipment, in-
cluding outlet plugs, switches and sock-
ets, most often molded of thermosetting
plastics materials by compression mold-
ing presses, either hydraulic or manual.
Far behind these two principal mold-
ing operations and in descending order
of importance are buttons, industrial
goggles and sunglasses frames, tooth-
brushes, hardware (furniture handles,
knobs, and trim ) , novelties, and church
goods (rosaries, statuettes, and candle-
holders ) . Probable new applications run
the whole gamut of both injection and
compression molding possibilities. The
Mexican plastics molding and finishing
industry is fully conscious of the vast
expansion possibilities in the field of new
moldings and intends to take advantage
of every new development offered along
these lines by foreign suppliers in the
immediate postwar period .
Plastics molding machinery of both
compression and injection type presses
has been largely imported from the
United States. With the exception of five
German Isoma 1 -ounce injection presses
located in Mexico City and one Eckert
& Ziegler press located in Monterrey, all
such equipment has been either im-
ported from the United States or manu-
factured locally. Locally produced in-
jection molding presses have in general
been patterned along the lines of similar
United States machines-so closely, in
many cases, that genuine repair and re-
placement parts for such equipment
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
JUL 1 11945
have been imported from the United
States.
Compression molding machine manu-
facture has been more widely attempted
by independent machine shops. Origi-
nality and inventiveness have been more
in evidence in the production of these
compression presses, although in general
United States or German design has
been followed. There has been no export
trade in plastics processing machinery
of any kind from Mexico .
At present the principal markets for
plastics processing machinery, including
injection, compression and extrusion
presses as well as the various types of
finishing machines, are located in the
Federal District including Mexico City,
in Monterrey in the north, and to a
limited extent in Guadalajara in the
west. It is not believed that this concen-
tration of the plastics industry within
Mexico's three principal cities will con-
tinue after the war, since without
exception Mexico's other large cities
and population centers will become
fruitful markets for plastics processing
machinery .
About 50 percent of the molding dies
are manufactured in Mexico and 50 per-
cent imported from the United States.
War conditions have severely curtailed
the supply of molds available from the
United States, and Mexican molding
companies have called upon either in-
dependent machine shops or their own
shop facilities to reproduce worn dies
and to design and finish new molds. It
is believed that with a return to nor-
malcy a large part of this market will
again turn to the United States as the
chief source of supply for dies and molds,
as molds produced in Mexico in general
are not considered by the trade to be of
the same high quality as those imported
from the United States.
The future market is promising for
United States-produced plastics proc-
essing machinery, molds, mold- making
equipment, and repair parts. A manifold
expansion of many years' extension in
the production , consumption, and distri-
bution of all forms of plastics is antici-
pated for the rapidly industrializing
Republic of Mexico.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-645443
Documents Room
Industrial
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
CO
T
MEN
MM
ER
ART
OF CE
DEP
IC
R
UNI
OF AME
ST D
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A
STATE
S
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or any of the Department's Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Potash
Description
Potash fertilizer materials consist of
the mineral salts, potassium chloride
or muriate (KCl ) , potassium sulfate
( K2SO4 ) , crude potassium nitrate
(KNO3 ) , sulfate of potash and mag-
nesia, kainite (low grade salt of vari-
able composition) , potassium - sodium
nitrate mixture (KNO3.NaNO3 ) and
manure salts (run-of-mine salts which
may be upgraded to some extent and
generally contain 20-30 percent K₂O
equivalent as the chloride ) . In addition
to these mineral salts, potash of organic
origin, such as ashes of wood and beet
roots which contain potassium carbon-
ate (K2CO3 ) , cottonseed hull ashes,
beet sugar refinery wastes and molasses
distillery wastes are used to some ex-
tent as potash fertilizers. Other com-
pounds of potassium, produced for the
most part from potassium chloride , are
not fertilizer materials. The term "pot-
ash" which referred originally to po-
tassium carbonate is now used in the
trade to designate potassium oxide
(K2O) , and also commonly "potassium"
in such expressions as "potash salts."
The K2O equivalent is employed as the
standard basis of commercial compar-
ison for all potash fertilizers.
Uses
About 90 percent of all potash salts
produced are used as fertilizers. In the
United States, they are used to the
greatest extent in commercial mixed
fertilizers, in conjunction with com-
pounds of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Potassium is essential in the metabolism
of carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and
cellulose ) in the plant. It offsets to
some extent the injurious effects of
excessive nitrogen, reduces susceptibil-
ity of crops to a number of diseases,
Reference
Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
June 1945
Fertilizer
( A Synopsis of Information )
By C. Kenneth Horner, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
enhances the quality of fiber plants,
strengthens stalks, increases the size of
kernels, and improves the keeping
quality of some fruits and vegetables.
Potash fertilizers are particularly val-
uable for the raising of crops on light,
sandy, and muck soils.
The sulfate is preferred for tobacco
and on soils high in chlorides, but the
muriate is used to the greatest extent
because of its lower price per unit of
K2O.
The consumption of primary potash
salts for chemical purposes although
relatively small is very important for
the preparation of other potassium com-
pounds which are used in numerous
processes, such as the manufacture of
soap, glass, dyes, aviation gasoline,
matches, fireworks, tanning materials,
baking powders, ceramics, insecticides
and pharmaceuticals, and in metallurgy
and photography. Industrial-grade po-
tassium nitrate used in explosives may
be produced from potassium chloride
or by refining imported crude potassium
nitrate.
Grades, Standards and
Specifications
The potash fertilizer materials are
produced in powdered and granular
forms and sold in various grades de-
pending upon their degree of refine-
ment or K2O equivalent. The more com-
mon grades include :
Potassium muriate-60-63 percent K,O
(95-99.7 percent KC1)
Potassium muriate-50-52 percent K.O
(79-83 percent KC1)
Potassium sulfate-48-52 percent K,O
(90-96 percent K₂SO₁)
Manure salts -20-30 percent K2O
Sulfate of potash-magnesia-22-26 percent K₂O
In addition to the above fertilizer
grades, technical and C. P. grades of
Service
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
{
1945
Number 23
Materials
potassium chloride and potassium sul-
fate also are marketed.
Packing and Shipping Regulations
The greater proportion of potash pro-
duced is shipped directly from the mine
refinery to the fertilizer manufacturer.
The material is shipped largely in bulk
and to some extent in barrels (325 and
400 pounds ) and bags ( 200 pounds) .
With the exception of potassium nitrate,
the potash fertilizer materials are non-
hazardous and require no special ship-
ping regulations. The Interstate Com-
merce Commission classifies potassium
nitrate as an oxidizing material and it
requires a yellow label in transit unless
packed in moisture -proof, tight con-
tainers of not over 125 pounds net
weight.
Method of Production
In New Mexico, water- soluble potash
minerals are mined at depths of 800 to
1,000 feet. The minerals are rich in syl-
vinite (potassium chloride accompanied
by rock salt ) from which high-purity
potassium chloride is produced by solu-
tion and fractional crystallization or
flotation concentration. Smaller deposits
of langbeinite (K2SO4.2MgSO4 ) are also
present. This mineral is either marketed
as the double salt after rough purifica-
tion to remove the accompanying so-
dium chloride or is refined to give high
grade potassium sulfate with magne-
sium chloride as byproduct. Various
grades of run-of-mine or manure salts
are also produced . Other sources of
potash in the United States include the
potassium-bearing brines of Searles
Lake in California and the Great Salt
Lake Desert in Utah. Minor quantities
also have been obtained in recent years
from alunite and byproduct materials
D 0420
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

such as molasses-distillery wastes, cot- Estimated World Production of When World War I cut off the chief
ton-boll ashes, and cement kiln flue Marketable Potash Salts, 1938 source of potash (Germany) , numerous
dusts. Thousands of Percent of projects were undertaken in the United
Country metric tons K₂O total States to exploit all possible domestic
Output resources, including water- soluble and

869661
Germany. 1,860 60
France (Alsace) 582 insoluble minerals, brines, potassium-
Mineral potash deposits were dis- United States . 288
U.S. S. R.. 275 containing bitterns of salt and soda
covered first in Germany in 1843 and Poland. 72 works, byproduct dusts of cement mills
production began in 1861. Until the Palestine . 24
Spain . (1) and blast furnaces, seaweeds, molasses
outbreak of World War I, Germany Other countries 2 5 and sugar refinery wastes, wool wash-
had a virtual monopoly on production Total.. 3,106 100 ings and wood ashes. A war peak of
and world trade in potash. After the 54,803 tons of K2O produced in 128
end of the war, various other countries 1 Civil War interrupted potash production in Spain plants was attained in 1918. After the
in 1938; estimated at 121,000 tons in 1935.
were producing potash but Germany 2 Australia, Chile, China, Chosen, Eritrea, India, war, imports from Germany were re-
and Italy. sumed and domestic output fell to 10,-
remained the leader. Source: Bureau ofForeign and Domestic Commerce
171 tons K20 in 1921.
Potassium Salts Produced, Sold, and in Producers' Stocks in the United States, A company at Trona, California,
1931-43 which extracts potash from the brine
of Searles Lake, is the sole survivor of
Production Sales Producers' stocks the many plants which attempted to
Equiva- Equiva- Equiva- produce potash from saline or mineral
Potassium lent as Potassium lent as Value Potas- lent as deposits during 1915-19. This company
Year Oper- salts potash Oper- salts potash f. o. b. Oper- sium salts potash
ators (short (K2O) ators (short (K2O) ators (short (K2O) also produces borax, soda ash, salt cake,
tons) (short tons) (short plant tons) (short
tons) tons) tons) sodium-lithium phosphate, and bromide
from Searles Lake brine.

33446OLO LOCO LO7777

65480

1931 . 133,920 63,880 133,430 63,770 $3,086,955 20,000 10,550

1932 . 143,120 61,990 5 121,390 55,620 2,102,590 41,000 28,000 Extensive potash salt deposits near
1933 . .4 333,110 143,378 325,481 139,067 5,296,793 46,943 20,891
1934. 275,732 144,342 224,875 114,122 2,813,218 95,844 50,066 Carlsbad, New Mexico, were first mined
1935 . 10 357,974 192,793 10 406,922 224,721 4,993,481 47,710 18,060 in 1931. These deposits and those at
1936 . 431,470 247,340 396,690 222,810 6,969,190 73,139 34,000
1937. 7 486,090 284,497 466,933 266,938 9,019,534 105,900 55,620 Searles Lake, California, have furnished
1938 . 9 534,945 316,951 498,189 286,437 9,748,290 158,540 87,440 approximately 98 percent of the potash
1939 . 6 546,757 312,201 634,014 366,287 12,028,195 54,233 29,440 produced in the United States since
1940 . 7 658,249 379,679 7 677,892 393,058 12,562,050 35,060 16,370
1941. 7 986,458 524,875 7 994,843 531,346 17,368,237 26,374 9,712 1939, two-thirds of which came from
1942 . 1,267,455 679,206 1,277,317 680,831 22,962,518 14,158 6,041
1943 ¹. 7 1,428,840 739,141 7 1,401,271 732,151 26,183,073 43,591 13,984 the Carlsbad deposit. The known potash
reserves in New Mexico are estimated
¹ Location of producers, 1943: Calif. 1 ; Md. 2; New Mexico, 3; Utah, 1. at 75,000,000 tons of K2O or ample for
150 years at an average annual con-
sumption of 500,000 tons.
Potassium Salts Produced in the United States, 1941-43, by Grades
[Short tons] United States Foreign Trade
Grade 1941 1942 1943 Foreign Language Equivalents-
English: Potassium salts-Potassium chloride-
Muriate of potash, 60 percent K₂O minimum . 663,608 878,997 934,961 Potassium sulfate.
Muriate of potash, 50 percent K2O minimum 85,398 85,680 99,137 French: Sels de potasse-Chlorure de potasse-
Manure salts, run-of-mine . 154,979 183,404 242,189 Sulfate de potasse.
Sulfate of potash and sulfate of potash magnesia. 82,473 119,374 152,553
Spanish: Sales de potasio-Cloruro de potasio-
Total .... 986,458 1,267,455 1,428,840 Sulfato de potaso.
Italian: Sali di potassio-Cloruro di potassio-
Source: Bureau of Mines. Solfato di potassio.
Portuguese: Sais de potassio- Cloreto de potassio-
Sulfato di potassio.
United States Imports of Potash Fertilizer Materials, 1933-43 German: Kaliumsalze-Kaliumchlorid-Kalium-
sulfat.
Potassium
Chloride Kainite Sulfate of nitrate, crude Other potash Approxi- Imports
of potash, and materials
potash and and potas- chiefly mate K20
Year crude manure potash- sium sodium ashes Total equivalent
salts nitrate of wood and of total 1 Imports furnished 50 percent or more
(muriate) magnesia beet-root
mixtures of the United States consumption of
potash fertilizer materials during most
Short tons years between the end of World War I
1933 . 118,203 240,924 66,444 28,664 503 454,738 163,000 and outbreak of World War II in 1939.
1934. 142,200 216,363 69,200 35,408 394 463,565 169,000
1935 262,370 178,451 96,695 45,257 272 583,045 234,000 These materials consisted of the crude
1936 . 235,959 98,345 73,186 65,941 278 473,709 205,000 muriate or chloride, sulfate, sulfate of
1937 417,682 174,934 116,069 78,543 255 787,483 344,000
1938 . 223,542 69,382 73,013 59,141 184 425,262 187,000 potassium-magnesium, kainite, manure
1939 . 94,417 22,970 55,073 64,627 149 237,236 94,000 salts, crude potassium nitrate, potas-
1940 . 152,494 36,617 28,913 56,324 125 274,473 115,000
1941 14,671 34,541 125 49,337 13,000 sium-sodium nitrate mixtures, and mis-
1942 . 1,564 14,272 59 15,895 3,000 cellaneous potash fertilizer materials
1943 25,212 19,767 30 45,009 17,000
consisting chiefly of wood ashes. With
Value the exception of the potassium sodium
1933 . $3,791,789 $2,297,749 $2,261,890 $880,493 $6,158 $9,238,079 nitrate mixtures imported from Chile
1934. 3,671,857 2,144,881 1,949,997 1,071,498 2,551 8,840,784 and the miscellaneous materials from
1935 4,743,913 1,644,210 2,529,907 1,244,150 1,849 10,164,029
1936 5,193,634 1,003,595 2,089,581 1,701,234 2,206 9,990,250 Canada, the imports originated largely
1937 9,725,200 1,730,940 3,304,906 2,071,150 1,952 16,834,148 in Germany and France.
1938 . 5,371,600 638,470 2,192,510 1,652,248 1,373 9,856,201
1939. 2,313,574 177,372 1,623,889 1,636,189 1,201 5,752,225 Although the import statistics in the
1940 . 2,835,765 235,858 652,111 1,423,609 1,509 5,148,852
1941 . 296,367 725,846 1,714 1,023,927 tables on page 3 refer to materials clas-
1942 . 40,195 377,703 884 418,782 sified as fertilizers, it is probable that
1943 . 705,602 580,760 660 1,287,022
they may include some that were used
1 The average K2O equivalent of the various materials were estimated as follows: chloride-56.4 percent, for chemical purposes, particularly in
kainite 14 percent and 20 percent, manure salts-31.4 percent, sulfate-50 percent, sulfate of potash-magnesia- the case of potassium nitrate and to some
27 percent, crude potassium nitrate-40 percent, potassium-sodium nitrate-14 percent and other-10 percent.
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation, 1933-41 ; Bureau of the Census, 1942-43. extent for the chloride and sulfate.
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC POTASH ) 3

United States Imports of Potash Fertilizer Materials, 1939-41 , by Country of Origin potash fertilizers materials averaged
1939 1940 1941 approximately 101,000 short tons an-
nually. The exports were not separately
Approxi- Approxi- Approxi- classified according to type of material
Short mate mate mate
Country K₂O Value Short K₂O Value Short K₂O Value until July 1, 1941 , although it is known
tons equiva- tons tons
lent equiva- equiva-
lent that potassium chloride has predomi-
nated. The K2O equivalent of the ex-
Belgium . 9,995 5,296 $260,411 487 243 $10,705
France . 56,506 26,342 1,171,594 185,505 89,815 3,109,441 ports has ranged between 45 and 60
Germany 85,034 38,735 2,218,196 5,355 1,656 119,489 percent.
Netherlands . 18,724 9,698 491,629 319 156 8,012
Sweden . 1 1 80 Before the war, Japan was a good
Canada . 1,313 433 37,611 138 19 1,997 141 12 $2,405 customer for United States potash. Can-
Palestine . 10,498 5,921 337,470 1,000 57 28,058
Chile 55,164 7,723 1,235,078 55,016 7,702 1,366,131 34,541 4,835 725,846 ada and United Kingdom were also
China . 1 156 neg. 34 leading outlets for exports. Other Euro-
Hungary 166 83 8,092
Spain.. 27,487 15,503 524,985 13,655 7,783 267,584 pean countries, such as Belgium, Swe-
Total.... 237,236 5,752,225 274,473 115,177 den, Norway, and the Netherlands like-
94,149 5,148,852 49,337 12,687 1,023,927 wise took our potash despite their prox-
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation. imity to the leading sources of supply
on the continent. Increased shipments
Exports export trade was developed although to Canada and allied and neutral coun-
With the growth of the domestic pot- the country was still largely dependent tries have compensated for the loss of
ash industry during the thirties, a fair on imports. During 1936-43, exports of many of these markets during the war.

United States Exports of Potassic Fertilizer Materials, 1938-43, by Country of Destination

1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1 1943
Country
Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value
Argentina . 28 848 140 8,210 172 10,292 268 12,974 1 406
Australia 1,203 45,020 28 7,532
Barbados. 239 8,723 3,870 149,760 775 29,241 3,971 151,695 1,331 59,793
Belgian Congo . 11 578
Belgium . 13,101 331,292 9,257 300,320
Brazil 1 50 3 160 1,812 81,694 2,692 115,038 225 12,069 695 31,293
British India . 99 3,440 150 10,410
Canada.. 21,368 567,859 24,874 695,425 39,097 1,188,868 48,722 1,203,628 76,163 1,838,819 74,698 1,907,758
Canary Islands . 560 7,500
Colombia. 319 12,341 544 38,066 936 37,268
Costa Rica . 21 1,079 6 158 24
Cuba.. 1,100 32,007 3,348 102,549 4,387 142,368 4,047 125,309 5,312 158,486 4,397 147,609
French West Indies 571 23,316
Haiti . 56 1,745 (2) 33 10 549 3 138 7 278 10 473
Honduras. 2 67 207 5,333 35 1,217 45 2,036
Hong Kong 101 4,507
Iceland . 1 80 1 99
Japan . 35,045 1,221,827 59,098 2,136,908 27,655 933,315 25,075 673,028
Jamaica . 1 36 290 10,210
Kwantung 63 5,895
Liberia . 10
Mexico 20 805 183 8,663 200 15,760 73 2,998 177 3,957 1,302 15,043
Mozambique . 3 116 56 2,596 22 1,004 11 929 45 2,592
Netherlands . 1,856 66,360 4,386 156,827
Netherlands Indies. 711 23,817 821 31,176 29
New Zealand . 1,454 55,880 1,458 75,749 1
Northern Rhodesia . 2 658
Norway. 4,740 153,050 4,389 143,361
Other British W. Indies . 168 6,085 158 5,999 263 10,156 223 8,113
Panama . 100 3,720
Peru . 3 966 10 735 (2) 13 43
Philippine Islands . 657 21,428 678 21,177 656 22,226 1,805 64,395 157 42,112
Russia.
Sweden 4,035 136,350 8,501 352,762
Trinidad and Tobago. 109 4,176 498 17,007
Union of South Africa 248 9,693 242 9,052 2,529 96,121 790 39,946 23 1,686
United Kingdom . 822 30,207 17,211 345,314 10,988 439,164 594 23,961
Uruguay 3 227 2 570
Venezuela . 112 4,497 223 8,358 273 13,854 10 669 (2) 21 103 5,581
Other countries ³ 3 111 38 1,372 9 494 24 684 7 559 29,399 1,022,948
Total. 84,136 2,599,772 136,751 4,446,853 93,060 3,141,170 91,950 2,592,697 84,402 2,184,044 111,541 3,168,446
1 Figures by country available only for Latin American countries and Canada. Totals include all countries.
Less than 0.5 ton.
> Countries to which annual exports were less than $500 in value in any year from 1938-1942.
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation, 1938-41 ; Bureau of the Census, 1942-43.

United States Exports of Potassic Fertilizer Materials, 1942-43, by Type had depreciated greatly as fertilizer
consumption expanded and imports
1942 1943 practically ceased.
Туре Value
Short tons Short tons Value The American Potash Institute , organ-
Potassium chloride . 36,456 $1,189,979 81,613 $2,534,623 ized in 1935 and financed by the indus-
Potassium sulfate . 7,633 349,468 9,812 401,455 try, has actively encouraged the greater
Potassic fertilizer materials containing 27 percent or
more K,O. 17,337 344,683 737 12,016 use of potash fertilizers. The Institute
Other potassic fetilizer materials. 22,976 299,914 19,379 220,352 has cooperated with State and Federal
Total. 84,402 2,184,044 111,541 3,168,446 governmental agencies in promoting
Source: Bureau of the Census. scientific research, compiling data on
consumption, and educating farmers in
Consumption stocks fluctuate from year to year ; dur- the recommended use of potash.
Domestic consumption of potash ap- ing 1936-38 , they were on the ascend- The tables on page 4 depict relative
proximates production plus imports ency and at the close of 1938 had at- distribution of potash consumption or
minus exports, with due allowance for tained 158,540 tons, equal to 30 percent deliveries by regions , type, use, and
change in the stock position. Producers' of the output in that year. By 1942, they crops.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Deliveries of Agricultural Potash Salts of American Origin, 1939-44,¹ by Region and Gulf ports," was retained as the
[Short tons K₂O] exclusive price basis by the domestic
producers as well until 1940. Since that
Point of delivery 1939-40 1940-41 1941-42 1942-43 1943-44 date, quotations have also been made
Institute Territories: ' on the alternate basis, “f. o. b. mines
South. 162,498 193,832 263,166 321,922 321,730 and refineries." In the case of manure
Northeast . 69,848 84,858 107,554 114,596 128,835
Midwest 57,258 78,339 94,716 118,521 130,213 salts, the port price quotation was dis-
West . 6,098 7,036 12,232 11,686 12,568 continued in 1942.
Total United States . 295,702 364,065 477,668 566,725 593,346 The drop in potash prices during 1934
Canada , 14,597 23,073 27,508 36,678 39,698 and 1935 was the result of a price war
Cuba . 2,170 2,597 3,707 3,019 1,595
Puerto Rico . 11,275 14,985 12,009 5,685 16,030 when Spain was attempting to combat
Hawaii. 8,898 8,217 11,180 11,078 4,200 the German-French Cartel in the for-
Total institute territories .. 332,642 412,937 532,072 623,185 654,869 eign markets. With agreements reached
and the Spanish producers admitted to
1 Years ended May 31.
the syndicate, prices were again raised
' Potash Institute Territories: South-Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia. Northeast-Connecticut, but remained below the previous level.
Delaware, Maine, Maryland, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, Vermont. Midwest-Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- In order to promote a more uniform
souri, North Dakota, Ohio, Wisconsin. West-California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, monthly delivery throughout the year
Utah, Washington. instead of concentrating in the peak
Source: American Potash Institute.
fertilizer producing season, the pro-
ducers and importers of potash have
Deliveries of Potash Salts of American Origin in the United States, 1939-44,1 by Type had a policy of granting seasonal dis-
[Short tons K₂O] counts. These discounts vary up to a
maximum of 12 percent from the list
Туре 1939-40 1940-41 1941-42 1942-43 1943-44 price, depending on time of year the
Agricultural: material is bought and schedule of de-
Muriate, 60 percent . 228,566 279,203 365,376 443,059 434,013 liveries. The prices given in the above
Muriate, 50 percent . 54,481 53,197 34,266 40,880 51,444
Manure salts, 25 and 30 percent . 4,710 7,161 40,103 42,142 60,065 table are annual averages including the
Sulfates .. 7,944 24,504 37,923 40,644 47,824 seasonal discounts. Since most of the
Total Agricultural. 295,701 364,065 477,668 566,725 593,346 potash is contracted for during the dis-
Total for Chemical Use ". 29,119 38,679 65,017 67,296 87,071 count months, the greater proportion is
Grand Total .. 324,920 402,744 542,685 634,021 680,417 sold at less than the indicated average
price. The maximum list price of muri-
1 Years ended May 31. ate during the past few years has been
' Includes small amounts delivered to Canada for chemical use.
Source: American Potash Institute. quoted at 53.5 cents per unit with a
net, after maximum discount, of 47
cents.
Primary Potash Salts Consumed by the chiefly in the southeastern and eastern
Fertilizer Industry in the Manufacture Maximum wholesale prices of potash
parts of the country while 98 percent
of Fertilizer of the domestic source of supply is in fertilizer materials, formerly covered
New Mexico and California has a pro- by MPR 404, have been regulated since
Short tons actual weight July 5, 1944 by RMPR 205 which cov-
Kind nounced influence on methods of mar-
1935 1937 1939 ers fertilizer raw materials. Price ceil-
keting and pricing.
Muriate of potash, ba- ings established are as follows:
sis 50 percent K.O.. 328,881 524,606 496,703 Prices
Sulfate of potash .. 51,626 57,889 56,389
Manure salts, basis 20 Wholesale prices of most potash fer- Maximum Prices for Potash
percent K,O. ./. 178,394 83,597 31,083
Kainite . 21,416 20,703 19,434 tilizer salts are quoted on the unit basis. f. o. b.
Other potash bearing The unit is defined as 1 percent of a ton, Ex f. o. b. seller's
materials . 45,291 58,857 66,066 vessel Trona, plant near
or 20 pounds, of K2O. Hence, the num- port Calif. Carlsbad,
Total.. 625,608 745,652 669,675 ber of units per ton, which is equal to N. Mex.
Source: Biennial Census of Manufactures. the percentage of K2O, multiplied by Muriate ofpotash,
the quoted price gives the price per 60 percent ¹ $0.535 $0.455 $0.423
Muriate ofpotash,
POTASH: UNITED STATES DISTRIBUTION AMONG CROPS ton of salt. Prices of sulfate of potash- 50 percent . 0.56 0.48 0.448
IN 1941 magnesia are quoted on the ton basis. Manure salts ! 0.20
Percentage of Sulfate of potash ? 36.25
total consump- The pricing system instituted by the Sulfate of potash-
tion in importers of potash, "c. i. f. Atlantic magnesia 2. 26.00
Crops agriculture
All crops. 100 1 Prices per unit.
Fruits and vegetables . 21 Average Wholesale Prices of Potash ' Prices per ton.
Cotton . 14
Corn.. 11 Retail prices of potash are established by 2d Rev.
Potatoes . 10 [c. i. f. Atlantic and Gulf ports] MPR 135 covering all fertilizers and fertilizer ma-
Small grains 10 terials sold for retail.
Tobacco . 7 Dollars
Other crops and miscellaneous 27 Cents per unit per ton
Restrictions on Supply and
Year Muri- Sulfate
Includes miscellaneous crops as well as some use ate of of Manure Kainite, Sulfate
of Demand
of potash alone among the itemized crops. salts, 20%
Source: United States Department of Agriculture. potash, potash, bulk bulk potash-
bulk bags magnesia Primary potash salts, including the
1933 .. 66.2 60.1 muriate, sulfate, sulfate of potash-mag-
Marketing Practices 86.4 56.5 $25.10
1934. 48.6 75.1 48.3 47.1 22.49 nesia, and run-of-mine potash, were
Potash fertilizer materials are stand- 1935 . 41.5 68.4 44.4 48.8 21.44 placed under allocation to both ferti-
ardized products sold on the basis of 1936. 46.4 70.8 50.5 56.0 22.94 lizer and chemical consumers in Gen-
1937. 50.8 75.7 55.6 60.7 24.70
their K2O equivalent. Potash is shipped 1938. 52.3 77.4 57.2 62.3 25.17 eral Preference Order M- 291 , April 1 ,
to three classes of purchasers : Com- 1939 52.1 75.1 57.0 67.0 24.52
1940. 51.7 73.0 57.3 24.75 1943. The allocation periods were as
mercial fertilizer mixers, farmer co- 1941. 52.2 78.0 57.0 25.55 follows: (1) April 1 , 1943-May 31,
1942 . 52.2 81.0 I 20.5 25.74
operatives, and chemical plants. Farm- 1943 . 52.2 78.6 I 19.5 25.35 1943 ; (2 ) June 1 , 1943 - March 31 , 1944
ers desiring potash for home mixing 1944 . 52.2 77.7 1 19.5 25.35 and (3 ) April 1, 1944 -May 31, 1944.
or direct application buy it from the This order was amended on April 3,
commercial mixers or cooperatives . The 1 F. o. b. mines, the only basis quoted for manure
salts since 1941. 1944 and allocation periods (4) April
fact that the domestic market is located Source: Better Crops and Plant Food, January 1945. 1, 1944-May 31 , 1944 and ( 5 ) June 1 ,
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE ( CAUSTIC POTASH )
1944-March 31 , 1945 were added. Ex-
panded production during the war has
greatly improved the supply of potash
but it was still reportedly less than
agricultural needs at the end of 1944.
The sulfate, in particular, was below
demands.
Tariff
All potash fertilizer materials are im-
ported duty-free.
Substitutes
Potash is one of the major plant foods
and there is no substitute for it as fer-
tilizer. There appears to be no marked
differences in fertilizer value of the
various materials when compared on an
equal K₂O basis. In some cases, the
accompanying element in the salt may
be harmful and for this reason the
sulfate is preferred to the muriate for
use on tobacco and on soils high in
chlorides.
For some general chemical purposes,
a sodium salt may be substituted for
the corresponding potassium salt, but
usually the latter is preferred or re-
quired because of its specific properties.
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of
firms engaged in domestic industries.
The following commercial directories
carry a listing for potash salts:
Chemical Industries Buyers Guide-Book,
522 Fifth Avenue, New York 18, New York. Annual,
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green Book,
59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y. Annual.
$5.00 with a year's subscription to " Oil, Paint and
Drug Reporter"
Yearbook, Commercial Fertilizer,
W. W. Brown Publishing Co.,
223 Courtland Street, N. E., Atlanta, Ga. Annual.
Free to subscribers to " Commercial Fertilizer"
American Fertilizer Hand Book,
Ware Bros. Company,
1330 Vine Street,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Trade Associations:
American Potash Institute,
1155 16th Street, N. W.,
Washington, D. C.
National Fertilizer Association,
616 Investment Building,
Washington, D. C.
Potash Export Association,
110 East 42d Street,
New York, New York.
Trade Journals:
The Fertilizer Review,
616 Investment Building,
Washington, D. C.
The American Fertilizer,
1330 Vine Street,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Commercial Fertilizer,
223 Courtland Street, N. E.,
Atlanta, Ga.
Better Crops with Plant Food,
1155 16th Street, N. W.,
Washington, D. C.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter,
59 John Street,
New York, N. Y.
Economic References
Governmental
Potash .-Chapters from Mineral
Yearbook, published annually by United
States Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines. 5 cents. Available
from Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C.
Potash Industry of the United States
in 1942.-By Bertrand L. Johnson and
K. G. Warner. Mineral Market Report
No. 1052. May 8, 1943. Available on re-
quest from Bureau of Mines, Depart-
ment of the Interior, Washington 25,
D. C.
Potash Industry of the United States
in 1943.- By Bertrand L. Johnson and
K. G. Warner. Mineral Market Report
No. 1169. May 5, 1944. Available from
Bureau of Mines, Department of the
Interior, Washington 25, D. C. Out of.
print.
Potash. Significance of Foreign Con-
trol and Economic Need of Domestic
Development.- By H. M. Hoar and C. C.
Concannon. Trade Promotion Series No.
33. 1926. 96 pp. Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, Department of
Commerce. Price 15 cents. Available
from the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C.
Potash. -By Bertrand L. Johnson.
Economic Paper 16. 1933. Department of
☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-646350
5
the Interior. 10 cents. Available from the
Superintendent of Documents, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.
The Potash Industry.- By Willard L.
Thorp and Ernest A. Tupper. May 1 ,
1940. 95 pp. A report submitted to the
Department of Justice by the Depart-
ment of Commerce. Available from the
Department of Commerce, Washington
25, D. C.
The Potash Situation.- By Bertrand
L. Johnson. May 1940. Information Cir-
cular 7117. Available on request from
Bureau of Mines, Department of the
Interior, Washington 25, D. C.
Potash and Potassium Compounds.—
1937. Report from the Federal Standard
Stock Catalog, Section III, Part 7, Group
O-P, 8 pp. 10 cents. Available from the
Superintendent of Documents, Wash-
ington 25, D. C.
Nongovernmental
Potash in North America.- By J. W.
Turrentine. 1943. Price $3.50 . Reinhold
Publishing Corporation, 330 West 42d
Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Potash.-By Dale C. Kieffer. Pub-
lished annually through 1941 as a chap-
ter in The Mineral Industry. McGraw-
Hill Book Co. , Inc., 330 W. 42d Street,
New York 18, New York.
The American Potash Industry Meets
Its Wartime Test.-By J. W. Turrentine.
1944. Chemical and Engineering News.
Vol. 22. No. 22. Nov. 25, 1944. 1155 16th
Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C.
The Production and Use of Potash
in America.- By R. H. Stinchfield . 1942.
The American Fertilizer. Vol. 96, No.
10. May 23, 1942. 1330 Vine Street,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Symposium on Potash.- 1938. Indus-
trial and Engineering Chemistry. Vol.
30, No. 8. August 1938. 1155 16th Street,
N. W., Washington 6, D. C.
Commercial Fertilizers.- By Gilbeart
H. Collings. 1941. Price $4.00 . The Blak-
iston Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Chap- ´
ter 10, Production, Manufacture and
Use of the Potash Fertilizers.
 Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign trade
problems:
Location of Offices Managers

Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.. C. Parker Persons

Boston 9 , Mass. , 1800 Customhouse . Harold P. Smith

Buffalo 3 , N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.. .John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. • C. W. Martin

Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse .... George C. Payne

Cincinnati 2 , Ohio, Chamber of Commerce . Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Commerce Bldg. .Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2 , Colo. , 566 Customhouse . .Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus

Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal Bldg.. Richard Stephenson

Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg.. Thos. U. Purcell

Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.. William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6 , Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg. Harry M. Washington

Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse . Walter Measday
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.. Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal Bldg.. Will F. Kissick

New Orleans 12, La ., 408 Maritime Bldg.. .Harold C. Jackson

New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130 W. 42nd St.. John F. Sinnott
Philadelphia 2 , Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.. William M. Park

Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New Federal Bldg.. Chas. A. Carpenter

Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313 , 520 S. W. Morrison St .......Howard Waterbury

Richmond 19, Va . , Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St ... C. Roy Mundee

St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal Bldg.. Clyde Miller

San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Customhouse . John J. Judge

Savannah, Ga., 403 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse Bldg... Joseph C. Stovall
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg.. .Philip M. Crawford
 EY
SURV OF

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URVEY OF

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makes easily available to businessmen over 2,200 com-
prehensive facts about production, stocks, orders, prices,
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by means of text, tables, charts, and index numbers.

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Bureau ofForeign and Domestic Commerce,
Washington, D. C.

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 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

● Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system .

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

● Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

• • from the Superintendent of Documents

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U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

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Documents Room

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Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
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DE OP
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Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
A
RIC
UNI

AME
TED

STATES DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS UNIV

of INDI ERSI
ANA TY

LIBR
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities ARY
Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the De Dffices
Dep par71945

Volume 3- Part 2 June 1945 Number 24

Potassium Hydroxide (Caustic Potash )

( A Synopsis of Information )

By Wesley R. Koster, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Description United States Production , Consumption, and Stocks of Potassium Hydroxide ,

Potassium hydroxide, potassium hy- by Months, 1941-44
drate, or caustic potash, KOH , is one of [Short tons 100 percent KOHJ
the strongest bases known. It is a white
solid when pure, and forms a colorless 1941 1942
solution. It is very soluble in water and Consump- Stocks at Consump- Stocks at
Month tion in tion in
readily absorbs moisture and carbon Production producing Production producing
producing plants, end producing plants, end
dioxide from the air, necessitating stor- plants of month plants of month
age in tight containers. Solid potassium Total . 34,641 7,938 35,028 7,839
hydroxide has a specific gravity of
2.044, a melting point of 360 ° C., and a January . 2,459 251 1,752 3,576 822 2,113
February 2,126 250 1,500 3,293 762 2,543
boiling point of 1,320 ° C. March . 2,390 283 1,333 3,443 862 2,622
April. 2,678 536 1,176 3,455 858 3,519
Uses May . 2,730 883 910 3,335 906 3,314
June . 2,897 847 1,028 3,464 797 4,165
The principal uses of caustic potash July . 3,201 813 1,009 2,953 761 4,282
in the approximate order of importance August . 3,106 813 1,200 2,452 500 4,721
September 3,014 744 1,178 2,078 340 4,505
are listed below. No data are available October . 3,479 870 1,187 2,113 287 4,028
on the actual or relative quantities November . 3,145 796 1,174 1,980 410 3,381
December . 3,416 852 1,441 2,886 534 3,770
shown in the respective categories.
Manufacture of soap, especially liquid
soap 1943 1944
Manufacture of potassium carbonate Consump- Stocks at Consump- Stocks at
Manufacture of chemicals other than Month tion in producing t'on in producing
Production producing plants, end Production producing plants, end
potassium carbonate plants of month plants of month
Purification of industrial gases
Manufacture of glass Total.. 40,803 8,744 44,264 8,902
Manufacture of petroleum products January . 2,987 702 2,951 3,558 902 2,153
February 3,018 483 3,081 3,362 773 2,014
Photoengraving and lithography March. 3,479 680 3,063 4,016 824 2,394
Textile processing April.. 3,481 740 3,497 3,494 700 1,720
May. 3,408 731 2,629 3,736 704 1,949
Electroplating June . 3,600 775 2,425 3,745 609 1,931
Manufacture of dyes July . 3,268 788 2,130 3,485 625 1,775
August. 3,464 753 2,433 3,771 745 1,638
Manufacture of asphalt emulsions September . 3,470 746 2,401 3,515 697 1,682
Manufacture of essential oils October. 3;476 726 2,152 3,667 652 1,183
November . 3,619 809 2,242 3,867 750 1,507
In storage batteries ( as an electrolyte ) . December 3,533 811 2,079 4,048 · 921 1,295
Grades , Standards , and 1 4 2
Source: WPB and Bureau of the Census. 3
Specifications ‫ע‬.
There are three grades of caustic pot- Packing, Shipping, and Storage net. Lump and ground material is offered
ash: Technical, U. S. P. , and C. P. Spe- in various sized drums of 100 to 325
Regulations
cifications for the technical are : (1 ) pounds net.
Liquid caustic potash is marketed in Only the liquid product, either in
Solid-88 to 92 percent KOH in fused,
broken, granulated or flaked forms; ( 2 ) 750 or 1,500 - pound drums and in tank drums or tank cars, bears a label. This
cars of 6,000 to 10,000 gallons capacity . is specified by the Interstate Commerce
liquid-sold on basis 45 to 50 percent
KOH. The U. S. P. and C. P. grades are Solid caustic potash is sold in drums Commission as the white label denot-
obtainable in sticks and in pellets. of approximately 550 or 700 pounds ing corrosive liquids.
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Method of Production ennially until 1939 by the Bureau of The production figures for 1941-44
The usual method of preparing the Census. The figures up to that time are for primary manufacture of new
do not include material consumed where material and do not include purchased
caustic potash is by the electrolysis of
a solution of potassium chloride, chlor- made, for example, in the production or transferred material. Consumption
ine being obtained as a coproduct. In of potassium carbonate and other com- data include only quantities of this
this process, metallic potassium and pounds. product consumed in the plants where
chlorine are liberated, and the former it is manufactured. Data for stocks
United States Production of represent quantities on hand at the end
reacts at once with water to produce Potassium Hydroxide 1
potassium hydroxide. Hydrogen is also of each month at the producing plants.
liberated and may be recovered as a Imports and Exports
Year Short tons Value
byproduct. The cell effluent containing
the caustic alkali is concentrated and 1929 . 7,191 Imports of potassium hydroxide which
$637,977
1931 4,818 580,765 entered for consumption in the United
separated from residual solids. The 1933 . 9,348 868,000
solution is then either sold as liquid 1935 9,518 1,260,031 States are shown by country of origin
1937. 10,822 1,437,509 in the 2 -column table on this page.
45 to 50 percent caustic potash or evap- 1939. 13,856 1,831,272
orated to 88 to 92 percent caustic potash 1941 34,641 (2) From these tables it can be observed
1942 . 35,028 (2)
and sold in the solid forms. 1943 . 40,803 that the imports, which in 1935 repre-
1944. 44,264

ཻ
sented about 18 percent of the produc-
Output tion figure for that year, decreased (in
1 Basis 100 percent KOH, except 1929-33 which
Statistics of production for sale or were reported regardless of strength. proportion) to approximately 11 per-
interplant transfer were compiled bi- Not available. cent of production in 1937, 2.4 percent
of production in 1939, and 0.035 percent
Potassium Hydroxide Imports for Consumption, 1934-41 in 1941. There were no imports in 1942
[Quantities in short tons] or 1943.
1934 1935 1936 1937 Exports of potassium hydroxide were
Country not shown separately prior to 1941.
Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value
Belgium . 86 $9,083 11 $1,008 Foreign Language Equivalents
Canada. 25 2,681
France 7 Foreign name equivalents for potas-
Germany 1,801 220,016 1,534 180,422 1,403 161,742 1,013 124,783 sium hydroxide are : French, Potasse
Sweden. 96 27,457 167 44,632 143 47,756 124 43,074
U. S. S. R. 1 103 caustique ; German, Kali ; Portuguese,
Potasio caustico ; Spanish, Potasio caus-
Total. 2,008 259,237 1,713 226,165 1,546 209,505 1,137 167,857 tico.
Prices
1938 1939 1940 1941
Country The average wholesale price pub-
Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value lished by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
Czechoslovakia. 2 $904 has been constant for a number of years
Germany . 418 53,707 243 31,241 5 1,988
Sweden . 66 24,517 89 30,689 41 18,176 12 4,284 at $0.063 per pound for 88 to 92 percent
12 solid caustic packed in drums in car-
Total. 486 79,128 332 61,930 46 20,164 4,284
load lots, f. o. b. the works. Prices on
individual grades and in various quan-
United States Exports of Potassium Hydroxide by Countries of Destination, 1941-43 tities can be obtained from the trade
1941 1942 1 1943 1 journals such as the Oil, Paint and Drug
Country Reporter, published by the Schnell Pub-
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
lishing Co., Inc., 59 John Street, New
Argentina . 503,777 $37,853 815,323 $73,731 202,376 $20,867 York 7, New York.
Australia 1,215,482 91,862
Belgian Congo. 3,002 353
Bolivia . 1,719 347 694 237 9,593 1,651 Restrictions on Supply
Brazil. 112,926 13,114 203,362 20,520 268,585 23,046
British India 148,867 20,573 and Demand
British Malaya. 158,000 11,788
Burma . 2,296 200 Tariff-Potassium hydroxide (caustic
Canada. 3,322,199 168,967 2,610,637 134,497 2,745,842 136,000 potash ) enters the United States with
Ceylon . 24,400 2,160
Chile. 40,171 7,352 70,694 9,237 48,082 5,915 a duty of 1 cent a pound.
China 16,792 1,711
Colombia. 15,983 1,282 6,034 691 34,374 2,760 There are no restrictions on produc-
Costa Rica. 733 84 2,250 246 1,100 148 tion, distribution, or export.
Cuba . 60,632 4,833 14,512 1,985 8,658 1,208
Dominican Republic . 1,285 162
Ecuador. 1,427 418 20 11 470 89 Substitutes
Egypt. 63,750 5,136
French West Indies . 12,050 964 Where the use of caustic potash is
Guatemala . 2,025 260 1,875 156 4,692 468 merely as an alkali, caustic soda can
Haiti.. 900 94
Hong Kong . 30,800 2,567 usually be substituted. Sometimes po-
Iceland . 268,968 23,090 tassium carbonate, or even sodium car-
Madagascar. 10,961 833
Mexico . 100,474 9,636 494,797 40,776 128,933 11,189 bonate, can be substituted for potassium
Netherlands Indies . 202,597 44,506 hydroxide, but in most cases caustic
Nicaragua. 839 155
Newfoundland & Lab.. 84,242 5,694 potash is used for specific character-
New Zealand . 67,765 6,017 istics not found in other alkalies.
Other Port. Africa . 1,885 500
Palestine 63,101 5,426
Panama Canal Zone. 3,250 364 Trade Associations
Panama. 448 188
Peru . 7,524 1,274 5,601 918 7,458 1,340 The national trade association inter-
Philippine Islands . 25,952 3,185 ested in this commodity is :
Salvador . 44 23 1,255 124 800 72
Trinidad & Tobago. 10,320 962 Manufacturing Chemists Association
Union of So. Africa . 279,446 27,413 Woodward Building,
United Kingdom . 987,118 93,050
Uruguay. 40,070 4,236 80,619 6,625 57,456 4,487 Washington, D. C.
Venezuela 17,539 1,805 38,769 4,958 41,804 4,254
Other ' 4,139 1,057 1,165 328 42 23 Producers and Dealers
Total. 7,912,426 600,895 6,907,357 546,202 19,628,284 1,231,457 The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of
Statistics showing exports to countries other than American Republics and Canada are confidential. domestic firms. The following commer-
? Includes countries to which less than 500 pounds were exported in each year shown.
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE ( CAUSTIC POTASH )
cial directories contain the names of
producers and dealers in potassium hy-
droxide :
Chemical Buyers' Guidebook. Annual.
Buyers' guidebook number of "Chem-
ical Industries." Tradepress Publishing
Corp., 522 Fifth Avenue, New York 18,
New York.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co.,
Inc., 59 John Street, New York 7, New
York. $5.00 with a year's subscription
""
to "Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter.'
Thomas' Register of American Manu-
facturers. Annual. Thomas Publishing
Co., 461 Eighth Avenue, New York 1 ,
New York. $ 15.00 .
Economic References
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Commerce
Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the Cen-
sus, Department of Commerce. 696 pp.
$2.50. Available from the Superintend-
ent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.
Earlier editions may be consulted at
libraries. Table 1, Imports for Con-
sumption by Articles and Countries,
1942 (1945. 40c. ) , and Table 4, Exports
of Domestic Merchandise, by Articles
and Countries, 1942 ( 1945. 50c. ) , are
available from the Bureau of the Cen-
sus, Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington 25, D. C., at the prices indicated.
Later selected statistics on foreign trade
are now being made available in a series
of separate reports. Descriptions of
these reports and the prices at which
copies are sold are given in "Reports
on U. S. Foreign Commerce Available,"
1944, a copy of which may be obtained
from the Bureau of the Census.
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1018 New Federal Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex. , 603 Federal Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post Office
and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
3
Industrial Chemistry. By Emil Ray-
mond Riegel. 1937. $5.75. 851 pp. Rein-
hold Publishing Corp. , 330 West 42d
Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Inorganic Chemical Technology. By
W. L. Badger and E. M. Baker. 1941.
237 pp. $2.50 . McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc. , 330 West 42d Street, New York
18, New York.
Manufactures : 1939-Volume II, Re-
ports by Industries, Part I. 1942. Six-
teenth Decennial Census of the United
States, 1940. Bureau of the Census, U.
S. Department of Commerce. 936 pp.
Out of print. Copies may be consulted
at large libraries and Department of
Commerce Field Offices.
Roger's Manual of Industrial Chem-
istry. C. C. Furnas, Editor. 1942. 6th ed.
2 vols. , 1721 pp. $17.00. D. Van Nostrand
Co., Inc. , 250 Fifth Avenue, New York
3, N. Y.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine, 801
E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Customhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 403 U. S. Post Office and
Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-647058
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system .

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

! $ 1.00 per year ... from the Superintendent of Documents

Y
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE . WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.
 nts
Docume Room
Industrial
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
NT
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
RTME
CO
MM
DEPAA
ER
N
GELI
CE
A
RIC
AME
STATES OP
For sale by the Superintendent ofDocuments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Cuban
The use of plastics and their impor-
tance in the Cuban economy have in-
creased considerably since 1940. Prog-
ress has been due primarily to the estab-
lishment in Habana of several molding
factories. Up to 1940 Cuban imports con-
sisted chiefly of the phenolic, urea, and
casein plastics materials, but the estab-
lishment of comb and button-molding
factories in that year resulted in an in-
crease in demand for cellulose acetate
materials, phenol -formaldehyde, and
urea formaldehyde resins.
In 1942 the Cuban fabrication of door
handles, furniture trimmings and acces-
sories, and innumerable small plastics
articles ceased concurrently with the
barring of exports from the United
States of phenol formaldehyde sheets
and rods destined for nonessential end
uses. The relatively recent renewal of
exports from the United States of acry-
lic scrap sheets and rods has permitted
the reopening of the costume jewelry
trade but other fabricating processes are
still in suspense .
Production
Plastics materials. - Cuba produces no
finished plastics molding compounds or
sheets, rods, tubes, and so on, consump-
tion being dependent on imports. A
continuous but relatively small pro-
duction of raw casein is available for
use as a base for casein molding powder
but to date none of the finished com-
pound has actually been produced.
Cuban research scientists are endeavor-
ing to develop a commercially feasible
Digested from a report by Orray
Taft, Jr., Second Secretary United
States Embassy, Habana.
Reference
Part CHEMICALS ,
2.
DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
June 1945
Market for Plastics
Arranged for Publication in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon , Chief
process of extracting lignin from sugar-
cane bagasse but so far they have not
been successful. If this attempt should
prove successful, Cuba will undoubtedly
become an important source of raw
materials for plastics.
Molded goods.-Using United States
methods, molding compounds, and ma-
chinery, two button factories ( one op-
erating with imported casein plastic,
the other with urea and phenol form-
aldehyde resins ) , one comb factory
(operating with cellulose acetate pow-
der and scrap) , and one closure factory
(operating with urea formaldehyde and
phenol formaldehyde resins or substi-
tutes thereof) currently produce plastic
articles on a small scale in and around
Habana. Of the above - mentioned fac-
tories, only one of the button factories
has any corporate connection with a
United States firm. In addition, there
are some small domestically owned and
financed Cuban plastics fabricating
establishments located chiefly in the
larger cities.
There are no intertrade agreements
in the Cuban plastic industry nor is
there any organized exchange of in-
formation about processes , patents , or
styles. In fact, the entire industry is in
an unorganized condition and there
would appear to be little possibility of
any change towards cooperative action
on the part of its members in the near
future.
Due primarily to the proximity of the
United States, Cuban plastic molders
and fabricators are in constant contact
with American sources of information
and follow closely American advance-
ments in technique whenever possible .
So far as can be ascertained, there have
been no purely local improvements or
Service
Y
IT
A NA E RS
DI IV
IN UN
RY
B RA
LI
5
94
J -11
Number 25
advancements in the utilization of
Cuba's natural products. It is believed
that Cuban processors will continue to
depend on the United States for tech-
nical information and for raw mate-
rials unless, of course, the exploitation
of sugarcane bagasse as a source of
lignin is developed successfully.
Distribution and Advertising
Domestic molded goods.- The demand
for locally produced plastic articles is
much larger than the possible current
supply. The two Cuban button factories
dispose of their products in approxi-
mately equal proportions to jobbers
and clothing producers. Combs are gen-
erally sold direct to Habana retail out-
lets but otherwise they reach the re-
tailer through jobbers. Closures, the
present output of which is very small,
are sold as the result of contracts with
specific manufacturers of medicines,
chemicals, perfumes, collapsible tooth-
paste
" tubes, and other products.
Fabricated articles, such as drawer
pulls, bag handles, and costume jewelry
are produced by specialized hand work-
ers whose output is delivered direct to
the assembler of the finished product.
There is no production of plastics
articles for industrial applications as
the term is understood in the United
States.
Because the demand for plastics ex-
ceeds the supply, the individual molder
or fabricator can afford to be discrimi-
nating, and sales are almost entirely
to established clients on a 60 -day open-
credit basis.
Little or no advertising is necessary
and there are no legal restrictions relat-
ing to the packaging of plastics articles.
14
D. 79
 2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
Imported plastics materials.—At the
present time all supplies of molding
compounds and sheets, rods, and tubes
are imported by the consumers direct
from the United States. It is estimated
that since 1941 not more than 30,000
pounds of cellulose acetate, 80,000
pounds of urea and phenolic molding
compounds, and a relatively small
amount of casein have been made avail-
able to the Cuban plastics industry.
It is believed that these quantities
aré less than one -third of the annual
amounts which would normally be re-
quired to permit the operation of Cuban
molding establishments at a reasonable
rate of production, based on existing
United States Exports of Plastics to Cuba
Year
1936-39 (average during prewar years)
1940
1941 .
1942 .
1943 .
1940-43 (average during war years).
1937-39 (average during prewar years)
1940 .
1941 .
1942 .
1943 .
1940-43 (average during war years) .
Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
Trade Promotion
The United States is currently the
sole source of all types of plastics ma-
terials and articles. It is believed that
in the postwar period the effective de-
mand upon the United States for mold-
ing powder as well as semiprocessed
and finished plastics articles will be at
least three times as large as at present,
to satisfy pent- up needs in established
uses. If plans for expansion of certain
Cuban firms mature, this demand might
be even more greatly expanded . How-
ever, because Cuba is a relatively non-
industrialized country, it is believed
that for some time the market for
plastics will remain centered in mold-
ing compounds and manufactured arti-
cles for personal use.
Cuban manufacturers of molded plas-
tics articles believe that the relative
smallness of the local market, together
with their on-the-spot ability to meet
fluctuating color and style preferences,
is a factor that will enable them, if
they are supplied with sufficient quan-
tities of raw materials, to dominate the
market for plastics articles in standard
types and sizes while operating behind
relatively low tariff barriers. They ad-
mit, however, that only in such rela-
tively simple articles as can be pro-
duced at a low-unit cost will they have
any opportunity for successful and
capacity. Buttons are currently con- jewelry retail at relatively high prices
suming the greatest percentage of im- and unless the local emphasis is changed
ported plastics molding compounds, from semiluxury goods to articles for
while combs, furniture accessories, and general consumption sold at a low-unit
cost, the probable market will be
costume jewelry consume the remain-
limited by the relatively small number
der of the plastics materials brought
into this country . of prospective purchasers.
Plastic molders are unanimous in
The Cuban plastics fabricating in-
stating that because of the ease and
dustry has experienced great difficulty
rapidity with which they can under
in maintaining any planned production normal conditions obtain necessary
as end-use patterns have varied with plastics materials they will undoubtedly
the type of plastics materials available. continue to purchase from the United
The known consumers of plastics mold- States. However, the small fabricator
ing compounds are few, and it is esti- is without question more interested in
mated that there are less than 100 the price factor than in the regularity
fabricators throughout the country. of supply. If, in the postwar period,
European producers are able to enter
this market at a lower selling price
than their competitors in the United
Plastics materials States they will undoubtedly find some
Pyroxylin sheets, Cellulose acetate demand.
rods, or tubes and sheets, rods, or tubes Cuban owners of molding and fabri-
Synthetic gums other unfinished and other unfinished
and resins forms forms cating establishments are divided as to
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value the advisability of United States pro-
ducers of molding compounds estab-
17,068 $5,314 6,371 $4,454 2,635 $1,940 lishing exclusive agents in their coun-
97,747 36,704 10,522 5,596 9,370 5,978
117,478 35,625 5,100 3,342 18,037 12,658 try. At present, most of the molders
86,457 41,018 5,333 4,366 11,504 6,094 and fabricators have direct contacts
185,735 41,337 646 540 16,873 9,024
121,854 38,671 5,400 3,461 13,946 8,439 with their American sources of supply
Plastic products and apparently will continue these con-
tacts. There is a general feeling that,
Other synthetic resin products, fabricated probably because of the smallness of
Molded products (not molded)
the Cuban market, neither the local
Pounds Value Pounds Value agents of United States companies nor
884 $666 5,449 $3,520 the companies themselves are as help-
2,736 1,997 9,139 5,444
9,530 8,389 12,468 11,324 ful as they might be in enabling Cuban
3,643 5,453 10,583 15,049 plastics manufacturers to solve minor
5,468 8,071 7,468 13,822 technical problems.
5,344 5,978 9,915 11,410
It is apparent that local agents have
either not believed it necessary to ex-
plore the technical problems connected
profitable operations. Markets for spe- with the products they handle or have
cialized and large molded or mass- not been equipped to do so, and local
consumers have, therefore, been forced
fabricated articles will always be avail-
able as imported merchandise . into their present practice of direct
Reliable trade sources are unanimous contact with producers in the United
in stating that under present conditions States. However, the retail outlets for
they do not feel there are many new plastic articles of foreign origin will
avenues of potential expansion of the undoubtedly continue to buy direct
from United States sources of supply.
uses of plastics in this country. How-
ever, whenever new uses for plastics They feel that direct contact allows
are developed in the United States and them to achieve a degree of exclusive-
these developments become known, ness in design or style of product which
presumably would not be available if
Cuba will accept those applications
which might effectively fit into the sales were made through local agents
pattern of its economic life. who might attempt to expand through
a multiplicity of outlets the market
The potential consumers of plastics
for the lines they represent.
molding compounds are already cog- Stocks. It is not felt that the mainte-
nizant of the leading United States
producers, and operating molders al- nance of large stocks is necessary to
continued supremacy of United States
ready have well - established trade con-
nections with these sources of supply. plastics molding compounds , sheets,
rods, and tubes, in this market.
Prospective purchasers of plastic sheets,
Cuban stocks of plastics molding
rods, and tubes are numerous but again
compounds are low while stocks of
the larger importers are already aware
of possible sources of supply. plastic sheets, rods, and tubes are barely
sufficient to permit the maintenance of
Market factors.-The future market
a small, intermittent producton of small
for molding powders will be limited articles for personal adornment.
only by the extent of production of
buttons, combs, closures, and similar
articles, but the market for fabricated Tariffs
plastic articles of United States origin For Cuban customs purposes, plastics
depends on the future sales policy of molding compounds and plastic articles
Cuban importers. At present, fabricated of all types are classified under item
plastics articles such as ashtrays, pic- No. 302, Horn, whalebone, bone and ivory
ture frames, compacts, and costume nut ; etc., as shown on p. 3.
 CUBAN MARKET FOR PLASTICS

U. S. States manufacture. The possibility of

Pref. Tariff increased sales of molds in the future
Unit General per- for U.S.
Item Merchandise of duty tariff centage (per kg.) is favorable, and it is believed that the
302 Horn, whalebone, bone and ivory nut; galalith, synthetic resins, four established molders will seek addi-
celluloid, cellulose acetate and other cellulose plastics, including tional dies as soon as they are assured
all the materials and articles which imitate those included in
of sufficient quantities of raw materials.

92295
this Item, in a solid state, with or without fillers:
A Unmanufactured, or in plates or strips as raw material, and For Cuban customs purposes, plastics
strips and plates laminated or not, N. W. Kg. $0.20 40 $0.12
BODE

In buttons having a diameter of 2 centimeters or less, N. W. Kg. 2.10 20
In buttons having a diameter of more than 2 centimeters, N. W. Kg. 1.50 20
Other manufactures not specifically classified, N. W. Kg. 1.75 40
Personal adornments and knick-knacks manufactured of gala-
lith, synthetic resins, cellulose acetate and other cellulose plas-
tics, in a solid state with or without fillers, N. W. Kg. 1.50 40
F Other manufactures which imitate the materials included in
letter D, including articles made of galalith, synthetic resins,
cellulose acetate and other cellulose plastics, in a solid state,
with or without fillers, when not constituting articles of per-
sonal adornment and knick-knacks, N. W. Kg. .80 40
Each of the above tariff items, with from plastics in Cuba at the present
the exception of item No. 302 -A, is time are buttons, combs, and closures,
using cellulose acetate, casein, urea,
subject also to a Public Works sur-
charge of 10 percent of the assessed and phenol formaldehyde molding com-
duties (item No. 302 -A is subject to a pounds. The output, since it is depend-
3-percent surcharge ) and an additional ent on small quantities of available ma-
over-all gross sales tax of 2.75 percent terials, has been greatly reduced.
payable at the Cuban Customs House No new applications of plastics either
in the event that the importer is not a by molders or fabricators are under
registered wholesaler. ( If the importer consideration at the present time.
is duly registered as a wholesaler, this The number of plastics molding ma-
tax is paid when the goods are sold by chines imported into Cuba is very
him to the retailer or direct to the con-
sumers) . There is also a Cuban consular small ; so far as can be ascertained ,
invoice fee of 2 percent of the f. o. b. there are no more than five in operation
port of embarkation value of the mer- at the present time. All of these ma-
chandise as well as various additional chines have been imported from the
but small charges. United States. There are no manufac-
turers of plastics molding machinery in
Machinery and Equipment Cuba and, with the exception of one
As has been previously indicated, the trial mold of domestic origin, all molds
only articles which are being molded in use at the present time are of United
1.68 molding machinery and dies of United
1.20
1.05 States origin are classified under Item
No. 216-B, Machinery, portable or fixed,
.90 apparatus or instruments for industry
in general and for the transformation
of products used in manufacture, in-
.48 cluding those used in aqueducts, not
specifically provided for, and including
loose parts and accessories for the same,
not specifically classified, at an ad va-
lorem rate of 7.98 percent.
This is a preferential rate under the
Reciprocal Trade Agreements between
Cuba and the United States and repre-
sents a reduction of 30 percent from
the general tariff rate. In addition to
this duty, plastics molding machinery
and dies are subject to a 3-percent
Public Works surcharge assessed against
the duty collected , and, if the importer
is not a duly registered wholesaler, an
over-all gross sales tax of 2.75 percent
of the declared value of the goods is
payable at the Cuban customhouse.
There is also a Cuban consular invoice
fee of 2 percent of the f. o. b. port of
embarkation value of the merchandise,
in addition to various other small
charges.

Department of Commerce Field Service

Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union Com-
merce Bldg.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo ., 566 Customhouse.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla ., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130
W. 42d St.
Philadelphia 2, Pa. , 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520 S.
W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezza-
nine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Franciso 11 , Calif. , 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 403 U. S. Post Office
and Courthouse Bldg.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-647059

 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN .

• Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered.

● Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

$ 1.00 per year • from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

aments Room

ndustrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
CO
MM
OF ER
CE
UNI

Part 2. CHEMICALS,
TED

三
STATESOF DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 August 1945 Number 26

Peruvian Plastic Market

Arranged for Publication by Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Digested from a report by Frederick W. Hinke, Second Secretary, United States Embassy, Lima

Although the development of manu- mal retail channels, such as depart- port trade and the limited extent of
facturing enterprises in Peru has ment stores and shops which sell no- imports of semimanufactured plastics
reached considerable importance in tions and novelties. and plastics articles is illustrated by
some categories, there is no production the accompanying table, compiled from
of plastics materials and domestic out- Plastics do not enter into Peru's ex- Peruvian customs statistics.
put of finished plastics products is small
and unimportant.
Peruvian Plastics Imports
One small factory manufactures
buttons from galalith, when supplies 1941
Country 1943
are available, but under present cir- Tariff Item and Commodity of origin Kilograms Soles 1 Kilograms Soles 1
cumstances wood has been substituted
1939-Unspecified manufactured United States 9,230 399,242 17,339 507,892
as the most important raw material. articles of rubber, "cellu- Canada 217 4,428 491 16,168
In addition, several large florists make loid," galalith and compo- Argentina 236 10,358 885 64,351
by hand transparent boxes for flowers sition Japan 7,063 109,761
1954 Celluloid in sheets for in-
using sheets of cellulose acetate, while dustrial use United States 641 5,417 95 1,610
two other manufacturers engage in a 1954-Celluloid in sheets for
very small production of plastic picnic cards and other uses Unspecified 413 12,517 54 3,600
dishes, toilet ware, buckles, buttons,
and novelties from imported plastics 11 sol equals approximately $0.1538 in United States currency as of April 30, 1945
materials.

There are no United States or for-
eign branch plastics factories and no
marketing agreements or arrangements
for the exchange of technical informa-
tion. So far as is known, no important
improvements have emanated from
Peru or from Peruvian nationals in
respect to plastics either in connection
with techniques of manufacture or in
the utilization of raw materials. An
American firm, however, is understood
to be experimenting with the use of so-
called "Black liquor" derived from
sugarcane bagasse as a new plastic
material.
Plastics Materials most buttons, buckles, novelties, and
miscellaneous articles are imported as
No extruded, injected, laminated, or finished products .
cast plastics are known to be manu-
Alkyd synthetic resins and phenol
factured in Peru. The following break-
formaldehyde resins are used locally
down of types of plastics materials
in the manufacture of paints and lac-
used in Peru represent normal require-
quers.
ments and present a fair gage of the
market for these materials : Consumption of synthetic urea in
Peru, amounting to about 52,000 pounds
Annual Requirements for Plastics Materials
Pounds in 1942, has been growing since that
Alkyd resins ..20,000 year. The entire quantity is used by
Cellulose acetate 5,500 a branch factory of a leading Ameri-
Cellulose nitrate 1,500 can manufacturer of yeast.
Phenol formaldehyde resins. 1,100

Annual cellulose acetate needs are Plastics Products

Distribution
The few small manufacturers who
produce finished goods from imported
semimanufactured raw materials dis-
tribute their merchandise through nor-
estimated at a rate of 1,500 pounds for
use by florists, plus about 4,000 pounds
required by a manufacturer of buttons
and novelties. Practically all brush
handles, mirror frames, optical frames,
furniture handles (drawer pulls) , and
The data on page 2 indicate the types
and quantities of finished plastics
articles required over a period of ap-
proximately 1 year in addition to other
plastic articles such as picnic plates,
kitchenware, and electrical accessories.

D $119
 Cum

2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Plastic flashlight cases. 1,520 units cluding producers of plastics, have
"Celluloid" sheets 1,080 sheets
1,500 units long-established and satisfactory con-
Paper cutters
Thimbles 100 gross tacts with large import houses, in
Shoe horns 200 do. which plastics sales likewise are unim-
Ash trays 500 units portant.
Lipstick tubes .30,000 do.
Plastic suspenders 300 dozen
Cellulose templates 200 units Any local preferences for plastic
10 gross semimanufacturers other than of
Safety razors
Sunglasses 3,200 dozen United States origin would appear to
Furniture drawer pulls.. 814 gross be based largely on price considera-
Cosmetic boxes 15 dozen
Wristwatch straps 50 do. tions and availability of supplies. A
Plastic cloth for shoes and collars 390 yards large British chemical concern main-
Auto parts (fuel lines) . 5,540 units tains a branch office in Peru and has
been active in promoting sales of Brit-
ish chemicals, including small quan-
Trade Promotion tities of semimanufactured plastics.
The local demand for plastics would In the present undeveloped state of
appear at present to be too limited to
the Peruvian plastics industry, is is not
warrant the maintenance of stocks, par-
perceived how United States producers
ticularly when the present short supply could profitably provide greater serv-
of many essential plastics in the United ice in the way of contributing to the
States is considered. development and efficiency of the in-
fant Peruvian industry. The principal
Although some trade has developed potential producers of plastics in Peru,
and has been satisfactorily handled by which include some of the largest
direct sales to consuming industries, United States firms in South America,
conspicuously paints, the United States are fully competent to obtain all the
exporter will probably achieve the scientific, technical or commercial serv-
most satisfactory results by working ices they require from the United
through manufacturers' representa- States through their own facilities.
tives. Large import merchants fre-
quently import for their own account, The acute wartime shortages of
on behalf of manufacturing affiliates, or many types of plastic articles have na-
close business connections, although turally curtailed imports into Peru of
sometimes less complete coverage of many plastic specialties, which may
the market is obtained by working be expected to expand after the war.
through them than through a repre- Such expansion will depend partly
sentative covering the entire market. upon the status of Peru's export trade,
which is directly related to its ca-
Only one American chemical house pacity to buy and the volume of for-
has developed sufficient business in all eign exchange available, and the ef-
lines in Peru to warrant the establish- fectiveness with which United States
ment of its own Peruvian-incorporated distributors of plastic articles enter the
branch office. Its business depends market. Plastic radio housings, elec-
chiefly on sales of dyes, dynamite, and trical materials, gears, bearings, clock
heavy chemicals, while sales of plas- cases, costume jewelry, tableware, toys
tics are insignificant. Several other and novelties, containers, lenses, re-
American chemical manufacturers, in- flectors for highway-sign lighting may
well be included among the commodi-
ties imported, either individually or
as components of other commodities.
The domestic manufacturing indus-
try is so slightly developed and the
market potential for the majority of
plastic articles so limited, that the im-
portation of substantial quantities of
semimanufactured plastics in sheets,
rods and tubes, granular solids, mold-
ing powder for compression and in-
jection molding can scarcely be antici-
pated. The bulk of semimanufactured
plastics may be expected to be for the
paint manufacturing industry, or the
production of paper, textiles, leather,
and for other industrial uses, instead
of the production of molded, extruded,
cast, machined, and other fabricated
plastic articles.
Machinery and Equipment
At no time has Peru imported signi-
ficant quantities of plastic molding
machinery. Present trends are rather
clearly indicated by the fact that dur-
ing a period of about 2 years in which
Import Recommendations have been
required not a single application has
been submitted covering plastics mold-
ing machinery or mechanical equip-
ment. It is reported that one thermo-
setting machine of German origin is
now in use in Peru. The origin of the
limited equipment of the small button
manufacturer, previously mentioned, is
not known.
It would appear to be premature to
attempt to indicate possible competi-
tion from foreign sources in the post-
war period. No information is avail-
able as to Peru's annual production of
plastics by types, and none of the pro-
ducers or processors in this territory
have prepared catalogs.

Department of Commerce Field Service

Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse .
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at East 9th
St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine,
S01 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtm Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.

✩u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-655084

cuments Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
CO
MM
ER
T

ENT OF
DEPAR

A CE
CHEMICALS ,
RIC

Part 2.
AME

NITE STA
D TE
DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 August 1945 Number 27

Creosote Oil

(Synopsis of Information )

Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

SER CA1945

Courtesy of Southern Wood Preserving Co

D. 8892
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Creosote Oil

(Synopsis of Information )

Creosote oil is a distillate of coal-gas Packing and Shipping Regulations

tar or coke-oven tar having a boiling
range from about 200 °C to 355 ° C . The
American Wood Preservers Association
gives the following properties and
specifications ; not more than 3 per-
cent water, not more than 0.5 percent
of matter insoluble in benzol. Sp. Gr .,
not less than 1.03 38 °C/ 15.5 The dis-
tillate , on a water-free basis, shall be
not more than 5 percent up to 210 °C
and not more than 25 percent up to
235°C. Coke residue shall not be more
than 2 percent. The Federal Specifica-
tion states that the distillate shall not
be less than 65 percent up to 355 ° C.
Arranged for Publication by C. A.
Rager, Chemical Unit
may be obtained for 10 cents each from
the Secretary-Treasurer, American
Wood Preservers Association, 1427 - Eye
St. NW, Washington, D. C.
The American Society for Testing
Materials defines creosote in its "Stand-
ard Definitions of Terms Relating to
Timber Preservatives," Designation
number D-324-33.
The usual containers for transporta-
tion by rail are 50-gallon steel drums
and tank cars. Ocean shipping con-
tainers and stowage factors are given
in "Modern Ship Stowage." (See Eco-
nomic References - Governmental at
the end of this report) .
Production
The accompanying table gives the
combined production of creosote oil by
distillers of purchased tar and byprod-
uct coke oven operators :

Uses Consumption of Creosote by Wood Treating Plants

The most important use of creosote [Thousands of gallons ]
oil is for impregnating wood to pre-
serve it against decay and this accounts Distillate Coal-Tar Solutions
for approximately 95 percent of the Year Number of of creosote
total consumption. Minor uses are in plants and coal-tar
Domestic Imported
the preparation of animal dips and dis-
infectants. 1934. 187 51,791 23,545 43,704
1935.. 195 58,084 18,011 48,368
The following percentages, compiled 1936.. 200 67,129 30,256 57,328
by the Forest Service, United States 1937. 209 82,137 35,226 66,212
1938. 221 65,176 30,457 70,550
Department of Agriculture, show the 1939. 221 72,335 33,425 58,104
approximate consumption of creosote 1940.. 223 85,636 29,545 59,445
oil by the wood-preserving plants in 1941. 230 121,095 19,444 74,929
1942. 231 129,251 4,905 $2,192
1943: 1943. 229 103,843 383 73,561
Crossties 55
Switch ties 4.5
Piles 8 Source : Forest Service , United States Department of Agriculture.
Poles 14
Wood blocks 3
Construction bimers. 5
Cross arms 0.5
Miscellaneous 10.0 Creosote Oil-United States Production
100 [In thousands of gallons]

Year Quantity Year Quantity Year Quantity

Standards and Specifications
1930. 122,572 1935. 92,869 1940. 119,679
The following Federal Specifications 1931 105,917 1936 101,758 1941. 143,503
are applicable to creosote oil. 1932 57,842 1937 107,294 1942. 166,285
1933 57,489 1938. 88,067 1943. 167,929
TT-W - 556- a - Wood - Preservative ; 1934. 71,999 1939. 110,242 1944. 162,576
coal-tar-creosote.
Source : United States Tariff Commission.
TT-W- 560 -Wood- Preservative ; coal-
tar-creosote ( crystal free ) , ( for ) brush,
spray, or open tank treatment.
TT-W-566-a-Wood Preservative ; cre- Creosote Oil- United States Production by Source
osote-coal-tar- solution.
[In thousands of gallons]
TT-W-568-Wood -Preservative ; creo-
sote-petroleum- solution. Source 1941 1942 1943 1944
Current standard methods of the
American Wood Preservers Associa- Tar distillers . 103,171 133,077 130,651 121,150
Byproduct 40,332 33,208 37,278 41,426
tion are employed in making the tests
specified in these specifications. Copies
of the latest revisions of these methods Source : United States Tariff Commission.
 CREOSOTE OIL 3

Foreign Language Equivalents Creosote Oil-United States Imports for Consumption

Creosote- [In thousands ]
French-Créosote Year Gallons Value Year Gallons Value
Spanish-Creosata
Italian- Creosoto
1934. 31,774 $2,835 1940 . 39,010 $3,890
Portuguese-Creosote 1935. 34,513 3,537 1941 13,469 1,562
German- Kreosot 1936. 41,384 4,566 1942. 7,629 945
1937. 58,190 6,802 1943. 2,060 294
Imports 1938. 55,392 6,316 1944. 3,236 461
1939. 51,877 5,769 1945 (3 mos. ) ... 1,615 213
Imports of creosote oil are covered
under Schedule A, Statistical Classifi- Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
cation of Imports , Code Number
8000.000 : Dead or creosote oil. Infor-
mation concerning rates of duty on
imports into the United States, covered
in paragraph 1651 of the Tariff Act of Creosote Oil- United States Imports by Country
1930, can be obtained from the Customs [In thousands]
Service, Treasury Department, Wash- 1939 1910 1941 1942 1943 1944
ington, D. C.
Country
Exports Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value
Exports of creosote oil as shown in
the tables are taken from Schedule B Belgium 9,589 $ 1,140 16 2
Estonia 1 1
export classification code number
8010.00 "Creosote or dead oil." Germany 4,569 557
Netherlands 2,811 313
U.S.S.R.
Prices (Russia) 6,140 526
United
Current market prices are available Kingdom 22,555 2,576 33,111 3,308 4,164 $492 3,796 $467 4 $ 1 12 $ 5
weekly from the Bureau of Labor Sta- Canada 532 62 450 54 7,224 S43 3,636 447 1,901 272 3,137 446
tistics, United States Department of La- Japan 5,673 591 5,065 493 2,076 220
bor and "Oil, Paint and Drug Repor- Kwantung 368 32
Australia 8 1 5 1 5 1
ter"; semimonthly in "Chemical and Mexico 197 31 149 19 88 10
Engineering News," and monthly in
"Chemical Industries," and "Chemical 1 100 gallons valued at $ 16.
and Metallurgical Engineering." Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics speci-
fications for wholesale prices of crude
creosote oil are : Per gallon, tanks,
large lots, f.o.b. works ; market price Creosote Oil-United States Exports
(low ) ; weekly, Friday ( Saturday prior
to January 1940) , from trade journal. Year Gallons Value Year Gallons Value
Series begins 1913 ; change in series
1918 ; prior to November 1924, 25 per- 1931 1938. 532,545
1,494,067 $215,C36 $ 90,819
cent. 1932 113,823 21,781 1939. 2,397,796 337,252
1933. 136,774 25,329 1940.. 398,850 84,306
Producers and Dealers 1934. 194,508 42,461 1941. 957,728 203,622
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic 1935 348,720 72,632 1942.. 224,949 65,860
1936 257,186 54,385 1943. 268,782 $1,616
Commerce does not compile lists of 1937. 664,976 111,901 19441. 475,439 122,419
domestic firms, but the following com- 1945 (3 mos . ) ... 170,481 38,293
mercial directories, while not intended
to be all inclusive, carry a listing for 1 Preliminary.
creosote oil. Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.

Creosote Oil- United States Exports by Principal Countries

[In thousands]

1939 1940 1941 1942 1 1943 1 1944 1

Country
Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value

Canada 89.3 $ 16.S 108.6 $21.7 104.0 $21.7 113.6 $25.0 128.0 $26.3 205.0 $35,0
Honduras 1.5 .3 23.4 4.0 4.2 1.2 2.0 .6 1.4 .4 3.0 1.0
Panama Canal Zone.. 12.2 1.6 65.6 14.5 41.9 9.9 20.5 6.3 15.4 7.0
Mexico 2,148.2 277.8 33.5 8.0 591.S 97.0 8.9 3.7 20.2 6.5 15.0 5.0
Cuba 38.0 9.3 22.9 5.7 42.3 11.66 33.0 12.6 33.7 11.2 71.0 23.0
Argentina 34.8 10.4 63.5 11.6 $6.0 30.6 12.8 5.9 43.0 9.0
Colombia 30.9 8.4 49.8 9.8 2.0 2.5 .2 .2 5.8 1.6 1.0 2
Other countries 42.9 12.6 31.6 9.0 $5.4 29.1 33.8 11.7 3 64.3 28.6 * 125.0 47.0

1 Preliminary.
Less than 500.
3 Algeria, French Equatorial and West Africa 25,942 gallons , $ 11,543.
4 Portugal 78,266 gallons, $27,962.
Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.
4 INDUSTR REFEREN SERVICE
IAL CE

Creosote Oil-United States Exports To Canada and the Latin American Republics Report to the United States Senate
[Including lend-lease exports] on Dead or Creosote Oil. 1932. Report
42- Second Series . United States Tar-
1942 1943 1944 iff Commission. Available from Su-
Country perintendent of Documents, Washing-
Gallons Value Gallons Value Gallons Value ton 25, D. C.

Canada 113,644 $25,004 123,031 $26,338 204,610 $35,410 Quantity of Wood Treated and Pre-
Mexico 8,869 3,662 20,194 6,494 15,254 4,636 servatives Used in the United States in
Guatemala 4,799 1,734 5,124 1,988 4,581 2,326 1943. Forest Service, United States De-
Salvador 3,030 1,105 1,801 921 823 509
Honduras 2,035 563 1,378 442 2,986 839 partment of Agriculture in cooperation
Nicaragua 1,315 248 665 276 1,014 324 with the American Wood Preservers
Costa Rica 100 60 355 123 1,197 604 Association.
Panama 4,350 1,497 7,240 2,745 5,277 1,900
Cuba 32,969 12,578 33,686 11,195 71,209 22,844
Haiti 167 66 332 103 2,419 512 Specifications for Wholesale Com-
Dominican Republic 885 355 220 93 1,899 1,201 modity Prices. 1940. 30 pp. Available
Colombia 230 182 5,825 1,577 529 188 on request from Bureau of Labor Sta-
Venezuela 1,062 355 221 68 1,406 639
Ecuador 198 94 549 250 630 210 tistics, United States Department of
Bolivia 1,322 744 2,200 1,459 476 286 Labor, Washington 25, D. C.
Peru 679 299 1,112 508
Chile 288 106 64 18
Brazil 3,775 912 675 596 1,143 736 Synthetic Organic Chemicals - United
Argentina 12,814 5,900 43,280 9,465 States Production and Sale, 1940. Re-
Paraguay 550 223 port No. 148, Second Series. United
Total 191,852 $55,165 209,175 $54,967 360,459 $83,378 States Tariff Commission . 10 cents .
Available from the Superintendent of
Source : Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce. Documents, Washington 25, D. C.

Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An-
nual. Buyers guidebook number of
"Chemical Industries." Tradepress Pub-
lishing Corp., 522 Fifth Ave. , New
York 18, N. Y.
Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual. $ 10 . Reinhold Publishing Corp. ,
330 West 42d St. , New York 18, N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
59 John St., New York 7, N. Y. $5
with a year's subscription to "Oil, Paint
Thomas' Register of American Manu-
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lishing Co., 461 Eighth Ave. , New York,
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Trade Associations
American Forest Products Industries,
1319 18th St. , NW, Washington 6, D. C.
American Wood Preservers Associa-
tion, 1427 Eye St. , NW, Washington 6,
D. C.
Manufacturing Chemists Association
of the United States, 608 Woodward
Bldg., Washington 6, D. C.
National Association of Insecticide
and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc. ,
110 East 42d St. , New York, N. Y.
National Pest Control Association,
945 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington 1,
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Synthetic Organic Chemical Manu-
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States, 6 East 45th St. , New York, N. Y.
Economic References
Governmental :
Federal Specifications TT- W-556A,
TT-W-560 , TT-W-566A and TT-W-568.
Treasury Department, Procurement Di-
vision. 5 cents each . Available from
Superintendent of Documents, Wash-
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Modern Ship Stowage. Industrial
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✩u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-655083
Preliminary Report on United States
Production , 1941, and Production , Con-
sumption and Stocks of Certain Syn-
thetic Organic Chemicals , 1942, and by
Months, 1943 (Facts for Industry Series
6-2 ) . United States Tariff Commission,
Washington 25, D. C.
Nongovernmental:
American Wood Preservers Associa-
tion Manual of Recommended Practice.
Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
1942. 3rd Edition . Reinhold Publish-
ing Corp. , 330 West 42d St. , New York
18, N. Y.
Index to A.S.T.M. Standards. 1944.
American Society for Testing Materials,
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Pa.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
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Volume 3- Part 2 August 1945 Number 28

The Spanish Potash Industry

Arranged for Publication by Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

The Union Espanola de Explosivos plant. 9205

 The Spanish
Digested from a report, William L. Smyser, Third Secretary, Unied States Embassy, Madrid.
The importance of the Spanish
potash field in Catalonia, not far from
Barcelona, was first disclosed in 1913,
52 years after the discovery of the
original German potash deposits at
Strassfurt. Only shortly before, the
monopoly enjoyed by this German
pioneering field during nearly two
generations had been threatened for
the first time by the Wittlesheim mine
in Alsace and by the small Polish
mines in Galicia.
Before the Spanish product could
be put on sale in competition with the
German, Polish, and Alsatian salts,
the danger of a general potash war
between the established German
groups and the French organization ,
Sequestre General des Mines Aleman-
des de Potasse d' Alsace, founded
November 17, 1918, had been avoided
by the formation of the Franco-Ger-
man Potash Syndicate, and this new
group naturally opposed the introduc-
tion of Spanish salts on world mar-
kets. But the Spanish deposits of syl-
vite and carnallite had been found
sufficiently rich and vast in extent to
leave no doubt as to the ultimate com-
petitive importance of the new field.
Production started on a modest scale
in 1925. After a short period during
which they waged a vigorous price
war, partly in the United States,
against the Germans, French, and
Poles, the Spanish producers were ad-
mitted, in 1935, to share in the inter-
national potash markets dominated by
the syndicate.
During the past decade, under the
disruptions first of the Spanish Civil
War and then of the present World
War, the three Catalan mines sold
more than half a million metric tons
Ore loads in the Albert shaft, Cardona potash mine.
Potash
of K,O. This record could be greatly
improved. In the last year, production
notably increased but it still falls far
behind capacity. Since the better- .
than-average output of 1941 , sales had
been small, but during the first 11
months of 1944, stimulated by orders
from Great Britain, French North
Africa, and Portugal, and with output
improved through reorganization and
increased efficiency of at least two of
the mines, total sales surpassed any
attained since the civil war. They
were the highest since 1934, when
Spanish potash, prior to the under-
standing with the Franco-German
Syndicate, was selling on every mar-
ket which a policy of low competitive
prices could open.
The value of the total salable potash
produced in 1942 has been estimated
at 57,000,000 paper pesetas ; in 1943
at 46,000,000 , and in 1944 at 86,000,000 .
At least half the potash produced is
exported and the foreign currency
thus obtained improves the country's
situation on international markets.
Steps are being taken to improve the
unsatisfactory supply of coal to the
potash mines by enlarging deliveries
from neighboring bituminous deposits
at Berga. Machinery, trucks, cables,
and railway cars, all of which are
urgently needed, are being promised
in the near future and given priorities
in the governmental program of re-
habilitation. So long as this program
of assistance lags behind schedule,
however, the potash output must also
fail to meet contractual obligations,
and this is the present unsatisfactory
situation in regard to shipments
promised to Great Britain and Portu-
gal.
Industry
Location of Mining Concessions
The Catalan potash deposits lie less
than 100 kilometers (62 miles) to the
northwest of Barcelona, in a region
which has been subjected to strong
geological stresses due in part to a
former subsidence of the earth below
a shallow inland sea and in part to
later mountain building. The existence
of a great salt bed in the region has
long been known, and one outstand-
ing formation of characteristic shape
and color near Cardona has been
called for generations the "red moun-
tain," or the "mountain of salt." The
presence of sylvite and carnallite was
first detected when it was noted that
cattle licking at the rock salt broken
off for them from the uptilted strata
rejected some layers, indicating that
potash salts were interlarded between
the normal beds of common salt
(sodium chloride) .
A field for prospecting and exploita-
tion was developed , bounded officially
by lines drawn on the map from Vich
southwest to Manresa, and thence to
Igualda, the most southerly point of
the region, and then westward to Tar-
raga and Balaguer, northward to
Isona through the Sierra del Monsech ,
and due east to Berga, near which
coal deposits occur. It is within a
much smaller area, bounded by a
quadrilateral with its points at Berga,
Vich, Manresa, and Cardona, that the
present mines lie ; nonetheless, potash
concessions have been granted gen-
erally throughout the larger region ,
and the map serves to illustrate the
complexity of the claims which at one
time or another have been staked off
in the field .
Few of the numerous concessions
granted have been exploited. It is
stated that many ofthese original
holdings are being retained as an
eventual speculation , yet only eight or
nine companies or individual holders
may be characterized as of real im-
portance, and only five firms have
actually started work on a large scale.
TABLE 1. -Area of the Principal Polash Con-
cessions Granted Prior to 1926
[In hectares]
Company Barce- Lerida Total
lona
Minas de Potasa de
Suria, S. A.. 13,398 6,242 19,640
Union Espanola de
Explosivos. 5,148 5,640 10,788
Sociedad La Minera . 8,099 36,239 44,338
Fodina, S. A... 17,965 13,369 31,334
La Sevillana. 935 935
Juan Vives Gisbert . 1,914 1,914
Enrique Villate.. 2,150 2,150
Rob. Stow Bradley . 800 800
Various.. 66 66
Total.. 50,409 61,556 111,985
 THE SPANISH POTASH INDUSTRY

e MAPA GEOLÓGICO
Coll deNorge ierra del Port del Comt
SSorts DELA
CUENCA POTASICA
EtVer DX
La Doelis CATALUÑA
--
Castell Ingenierede MARIN
PORAQUSTIN Minas
Bucar de Busa
Carre Olina
οφιδίο
s
$lerr Bonai
SIERBA DEL MONSECE Altes s
llo Pino PratsdeLlusa É
deMay

e
Belfort S. Mar Martin Maria deOlost

8.d
BOLSONA
Honmayortre rra
Os.Man de Sie
OS.Climent OV LorredeOriatd
Olas
Domen 3.Felia deSastra
Preizinet Gayi Oneld
dela aguda!
s. Carbo Rabop Art Gos #helles ‫ח‬ Cagat
Camarsal Omi
Banahaja nova
kro Agt S'Balad Old
Maria& O
Numelia Babanubging n Plus-
Monrlar de Pinósung
Rocovery! Vilamajo Selvarfer Aguda,
Belig Mald Paton
andMengay Pradell oleras gudes Mateo Jampedor
A Agramunt rauioona
BALAGU LaRipita Sierra de lmega Puigvert ParaleCol
Bellcaire O Fallerg Llor PROVINCIA Calonge Monistrol de Calderr
TorreAmandĮ JaaneVantop-dde
AlmenaraAlte Regadell MANRESA
Anartsong les
Sierra de Fontanel

A
NCI
Ruidovelles Moncorles O Prate
Oligoceno
Eoceno
Clarowalla Costel Poardiola
Srgar Publ Castellgali Cretaceo
CERVERA' Sierra Lisa100
Anglesola TARREGA Triasico
LaBabasa Often
Ejes de losanticlinales
Jorba Perimetro de les mines de particulares
IGUALADA • Bondeos7 pozos
ENCALA, 1:300.000 Perimetro de le sona reservadapor el Estado

Map of the Spanish Potash Region Showing Location of Concessions.

Prospecting, borings, and experi- posits compare favorably with those a daily output of up to 6,000 metric
mental shafts have revealed that of the United States, Alsace, Germany, tons of crude salts, averaging about
among the most practicable locations Poland, the Soviet Union, and Pales- 18 percent K2O, if coal and laborers
for mining the potash are the little tine. were available, and if the installed
towns of Cardona and Sallent, the Production equipment could be maintained in
river stations of Suria and of Bal- proper condition. A recent report in-
sareny, and the less accessible deposits Present production, under the dicates that more than half of the
at Llardella and at Casteilfullit. handicaps imposed by insufficient fuel, installed capacity for concentrating
The analysis of specimens taken inadequate labor, and difficulties in was not being used.
from mining sites which have from transportation , averages only 2,800 The following table gives a resume
the first offered many advantages metric tons of crude salts daily. The of production in terms of K20 content
proves that the Spanish potash de- existing mines could be worked with from 1925 through 1944. The statistics
were provided by the potash sales
office.

TABLE 2.-Spanish Potash Production,

1925-44
[Metric tons K₂O]

Minas de Union
Year Potasa de Espanola Potasas Total
Suria de Ibericas
Explosivos
1925 . 2,640 2,640
1926 . 6,016 6,016
1927 . 16,216 16,216
1928 . 22,557 22,557
1929 . 22,602 22,602
1930 . 26,199 1,840 28,039
1931 . 20,365 7,751 28,116
1932. 20,144 31,395 3,272 54,811
1933 . 16,628 41,854 32,631 91,113
1934. 29,959 58,211 43,478 131,648
1935 . 28,816 53,790 37,790 120,396
1936 . 11,705 23,332 14,328 49,365
1937 . 5,655 7,365 2,100
1938 . 15,120
1939 13,116 12,410 25,526
1940 . 29,551 33,496 26,606 89,653
1941 . 37,099 39,994 23,946 101,039
1942 27,790 40,016 21,848 89,654
1943. 28,000 27,000 16,000 71,000
1944 45,000 55,000 28,000 128,000
Total.. 396,942 434,160 262,409 1,093,511

December output was estimated and added to

actual output during first 11 months.
Source: Potash Sales Office.
View of the pit,heads, Cardona potash mine.
4 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

It may be seen from the foregoing metric tons in the same period, which of raw sylvite , containing 20 to 22
data that during the 19 years of its was exceeded only by the record year percent and 30 to 32 percent K₂O, as
active exploitation, the Catalan potash of 1934. Only the Potasas Ibericas, well as refined muriate grades which
region has attained a production of with 26,000 metric tons, failed to sur- range from 40 to 42 percent K₂O
100,000 metric tons of K2O in only 4 pass the sales of its pre -civil-war through 50-52 percent to 60-62 per-
years— 1934, 1935, 1941 , and 1944. The years, 1933-35. To a large extent the cent or even 62-63 percent. A sul-
highest production was attained in methods of mining and state of the phate containing 48 to 50 percent K₂O
1934 before the effect of the cartel had equipment may explain these develop- is also prepared .
been felt . The detailed production of ments in production . The Potasas Ibericas, using the Sal-
the three Spanish mines, by quality Sales lent plant, offers three grades of
and quantity of potash salts, is indi- sylvite, ranging from 15 percent to 30
cated in the tables showing sales. The The technical developments of pot- percent K₂O, one grade of sulphate at
Minas de Potasa de Suria produced ash establishments like the one at 50 percent, and three grades of muri-
44,000 metric tons of K2O in the first Sallent make it possible for the Span- ate which contain between 40 and 60
11 months of 1944, exceeding all its ish industry to offer its customers percent.
previous efforts, and the Union Espa- various grades of salts. The Union The Minas de Potasa de Suria offers
nola de Explosivos turned out 52,000 Espanola de Explosivos sells two grades
less variety ; yet any of the Catalan
plants may extend its line of products
TABLE 3.- Sales of Spanish Potash, 1936-44 by adapting or modifying its existing
[Metric tons of K₂O] plant. Actual sales-domestic and
foreign- in recent years are given in
Year Minas de Potasa Union Espanola Potasas the following tables at the left.
de Suria de Explosivos Ibericas
Domestic Consumption
1936 .. Domestic . 3,945 Domestic . 1 Domestic. 30
Foreign . 6,846 Foreign.. .14,306 Foreign.. .14,291 The average consumption of potash
Total.. 10,791 Total.. 14,307 Total. 14,321 is now twice that of the normal year
1939 .... Domestic . Domestic . 4,495 Domestic . 1,355 before the civil war, yet it still lags
Foreign.. Foreign.. 1,206 Foreign.. 480 far behind the estimated needs of
Total..... 5,701 Total 1,835 Spain . Prior to 1936 , about 25,000
metric tons of K2O in the form of 50-
1940... Domestic . . 18,001 Domestic . 11,641 Domestic . 6,465
Foreign.. 9,095 Foreign.. 4,958 Foreign.. 21,837 percent potash salts were consumed
annually. In 1941 , domestic consump-
Total.. 27,096 Total. .16,599 Total. 28,302 tion amounted to 51,713 metric tons
1941 . Domestic . 24,068 Domestic . 14,420 Domestic . 7,315 of K2O ; in 1942 , to 47,963 tons; in 1943;
Foreign... . 13,405 Foreign.. 27,927 Foreign.. .26,835 to 33,240 tons, and in 1944, to about
Total. .37,473 Total. 42,347 Total.. .34,150 40,000 tons. During the latter half of
1942 . Domestic . 24,069 Domestic . 17,068 Domestic. 10,461 1943 and the first half of 1944 pur-
Foreign.. 4,423 Foreign.. 20,833 Foreign.. 9,973 chases for domestic consumption were,
Total. 28,492 Total.. 37,901 Total. 19,434 considering the general need for fer-
tilizers, comparatively low owing to
1943... Domestic . 17,981 Domestic . 11,416 Domestic . 6,117
Forcign.. 7,441 Foreign.. 15,027 Foreign.. 9,280 the absence of phosphates and other
materials entering into the composi-
Total. 25,422 Total.. .26,443 Total. . 15,397 tion of compound fertilizers.
Jan.-Nov. 1944.. Domestic . 20,000 Domestic . 13,000 Domestic . 7,000
Foreign.. .23,850 Foreign.. .39,130 Foreign .. . 19,300 Exports
Total. 43,850 Total. .52,130 Total. .26,300
Prosperity, which had barely begun
Grand total... 173,124 195,428 139,739 for the Catalan potash exporters, end-
ed with the Spanish Civil War. Exports
of nearly 200,000 metric tons of potash
TABLE 4.- Sales of Spanish Potash Salts, by Grade and Company, 1941-44 salts in 1933, of 267,000 metric tons in
[Metric tons of salts] 1934, and of 252,500 metric tons in 1935
were not large but as yet these records
1941 1942 1943 Jan.-Nov. 1944 have not been equalled .
Company and grade The only good export years since
Do- Do- Do- Do- 1935 have been 1941 when Great Brit-
mestic Foreign Total mestic Foreign Total mestic Foreign Total mestic Foreign Total
sales sales sales salos sales sales sales sales sales sales sales sales ain , France, French Morocco, the
French West Indies, and the United
UnionEspanola deExplosivos: States purchased 140,500 metric tons ,
17

Sylvite, 14 percent.. 21 21 and in 1944, with Great Britain and

Muriate, 40 percent.. 777 777 1,148 1,148
Muriate, 50 percent . 30,419 7,406 37,825 22,784 4,034 26,818 13,923 1,100 15,023 15,359 15,359 French Morocco as good customers.
Muriate , 60 percent . 275 39,856 40,131) 5,054 29,367 34,421 3,242 24,129 27,371 3,961 54,614 58,575 Spain could have sold more potash in
Muriate, 62 percent . 832 832 1,061 1,000 2,061 2,620 2,620 4,236 4,236
Sulphate, 48 percent . 53 53 441 441 444 444 379 379 1944 if the mines had produced it.
Exporters were behind on deliveries to
Total.. 31,579 48,039 79,618 29,340 35,549 64,889 20,250 25,229 45,479 23,935 54,614 78,549
Great Britain, although certain buy-
Minas de Potasa de Suria: ers who formerly were important-
Muriate, 50 percent. 41,699 2,486 44,185 40,838 3,388 44,226 29,096 2,197 31,293 33,778 33,778
Muriate, 58 percent. 262 262 112 112 24 24 especially the United States, which
Muriate, 60 percent. 18,944 18,944 4,627 4,549 9,176 3,403 10,571 13,974 3,805 31,967 35,772 took respectively about 52,000 metric
Total. 41,961 21,430 63,391 45,577 7,937 53,514 32,523 12,768 45,291 37,583 31,967 69,550 tons, 72,000 metric tons, and 37,300
metric tons in the 3 years preceding
l'otasas Ibericas:
Muriate, 30 percent.. 13,775 13,775 18,840 18,840 2,393 2,393 the Spanish Civil War-were not even
Muriate, 40 percent.. 24,610 24,610 5,166 7,049 12,215 3,261 40 3,301 736 3,850 4,586 represented in the export trade during
Muriate, 50 percent.. 17,642 4,142 21,784 14,291 14,291 7,498 2,418 9,916 10,989 750 11,739
Muriate, 58 percent. 250 250 20 20 30 30 1942, 1943, and 1944.
Muriate, 60 percent.. 17,980 17,980 233 837 1,070 529 10,849 11,378 1,168 21,902 23,070
Preliminary statistics covering the
Total....... 17,892 60,507 78,399 19.710 26,726 46,436 11,318 15,700 27,018 12,893 26,502 39,395 full year 1943 show that deliveries to
Grand total . 91,432 129,976 221,408 94,627 70,212 164,839 64,091 53,697 117,788 74,411 113,083 187,494 Great Britain during the second half
of 1943 amounted to approximately
 THE SPANISH POTASH INDUSTRY 5

TABLE 5.-Foreign Trade in Potash Salts for Fertilizers Agreements, Cartels, Sales Offices
[Metric tons of salts]
The Minas de Potasa de Suria was
Country of origin 1933 1934 1935 1941 1942 First half of the first of the Spanish mines to come
or destination 1943
into production, and by 1928 the con-
Imports trolling company had obtained a place
for the mine in the Franco-German
Germany . 1,922 3,954 2,554 (1) (1) 30 cartel, or the international syndicate,
Belgium . 5 1,574 5,954
Chile. 347 1,645 with an annual quota of 45,000 tons,
France . 613 1,437 942 of which 25,000 tons were to be sold for
Great Britain .
Holland . (1) (1) 2 domestic consumption and 20,000 tons
Total ..... 2,540 7,312 11,097 (1) 30 for export. As the mine's production
(1)
was at this time inadequate to meet
Exports any demands beyond the domestic
Spanish needs, the international car-
Switzerland. 40 tel allotted the firm 15 pesetas a ton
Spanish Guiana. 11
French West Indies.. 2,200 1,190 on its export quota.
French Morocco . 9,850
Germany. 75 153 3,609 After the Union Espanola de Explo-
Argentina . 50 sivos came into production, about 1930 ,
Belgium.. 11,470 63,536 41,208 and after Potasas Ibericas entered the
Denmark. 50 10,600 28,729
United States . 51,855 72,003 37,341 12,309 domestic market in 1932 , a wave of
Philippines. 305 1,185
France . 3,583 298 1,443 43,638 28,143 2,393 price competition developed which
Great Britain . 5,561 17,375 6,851 66,091 28,795 34,114 finally led to an agreement signed
Netherlands. 83,883 52,940 88,925 with the Franco-German cartel in
Italy.. 3,669 18,253 15,612 1,001
Japan. 14,427 9,084 12,326 1935 whereby all the Spanish com-
Spanish Morocco 38 15 10 100 101 25
Morocco, Free Zone. 2 2,200 panies were admitted and the two
Norway.. 7,143 5,794 9,868 named firms were given a quota of 14
Portugal . 3,900 10,682 2,374 percent in all export markets . Prices
Porto Rico . 68
Sweden . 7,580 17,136 5,438 were stabilized and an understanding
British West Indies. 8,509
British East Indies . 508 made regarding the domestic market.
Iceland . 216 200 With the outbreak of the civil war,
Canary Islands . 2,242 3,897 1,194
the Spanish firms were deprived of the
Total.... 198,656 267,305 252,547 140,557 74,719 40,140 fruits of this agreement. When the
present European war dissolved the
1Less than 1 ton.
Source: Official Customs Statistics. Franco-German cartel agreement, the
three producers came together in 1940
and agreed to divide the business on a
10,000 metric tons. The rate of de- February 1944, as result of the very realistic basis . Various changes have
liveries to Portugal was much accel- large contract with Great Britain , been made in the allotments orig-
erated, sales for the full year totaling at £9.17.0. inally proposed, but the present agree-
9,394 metric tons . No new sales were Special export prices of potassium ment is stated to be as follows :
made to France nor to Switzerland , muriate for Portugal were approxi-
while those to Spanish possessions mately the same as those above.
followed a normal course. The 1,194 Prices of the 40-percent grade , quoted TABLE 7. -Agreement as to the Distribution
of Potash Salts
metric tons delivered to the Canaries for French Morocco (less 5 percent
in the first half of the year was nearly commission ) , were 265.00 pesetas per [In percentages]
duplicated in the second , giving a metric ton.
total of 2,140 metric tons for the year. The domestic price in 1942 for mu- Union Minas de
It is interesting to note that while riate containing 50-52 percent K2O Item Espanola Potasas Potasa
de Ibericas de Suria
the 58,722 metric tons of potash ex- was 345 pesetas per metric ton. On Explosivos
ported during 1943 fell well below the January 1 , 1943, the domestic prices Export quota 49.31 26.55 24. 14
74,719 metric tons shipped in 1942, the were raised unostentatiously by a Quota, domestic
increased value of the salts which change in sales contract which subsi- market.. 32.50 17.50 50.00
Percentage of
were sold resulted in a higher return tuted Barcelona for all other principal present
ports, thus transferring the cost of production. 42.96 21.88 35.16
in gold pesetas to the companies. In
1942, the exports were valued at freight to the buyer. On March 15 ,
5,746,303 gold pesetas, and in 1943, 1944, a real increase in price was im-
about 10 percent more, or 6,352,816 posed with the consent of the Ministry Sales to the Spanish market are
gold pesetas. and of the syndicate . canalized through a single firm ,
The rate of exportation to Great The following table indicates these Potasas Espanolas, S.A. , which is the
Britain increased in 1944 , but Portugal successive price movements in detail , company formed by the three pro-
was less fortunate and negotiations and specifies further special erport ducers to take care of the domestic
have been started to step up deliveries. prices which have recently come into trade.
French Morocco occupied during 1944 existence : All sales to foreign markets also are
the position of second most important handled for the three producing com-
market, having taken 8,690 metric TABLE 6.-Prices for Domestic Sales of panies by a single company. Until
tons in the first 11 months. Negotia- Potash Since 1941
November 1 , 1944, this was the Union
tions for increasing deliveries are in [Pesetas per 100 kilos, in bulk, f.o.b. or free on wagon] Espanola de Explosivos , which is the
progress. heaviest supplier of and largest sharer
Prices Up to From From
Jan. 1, Jan. 1, March 15, in this trade. On that date , the Potasas
Export prices have tended to rise Grade 1943, 1943, 1944. Espanolas , S. A. , was charged also with
principal Barcelona Barcelona conducting the foreign business of the
since 1931. In 1942 , bulk shipments of ports
60- percent muriate placed on boat at Spanish producers . As far as policy is
40 percent K₂O……. 27.50 27.50 28.72
Barcelona were quoted at £9.10.0 per 50 percent K₂O.. 34.50 34.50 35.90 concerned , this represents no change ,
metric ton ; in the first semester of 58 percent K₂O. 40.10 40.10 41.61 since the same personnel and directors
60 percent KO, 41.25 41.45 43.08
1943 , at £10.10.0 ; during July 1 , 1943- 62 percent KO.. 42.90 42.90 44.52 continue in charge and the point of
February 1944, at £ 10.15.0 ; and since view is absolutely unaltered .
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

by the Ministry as 16.13 pesetas in the

mine and 12.27 pesetas in the plant.
The mine operators state that they
are unable to confirm this and ques-
tion its value in any attempt to ex-
plain or clarify their price policy or to
attempt to balance prices against
costs.
The average sales prices of K₂O,
incorporated in the table, were stressed
by the director of one potash organi-
zation as serving more for general
guidance than absolute accuracy.
Owing to the change in the value of
the peseta since the estimate of costs
was first drafted at the time when the
Catalan factories were being first
erected and tested, it is recommended
that the pesetas be regarded as gold
pesetas, and multiplied by 3.577 in
order to convert them into paper pe-
setas such as would be used to calcu-
late costs today. One paper peseta
currently is equal to approximately
Scraper and electric drill, Cardona potash mine. $0.091 .

Refining of Potash The presence of magnesium chlor- Cost of Refining

ide, such as in carnallite , decreases
The strata of the potash minerals the solubility of the potassium chlor- The horsepower necessary in the
lie between accumulations of rock ide at a given temperature-the different departments of a factory for
salt and in the environs of Sallent the treatment of 1,000 tons of potash
higher the content of magnesium
have a thickness of about 80 meters.1 chloride, the greater the effect. This has been estimated as follows by Aug-
The principle used in separating the is one reason why sylvite alone is now ustin Marin, Director of the Instituto
salts contained in the ores is based on Geologico y Mineria :
being mined and treated at Sallent,
the difference in solubility of common and the carnallite left for future Hp. requirements
salt (sodium chloride) and potassium For pulverizing 110
chloride. The latter is much more sol- handling. 50
For crushing..
uble in hot water than in cold while For refining.. 38
Costs and Returns on Capital 12
the solubility of sodium chloride For crystalizing .
For drying... 45
changes little with temperature. By Owing to the unfortunate disloca- 41
extracting the mineral with hot water For concentrating .
tion of output, transport, and markets, For warehousing . 24
and then cooling the solution, crystals the investment in the mines and For freight..... 7.5
of potassium chloride separate while plants in Catalonia has so far prob- For illumination, etc.. 22.5
the common salt remains largely in ably failed to yield an adequate re- Total.. 350.0
solution. This treatment of the ore turn. When times are again normal ,
after coming from the mine and pass- the output of the Spanish mines will The approximate cost of installing
ing through a preliminary prepara- be greater, costs will be less, and re- a potash factory in Spain, taking into
tion yields the desired potash in a turns higher even though prices are account the continual fluctuation of
comparatively pure state. lower. The following table, based upon prices, was estimated by the same
material furnished in part by the authority at the time when the Sal-
1 Descriptions of the Spanish mines, mining
practices, and diagrams are given in the original Spanish Ministry of Industry and lent, Cordona, and Suria plants were
report which is available for loan from the Chem- Commerce and in part by the trade,
ical Unit, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com- erected, as follows :
merce, Washington 25, D. Č. illustrates certain of these points : Peselus
The pulverizer plant, apparatus with fixed
TABLE 8.-Salient Statistics of Spanish Potash Industry pieces of the same, and troughs and tubes
necessary.. 93,700
Crushing plant with fixed machinery, trans-
Jan.-Nov. mission apparatus, but only the metal parts
Item 1941 1942 1943 1944 and the wooden parts; troughs and tubes ... 217,100
3 3 3 3 Refining plant, with parts as above . 108,500
Number of exploiting companies.. Crystalizing machinery, with all the different
Area (hectares) .. 1,384 1,384 1,384 1,384 parts and apparatus, as above.. 26,250
Power units installed (hp.).. 1,774 1,774 1,774 1,774
Number of workers in mines. 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 Enrichment or concentration plant, with all
Number of workers in plants . 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 the different parts and apparatus, as above. 180,400
Total number of workers.. 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 Drying plant, with all the different parts and
Average yield for workers in mines (tons, apparatus, as above... 91,150
per day). 22 213 21/4 22
Average yield for workers in plants (kilograms Warehouse, with all the necessary parts and
K.O per day) . 460 460 460 460 apparatus, as above... 34,350
Cost of labor in mines, (pesetas, per metric ton) 16.13 1 1 1 Customs, transportation, machinery, etc. 150,000
Cost of labor in plants (pesetas, per metric ton). 12.27 1 1 1 Electric motors.. 30,000
Salable production (metric tons K20). 101,039 89,654 71,000 128,000 Construction of all classes with expropriations 450,000
Average sale price per metric ton K20 (pesetas) . 406.00 640.00 653.00 670.00
Total value of salable production (pesetas)... 41,053,000 57,378,560 46,363,000 85,750,000 1,401,450
1 Not available. Outlook for Industry
The need to retain and develop
A few of the foregoing statements Y Metalurgica De Espana, were criti- foreign markets preoccupies the Span-
about the general situation of the cized by directors of certain of the ish potash industry. Since the reserve
Barcelona potash sales for 1941 , which Catalan mines. of potash salts is practically inex-
were published recently by the Minis- Among the statements questioned haustible and the problems in fuel,
try of Industry and Commerce in its is the cost of labor in producing labor, transportation , and machinery
annual publication, Estadistica Minera metric ton of potash salts. It is given maintenance are regarded as purely
 THE SPANISH POTASH INDUSTRY 7

temporary, the future of the mines
appears assured . Spanish companies
desire to reassert their interest, after
the war, in the eastern seaboard mar-
ket of the United States, in the French
West Indies, and Morocco, and to re-
tain their lion's share in sales to Great
Britain and Portugal . Present prices ,
which some experts hold to be rather
high, can readily be adjusted if new
fields attempt to sell their salts with-
out agreement or cartel.
Potash, however, is unique among
mined products in that it has prac-
tically always been controlled by a
powerful international syndicate, its
prices set, its markets divided , and its
policies laid down by agreement rather
than by competition . The future of
the Spanish industry, which is poten-
tially too big to rely upon its domestic
market alone, will probably be decided
by forces in large part beyond Spanish
control, and primarily by the conduct
of French, German, Polish, Russian,
and Palestine producers, when trade
is again unhampered by hostilities.

Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign
trade problems :
Location of Offices Managers
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg... .C. Parker Persons
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.. Harold P. Smith
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.. John J. Love
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg... .C. W. Martin
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse..... George C. Payne
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce... Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Commerce Bldg.,

Euclid Ave., at East 9th St ......... Frederic L. Roberts
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg... .Carl F. Bartz
Denver 2 , Colo. , 566 Customhouse....... Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus
Detroit 26, Mich . , 1018 New Federal Bldg. Richard Stephenson
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg.. Thos. U. Purcell
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg... William A. Dunlap
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg...... Harry M. Washington
Los Angeles 12 , Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post Office and CourthouseWalter Measday
Memphis 3 , Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg...... Noland Fontaine
Minneapolis 1 , Minn., 201 Federal Bldg... Will F. Kissick
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.. Harold C. Jackson
New York 18 , N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W. 42nd St ............ John F. Sinnott
Philadelphia 2 , Pa. , 1510 Chestnut St........ William M. Park

Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal Bldg. Chas. A. Carpenter

Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W. Morrison St ....... Howard Waterbury

Richmond 19, Va., Room 2 , Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St .....C. Roy Mundee
St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal Bldg. Clyde Miller
San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307 Customhouse... John J. Judge
Savannah, Ga ., 513 Liberty National Bank and Trust
Bldg., Bull and Broughtin Sts ..... Joseph C. Stovall
Seattle 4, Wash ., 809 Federal Office Bldg... Philip M. Crawford

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-655082

 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

● Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system .

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

● Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post- war planning .

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the ABureau

N
I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington A 25, D. C. E
I R
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N I
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r year ..
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OOT 1945

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

LIBRARY
cuments Room

Industrial Reference
Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE , Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
ENT
CO
M
ART OF MM
DEP ER
CE
A

Part 2. CHEMICALS,
RIC
4
UNI

A ME
TED
S

STATES DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 September 1945 Number 29

Mexican Paint Market

Arranged for Publication by Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Digested from a report by Abbey Schoen, United States Foreign Service, Mexico D. F.

The paint industry in Mexico ranks Paint and Varnish Industry in Mexico Censuses of 1980, 1985, and 1940
well below the agricultural, mining ,
textile manufacturing and petroleum Census
industries in the general economy of Item
the country. Nevertheless, it was de- 1930 1935 1940
veloping rapidly and bade fair to take
its place among the more developed in- Number of establishments included in Census... 26 22 31
dustries when wartime restrictions
came into effect. These restrictions re- Investments (in pesos ) :
Lands, buildings, and permanent construction. 173,767 337,933 704,554
tarded the expansion of paint manu- Machinery, tools, and repair parts. 120,924 123,037 276,459
facturing and importing into Mexico, Vehicles, furniture, utilities... 26,651 127,932
and at the same time caused Mexican Fuels and lubricants on hand. 412,142 757 3,419
Raw materials on hand... 226,864 581,109
manufacturers to utilize their own re- Finished and unfinished products on hand. 154,171 158,193 268,333
sources, particularly in the field of Total value... 861,004 873,435 1,961,806
drying oils.
Raw materials consumed (in pesos ) :
The Ministry of National Economy of Domestic.. 319,545 492,707 1,398,692
the Mexican Government, through its Imported.. 508,930 604,493 1,911,939
Department of Statistics, has conducted Total value.. 828,475 1,097,200 3,310,631
censuses of the paint and varnish in- Production (in pesos) :
dustry, the latest being in 1940. Total value... 1,356,800 1,961,997 5,185,427
Personnel :
Directors.. 43 31 44
Employees..... 34 60 117
Production and Consumption Workmen. 243 274 458
Total personnel. 320 365 619
There are at present 36 paint manu- Paid wages and salaries (in pesos ) :
facturers in Mexico, employing in all Directors..... 17,150 49,811 99,358
about 1,500 workers. The total volume Employees. 38,698 81,329 257,093
Workmen.. 123,610 162,148 440,327
of annual sales of these factories is
Total value.. 179,458 293,288 796,778
estimated by the Ministry of National
Economy at 18,000,000 pesos. This figure
is almost 2,000,000 pesos more than
the figure submitted by the Mexican
Association of Paint and Ink Manu- Types of Paints Produced, 1943
[Unit price and value of sales in pesos]
facturers. The difference is partly ex-
plained by the fact that a few manu- Unit Value of
facturers are not members of the asso- Туре Production price sales
ciation. The Ministry of Economy figure
also includes manufactures other than Kilograms
of paint, such as waterproofing com- Ready-mixed paint (interior). 6,325,000 1.00 6,325,000
pounds. Ready-mixed paint (exterior) . 1,837,000 1.75 3,214,750
Liters
The types of paints produced, volume Varnish (exterior and interior). 480,000 2,25 1,080,000
by kilograms and liters, and sales for Industrial enamels. 373,800 3.50 1,308,300
1943 by the members of the Mexican Automobile enamels.. 253,000 4.00 1,012,000
Automobile lacquers. 310,370 4.00 1,241,480
Association of Manufacturers of Paints Marine paints.... 62,000 3.50 217,000
and Inks, who constitute more than 95 Casein powder paints. 1,632,000
percent of the industry in Mexico, are Total.. 16,030,530
shown in the accompanying tables.

D 2082
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

The outlook for the paint industry sufficient for domestic requirements. and marine purposes. Production of
in Mexico is good. It is the general The need is urgent for greater local clear varnish in Mexico in 1943 was
opinion that the industry will expand production and for importation of clear about 480,000 liters. It is estimated
rapidly when technical assistance and varnishes for the manufacture of fur- that Mexico could easily consume more
modern equipment become available. niture and for household, industrial, than three times that amount annually .
Until recent years, the Federal Dis-
trict, including Mexico City, consumed Imports of Paints into Mexico
more than 90 percent of the high-grade [Quantity in thousands of pounds gross weight; value in thousands of dollars]
paint sold in Mexico. Its consump-
tion is now estimated at 70 percent due Average 1937-39 1940 1941 1942
to the increased consumption in such Type and country of
origin
centers as Monterrey, Puebla, and Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
Guadalajara. Tampico is also a sub-
stantial consuming center for paint be- Ready-mixed paints (imports
cause of the severe climatic conditions groups 6.61.28 and 6.61.29).. 1,940 $347 1,765 $354 2,651 $517 3,678 $822.0
which exist there. Acapulco and United States..... 1,659 282 1,668 342 2,623 512 3,646 814.0

318
Veracruz will undoubtedly become United Kingdom.. 178 35 1 (¹) 32 8.0
Germany.. 72 20 12 22 (¹)
more important when shipping becomes All other. 31 10 84 1 (')
normal in these ports. Government (¹)
Paint, varnish and lacquer,
uses for paints would be for gasoline containing alcohol (import
tanks in the petroleum fields and for group 6.61.21) . 414 106 448 125 700 163 855 215.0
United States... 344 84 440 123 700 163 853 214.0
mechanical equipment, including re- United Kingdom. 26 2 1.0
(¹) (¹)
fineries and buildings, through its de- Germany. 31 11 (1)
pendencies such as Petroleos Mexicanos Other.... 13 2 (¹) (¹)

and Ferrocarrilos Nacionales.
Oil paints and enamels are used prin-
cipally for the interiors of dwellings,
offices, laboratories, and hospitals.
Health Department regulations make
their use mandatory in the case of
laboratories and hospitals. Privately
owned bus lines use oil paints and
enamels but, for the most part, bus
lines which are cooperatively owned
do not use.good paints. Oil paints and
enamels are seldom used on exteriors
of factories or warehouses.
In every region of Mexico a great
deal of water paint is used, most of
which is of domestic manufacture and
poor in quality. Mexican importations
of American water paints are steadily
increasing. However, the tendency of
local builders and painters is to buy
the lower-priced Mexican varieties.
This situation will be overcome when
builders and home owners are suf-
ficiently educated to the use of better-
quality water paints. Both American
and Mexican paint manufacturers and
distributors are carrying on an active
campaign with this objective in view.
On the basis of the figures in the
Mexican Industrial Census of 1940, sev-
eral reliable sources have expressed the
opinion that Mexico's requirements for
oil paints, water paints, varnishes, and
enamels would increase at least two
and one-half to three times in the
postwar period. The same sources
believe that after the war nitrocellulose
lacquers will replace oil paints and
enamels in many of their applications.
Oil and resin emulsion paints are
used for interior but not for exterior
surfaces. Imports of these products
have not made any appreciable inroads
in competition with local products,
mainly because of price. Emulsion
paints have durability between that of
oil paints and water paints in the
opinion of the Mexican paint trade.
Although the production in Mexico
of clear varnish ranks third after
ready-mixed paints, it is far from
Water paints, dry (import)
group 6.61.18) .. 13
United States.... (2)
¹ Negligible.
2 Not available.
Advances during recent years in im-
proved building construction and
manufacturing have increased the de-
mand in Mexico for synthetic enamels
and lacquers. Almost half of Mexico's
consumption of lacquer has been as a
refinishing material for automobiles
and busses. With intensified production
of such items as metal and wood fur-
niture, refrigerators, stoves, and toys,
new uses and fields are being opened
for every type of synthetic enamel and
lacquer.
The production and consumption of
marine antifouling and anticorrosive
paints have been small during the past
few years . In 1943, Mexico produced
only 62,000 liters of such paints. This
is explained by war conditions and
restrictions. Until very recently, ship-
ping in and out of such Mexican ports
as Veracruz, Acapulco, Salina Cruz,
and Mazatlan, was almost at a stand-
still except for a limited amount.of
fishing activity. The Mexican market
for marine paints with a copper base,
however, has always been good. With
the resumption of shipping, both Mex-
ican and international, it is to be ex-
pected that both production and con-
sumption of these paints will greatly
increase. Unlike other fields, such as
building construction and industry, the
Mexican user of marine paints appre-
ciates the importance of good quality.
As a consequence, less educational ad-
vertising is necessary and quality is
the prime consideration.
Although Mexico has had a sizable
building boom for several years, affect-
ing both residential and business sec-
tions, it has not been carried on under
a fixed or seriously studied plan. It is
still going on, and there seems to be
no immediate prospect of cessation.
22203
1 13 1.5 29 2.4
(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 2.4
Particularly as construction materials,
both local and imported, become easier
in supply, businessmen and industri-
alists expect to build their own shops,
warehouses, and office accommodations.
Such a development could give a de-
cided impetus to paint consumption
throughout the country.
Another phase of construction ac-
tivity which may call for substantial
amounts of paints and paint materials
are irrigation projects, bridge work on
public highways, renovation of rail-
road shops and equipment, and other
public works for which the Govern-
ment has elaborate and extensive plans.
Such industries as sugar mills and
textile plants, where privately owned
and operated , may be expected to use
increasing amounts of paint and var-
nish as refitting of plant and new in-
stallations are effected during the next
few years.
Raw Materials
Drying Oils
The processing of castor beans has
reached considerable importance in
Mexico. The requirements of the paint
industry for dehydrated castor oil are
met locally. Recently, small surpluses
of the oil were exported to the United
States. The production of castor beans
in Mexico is somewhat limited be-
cause of a feeling on the part of farm-
ers that the situation is speculative and
temporary and that any extended in-
vestment might not be productive of
return in the postwar period.
Practically no fish oil is used by the
paint industry in Mexico and none is
produced. Shark and other fish oils.

except sardine, have not been found
satisfactory by the local paint industry .
Linseed oil is produced in abundance
and is more than sufficient for the
The
paint industry's requirements .
price, however, is very high, owing to
the fact that the producers find it a
profitable export item. In 4 years, the
price quadrupled from 0.34 pesos per
kilogram to 1.70. The soap industry
in Mexico is also a substantial user of
linseed oil as a substitute for copra
and cocoanut oil, which were obtained
from the Philippine Islands before the
war. Mexico has almost ceased im-
porting linseed oil, which previously
came chiefly from the United States.
The Cacahuananche tree, which pro-
duces nuts from which oil is obtained ,
grows in abundance in Mexico, but
there is no established industry for
extracting the oil. Due to lack of or-
ganization in gathering and extraction,
Cacahuananche oil is frequently un-
available. The oil, nevertheless, sells
for one-third less than does Oiticica
oil, obtainable from Brazil, which is a
product of the same species of tree. It
is the only substitute known to the
Mexican paint industry for tung oil
(China-wood oil) , now unavailable be-
cause of the war.
Soybean oil is used much less in the
paint industry in Mexico than in the
United States. Despite their known
value, the soybean and soybean oils
have not appealed to the Mexican
farmer, although production will un-
doubtedly increase when facilities for
extraction of the oil become more
available.
Opaque White Pigments
Mexican paint manufacturers have
no difficulty in obtaining leaded and
lead -free zinc oxide of local manu-
facture but the quality is rather poor.
Lithopone has not been made suc-
cessfully; that which has been pro-
duced has lacked uniformity and turns
gray when exposed to the sun. It is in
great demand in Mexico for the manu-
Mexico
facture of low -priced paint.
imports only from the United States
but wartime restrictions have stood in
the way of free supply.
Titanium dioxide is not produced,
being imported exclusively from the
United States. Previous to the war
there were small importations from
Italy, Germany, and England .
White lead is manufactured in Mex-
ico and the paint industry has no dif-
ficulty in obtaining its requirements.
It is not in great demand among paint
manufacturers, however, because it is
used in a form of paint that is best
suited for frame houses. The National
Railways is a large user of white lead
paint for its yards, buildings, and ware-
houses. Painters themselves make a
cheap mixture, called "albayalde," by
combining a little white lead, ground
marble, and linseed oil, adding turpen-
tine and tinting colors.
MEXICAN PAINT MARKET
Pigments
Extender pigments.-Barytes, mica,
talc, and whiting found in abundance
in Mexico are locally processed. In
many parts of Mexico it is still the
custom to sell paint by weight. As a
result, many cheap paints have an
excess of filler, usually whiting.
Natural and synthetic colored pig-
ments. Both carbon black and lamp
black have been manufactured locally
but not in sufficient quantity for the
requirements of the paint industry.
When chrome pigments became
scarce in Mexico, a few manufacturers
undertook to make their own pigments
from potassium bichromate. However,
the results were not satisfactory. The
United States has always supplied
about 90 percent of the Mexican mar-
ket for all pigments. Prior to the war
Germany , the Netherlands, and
Switzerland supplied some chrome
colors.
Mexico has been unsuccessful in
making iron blues because of the diffi-
culties in manufacture. Mexico has
always been supplied with iron blues
from the United States.
Synthetic iron oxides are manufac-
tured locally in abundant quantities
from scrap iron by a Mexican sub-
sidiary of an American firm. They are
used largely in cheap paints, cement
coloring, and pottery. The synthetic
red iron oxide pigment contains about
98 percent of Fe O' and sells for from
1.50 to 1.65 pesos per kilogram . Mex-
ico does not appear to be in any neces-
sity of importing such synthetic iron
oxides from the United States.
Lakes and toners have always been
imported and the demand is much
larger than the supply. Germany ex-
ported substantial quantities to Mexico
before the war, but most of the imports
came from the United States.
Mineral earths, such as ocher, umber,
and sienna, are manufactured in Mex-
ico in plentiful quantities and at low
cost but they are poorly ground and
of inferior quality and shade. Ochers
with an FeO content of about 20 per-
cent sell for approximately 15 centavos
a kilogram . Mexico still relies on the
United States for high-grade mineral
earth pigments .
Red lead of fairly good quality is
made in Mexico and is available in
abundance. Some difficulty has been
found in controlling a purity of 98
percent Pb Oʻ.
Ultramarine blue is of little impor-
tance to the local paint industry and
has a limited use in Mexico. However,
there is a substantial demand for ultra-
marine blue in coloring cement tiles
and ceramics. By far the largest part
of Mexico's importation has always
been from the United States. Mexico
imported less than one-third of its
requirements from Great Britain.
3
Natural and Synthetic Resins
Alkyd resins were formerly made in
Mexico when phthalic anhydride was
available, principally from the United
States. Just prior to the outbreak of
war in 1941, I. G. Farben offered alkyd
resins for 20 cents (United States cur-
rency) , per kilogram when the United
States was delivering them at 43 cents
(United States currency ) laid down in
Mexico City. None of the German
product was actually delivered. Owing
to the war practically no alkyd or
phenolic resins have been received in
Mexico.
Copal gum has largely been replaced
in Mexico by synthetic resins. In 1943
Mexico imported 5,748 kilograms of
copal from the United States and 119
from Guatemala. In the first 6 months
of 1944, Mexico imported only 520 kilo-
grams, all from the United States.
Dammar, a semifossil resin, softer
and with a lower melting point than
copal, is in slight demand . Deposits
have been located in the State of Guer-
rero but there are no established or-
ganizations engaged in production.
Ester gums are made in Mexico in
abundance, rosin and glycerin being
available.
Rosin is relatively plentiful in Mex-
ico and has become an important ex-
port item. As a result, the price has
gone from 8 centavos per pound to 60
centavos in the last 4 years.
Shellac is not produced and all re-
quirements have been imported from
the United States. During the first
years of the war and until recently,
shellac was very scarce in Mexico and
very expensive. At one time it cost
as much as 30.00 pesos, or a little more
than $6.00 (United States currency)
per kilogram. This situation has been
eased considerably and local demand
has been satisfied by quantities avail-
able in the United States.
Solvents and Thinners
Acetone is not produced in Mexico
except on an inconsequential scale by
the wood- distilling industry. It is im-
portant to the paint industry only as
a paint remover. The United States is
the main source of supply, with very
small quantities obtained from British
Honduras.
Butyl acetate is not manufactured
in Mexico. The United States has been
the only source of supply of butyl
acetate, and it was very scarce until
June 1944, when larger exports were
permitted.
Ethyl alcohol is abundant in Mexico
but expensive, producers having found
it more profitable to export. Denatured
alcohol rose in price from 60 centavos
per liter to 1.75 pesos. It is expected,
however, that this price will go down
again.
Mineral spirits are plentiful in Mex-
ico and are made from what is known
locally as gas naphtha.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
Coal tar naphtha is manufactured in
the State of Coahuila by the sub-
sidiary of an American mining com-
pany in amounts more than sufficient
for Mexico's requirements. The paint
industry finds it more desirable from
the standpoint of price and potency
than turpentine, which is frequently
used as a substitute when naphtha is
not available. There have been occa-
sional scarcities due to difficulties in
transportation.
Toluene is produced in Mexico, and
imported from the United States in
relatively small quantities. The Mex-
ican paint industry, for the most part,
uses benzol, which is highly toxic.
There are no Government restrictions
on the use of benzol but it is reported
that in the near future, through the
efforts of the Asociacion Mexicana de
Fabricantes de Pinturas y Tintas, the
use of benzol may be prohibited by
law .
Turpentine is available in Mexico
and has become an important export
item. In the last 4 years its price has
risen from 14 centavos per kilogram
to 1.10 pesos .
Xylene is difficult to obtain in Mex-
ico at the present time. While it is
essential for certain enamels, its scar-
city is unimportant since phthalic alkyd
resins are not available.
Miscellaneous
Very little casein is produced and it
will be many years before Mexico is
in a position to even approximate its
demand. Most of Mexico's require-
ments at the present time are obtained
from Argentina. It is expected that
importations from the United States
will increase.
All the nitrocellulose consumed is
imported from the United States al-
though before the war some was im-
ported from Germany.
Plasticizers, such as dibutyl phthalate
and tricresyl phosphate are not pro-
duced in Mexico and foreign supplies
have been curtailed. As an emergency
measure Mexican paint manufacturers
are using castor oil in place of these
plasticizers until they are in freer
supply.
Metallic driers are not generally pro-
duced in Mexico and requirements are
met by imports, principally from the
United States. The raw materials are,
for the most part, available however.
From the foregoing it will be seen
that Mexico is entirely dependent on
importation of certain raw materials
but is in a position to supply its own
requirements in others. It is the gen-
eral opinion among Mexican paint
manufacturers that the industry would
perfer to depend on the United States
for certain raw materials, such as pig-
ments, synthetic resins, solvents, nitro-
cellulose, plasticizers, cellulose esters,
and certain driers. Mexico is in a
position to develop almost all of its
drying oils, such as soybean, linseed,
oiticica ( cacahuananche) , and castor
oil.
Machinery and Equipment
Mexico does not have an established
paint machinery and equipment indus-
try. However, because of the difficulty
experienced during the war years in
obtaining machinery and equipment
from the United States, Mexican paint
manufacturers have built certain items,
such as tanks and varnish kettles, pro-
duction of which is fairly extensive.
The machinery, of course, is simple in
construction, the kettle being nothing
more than a steel drum with a cover
and the necessary thermometer at-
tached, and connections for valves.
There is no attempt to manufacture
ball mills, roller mills, or crushing and
grinding machinery.
Previous sources of supply were ap-
proximately 80 percent from the United
States, 15 percent from Germany, and
the remaining 5 percent from France
and Great Britain. French and Ger-
man machinery cost less than the
American but was not considered as
good. Mexican manufacturers who
have German equipment find it impos-
sible to obtain parts and replacements.
The demand for modern equipment
of American manufacture preferred by
the Mexican paint industry, is large.
It is estimated that the Mexican paint
industry could immediately absorb
200,000 dollars' worth of machinery,
principally in ball mills, roller mills,
and crushing and grinding machinery.
Most Mexican paint manufacturers
use both ball mills and roller mills.
The roller mill is preferred for soft
pigments and heavy pastes, but the
ball mill is favored for primer sur-
faces, flat paints and any paste having
rough or abrasive materials. The ball-
mill process takes longer and the ball
mill is difficult to clean but these dis-
advantages are compensated for by
greater capacity, low power consump-
tion, and low cost in terms of labor.
Only about 20 percent of the varnish
kettles in Mexico are of stainless steel,
the remainder being of copper. As
stainless steel becomes available and
the copper kettles are used up, stain-
less steel tanks and kettles will be-
come standard .
The Mexican paint industry does not
have any packaging machinery for
container filling, closing, or labeling.
These operations are done by hand.
This would appear to be a good field
for the attention of American manu-
facturers of such equipment.
The Mexican paint manufacturer
does not produce his own cans or con-
tainers. However, they are locally
made and it is not necessary to import
them. Projects are underway to greatly
increase Mexican production of these
items.
National Provincial and Municipal
Laws
Decrees and local ordinances requir.
ing the painting and decoration of
buildings and homes are not usual in
the centers of populations. There are
no laws which require a householder
to paint or redecorate at stated inter-
vals, but a decree published in the
Diario Oficial of July 23, 1942, requires
building owners to maintain the
facades in a clean and painted con-
dition.
There are no National, State, or mu-
nicipal restrictions on the use of lead
pigments or of solvents in the manu-
facture of paint in Mexico. It has
been pointed out earlier that benzol
is used freely in the manufacture of
paint but that the National Association
of Paint and Ink Manufacturers is
campaigning to eliminate its use and
to teach painters to work under better
ventilated conditions.
There are no laws of the Federal
Government, States, or municipalities
with regard to restraint of trade or ad-
vertising and labeling beyond the re-
quirements that the contents and
weight or cubic content be stated
clearly on the package or container.
Mexican paint manufacturers have
a tendency to imitate American trade
names. It is, therefore, advisable for
prospective American exporters to ex-
plore the trade-mark situation in Mex-
ico before making final arrangements
to enter the Mexican field .
Information on the registration of
trade marks in Mexico is contained in
Bulletin No. 165 of the Trade Promo-
tion Series "Industrial Property Pro-
tection Throughout the World" by
James L. Brown ( 190 pages, price 20
cents) . A copy of this publication may
be obtained for the price stated from
the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C.
Policies and Practices Affecting
the Industry
There are no Government subsidies
on production of paint nor any quanti-
tative import restrictions on paint.
To the best knowledge of the Em-
bassy, there are no formal or tacit
agreements among companies in the
paint industry in Mexico with respect
to production or sales quotas, alloca-
tion of markets, or fixing of prices.
Considerable progress has been made
in the industry with regard to the
exchange of technical information
through the efforts of the Mexican
Association of Paint and Ink Manu-
facturers.
Distribution
Distribution methods and promo-
tional efforts of the domestic Ameri-
can-owned producers and importers
follow the same general pattern. They
employ distributors and dealers in the

large cities and industrial centers, such
as Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadala-
jara, Puebla, and Tampico, and travel-
ing salesmen to cover the smaller
towns and regions.
The Mexican Association of Paint
and Ink Manufacturers is sponsoring a
"clean-up, paint-up" campaign which
is expected to be of great assistance as
a supplement to the general field of
paint advertising. Credit terms in the
paint trade reflect general business
conditions ; at present, terms are 60 to
90 days among local manufacturers and
importers.
The local trade prefers paint packed
in drums 5, 10, 20, and 50 gallons . Re-
tail sales are made in quarter-liter,
half-liter, liter, gallon, and 5-gallon
units. The law requires that all Amer-
can-packed paint state clearly the met-
ric equivalent as 3.785 liters for 1 gal-
lon.
It is a practice among importers to
import paint in at least 5-gallon drums
because of the advantage of the 25
centavos per kilogram tariff against the
45 centavos per kilogram tariff on less
than 5-gallon containers.
Advertising and Publicity
Local paint manufacturers and im-
porters use a great variety of adver-
tising media. Most important are bill-
boards and road signs. Other media
are: Signs on the backs of buses,
dealers' store fronts, direct mail, car
cards, newspapers, magazines, and ra-
dio . It is difficult to estimate the rela-
tive effectiveness and importance of
each ; however, in general, conditions
in Mexico as they relate to advertising
e
MEXICAN PAINT MARKET
effectiveness are similar to those in
the United States.
Paint retailers do little display ad-
vertising in local newspapers, but they
make use of their principals' advertis-
ing, such as calendars and rulers.
The main copy appeals are through
appearance, cleanliness, economy.
In general, advertising from United
States advertising agencies is suited to
local conditions, but certain modifica-
tions must be made to meet the situa-
tion in Mexico. For example, copy
used in the United States to meet con-
ditions of freezing and snow is un-
suitable in view of Mexico's mild cli-
mate. Many advertisements in the
United States are directed to the house-
wife who is urged to do her own paint-
ing for economy . This has little place
yet in Mexico, where women do little
of such work. One of the American
distributors in Mexico has found it
effective to tie up its advertising with
the national lottery. It supplies num-
bered bus passage receipts to the trans-
portation company. The holder of the
ticket number which corresponds to
the winning number of the lottery re-
ceives a can of paint.
General
Reinforced concrete, stone, and brick
are the principal types of materials
used in the construction of dwellings,
office buildings, factories, and ware-
houses. Mexico uses a great deal of
ornamental stone and tile. There is
very little frame construction in the
higher altitudes where such cities as
Mexico City, Puebla, and Guadalajara
are located. Even in the low coastal
✰u, 8. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-655090
5
cities and surrounding regions, wood
construction is used very little. The
poorer houses in the lower altitudes
are adobe and the better dwellings are
usually stucco.
The Government does not maintain
a laboratory for paint analysis. How-
ever, it does require all domestic paint
manufacturers to submit their formulae
and data about their importation of
raw materials, production, sales, and so
on. The Government inspectors also
investigate conditions of manufactur-
ing and work.
The Mexican Association of Paint and
Ink Manufacturers has 42 members, of
which 36 are paint manufacturers, and
asserts a very strong influence on the
paint industry. Its objects are to raise
the standards of the paints manufac-
tured; to cooperate with the Direccion
Nacional de Normas, a dependency of
the Secretaria de la Economia Nacional
(corresponds to the United States Na-
tional Bureau of Standards) ; to stand-
ardize paint manufacture and to elim-
inate the use of toxic agents ; to edu-
cate painters and painting contractors
to improve conditions of work; to
establish a general laboratory where
products may be analyzed and experi-
ments made for the benefit of the Asso-
ciation members ; to investigate the
possibilities of developing native raw
materials, such as Pinoncillo which may
be substituted for China-wood oil and
which is reported to be cleaner in color
and to have better drying qualities.
The Association and the member
manufacturers have expressed the de-
sire to cooperate wholeheartedly with
American exporters .
 Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following 26 leading cities to assist businessmen
in their current domestic and foreign trade problems :

Location of Offices Managers

Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg... C. Parker Persons

Boston 9, Mass ., 1800 Customhouse.. Harold P. Smith

Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.. John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg. C. W. Martin

Chicago 4, Ill ., 357 U. S. Courthouse .. George C. Payne

Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce. Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at East 9th St ... Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2 , Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2, Colo . , 566 Customhouse. Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus

Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal Bldg. Richard Stephenson

Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg. Thos. U. Purcell

Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.... William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.. Harry M. Washington

Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse. Walter Measday

Memphis 3, Tenn ., 229 Federal Bldg.. Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1 , Minn ., 201 Federal Bldg..... Will F. Kissick

New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.. Harold C. Jackson

New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W. 42d St... John F. Sinnott

Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St... William M. Park

Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal Bldg. Chas. A. Carpenter

Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W. Morrison St .. Howard Waterbury

Richmond 19, Va . , Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St... C. Roy Mundee

St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.. Clyde Miller

San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Customhouse... John J. Judge

Savannah, Ga ., 513 Liberty National Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and Broughtm Sts.. Joseph C. Stovall

Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg.. Philip M. Crawford

 EY
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15 07 RDE
Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
A
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STATES DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

of

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $1.50. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 August 1945 Number 30

Organic Chemical Markets in Four

South American Countries

Arranged for Publication by Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Bolivia
Digested from a report by Dudley G.
Singer, Economic Analyst, United
States Embassy, La Paz.
Bolivia's trade in organic chemicals
has shifted during the war to the
United States. Previously Germany
and Switzerland had supplied 75 per-
cent of Bolivian consumption of these
materials. Except for ethyl alcohol ,
there is no production of organic
chemicals and no plans are being
made to establish such an industry at
present. Raw materials are lacking
and there is a shortage of trained
technicians, which lessen possibilities
of development along these lines in
the immediate future.
Production of ethyl alcohol is by the
fermentation process. Cane sugar is
used for 25 percent of the output, corn
for 65 percent, and other cereals for
the remaining 10 percent. Total pro-
found United States dyes superior in
quality and lower in cost than those
received from former sources.
Imports of coal - tar dyes from the
United States amounted to 86,437
pounds valued at $ 129,588 in 1943 , com-
pared with 51,830 pounds valued at
$49,910 in 1941. Because of variations
in climatic and atmospheric condi-
tions, dyes of firm and fast properties
are necessary, a condition which in-
volves a higher average cost per pound
than is usually computed for Latin
America. The average for Bolivia in
1943 was $ 1.67 per pound , whereas for
Latin America generally it was 90
cents. Types and quantities (in
pounds ) , of coal- tar dyes requested by
the various consuming industries dur-
ing 1943 were : Acid , 30,000 ; basic,
4,000 ; chrome , 9,000 ; direct, 25,000 ;
sulfur, 35,000 ; vat , 12,000 ; and other.
22,000.
The more important tanneries in
Bolivia operate leather- dyeing depart-
portant part in facilitating distribu-
tion.
Exporters in the United States can
retain their position in the Bolivian
market during the postwar period
with proper attention to expediting
deliveries and maintenance of good
trade relations. Little research is con-
ducted in Bolivia and news of such
activities as well as information about
developments in the organic chemical
field must come from the United
States. The assurance of future com-
mercial interest and strong efforts to
create good will should aid exporters
in the United States in retaining the
leadership secured during the war. Es-
tablishment of facilities for technical
assistance is of great importance, as
well as marketing aids and the exten-
sion of long-term credit.
Exports of Certain Chemicals from the United
States to Bolivia in 1944
Item Quantity Value
999999889

duction was 2,202,593 liters in 1943. ments, using fairly modern methods .
In addition, approximately 400,000 There are probably about 40 small Benzol. .gallon.. 377 $232
Cresote. do 476 286
liters of denatured alcohol were man- tanneries in the interior that use Xylene (xylol) . .pound.. 518 47
ufactured in the same year. primitive equipment. The rubber in- Cresylic acid and cresols do 10,074 799
dustry consumes small quantities of Colors, dyes, stains,
color lakes . do 141,565 175,302
chemicals, while the mining industry Vanillin . do 269 826
Industrial Users Acetic acid . do 21,691 2,558
uses only a few of these materials. Tartaric acid . do 105 90
Bolivia's textile industry now num- Other industries consuming minor Citric acid.. do 2,849 737
Oxalic acid . do 12,320 1,787
bers about 20 plants, most of which amounts of organic chemicals are Glycerin . do 760 221
are in La Paz. The increased demand manufacturers of tobacco products , Acetone do 4,280 612
Ethyl ether . do 1,750 1,265
for coal -tar dyes manufactured in the hats, beer, soft drinks, soap, and Flavoring extracts,
polishes . Synthetic ... 7,850
United States reflects the rapid ex-
pansion of the industry during the Market Development
past few years. Although the growth
of both the textile and leather indus- Transportation and communication Ecuador
tries resulted largely from efforts to facilities in Bolivia are extremely lim- Digested from reports by Cyril F. Thiel,
meet domestic demands after former ited and exporters can probably best United States Consul , Guayaquil and
sources of supply were cut off, it is of operate through importing agents or Carl E. Moore, Economic Analyst,
a premanent nature, and the market exclusive representatives . Mainte- United States Embassy, Quito.
for dyes will undoubtedly increase nance of adequate stocks is especially
after the war, offering a promising important because of shipping delays Ecuador is dependent upon imports
outlook for future imports of these and frequent interruptions in rail for its supplies of organic chemicals.
products. Bolivian consumers have service. The airplane can play an im- Before the war, Germany was the

Ꭰ 9258
2 INDUSTRIAL
principal source for this group of
chemicals, and imports from the
United States were comparatively
small; however, there were some ex-
ceptions, particularly glycerin and coal-
tar dyes. In 1939 the United States was
the leading supplier of glycerin and
had gained in the dye field to such an
extent that imports from this country
were almost equal to those from Ger-
many. Since the outbreak of World
War II, Ecuador has imported organic
chemicals principally from the United
States, Switzerland, the United King-
dom , and Argentina.
Total imports of organic chemicals
amounted to approximately $595,147 in
1943. It is estimated that about 325, -
000 pounds , valued at $ 180,000 , were
imported from the United States in
1943, compared with 200,000 pounds,
with a value of $60,000 in 1939. The
principal competitor in 1943 was
Argentina, from which substantial
amounts of acetic acid, tartaric acid ,
lactic acid, and glycerin were pur-
chased.
Domestic Production
Several small laboratories make
pharmaceutical and medicinal prep-
arations, but there are no chemical
manufacturing plants similar to those
in the United States. The pharma-
ceutical industry, although not yet
important, has begun to expand ; in
addition to several manufacturers of
pharmaceuticals, drug stores produce
small amounts. Most of the raw ma-
terials used by laboratories are im-
ported and include toluene, xylene,
phenol, cresylic acid and cresols, ace-
tic acid, citric acid, tannic and formic
acids, glycerin, acetone, formaldehyde.
carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, cam-
phor, hexamethylenetetramine , trich-
loroethylene, and chloroform . Mate-
rials for the manufacture of pharma-
ceuticals were supplied to a large ex-
tent by the United States in 1943.
Small quantities of morphine,
methylmorphine, theobromine, caf-
feine, emetine, sparteine, and strych-
nine are imported, principally from
the United States, except in the case
of strychnine , which is furnished
chiefly by Brazil. The only organic
chemicals manufactured by labora-
tories are small amounts of benzyl
succinate, methenamine tannate, and
bismuth tannate. Laboratories making
pharmaceutical products, lotions, and
cosmetics are located in Guayaquil,
with one exception . Alcohol produc-
tion, entirely from sugarcane , is con-
trolled by a Government monopoly
which operates a distillery in the
Province of Los Rios.
Industrial Users
The textile industry is the most im-
portant from the standpoint of value
of production, capital invested , and
number of employees. Ecuador has 13
cotton mills, 3 woolen mills, and 9
REFERENCE SERVICE
mills which consume rayon yarn ; the
industry is concentrated in the sierra
region . Output has been increasing
gradually until annual production is
estimated now at 13,000,000 square
yards of cotton piece goods, 5,000,000
square yards of woolen fabrics, and
600,000 square yards of rayon piece
goods, while in addition articles of
cotton, rayon, and wool are manufac-
tured . Coal- tar dyes, detergents, and
acetic acid are the principal organic
chemicals used. Dyes from the United
States have been gaining in popularity,
and accounted , together with imports
from Switzerland, for most of the con-
sumption in 1943.
Next in importance is the manufac-
ture of leather and leather products.
The country has about 40 tanneries
whose annual production of all types
of leather approximates 12,000,000
square feet ; the largest are located in
the coastal region, although some are
in the sierra. This industry uses coal-
tar dyes, formic acid , formaldehyde,
acetic acid, and oxalic acid. Tanneries
in Guayaquil and Quito import tannic
acid and dyeing materials.
Ecuador's nine soap and cosmetic
manufacturers have a small output
and their consumption of organic
chemicals is confined principally to
dyes, cresols, glycerin, and synthetic
essences ; the latter were imported
chiefly from the United States in 1943,
with smaller amounts coming from
Great Britain and other sources . Al-
coholic and nonalcoholic beverage
plants are located principally in Gual-
aquil and Quito, but small factories
operate in other sections of the coun-
try. About 100 concerns produce soft
drinks, but only 8 are of importance.
These plants are consumers of flavor-
ing and coloring materials, imported
principally from the United States and
Switzerland, and citric and tartaric
acids. The United States shipped some
tartaric acid in 1943 , but Argentina
and Spain were the principal sources.
Citric acid imports in that year came
entirely from the United States.
There are two paint manufacturers
in Ecuador, one of substantial size .
The latter began operations in 1939
and is steadily expanding its produc-
tion of paints, varnishes, and enamels.
This company is practically the only
Ecuadoran user of butyl alcohol , butyl
acetate, and benzol, and is also a lead-
ing consumer of acetone . Only one
firm manufactures rubbers goods, but
there are several vulcanizers, who im-
port small amounts of rubber acceler-
ators. Ecuador has two important
mining companies, one devoted pri-
marily to the production of copper and
the other to gold and silver; both use
moderate amounts of chemical re-
agents and xanthates.
Market Possibilities
Substantial quantities of calcium
carbide were imported in 1943 , chiefly
from the United States. The latter was
the sole supplier of phenol in that
year and the principal source for
ether.
A number of acids are imported , the
United States being the principal sup-
plier in most cases. Cresylic, carbolic ,
tannic and oleic acids were supplied
entirely by the United States in 1943,
imports of the latter being substantial.
Imports of lactic and acetic acids were
chiefly from Argentina and the United
States. With the exception of petro-
leum, no organic chemicals or mate-
rials are exported .
Demand is not sufficient to justify
the establishment of an organic chem-
ical industry since organic chemicals
consumed can be imported advantage-
ously from the United States and from
other South American countries. Be-
cause Ecuador is not highly indus-
trialized, the demand for these prod-
ucts is small but relatively stable. In-
dustries have not expanded greatly in
recent years and none, with the pos-
sible exception of tanneries, is in a
position to satisfy consumer demand.
However, several industries are ex-
pected to expand gradually within the
next few years, and this growth will
be accompanied , of course, by an in-
creased market for imported organic
chemicals, with the United States in a
favorable position to take advantage
of this development. No important
new industries are expected to be
started in the immediate future, while
research work in organic chemicals is
on a small scale and is limited almost
entirely to private individuals .
The United States has obtained a
dominant position in Ecuador's or-
ganic chemical market and should re-
tain its place in the postwar period .
Price is the most important factor. In
general, sales can be handled most
efficiently through exclusive represen-
tatives, but because of transportation
problems it is advisable in many cases
to have two, one in Guayaquil and one
in Quito, with the territory of each
representative clearly defined .
For those products sold to many
small users it is probably advisable to
operate through import merchants.
When this method is used, special ef-
forts should be made to control the
prices at which sales are made locally,
since one of the principal handicaps
to exporters in the United States has
been the wide margin often found be-
tween import costs and prices to the
ultimate consumer.
A system is recommended under
which the local agent, in order to se-
cure distribution, must carry stocks
to be sold at controlled prices. Im-
porters usually carry stocks ade-
quate for the needs of small con-
sumers. Samples are desirable , and
calls by service men upon principal
consuming industries would be bene-
ficial both to exporters and to local
concerns by acquainting factories with
modern methods and ideas.
 ORGANIC CHEMICAL MARKETS IN FOUR SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES 3

Exports of Certain Chemicals from the United employed by hospitals, pharmacies , Argentine chemical industry and its
States to Ecuador in 1944 and beverage manufacturers . Some export possibilities, with Argentina ex-
alcohol is exported , principally to Ar- pected to regain to a considerable de-
Item Quantity Value gentina and Uruguay. gree its former position in the Para-
Coal tar, crude and The production of rectified alcohol guayan market. However, the trade
refined . gallon... 11,352 $2,673 amounted to 635,708 liters in 1943 , and has become familiar in recent years
Benzol. do 209 93 the output of denatured alcohol
Cresote do 630 210 with products from the United States
Xylene (xylol) .pound.. 250 76 totaled 162,609 liters. Alcohol produc- and has expressed a preference for
Naphthalene. do 985 121 tion in 1940 and 1941 was sufficient to them .
Colors, dyes, stains, 9999998898
color lakes . do 111,422 87,802 permit relatively substantial exports ,
Vanillin . do 1,335 3,890 Exports of Certain Chemicals from the United
Acetic acid . do 6,475 1,122 compared with 1942 and 1943, when
Tartaric acid . do 822 740 States to Paraguay in 1944
they were necessarily smaller because
Citric acid . do 4,348 1,211
Oxalic acid . do 3,670 555 of a decline in output. Several at- Item
Glycerine . do 3,954 966 Quantity Value
tempts have been made to establish
Acetone . do 8,447 1,128 Cresote . gallon .. 550 $223
Carbon tetrachloride . do 4,764 454 an absolute alcohol industry in Para-
Ethyl ether . do 6,815 4,734 Naphthalene . .pound.. 1,160 150
guay, but these have been hampered Colors, dyes , stains,

99999
so far by a number of difficulties. No color lakes .. do 22,448 16,847
Vanillin . do 108 311
other aliphatic compounds are manu- Citric acid do 2,040 531
factured . Although citrus fruit is Oxalic acid. do 525 84
Paraguay Acetone . do 1,170 167
plentiful , it is not suitable for the ex- Flavoring extracts,
Digested from a report by Harry L. traction of citrus concentrates . synthetic.. 1,209
Hamlette, Economic Analyst, United
States Embassy, Asunción. Market Development
The United States is now the lead- Venezuela
Experience has indicated that prod-
ing and in many cases the sole sup- ucts from the United States are best Digested from a report by William H.
plier of organic chemicals to the Para- handled through sales representatives , Bowden, Economic Analyst, United
guayan market, accounting for 80 per- a method which has been found to States Embassy, Caracas.
cent or more of the total consumption . have a decisive advantage over the
With the advent of war and the re- practice of exporting direct to con- Venezuela's organic chemical pro-
sultant loss of German sources, to- suming industries, particularly in es- duction is limited to alcohol, which is
gether with restrictions imposed by tablishing commodities sold in Para- manufactured in large quantities in
Argentina on the export of chemical guay by American exporters and one several parts of the country. Supplies
products, Paraguay lost its two prin- which has resulted in better super- of other organic chemicals must be
cipal suppliers. Formerly 80 percent of vision over sales outlets . imported . Although primarily an agri-
the country's organic chemical im- cultural country, manufacturing is be-
Generally speaking, consumers do
ports came from Argentina and the ing developed , and the industrial cen-
not anticipate their needs and orders
remaining 20 percent from Germany. are not usually placed until materials sus of 1936 showed production of
are wanted . It is considered , therefore. chemicals and allied products valued
Industrial Users at $3,000,000 . The Government has
to the exporter's advantage to main-
tain with local representatives stocks encouraged domestic industry in every
This market is not large and is lim- way, but no plans are under consid-
ited for the most part to small soap sufficient to supply normal needs.
Samples in the hands of these agents eration at present for the development
factories, tanneries, and textile mills .
can be extremely helpful in sales pro- of an organic chemical industry. Ex-
Some organic chemicals are used in
motion work. ports of chemical products are rela-
the preparation of medicinal and tively unimportant ; they include small
pharmaceutical materials. The prin- Paraguay's landlocked geographical
amounts of crude drugs and botani-
cipal imports of chemicals and allied position makes for some delay in de-
cals, phosphate rock, and guano.
products consist of dyes, used for livery, but because the country is so
coloring leather, soap , and cotton definitely a price market, the practice
piece goods ; medicinals, disinfectants, of shipping by air will probably not be Industrial Users
and cresol derivatives ; and laboratory adopted to any extent unless some ad- Several industries are expected to
and hospital supplies, ether, chloro- justment is made between transpor- absorb materials needed for manu-
form , procaine , and barbituric acid tation and merchandise costs. How- facturing, processing , or finishing
derivatives. Some synthetic flavorings ever, if future efforts to reduce the ex-
various products. The pharmaceutical
and colors are used in manufacturing pense of air shipping materialize , branch is fairly well established.
confectionery and soft drinks. No coal- more goods may be transported by
tar materials are produced in Para- plane. Exports of Certain Chemicals from the United
guay, nor are they imported for the States to Venezuela in 1944
Paraguay is still mainly a price
manufacture of chemicals. There is market, that factor usually being
no chemical research, but several Item Quantity Value
given preference over quality, since
small laboratories do routine analyses the purchasing power is limited . Some Coal tar, crude and
and prepare prescriptions. progress has been made in the devel- refined . gallon.. 16,762 $3,965
Benzol. do 1,703 785
opment of quality consciousness , but Cresote . do 1,406 639
Domestic Production Toluene toluol . .pound. 148 27
it is not expected to find any imme- Xylene (xylol) . do 6,765 485
Under the direction of the recently diate expression through import Naphthalene.. do 213 27
Cresylic acid and
created Alcohol Corporation , which channels, because the size of the aver- cresols . do 80 19
controls the production and sales of age income will continue to govern Vanillin . do 2,233 5,760
Competition in Acetic acid do 74,771 12,664
all Paraguayan "cana" (aguardiente effective demand . Acetic anhydride . do 165 79
or unaged low- grade rum ) and alco- those branches of industry interested Tartaric acid . do 6,843 5,921
in organic chemicals is keen and con- Citric acid . do 15,948 4,348
hols , the manufacture of ethyl alcohol Oxalic acid do 2,911 440
(rectified and denatured ) has become sequently great effort is made to keep Glycerin.. do 29,540 6,391
down costs, so orders are usually Acetone do 27,853 3,075
one of the leading domestic industries. Carbon bisulfide do 44,608 3,904
All alcohol produced in the country is placed with manufacturers offering Amyl acetate .. do 2,035 600
Ethyl ether. do 18,203 11,378
made by the fermentation process di- the lowest prices. Coal-tar dyes, stains,
rect from sugarcane juice and waste Paraguay's future chemical trade color lakes. do 162,881 177,117
molasses. Denatured alcohol is used will undoubtedly be determined to Flavoring extracts,
synthetic.. 45,174
in industry, while the rectified type is some extent by the progress of the
4 INDUSTRIAL
Venezuela has 12 rather important
textile mills , 3 large and several small
cigar and cigarette factories, and 6
candle-making plants. There are more
than 25 pharmaceutical- producing
laboratories, while soap manufactur-
ing is carried on by 8 sizable plants,
and a number of smaller ones through-
out the country .
There are four breweries and one
important tire factory, with another
to be established. One glass factory
is in operation and another projected ,
while two manufacturers produce
small plastic articles. Other consum-
ers of chemicals and allied products
include several perfume and cosmetic
makers, candy and hat factories, tan-
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce .
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave. ,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo . , 566 Custom-
house.
REFERENCE SERVICE
neries, and one fair-sized paint and
varnish works. Although Venezuela's
important petroleum industry is a
large consumer of chemicals, only a
few organic materials are used, prin-
cipally certain selective solvents.
Market Prospects
Progressive industrialization in sev-
eral fields points toward a growing
market for organic chemicals in Vene-
zuela in the postwar years. Intensified
efforts by both local and foreign busi-
ness interests to start or expand na-
tional industries indicates increased
potential consumption of chemical
materials. Too , the general standard
of living has been improving, which
Detroit 26 , Mich., 1018 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn ., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Mari-
time Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor,
130 W. 42nd St.
undoubtedly will result in an increased
demand for imported goods.
Exporters in the United States are
now selling organic chemicals to Vene-
zuela, some through agents and others
by direct order. However, there is
opportunity for greater sales- promo-
tion effort to acquaint prospective
buyers with the products of firms in
this country and for furnishing tech-
nical information about their use.
Chemical producers in the United
States who have well- trained and in-
formed representatives are in a fa-
vorable position to introduce goods or
increase sales in the Venezuelan mar-
ket when supplies and shipping are
available.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg ., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2 , Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg.,
Bull and Broughtin Sts. V
Seattle 4, Wash 809 Federal Of-
E
fice Bldg
R
NA
INDIA
S
I
T
Y
U. S. GOVERNMENT
L PRINTING OFFICE:
191945-0582
I 45
B
R
A
AR
Y
Documents Room
Industrial
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Amos E. TAYLOR, Director
EN CO
M MM
A RT ER
CE
EP
ICA
WRI
R
AOFME
TED
STATES
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Nicaragua -Pharmaceuticals
Regulations
Sale of Patent Medicines, Pharmaceutical Specialties, and Related Products
The Regulatory Law of Pharmacy
of December 6 , 1925, which was
amended by a Presidential decree of
August 11 , 1936, and subsequent de-
crees, constitutes the fundamental
law regulating the importation, regis-
tration, and sale of patent medicines,
chemical products, biologicals, and
pharmaceutical specialties in Nicar-
agua.
The law creates a Department of
Public Health (Direccion General de
Sanidad) , which directs the Labora-
torio de Higiene ( Laboratory of Hy-
giene ) , whose function is to make
analyses of chemical, pharmaceutical,
and alimentary products. The Depart-
ment of Public Health is charged with
the enforcement of the law as it per-
tains to wholesale drug stores, phar-
macies, apothecary shops, chemical
and biological laboratories, herb shops,
and all other places where medicines ,
chemical and pharmaceutical prod-
ucts, mineral waters, and food prod-
ucts are prepared and sold. It has
jurisdiction over the exercise of the
professions of chemistry and phar-
macy, and controls the importation,
registration, and sales of patent medi-
cines and pharmaceutical specialties .
Authorized Importers
Medicinal substances may be im-
ported into Nicaragua only by drug
stores, pharmacies , apothecary shops ,
agents with duly authorized deposi-
tories, and laboratories .
Drug stores (droguerias ) are con-
sidered to be those establishments
where medicinal preparations, chemi-
cal products, biologicals, and pharma-
Reference
Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
August 1945
Regulations
Governing the Importation, Registration, Advertising, and
By Eleanor R. Osborn, American Republics Unit,
George Wythe, Chief
ceutical specialties are sold only at
wholesale ; no prescriptions are filled
or retail sales made.
Pharmacies ( farmacias ) are estab-
lishments where pharmaceutical prod-
ucts are prepared and where drugs,
medicinal preparations, chemical and
biological products, pharmaceutical
specialties, and patent medicines are
sold at both wholesale and retail. A
prescription department is main-
tained.
Apothecary shops (boticas) are
those where drugs, medicinal prepara-
tions, chemical products , biologicals,
and pharmaceutical specialties are
sold at both wholesale and retail , and
which have a prescription department .
Officinal pharmaceutical products are
prepared in these establishments only
with the services of doctors or experts
in pharmacy.
Depositories for medicines of agents
of foreign firms (depositos de medi-
cinas de los agentes de casas extran-
jeras) are establishments maintained
by agents for the purpose of selling ,
at wholesale only, to drug stores,
pharmacies, apothecary shops, and
laboratories, the medicinal prepara-
tions of the firms which they repre-
sent.
Patent Medicines, Pharma-
ceuticals
Registration
No proprietary or patent medicine
or pharmaceutical specialty may be
sold , distributed , or given as a free
sample unless it has previously been
D 0202
Service
Number 31
registered with the Department of
Public Health, Managua, Nicaragua,
and the other legal requirements com-
plied with.
Included under pharmaceutical
specialties for which registration is
required are all toilet preparations ,
dentifrices, and preparations for the
hair and scalp , for which medicinal
and curative properties are claimed .
The following pharmaceutical prep-
arations are not required to be regis-
tered : (a ) Specialties prepared from
officinal formulas of foreign or domes-
tic pharmacopoeias, literally repro-
duced, when the name remains un-
changed and when mention of the
pharmacopoeia used is made on the
labels and the wrappers; (b) those
that consist of only one element, not
toxic , the quantity of the element
present and the amount of the dose
being stated on the label and wrap-
ping without using unusual names;
(c) pharmaceutical preparations in
the form of compressed products , pas-
tilles, small bonbons , or granules , pro-
vided that they comply with subsec-
tions (a) and ( b) ; ( d ) food products
such as flour, evaporated and malted
milk, extracts of meat, or fruit juices ;
and (e) nonmedicinal and nonther-
apeutic toilet preparations, dentifrices,
and preparations for the hair and
scalp .
Procedure for Registration
Applications for registration should
be made by the owner, importer, or
agent. The following data must be
given in applying for registration :
(a) Name of the preparation ; (b) a
2 INDUSTRIAL
statement to the effect that the product
is not adulterated , altered , or falsely
labeled ; ( c) name of the applicant
and his designation as proprietor, im-
porter, or agent; (d ) place where the
preparation is compounded or manu-
factured ; (e ) amount of the dose and
description of the container in which
the preparation is to be offered for
sale ; (f) name, in Spanish, of the
ingredients of the preparation, except
those which are physiologically inac-
tive or inert; (g) therapeutic effects
ascribed to the preparation ; (h ) exact
text of all advertising that is to ac-
company the preparation when placed
on sale or to be distributed separately
in the form of circulars, booklets ,
pamphlets, or other form ; and (i) if
the applicant is not a resident of
Nicaragua, the name and address of
his duly empowered representative or
agent in Nicaragua . The application
must be accompanied by three sam-
ples of the preparation in the form in
which it is to be offered for sale,
whether in packages, boxes, or bottles,
and three copies of all advertisements
intended for use in connection with
the preparation. These may not be
changed without the specific and pre-
vious authorization of the Department
of Public Health .
Analysis
The samples submitted to the De-
partment of Public Health are subject
to analysis, and if it is found that the
preparation has been compounded ac-
cording to the formula and that the
therapeutic effects of the ingredients
are in accordance with those claimed
for it in the text or reading matter on
the labels or in the pamphlets which
accompany the preparation or in sep-
arate advertising matter, the Depart-
ment of Public Health will approve
the application and will deliver to the
applicant a certificate of registration,
entitling it to be imported and sold in
the country. The applicant is author-
ized to state , in a suitable place on
the preparation, that it has been duly
registered . In the case of imported
preparations, it is required that the
registration date and number be
shown on the corresponding invoices.
The Department of Public Health will
maintain a book in which is recorded
the name of the preparation , the cor-
responding registration number, and
a copy of the analysis. The Depart-
ment of Public Health will not make
known the ingredients composing the
preparations subject to registration
without permission of the competent
authority.
Pharmaceutical specialties which
are not patent medicines will fulfill
the same requirements as patent medi-
cines, except that the Department of
Public Health will determine whether
or not analysis will be required.
Patent medicines and pharmaceu-
tical specialties prepared in a foreign
country are exempt from the require-
ment of analysis if the request for
REFERENCE SERVICE
registration is accompanied by an
authenticated certificate which shows
that the product has been analyzed
and its sale authorized by the sanitary
authorities in the place of its prepar-
ation. The Department of Public
Health, however, retains the right to
order an analysis at any time it is
deemed advisable.
Import. Prohibitions
The importation is prohibited of ( a )
medicines subject to registration
which do not appear on the lists of
authorized products issued by the
Health Department ; (b) medicines
which, although appearing on the lists
as authorized, do not mention on their
labels that they have been registered
in the prescribed manner; ( c) medi-
cines already registered but imported
in packages differing from those in
which they were registered and from
those in which they are offered for
sale to the consumer; and ( d) medi-
cines, registered or not, imported in
bulk.
Adulteration
No food or drug which is adulter-
ated, altered, or falsely labeled may be
sold, exposed for sale, or warehoused
in Nicaragua by any person, syndicate ,
corporation or organization of any
kind.
Labeling
Pharmacies supplying medicines to
the public must place on the contain-
ers the name of the pharmacy and
the method of using the medicine.
On the labels attached to all patent
medicines and pharmaceutical spe-
cialties containing opiates, the name
of the drug and the quantity contain-
ed in the preparation must be speci-
fied. If intended for external use , these
preparations must bear a label at-
tached to the container inscribed :
"USO EXTERNO."
Nontoxic preparations of a single
element should show the quantity of
the element present and the amount
of the dose on the label, without using
unusual names.
Specialties prepared from officinal
formulas of foreign or domestic phar-
macopoeias should state on the label
and wrapper the pharmacopoeia used.
Advertising
When request is made for the regis-
tration of a patent medicine or phar-
maceutical product, as stated above,
three copies of all advertisements in-
tended for use in connection with the
preparation must be submitted to the
Department of Public Health. This
advertising matter may not be
changed without the authorization of
the Department of Public Health .
Fees
Charges assessed in connection with
the registration of patent medicines.
pharmaceutical specialties, certain
toilet preparations, and related prod-
ucts are as follows :
Item U. S. Currency
Imported patent medicines other than
opotherapic $10.00
Imported opotherapic medicines.. 5.00
Imported pharamaceutical specialties that
are not patent medicines.. 5.00
Domestic medicines 4.00
Domestic pharmaceutical specialties that
are not patent medicines. 2.00
Re-registration Requirements
Annual re- registration and payment
of fees in the same amount is required .
Samples and literature must be pre-
sented anew each year when re-
registration is applied for, and it is
also necessary to certify to the ingre-
dients and chemical formulas of the
preparations.
Biologicals
Drug stores, pharmacies, apothecary
shops, laboratories, and depositories
for the medicines of foreign firms,
legally established , which sell biologi-
cal products, must have a refrigerator
for their preservation, and maintain
the proper temperature as far as pos-
sible. Imported biologicals should be
kept properly refrigerated en route
and be withdrawn from the custom-
house by importers within 3 days after
notice of their arrival.
Opiates
The importation of toxic substances
contained in a list maintained by the
Department of Public Health, by any
person, firm, or syndicate not the duly
authorized proprietor of a drug store,
pharmacy, apothecary shop, or labora-
tory, is prohibited . In order that im-
portation may be effected by persons
authorized to introduce such sub-
stances, a written request must be
made to the Department of Public
Health which, taking into account evi-
dence of their competence , will deliver
to them the respective license , in
which is specified the kind of toxic
substance that will be introduced, the
quantity which the applicant desires
to introduce or import, and the fact
that he has complied with the require-
ments of the law. The customhouses of
Nicaragua will not surrender such
toxic substances to an importer if he
does not present the afore- mentioned
license.
Patents, Trade-Marks,
Copyrights
Information concerning the regis-
tration and protection of patents ,
trademarks, and copyrights in Nicara-
gua may be obtained from the Foreign
Law Adviser, Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce , Department of
Commerce , Washington , D. C. , upon
specific request.
Samples
Samples of no commercial value may
be sent by sample post in packages up
to a limit of 18 ounces in weight. The
 NICARAGUA - PHARMACEUTICAL
length and girth combined may be 36
inches, the greatest length not exceed-
ing 24 inches. Samples so mailed are
exempt from the usual documentary
requirements and customs formalities ,
and take a low rate of postage . They
should be marked "Muestras sin valor"
and must be packed to facilitate cus-
toms examination.
Samples of commercial value sent
by parcel post, express , or freight are
subject to the same documentary re-
quirements as ordinary commercial
shipments sent in the same manner.
Unsalable samples and those of no
appreciable commercial value are gen-
erally admitted free of duty. Salable
samples and those of commercial
value are subject to the regular import
duties applying to commercial ship-
ments, but may be entered as "tem-
porary importations" under bond
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3 , Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass ., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2 , Ohio , Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio , 753 Union
Commerce Bldg. , Euclid Ave. ,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2 , Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2 , Colo . , 566 Custom-
house.
REGULATIONS
equal to the amount of the import
duty and other customs charges, the
bond being canceled upon the reexpor-
tation of the samples.
If commercial travelers' samples
accompany the salesman as baggage,
no consular invoice is necessary ; but
if shipped as freight the consular in-
voice is required . The regulations for
commercial travelers' samples of com-
mercial value and no commercial value
are as stated in the previous para-
graph.
Import Duties
The current Nicaraguan rates of
duty on imports from the United
States on proprietary and patent med-
icines ' containing no alcohol, or not
more than 14 percent alcohol , are 55
percent ad valorem ; proprietary and
Detroit 26, Mich ., 1018 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex. , 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6 , Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12 , Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg .
Minneapolis 1 , Minn ., 201 Federal
Office Bldg .
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Mari-
time Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor,
130 W. 42nd St.
patent medicines containing more
than 14 percent alcohol , 82.5 percent
ad valorem, when accompanied by a
certificate of origin . Pharmaceutical
products and medicinal preparations
not otherwise provided for are duti-
able at 41.25 percent.
The rate of duty applicable to a
given product may be obtained from
the American Republics Unit of the
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com-
merce, Washington 25 , D. C. , upon spe-
cific request . Such requests should
plainly state the nature of the prep-
aration in question, its use or purpose,
and its chief ingredients .
1 Proprietary or patent medicines are those
preparations for which the producer or manu-
facturer possesses a private formula, preparation
or sale of which is restricted by the right to
possession of the trade-mark or name, through a
patent on the drug or combination of drugs, or in
any other manner.
Philadelphia 2 , Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va ., Room 2 , Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga. , 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg .,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Of-
fice Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-655938
 Domestic Commerce

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various subjects covered .

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

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locuments Room

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Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
ENT
R TM
PA
COM ERCE
DE OP
AN
IC
OFER Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
AM
UNI
TED
ST

IN
DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS
STATES

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Volume 3- Part 2 September 1945 Number 32

Paint Market in Ecuador

Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

A street scene in a new residential district of Quito, showing a modern influence on architecture.

D 9399
 Paint Market in Ecuador

Digested from a report by Carl E. Moore, Economic Analyst, United States Embassy, Quito

Paint and allied products have al-
ways been a minor factor in the eco-
nomic life of Ecuador, mainly because
of the type of construction of the
average house and the high price of
oil paints as compared with that of
substitutes. By far the largest per-
centage of the houses in the Sierra re-
gion are occupied by Indians and
"cholos," or those of mixed blood, and
their houses are almost invariably
made of pressed dirt.
In the larger towns such as Quito
there are, in addition, many houses
with stucco or brick exterior ; frame
houses practically do not exist . In the
coastal area poor families generally
live in structures of split bamboo or
indigenous wood, while most of the
other houses are of cement, stucco, or
tile construction .
Consumption
The most common coating used for
both exterior and interior walls is
simply lime mixed with water. White-
wash, plain or with colored pigments,
is somewhat more expensive and is
used in the majority of medium and
high-priced houses. Whitewash is
occasionally mixed with milk for
greater durability, and at times white
cement is used . All these products are
considerably cheaper than oil or cold-
water paints, and only a small per-
centage of the people can afford the
latter .
Principal consumers of oil paints
include government ministries, indus-
trial concerns, and hacienda owners.
Enamels are used chiefly for furniture
Arranged for publication by Frank B.
Hillhouse, Chemical Unit.
and automobiles. Marine and anti-
corrosive paints have an important
use in Ecuador, principally in Guay-
aquil and along the coast.
During the last 6 years there has
been a gradual upward trend in the
importation of paints, except in 1943
and 1944 when difficulties in obtaining
import permits caused moderate re-
ductions. The small domestic paint in-
dustry also is showing gradual gains.
Consequently the country is becoming
a little more familiar with oil paints
and enamels, but owing to the com-
paratively high prices and the low
level of domestic purchasing power,
sales of these products are still on a
small scale.
Consumption
Accurate figures covering the con-
sumption of paints in Ecuador are
difficult to obtain . However, the fol-
lowing data, based upon import figures
and domestic production, are believed
to show fairly closely the average an-
nual consumption over recent years :
Oil paints and enamels for interior and
exterior use..
Paste paint colors in oil.
Cold-water paints ..
Varnishes..
Marine paints. .
Imports of Paints and Varnishes into Ecuador, 1938-43
1938
Country of origin
No emulsion paints or enamels and
lacquers for use as finishes in the
production of industrial goods are
consumed domestically. No break-
down by areas has been made inas-
much as consumption does not differ
markedly from one district to another,
except that the marine paints, of
course, are used exclusively along the
coast.
Plans exist for public and private
construction projects, including public
housing projects, hospitals, hotels, rail-
road shops, factories, and government.
buildings, but it is unlikely that many
will be started until the postwar
I
period . Definite information is not
available concerning the amount of
paint required for the completion of
these programs, but if the majority of
plans now being discussed are started ,
it is considered that domestic con-
sumption of paints will be increased
by about 25 percent. Other outlets
such as oil companies are not expected
to increase their consumption greatly
during the next few years, and there
are no important durable goods man-
ufacturing concerns in Ecuador .
The following figures showing im-
ports of paints and varnish into Ecua-
dor are of interest in connection with
25,000 gallons
125,000 pounds consumption data, inasmuch as the
80,000 do bulk of the paint consumed is of for-
2,500 gallons
3,000 do eign manufacture :
[In gross kilograms]
1939 1940 1941 1942 1943

VARNISH, DRIERS, AND SHELLAC

United States . 6,652 3,793 3,552 5,276 3,451 2,164

Great Britain. 789 494 1,101 437 63 2,954
Other.. 1,169 110 492 252 110
Total.. 8,610 4,397 5,145 5,713 3,766 5,228

BITUMINOUS PAINTS

United States . 18,510 1,857 4,141 1,853 12,985 6,778

Great Britain . 1,850 7,436 13,341 2,397 4,272 976
Germany . 1,629 1,593
Total.. 21,989 10,886 17,482 4,250 17,257 7,754

MINERALEARTH PIGMENTS AND COLD-WATER PAINTS

Germany. 51,353 42,619

Belgium.. 24,463 10,384 24,120
United States. 11,715 11,314 39,283 74,168 56,559 60,120
Great Britain . 8,607 1,095 16,158 7,641 2,170 8,480
Other.. 4,239 2,065 13,819 11,931 3,311
Total.. 100,377 67,477 93,380 81,809 70,660 71,911

ALL LIQUID PAINTS, INCLUDING ENAMELS

Germany. 5,594 7,005 615

Japan.. 4,745 3,334
United States. 63,184 62,950 88,910 115,351 140,816 64,048
Great Britain . 7,340 12,140 28,091 5,158 3,797 17,764
A Quito street scene, typical of Sierra Other... 4,302 . 726 1,130 563 372 1,833
region, which shows the more com- Total. 85,255 86,155 118,746 121,072 144,985 83,645
mon type of house construction.
2

The only year in which a more de-
tailed breakdown occurred was 1943.
In that year imports, in kilograms to-
taled as follows : Varnish, 5,176 ; cold-
water paints, 27,134 ; and enamels,
17,009.
Production
There are only two paint producers
in Ecuador, one in Guayaquil and one
in Quito. The two concerns employ 35
persons. Total annual production is
about 10,000 gallons of prepared
paints, enamels and varnishes, and
100,000 pounds of white lead in paste
and cold-water paints. Total value is
approximately 125,000 sucres, the cur-
rent official bank selling rate being
13.77 sucres to the dollar.
The principal product manufactured
domestically is white lead paste , which
sells at three to four sucres a pound.
Of the gallonage of prepared paints,
enamels make up about 3,000, oil paints
3,000, varnish 1,500, and other paints
2,500. Domestically manufactured
paints sell at prices varying from 75
to 110 sucres a gallon .
The Quito concern was started by
refugees in 1939 and produces a diver-
sified line of good quality paints. Lack
of capital has forced it to expand
slowly, and there remains a sizable
potential market for its products. The
Guayaquil producer manufactures
white lead paste and varnish in small
amounts, and has been engaged in
this line for only a few years.
At present there does not appear to
be a very great opportunity for the
investment of American capital or
technical knowledge in the domestic
industry. The market is not large
enough to support a highly developed ,
modern plant, and inasmuch as labor
is cheap the simple, nonmechanized
methods used locally do not result in
exorbitant production costs.
Raw Materials
Raw materials available in Ecuador
are limited to a few basic types which
are present in natural form. Good
quality mineral spirits and solvents
are obtained in adequate amounts
from local oil producers. Industrial
alcohol is manufactured from cane
sugar, and supplies are sufficient for
requirements. Linseed is found near
Riobamba, and is pressed and pre-
pared as oil locally. Castor oil is also
prepared domestically, but it is not
entirely satisfactory for use in paints
as the producers do not have adequate
machinery for dehydration . Casein
for cold-water paints is obtained from
milk, and moderate amounts of nat-
ural resins are procured from domestic
trees. Iron oxide is mined and pro-
duced by concerns in Quito and
Cuenca, but the product is not very
pure and is not properly washed .
With the aid of capital and techni-
cal knowledge, production of these
products could be expanded consider-
ably. Ecuador is rich in a wide variety
PAINT MARKET IN ECUADOR
A house representative of the type of construction in the older districts of Quito.
of vegetable and mineral products,
most of which have been practically
untouched .
Chief imports consist of alkyd resins
and chemical pigments such as zinc
oxide, lithopone, red lead, white lead ,
titanium dioxide, lamp black, and
chrome pigments. Other products are
imported in very small amounts. With
the exception of small shipments from
England, all of the products listed are
obtained from the United States.
Machinery
There is no local production of paint
machinery. The chief sources of sup-
ply for this equipment has been the
United States and Germany. The
Quito manufacturer has three ma-
chines, one American-made and two
German, while in Guayaquil there are
two machines of United States origin .
There is slight demand for modern
equipment for the paint industry,
since that now on hand is adequate
for present requirements. The chief
need is reported to be for roller mills,
grinding machinery, and varnish
kettles. No preference is expressed as
to type, but all equipment must be of
a comparatively small size.
No packaging or container making
machinery is used by domestic paint
producers. Tin-plate containers are
purchased from local manufacturers.
This type has been found to be the
most practicable, as other materials ,
except glass, are not suitable to the
local climate .
Laws and Practices
There are no local laws governing
the painting of buildings ; neither are
there fair trade practice regulations
nor restrictions on the use of lead
pigments or certain solvents in paint.
No quantitative import restrictions ex-
ist, and there are no Government sub-
sidies on production. Patent and
trade-mark laws, insofar as they af-
3
fect paints imported into the country,
are the same as for other products.
It is advisable for all United States
concerns entering the Ecuadoran mar-
ket to register their marks immedi-
ately. Information on the registration
of trade-marks in Ecuador is contained
in Bulletin No. 165 of the Trade Pro-
motion Series "Industrial Property
Protection Throughout the World." A
copy of this bulletin may be obtained
from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington 25, D. C., for the
price of 20 cents.
Distribution
No material differences exist in the
distribution methods and promotional
efforts of domestic manufacturers and
importers. Both sell directly to retail-
ers and large consumers , generally
from centrally located stores. About
50 percent of sales are for cash, and
the remainder on terms varying from
30 to 120 days. Discounts of 25 percent
or 30 percent off retail prices are gen-
erally given to retailers and large
buyers. Some agents sell on a con-
signment basis to subagents in other
provinces.
Tin-plate containers are almost uni-
versally preferred over cardboard or
glass. The latter have been the cause
of heavy losses due to unsatisfactory
packing and handling. The impor-
tance of packing should be emphasized ,
inasmuch as this has been a source of
considerable annoyance to local im-
porters. Oil paints are sold chiefly in
gallon containers, although 5- gallon
tins are acceptable for marine and in-
dustrial paints. The latter are used
for a great variety of purposes after
the paint has been removed. Enamels
are generally sold in one -fourth pint
sizes, and sizes as small as one-sixth
pint are manufactured locally. The
practice of selling practically all con-
sumer goods in minute amounts is
widespread in Ecuador, and is a result
of the low average level of purchasing
power.

Advertising and Publicity
Advertising is in its infancy in Ecua-
dor. The local manufacturers do none
at all, and the importers generally
confine their efforts to simple news-
paper announcements.. The only other
form of advertising used at all is radio,
and as yet this is on a small scale.
Retailers, as distinct from importers,
do no advertising.
The principal copy appeals in paint
advertising are economy and dura-
bility, but even these are seldom more
than mentioned . Very little imagina-
tion is shown, and most advertisments
fail to invite the attention of a pros-
pective purchaser. Much of the copy
from American advertising agencies
appearing in local newspapers pro-
vide only amusement to the readers.
Locally written copy would probably
be more effective if more attention
were devoted to it. The points which
appeal to local consumers are better
known by dealers on the ground .
There is a great deal of room for im-
provement in this field, and there is
little doubt that intelligently written
advertising copy could have some in-
fluence in increasing paint sales in
Ecuador.
Trade Promotion
There are prospects for developing
a considerably larger market for
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg .
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave. ,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Custom-
house.
PAINT MARKET IN ECUADOR
American paint products in Ecuador,
but at best the domestic market is
small . No paint is used on the ma-
jority of houses, and for the others
A Quito street scene showing the com-
mon type of house construction .
possibilities are confined chiefly to
interiors, woodwork, and furniture. In
many structures the woodwork is said
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6 , Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal
Office Bldg .
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Mari-
time Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor,
130 W. 42nd St.
DIANA UNIVERSIA
OCT 221945
LIBRARY
to be deteriorating rapidly due in large
part to the lack of adequate paint .
There is also an important field in
the promotion of protective coatings
for cement and stucco houses. Most
exteriors in Quito and Guayaquil have
to be repainted every 3 or 4 years be-
cause of the brilliant sunlight and
sharp changes in the weather.
In addition, there is a sizable un-
developed market for enamels in Ecua-
dor, and this presents an opportunity
to use appeals other than economy
and durability, such as color. Marine
paints have an important use in keep-
ing in a serviceable condition the
small boats that carry passengers and
cargo on the Guayas River and along
the Ecuadoran coast. Because of the
scarcity of roads these craft are a vital
factor in the domestic economy.
It should be borne in mind that the
most important point in marketing
any product in Ecuador is that of
price. It matters little how badly a
particular paint is needed if the price
is far out of the reach of 95 percent
of the population. American exporters
should strive at all times to keep the
prices of their products on the local
market within reasonable bounds. The
publication and advertising of prices
have some influence, but the best
method to accomplish this purpose
would appear to be to use care in the
selection of distributors and to super-
vise their activities.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga. , 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg . ,
Bull and Broughtin Sts .
Seattle 4 Wash., 809 Federal Of-
3. GOVERNMENT PINTING OFFICE: 1045-655937
Documents Room

Industrial Reference Service

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

T

CO
MEN

MM
ART

ER
OF CE
DEP

2 ..
Part 2 CHEMICALS , DRUGS
A
RIC
UNI

OF AME
STAD
TE
T

AND PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 September 1945 Number 33

Carbon Tetrachloride

(Synopsis of Information)

By C. A. Rager, Chemical Unit

C. C. Concannon, Chief

Carbon tetrachloride (C CL ) or tetra-

chloromethane is a colorless, non-
UNITED STATES PRODUCTION OF
flammable, liquid, chlorinated hydro-
carbon, with the following generally CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
accepted physical properties : Sp . gr.
1.595 20 °C/4; m. p.-22.6 °C ; b. p . MILLIONS OF POUNDS PERCENT
10 160
76.8°C ; 0.080 parts soluble in 100 parts
of water at 20°C . It is miscible with AVERAGE MONTHLY INDEX OF MONTHLY
alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzol . PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
One gallon weighs 13.3 pounds. In- 8 ( 1943 MONTHLY AVERAGE = 100) 140
formation on the toxicity of carbon
tetrachloride vapors is given in United
States Public Health Service Bulletin
No. 185.
6 120
Uses
The largest use of carbon tetra-
chloride , prior to the present war, was 4 100
in dry cleaning and accounted for ap-
proximately 45,000,000 pounds annu-
ally. At present, the largest amount is
consumed in the manufacture of 2 80
dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12)
which, besides its use as a refrigerant,
is being used as an insecticide disper-
sant. Grain fumigation accounts for O ‫ السلس‬60
an estimated yearly consumption of 1933 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1942 1943 1944
6,000,000 pounds. Other large uses of DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE D.D. 45-340
carbon tetrachloride are the degreas-
ing of electrical equipment and metal END USE PATTERN OF CARBON
parts. Fire extinguishers containing TETRACHLORIDE Grades, Standards and
carbon tetrachloride owing to its Use Percent Specifications
noncorrosive character are especially Freon.. 56.5
suitable for use in combating fires in Fire extinguisher. 11.6 Federal specifications for carbon
electrical works or around electrical Commercial dry cleaning . 8.2 tetrachloride are covered by Federal
equipment. Grain fumigation..... 3.5 Standard Stock Catalog number O-C-
A percentage end use pattern based Drugs and pharmaceuticals . 2.4 141 and for fire extinguishing liquid-
on June 1945, allocations for civilian Rubber... 1.7 carbon tetrachloride base-by number
use made by the War Production Board Other industrial. 16.1 O - F- 380 . Copies of these specifications
is given in the accompanying table. 100.0 are available from the Superintendent

D 10075
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

of Documents, United States Govern- ance. There were no further imports Exports
ment Printing Office , Washington 25, until 1943 when 34 pounds valued at $9
D. C., price 5 cents. were entered from Canada, which also Exports of carbon tetrachloride were
The commercial grade of carbon was the source of the total 1944 in- not shown separately prior to January
tetrachloride is available with a purity coming shipments of 70 pounds valued 1 , 1931. During 1931 they amounted
exceeding 99 percent. Other grades at $7. The rate of duty on imports of to 491,975 pounds valued at $28,892
are C.P. and U.S.P. carbon tetrachloride is 1 cent per and in 1932 to 819,359 pounds valued
pound and is covered in paragraph 18 at $39,823 . No further exports were re-
of the "Tariff Act of 1930." corded until 1941.
Packing, Shipping and Storage
Regulations
United States Exports of Carbon Tetrachloride- 1941 Through 1944
The usual shipping containers are [Schedule B No. 832910]
5-gallon tinned cans, 10, 55, and 110-
gallon galvanized iron drums, and tank 1941 1942 1943 1944
cars. Carbon tetrachloride , being vol- Arca and principal countries
atile, should be shipped and stored in Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
tightly closed containers. The stowage
Europe.... 25,895 $6,099 1,239 $511 4,738,663 $226,907 2,419,592 $190,721
factors of carbon tetrachloride, which Switzerland.. 24,600 5,706
are calculated on the basis of the ac- All other.. 1,295 393 1,239 511 14,738,663 226,907 22,419,592 190,721
North America.. 1,747,407 115,771 2,119,622 121,460 1,928,675 99,133 1,492,262 73,520
tual weights and measurements as Northern. 1,694,724 109,069 2,079,146 116,327 1,781,708 86,194 1,440,317 67,464
packed for shipments, are given in Canada. 1,693,249 108,864 2,068,848 115,648 1,753,151 84,166 1,439,477 67,369
All other.. 1,475 205 10,298 679 28,557 12.028 840 95
"Modern Ship Stowage" (See para- Southern and West Indies . 52,683 6,702 40,476 5,133 146,967 12,939 51,945 6,056
graph "Economic References") . Panama Canal Zone.. 17,886 2,039 3,150 204 7,060 499 5,600 378
Mexico.. 12,007 1,345 17,542 2,681 96,268 8,194 11,099 1,480
Cuba.. 13,136 1,582 8,124 862 21,171 1,753 18,540 2,134
All other. 9,654 1,736 11,660 1,386 222,468 2,493 16,706 2,064
Methods of Production South America . 773,576 84,002 273,751 22,754 393,047 27,399 4303,385 25,271
Argentina. 337,152 31,393 64,226 5,495 2,233 174 16,100 1,244
There are two processes used to Brazil. 146,360 17,332 50,471 4,743 209,748 13,175 164,911 13,784
manufacture carbon tetrachloride. Chile. 59,099 6,051 38,158 3,066 76,049 5,929 51,588 4,357
Uruguay. 187,151 21,348 88,323 6,005 43,660 2,744 13,456 1,085
One utilizes the reaction of chlorine All other. 43,814 7,878 32,573 3,445 561,357 5,377 57,3306 4,8016
Asia.. 291,913 30,616 39,642 2,566 82,806 5,902
with carbon disulfide. The other is British India. 134,498 14,030 22,400 1,456 66,711 4,975
the chlorination of methane in the China. 53,957 5,855 232 102 2,795 178
Netherland Indies . 30,678 3,995
presence of a suitable catalyst. Kwantung. 36,660 3,421
All other. 36,120 3,315 17,010 1,008 713,300 749
Oceania . 344,542 18,354 460,533 32,136 189,413 13,197 6
Production Australia. 332,560 17,074 460,460 32,114 148,430 10,267
New Zealand. 11,982 1,280 45 16 40,983 2,930
All other. 28 6
The latest production statistics Africa.... 114,004 15,061 53,610 5,920 152,228 23,561 194,800 24,622
available for publication are those for Union of South Africa. 100,906 13,648 42,287 3,894 1,548 262 124,392 18,459
Egypt.. 10,487 985 7,186 1,614 39,416 3,798 22,830 1,616
1940. In that year six companies re- All other. 2,611 428 4,137 412 8111.264 19,501 47,578 4,547
ported the production of carbon tet- Total. 3,297,337 269,903 2,948,397 185,347 7,484,832 396,099 5,307,706 362,675
rachloride.
1 U. K.-4,684,440 lbs., $223,472. Curacao- 11,569 lbs., $1,291. 5 Peru-43,398 lbs., $3,224. 7 Bahrein- 11,200 lbs., $632.
2 U. K.- 2,355,236 lbs., $185,124. 4 Peru-38,786 lbs., $2,580. Not available for publication. 8 Algeria-96,422 lbs. , $ 18,575.
United States Production and Sales-
1933-1940

Prices $2.00. The McLean-Hunter Pubishing

Sales
Corp., New York, N. Y.
Year Production The Bureau of Labor Statistics , Chemical Engineering Catalog.
(pounds) Pounds Value Unit
value United States Department of Labor, 1944-45. Annual (August) . $10.00 .
compiles and publishes prices of car- Reinhold Publishing Corp. , 330 West
1933. 35,707,211 31,139,594 $1,352,694 $0.043 bon tetrachloride under the following
1934. 46,920,303 42,575,987 1,748,356 .04 42d Street, New York 18, N. Y.
1935. 55,785,546 52,419,752 2,143,217 .04 specifications; per pound, drums, car-
1936. 68,460,947 62,282,020 2,569,121 .04 lots, f. o. b. works, freight allowed east Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
1937. 84,112,245 74,417,244 3,046,448 .04 Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
1938. 77,975,057 70,383,429 2,860,288 .04 of Mississippi and north of Ohio
1939. 90,535,580 84,023,750 3,284,664 .04 Rivers; market price (low) ; weekly, Inc., 59 John Street, New York 7, N.
1940. 100,811,330 79,674,547 3,093,415 .04
Friday (Saturday prior to January Y. $5.00 with a year's subscription to
Source: United States Tariff Commission. 1940) , from trade journal. Series be- "Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter."
gins 1926 ; prior to 1937, f. o. b. New Thomas' Register of American Man-
York. ufacturers. Annual. 1944. $15.00.
Foreign Equivalents Weekly prices are also published in Thomas Publishing Co. , 461-8th Ave.,
the "Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter." New York 1, N. Y.
Carbon Tetrachloride Semimonthly prices are published in
French-Tetrachlorure de carbone "Chemical and Engineering News" and Trade Associations
Spanish- Tetracloruro de carbono monthly prices in "Chemical and
Italian-Tetracloruro de carbonio Metallurgical Engineering," "Indus- American Society of Refrigerating
Portuguese-Tetrachlorureo de car- trial and Engineering Chemistry" and Engineers, 50 West 40th Street, New
bono in "Chemical Industries." York, N. Y.
German- Vierfachchlorkohlenstoff Association of Official Agricultural
Producers and Dealers Chemists, Inc. , Box 540 Benjamin
Imports The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Franklin Station, Washington, D. C.
Commerce does not compile lists of Chemical Fire Extinguisher Associa-
Imports of carbon tetrachloride are tion, 366 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.
given in Schedule A-Statistical Clas- domestic firms. The following com-
mercial directories, while not intended The Chlorine Institute, Inc. , 50 East
sification of Imports into the United
States under No. 838027. Imports for to be all inclusive, carry a listing for 41st Street, New York, N. Y.
carbon tetrachloride. Manufacturing Chemists Association
1936 were 5,589 pounds valued at $ 192
of which Japan supplied 5,512 pounds Buyers Guidebook Number of Chem- of the U. S., 608 Woodward Bldg . ,
valued at $164 and Germany the bal- ical Industries, 20th Edition . 1944 Washington , D. C.

National Association of Insecticide
and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc.,
110 East 42d Street, New York, N. Y.
National Pest Control Association,
Inc., 3019 Ft. Hamilton, Parkway,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Refrigeration Service Engineers So-
ciety, 433 N. Waller Ave., Chicago , Ill .
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manu-
facturers Association of the United
States. 6 East 45th Street, New York,
N. Y.
Economic References
Governmental
Synthetic Organic Chemicals-
United States Production and Sales,
1940. Report No. 148, Second Series,
1941. U. S. Tariff Commission. 10
cents. Available from the Superin-
tendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation
of the United States for the Calendar
Year 1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of
the Census, U. S. Department of Com-
merce. 696 pp. $2.50 . Available from
the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25 , D. C. Figures for 1942
are now available as follows : Table 1 ,
"Imports for Consumption, by Com-
modities and Countries, 1942 " ( 1945 ,
222 pp . 40c) ; table 4, "Exports of Do-
mestic Merchandise, Including Exports
Under the Lend-Lease Program, by
Commodities and Countries, 1942"
( 1945. 273 pp . 50c ) ; and table 4- A,
"Exports of Domestic and Foreign
Merchandise Under the Lend-Lease
Program, by Commodities and Coun-
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reports may be obtained from the
Bureau of the Census, U. S. Depart-
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Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
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Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
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Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at East
9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo., 566 Customhouse.
1
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
D. C., at the prices indicated . Later
statistics now being released are de-
scribed in a list of foreign trade re-
ports which is available on request
from the Bureau of the Census.
Schedule B. Statistical Classification
of Domestic and Foreign Commodities
Exported From the United States.
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Classification and Articles Included .
295 pp. 65c. Available from Depart-
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Schedule A. Statistical classification
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ments, Washington 25, D. C.
Federal Specifications Index. Janu-
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Specifications for Wholesale Com-
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Tariff Act of 1930. 71st Congress,
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A
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Volume 3- Part 2 September 1945 Number 34

Acetic Acid and Acetic Anhydride

(Synopsis of Information)

Compiled by M. J. Sheehan, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Acetic acid (vinegar acid, ethanoic
acid) has been known longer than any
other acid . Wood vinegar was known
by the Romans, and the terms "acid"
and "vinegar" were regarded as words
closely associated. Commercially, in
recent years most of the output of
acetic acid has been made syntheti-
cally, and is available in varying con-
centrations. The most concentrated
form which contains over 99 percent
acetic acid is known as glacial acetic
acid.
Acetic acid, (CH.COOH) is described
as a clear, colorless liquid having a
strong characteristic odor and a
sharply acid taste ; it is irritating to
UNITED STATES PRODUCTION OF
ACETIC ACID AND
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
IN 1941-1944 AND PREWAR AVERAGE
MILLIONS
OF POUNDS
500-
400-
300- 300-
200
100-
100.
O O
1944 3 RICDE
194
1942 1 (
A9R4
EW1 V1E9R3A9
PR A7-
(193
!PRODUCTION NOT REPORTED IN 1938
PRODUCTION NOT REPORTED IN 1941
the skin and is miscible with water,
alcohol and glycerin. Specific gravity
varies according to grades which range
from 1.045 to 1.050 at 25°C.; boiling
point about 118°C.
Acetic anhydride (CH.CO) 2O is a
colorless and very refractive liquid
with a strong acetic odor. It is ob-
tained by the dehydration of acetic
acid. Specific gravity 1.08 ; boiling
point approximately 140 °C.
Uses
Acetic acid is rated as the most im-
portant organic acid and is an essen-
tial product in the manufacture of
solvents for lacquers and varnishes,
acetate rayon, cellulose acetate for
plastics and acetate films, rubber anti-
oxidants and accelerators, synthetic
resins, synthetic rubber, medicinals,
pharmaceutical products, dyes, chem-
icals, pigments such as white lead and
for textiles and leather.
MILLIONS Acetic anhydride.-A large quantity
OF POUNDS of acetic anhydride is diverted to the
500 manufacture of cellulose acetate rayon.
400 Among other uses are in the manufac-
ture of plastics and synthetic resins
300 (cellulose acetate and cellulose aceto-
200 butyrate, particularly) , aspirin, vita-
mins, acetophenetidin, acetanilid, ca-
100
tion softeners, di- and triacetin, etc.
ANAHCYEDTI
Grades
SAyCntEhTeIC ACID
tic)
Acetic acids.-U.S.P .: glacial ( 99.4
GE NAatCETI ACI
( uralC) D percent, U.S.P. XII) and the concen-
) tration of "not less than 36 percent
and not more than 37 percent of
BURSA DEPARTMENT
ofFORA OF COMMERCE
marc commen HC₂HO₂". Commercial : glacial and
various concentrations, e. g., from 6
D.D. 45-494 percent to 80 percent C.P.
Acetic anhydride : Technical (75, 85,
90-95 percent) ; C. P.
Sources of World Supply
The principal countries exporting
acetic acid before World War II were
Germany, Canada, Japan and the
United States. Other exporting coun-
tries were the Netherlands, Belgium,
Switzerland , Yugoslavia and Czecho-
slovakia. As a result of war condi-
tions, the United States and Canada
have been the only exporters which
can supply importing countries.
Packing, Shipping and
Storage Regulations
Acetic acid. - Containers- various
sized bottles ; 50- and 100-lb. carboys ;
400- to 450-lb. barrels. Should be pre-
served in glass-stoppered bottles. Re-
quires white label for express ship-
ments only.
Acetic anhydride.-Containers- var-
ious sized bottles ; 107-lb. carboys;
480-lb. drums. White label for express
shipments only.
See sections 244 and 246 of Inter-
state Commerce Commission's regula-
tions governing transportation of ex-
plosives and other dangerous articles.
Methods of Production
Acetic acid. The principal methods
of production of acetic acid include
direct process from distillation of
wood, air oxidation of alcohol, and
synthesis. Most of the output is now
being obtained by synthesis.
Acetic anhydride.-This chemical is
produced from ethyl alcohol, propy-
lene, calcium carbide, and acetic acid.

D. 10022
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Output As indicated by the following table United States Exports of Acetic Acid¹
production of acetic anhydride, from
United States production of acetic all sources, has registered a decided Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value
acid has increased rapidly in recent upward trend since 1939 and at the
years, owing chiefly to the increased 1936 1,469,753 $ 76,146 1941 6,124,422 $670,445
present rate of production it would 1937 149,534 16,734 1942 724,923 115,084
demand in the production of cellulose appear that in 1945 there would also 1938 161,312 17.754 1943 633,994 88,966
acetate products such as rayon, plas- 1939 1,794,089 140,977 1944 961,598 139,470
be an increase in output : 1940 6,035,000 497,713
tics, motion picture film, transparent
wrapping materials, and lacquers. United States Production of Acetic Anhydride 1 Not shown separately prior to 1936.
Acetic acid production in the United (from all sources) 100 Percent Basis Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department o 1
Commerce.
States is found in nearly every section
of the country. Production from wood Year Production Year Production
(pounds) (pounds) United States Exports of Acetic Acid by Areas
distillation is found in Tennessee, and Principal Countries 1941 and 1944
Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Michigan, 19371 177,488,353 19421 430,363,808 [In pounds]
Arkansas and New York; synthetic 19381 114,835,504 1943 1 460,425,849
19391 181,156,152 19442. 493,654,125
production in New York, Illinois and 19401 n. a. 1945 2,3. 134,240,722 Area 1941 1944
Tennessee and production at petro- 19411 n. a. and principal
countries
leum refineries in the Middle West, on n. a.- Not available. Pounds Value Pounds Value
the Gulf Coast and on the Pacific 1 United States Tariff Commission's annual report on synthetic
Coast. organic chemicals. Europe... 24,849 $2,779 126,722 $18,754
Facts for Industry: United States Tariff Commission and Portugal.. 24,640 2,725 2,753 582
War Production Board. U. S. S. R. 123,969 18,172
As will be noted in the following All other.. 209 54
3 First 3 months. North America 242,463 29,791
table total production of natural acetic 162,021 24,230
acid has decreased in recent years Northern... 23,017 4,643 17,145 2,471
Canada.. 16,263 3,681 6,329 1,228
owing to the fact that the major out- Foreign Trade Newfound-
land and
put of acetic acid is through synthetic Language equivalents.— Labrador. 2,612 397 2,063 350
methods : Iceland ... 4,142 565 8,753 893
Acetic Acid Southern and
English Acetic acid West Indies. 219,446 25,148 144,876 21,759
United States Production of Natural Acetic French Mexico... 119,151 10,191 30,507 4,822
.Acide acétique Cuba. 24,483 3,624 37,277 4,614
Acid, 100 Percent Basis Spanish Acido acético Costa Rica.. 12,388 1,407 22,836 3,368
Italian Acido acetico All other . 63,424 9,926 54,256 8,955
Portuguese Acido acetico South America 1,973,338 265,658 409,407 59,461
Direct From German ..Essigsaure Argentina... 1,150,551 108,354 110 25
Year process from calcium Total Bolivia.. 13,289 2,717 21,691 2,558
wood acetate Acetic Anhydride Brazil. 7,502 1,434 27,906 2,138
Colombia. 417,169 89,341 146,998 19,513
1937 1 n. a... n. a.... 49,204,347 English ...Acetic anhydride Chile.. 11,839 1,637 36,439 4,652
1939 1 n. a.... n. a.... 48,688,277 French ..Anhydride acétique Peru.. 138,315 24,717 62,368 7,468
19412. 42,306,768 11,251,700 53,558,468 Spanish .Anhidrido acético Uruguay 105,235 15,855 19,594 3,988
19422. 42,724,323 7,505,224 50,229,547 Italian Venezuela . 95,667 16,849 74,771 12,664
19432 35,740,372 12,138,164 47,878,536 .Anhidride acetica All other.. 33,771 4,754 19,530 6,455
19442 n. a.. n. a.. 40,489,764 Portuguese ...Anhydrido acetico Asia..... 3,551,878 344,379 71,507 9,364
19452.8 n. a....... n. a.... 11,897,907 German ..Essigsaureanhydrid Netherland
Indies. 1,144,263 119,941
British Ma-
n. a -Not available. Imports laya... 554,396 42,861
1 BureauoftheCensus,UnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerce. China. 467,872 38,163
Facts for Industry: United States Tariff Commission and Philippine
War Production Board. Imports of acetic acid originate al- Islands.. 441,986 63,410
First 4 months. French Indo
most entirely in Canada where the china... 356,376 19,298
synthetic acid is produced from car- British India 226,832 26,659 66,097 8,692
Since 1939 there has been a substan- bide. Imports, entered for consump- Ceylon.... 180,506 16,703 137 22
Thailand
tial increase in the production of syn- tion, of acetic acid into the United (Siam). 133,512 12,472
States follow : All other . 46,135 4,872 5,273 650
thetic acetic acid the peak year being Oceania. 4,418 395 969 233
reached in 1943. There has been a British Oce-
ania. 2,520 240
slight decline since and the present Imports of Acetic Acid All other 1,898 155 969 233
rate of production indicates that in Africa.. 327,476 27,443 190,972 27,428
Algeria.. 35,430 4,273
1945 there may be a decrease in out- Not morethan 65 percent More than 65 percent Egypt.. 67,248 6,270 23,220 4,089
put. Year Union of So.
Africa.... 231,675 18,090 121,536 17,513
The following table indicates the Pounds Value Pounds Value All other . 28,553 3,083 10,786 1,553
trend in production since 1937 together 1930 .. 12,069,687 $586,873 10,307,317 $911,541 Total .... 6,124,422 $670,445 961,598 $139,470
with sales where available, of syn- 1931. 6,113,780 201,219 9,177,750 601,587
1932. 75,838 4,363 13,900,643 838,568
thetic acetic acid : 1933 . 74,692 3,201 32,684,579 2,067,176 Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of
1934.. 105 42 29,816,562 1,853,095 Commerce.
1935.. 141,508 7,899 34,954,780 2,071,386
United States Production of Synthetic Acetic 1936. 300 144 28,277,700 1,518,060
Acid, 100 Percent Basis ¹ 1937. 70,615 3,875 31,562,065 1,692,063 United States Exports of Acetic Anhydride¹
1938. 150 60 6,355,353 338,244
1939.. 3,464 396 1,435,492 59,627
1940. 90 31 1,821,548 74,171 Year Pounds Value
Sales 1941. 745 26 4,961,902 252,066
Year Production 1942. 11,283,296 694,077 1936 . 65,096 $7,631
(Pounds) 1943. 278,080 16,031 12,538,358 705,175 1937. 75,724 8,894
Pounds Value 1944 . 192,822 12,838 6,383,223 298,846 1938. 322,371 32,004
1939 . 540,237 53,790
19372 125,509,931 n. a.... n. a. 1940. 290,107 42,949
19382 97,478,563 n. a... n. a. Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of 1941 . 232,338 35,036
1939 119,652,650 n. a. n. a. Commerce. 1942 . 226,139
2,505,679
19402. 186,364,384 n. a... n. a. 1943 . 6,195,542 581,615
19412. 225,671,063 79,080,663 4,106,649 United States Imports for Consumption of 1944 . 920,428 114,220
19422. 264,898,632 89,784,688 5,897,649
19432. 292,541,321 133,693,010 9,663,228 Acetic Anhydride ¹1
19448. 291,953,913 n.a..... n. a. Not shown separately prior to 1936.
19458.4 94,059,095 n. a........ n. a. Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of
Year Pounds Value Commerce.
n. a-Not available. 1942. 11,842 $2,828 Of the 1944 total of 920,428 pounds
1 Excludes statistics on recovered acetic acid which are 1943 . 145,160 11,877
confidential. • 1944. 2,618,775 189,757 of acetic anhydride exported from the
United States Tariff Commission annual report on synthetic
organic chemicals. United States, 334,320 pounds went to
Facts for Industry: United States Tariff Commission and 1 Import figures are not shown separately prior to 1942. Australia, 168,000 pounds to Russia,
War Production Board, monthly. Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of
First 4 months. Commerce. and 148,345 pounds to Canada.
 ACETIC
Prices
Current market prices of acetic acid
and acetic anhydride are found in
"Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter," pub-
lished weekly by the Schnell Publish-
ing Co., Inc. , 59 John Street, New York
7, N. Y., and "Chemical Industries,"
published monthly by Maclean-Hunter
Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Avenue,
New York 18, N. Y. The annual Chem-
ical Industries Buyers Guidebook num-
ber carries several years' records of
high and low prices for these com-
modities.
Tariff
According to the Bureau of Customs,
Treasury Department, rates of duty
on imports of acetic acid and acetic
anhydride are as follows:
Acetic acid containing by weight of
acetic acid not more than 65 per-
centum-34 cents per pound .
Acetic acid containing by weight
more than 65 percentum- 1 cent per
pound.
(Under Canadian trade agreement
and applicable to all countries we are
now trading with )
Acetic anhydride - 3½ cents per
pound.
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of
domestic firms. However, the follow-
ing commercial directories on file in
the Bureau carry listings of acetic
acid and acetic anhydride producers
and dealers :
Chemical Industries Buyer's Guide
Book. Annual. Buyers' guidebook
number of "Chemical Industries ,"
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3 , Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg .
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at East
9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
ACID AND ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Maclean-Hunter Publishing Corp., 522
Fifth Avenue, New York 18, N. Y.
Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual. $10. Reinhold Publishing Corp. ,
330 West 42d Street, New York 18 ,
N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
Inc., 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.
$5 with a year's subscription to “Oil ,
Paint and Drug Reporter."
Synthetic Organic Chemicals -
United States Production and Sales,
1940. Report No. 148, Second Series.
1941. U. S. Tariff Commission . 64 pp.
10c . Available from the Superintend-
ent of Documents, Washington 25 ,
D. C.
Trade Associations
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manu-
facturers Association, 6 E. 45th Street,
New York, N. Y.
Wood Chemical Institute , Inc., Ter-
minal Building , Bradford, Pa.
Manufacturing Chemists Association
of the U. S., 608 Woodward Building,
Washington 5, D. C.
Economic References
Chemicals of Commerce. By Foster
Dee Snell and Cornelia T. Snell . 1939.
542 pp., $5 . D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. ,
250 Fourth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y.
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
Third Edition. Thomas C. Gregory,
Editor. 1942. Compiled and edited by
the Editorial Staff of the Chemical
Engineering Catalog . 756 pp . $12.
Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 330
W. 42d Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Dictionary of Applied Chemistry,
Vol. IV. By Sir Edward Thorpe, 1922 .
Detroit 26, Mich ., 1018 New Federal
Bldg .
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg .
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130
W. 42nd St.
3
740 pp. Longmans, Green and Co., 55
Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation
of the United States for the Calendar
Year 1941. 1944. Annual . Bureau of
the Census, U. S. Department of Com-
merce. 696 pp., $2.50. Available from
the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C. Earlier editions
may be consulted at libraries. The fol-
lowing tabulations for 1942 are avail-
able from the Bureau of the Census,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Wash-
ington 25, D. C., at the prices indi-
cated : Table 1 , Imports for Consump-
tion, by Articles and Countries, 1942
( 1945. 40c ) ; Table 4, Exports of Do-
mestic Merchandise, by Articles and
Countries, 1942 ( 1945. 50c ) ; and Table
4-A, United States Exports of Domestic
and Foreign Merchandise Under the
Lend-Lease Program by Commodities
and Countries, 1942 ( 1945. 15c) . Later
selected statistics on foreign trade are
now being made available in a series
of separate reports. A list giving de-
scriptions of these reports and the
prices at which copies are sold may be
obtained on request from the Bureau
of the Census.
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. By
Dr. Norbert Adolph Lange. 1944. Fifth
edition. 1,777 pp., $6 . Handbook Pub-
lishers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio.
The Merck Index. Fifth edition, 1940.
1,060 pp. , $3. Compiled and published
by Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J.
Pharmacopoeia of United States,
XII. 1942. 880 pp. , $7.50. Mack Print-
ing Company, Easton, Pa.
Report on Production and Sales of
Synthetic Organic Chemicals in the
United States, 1943. November 1944.
(Preliminary) . 41 pp. Available on
request from U. S. Tariff Commission,
Washington 25, D. C.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S.W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
 EY
SURV OF

E NT
RR
CU

SS $2.00
I NE
B US per year

UN
IV
NT ER
UNITED STATES DEPARTME OF COMMERCE NA R SI
A VE
BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE ND
I
UN
I TY

NOV 27 1945

LIBRARY

SURVEY OF
SUR

CURRENT

BUSINESS

THIS AUTHORITATIVE MONTHLY PERIODICAL

makes easily available to businessmen over 2,200 com-

prehensive facts about production, stocks, orders, prices,
sales, shipments, etc. , of the industries of the United States
by means of text, tables, charts, and index numbers.

A sample copy will be sent, on request to the

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,
Washington, D. C.

$3.00 per year, from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
OCC

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-663080

ments Room
Industrial
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
N
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
RTME
CO
MM
DEPAA
N
ER
OF
GZLI
CE
ICA
R
AME
OF
STATES
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or Department Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Pharmaceuticals , Proprietary Medicines , Biologicals
and Medicinal Chemicals – Republic of Panama
Arranged for Publication in Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Unit, T. W. Delahanty, Chief
Digested from report by Annie E. Torbert, United States Embassy, Panama.
Despite a tropical climate and a long
rainy season, there are few more
healthful places to live than Panama
City and Colon.
Well-equipped hospitals are located
in the larger cities and a tuberculosis
hospital has been decided upon and
soon should be under construction.
However, there is still a problem of
better health and sanitation in the in-
terior of the Republic and in the
smaller towns and cities. This problem
is being attacked vigorously by the
Government.
As yet there is no drug industry in
the Republic, but plans are under way
for the establishment of one as a cor-
ollary to the imported drug products
business. The United States is the
principal supplier of medicinal prod-
ucts to the Republic, and all American
trade-marks are known. The accepted
authorities as to purity and standards
are the American Medical Association
and the United States Pharmacopoeia.
Health and Sanitation
Problems
Three agencies are responsible for
sanitation and the safeguarding of
health in the Republic of Panama .
In accordance with the treaty signed
by the United States, the Health De-
partment of the Panama Canal zone
supervises the sanitation of the cities
of Panama and Colon. This super-
vision includes the removal of garbage,
sweeping of streets, sewage and scav-
enger disposal, weekly inspections for
the extermination of rats and insects,
and the operation of a visiting nurse
service.
The Panama Canal has made an
agreement with the Government of
Panama whereby the lepers of the Re-
Reference
Part 2. CHEMICALS,
DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
October 1945
public are given treatment and housed
in the Leper Colony operated by the
United States Government.
Outside the city limits of Panama
and Colon, the Ministry of Health and
Public Works, Government of Panama,
exercises controls over malaria and
sanitation procedures. A program of
drainage in the interior towns is being
carried out with great success. Other
phases of the work carried out by this
agency are discussed further on.
Under international agreement, the
Health and Sanitation Division of the
Office of the Coordinator of Inter-
American Affairs is working with the
Government of Panama in controlling
malaria in the interior towns. The
latter is gradually assuming complete
authority, and eventually will take over
all phases.
When the United States Government
undertook the building of the Panama
Canal, health conditions were bad, with
malaria and yellow fever a constant
threat to human life. Now, with the
extensive and continual disease-pre-
ventive projects, yellow fever is almost
nonexistent and malaria is not common
except in a few interior villages where
the small number of inhabitants and
their remoteness make the necessary
control measures difficult and unduly
expensive. Panamá's tropical climate,
with a 3 months' dry season with brisk
winds and 9 months of rain, during
the last three of which there are daily
rains, makes the battle against insect
life one which must be waged continu-
ously.
Housing conditions among the poorer
classes have been inadequate and un-
healthful, and in the slum areas sev-
eral persons live in one room, with
little ventilation and with unsatisfac-
tory toilet and bath facilities. The
Government has embarked on a slum
Service
Number 35
clearance program which promises to
be a success.
Medical Care and Related
Education
Public Health Activities
The Seccion de Salubridad (Section
of Health ) , a department of the Min-
istry of Health and Public Works, is in
charge of all health problems in the
Republic. It controls the licensing of
physicians, dentists, pharmacists, etc.
and enforces the health laws. Working
hand in hand with the Seccion de Salu-
bridad is the Junta Nacional de Higiene
(National Board of Hygiene ) which
was created in 1941 .
There is no food and drug adminis-
tration as that which operates in the
United States. The Republic of Pan-
amá imports most of its drugs and
pharmaceuticals from the United States
and the Government accepts as satis-
factory those products which are ap-
proved by the American Medical Asso-
ciation of the United States.
There are 10 sanitary units through-
out the Republic. These units cor-
respond to the county health units in
the United States and they not only
act as a medium for distributing pre-
ventive medicine but also perform the
work of dispensaries. Their services
include prenatal care and advice ; clin-
ical service for babies, children and
adults ; vaccinations against smallpox ,
diphtheria, and whooping cough; first
aid treatment; control of communicable
diseases; and the distribution of printed
matter with relation to disease. Each
unit has a physician, a dentist, and one
or more nurses. Units are not able to
handle as many persons as they should
like to do because of the lack of doc-
tors. One of the units located in Pan-
D 3473
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

amá is being reorganized to specialize
in examination of school children,
study their diet, investigate reasons for
absences, give dental examinations, etc.
The Section of Hygiene Education
holds conferences in various sections
to which the general public is invited.
Lectures on health and hygiene are
given and motion pictures are shown
to illustrate the various points in the
control of malaria, tuberculosis, ve-
nereal, and other contagious diseases.
The Panama Red Cross operates two
baby clinics, one in Panamá City and
the other in Colón. The Cruz Roja
Juvenil de Panamá (Juvenile Panama
Red Cross ) was formed in November
1942 to train the youth in first aid and
emergency measures.
In general, the state of health of the
population in the interior reportedly
is not good, and statistics indicate that
tuberculosis and venereal diseases are
among the leading maladies. For the
last 2 years the Government has been
very active in trying to stamp out and
control the spread of venereal diseases.
There are three private and two com-
pany-operated hospitals in the Repub-
lic.
One of the companies operates a
hospital for its 2,500 employees. Its
subsidiary, also has a hospital which
takes care of 4,000 employees. These
two hospitals are comparable to the
best small-town hospitals in the United
States, with operating rooms and X- ray
equipment. A deduction of 2 percent
is made from the salary of the em-
ployees which entitles them to free
hospital and medical services for them-
selves and a 50 percent reduction for
their families. When cases arise which
need the services of a specialist, the
companies send the patients either to
Panamá City for special treatment or
TABLE 1.-Number of Hospitals, Doctors and Beds
Hospital Number
to the United States if this is deemed
necessary. The companies keep a strict
control over malaria and maintain in-
spectors for sanitation purposes.
The town of Aguadulce reportedly
will soon build a modern, well- equip-
ped hospital. Among projects to be
inaugurated or completed during 1945
are several hospitals, a health clinic,
and a building to house Red Cross
offices in Colon. La Nación, Govern-
ment-sponsored newspaper, in its issue
of May 17, 1945, announced that a
small hospital would soon be built in
the town of Ocú and that the Gov-
ernment had contributed the sum of
$7,500 and the inhabitants of the town
a like amount to finance the construc-
tion.
No. of No. of beds Annual purchase
doctors of medicaments
Paying Charity

22+
232
Tuberculosis Government. 12 82 127 1,728 $148,119.38.
Private.... 12 141 Not known.
Tuberculosis is a widespread menace Industrial, company owned. 4 240 (a and b) ........Do
to the health of Panama. The Gov-
ernment is thoroughly aware of this,
and is planning a modern and complete Clinics.-There are 48 private clinics attractive in the interior, most doctors
tuberculosis hospital to be constructed in the city of Panamá and suburbs ; 12 prefer to work in one of the two larger
at a cost of $3,000,000. Work will be in the city of Colón ; and 10 scattered cities and the provinces thus lack ade-
started, it is reported, within the next throughout the interior of the Repub- quate medical service .
12 months. At present the National lic. Many of the doctors working in Gov-
Dispensary gives free examinations for ernment hospitals come from other
tubercular symptoms but has no facili- Health Educational Institutions
countries as only three or four Pan-
ties for hospitalizing the patients . In The only health educational insti- amanian doctors are graduated each
cases of tuberculosis in low-income year. To maintain a favorable quota,
tutions in the Republic of Panamá are
families, where patients are unable to the following: at least ten Panamanian doctors should
intern themselves in a hospital, visiting School of Pharmacy.-This school is enter practice every year. Scholarships
nurses are assigned to call at the home part of the National University, a Gov- granted by the Panamanian Govern-
periodically and give instruction on ernment institution. ment and by various United States
the measures for preventing the spread School for Nurses.-A course of nurs- agencies have been of great help in
of the disease. ing is given by a Governmental insti- supplying the Republic with doctors.
tution. The school can accommodate Formerly only Panamanian citizens are
Health Facilities from 70 to 75 pupils, and from 18 to allowed to practice medicine but re-
Hospitals.-All but two hospitals in 20 are graduated every year. cently the law was amended to allow
the Republic of Panamá are general Professional Services foreign doctors to practice in the in-
terior towns when no Panamanian doc-
hospitals. The largest and most mod-
Doctors.-The Republic of Panamá is tors were available.
ernly equipped hospital in the Republic
in great need of doctors, especially in Table 2 published by Sección de Sal-
has added a new maternity ward and
the interior towns. Because opportuni- ubridad in Mundo Gráfico of April 7,
a large dispensary and pharmacy. The
latter is considered one of the most ties for making a living, as well as 1945, shows the number of practising
modern in all Central America. It has actual living conditions , are not so physicians and the population served :
a drug stock valued at $ 100,000 , pre-
pares an average of 500 prescriptions TABLE 2.-Number of physicians
daily, and the waiting room has a seat-
ing capacity of 50 persons. This phar- Estimated Persons Percent of Total
Location Physi- medical percent
macy is primarily for the use of hos- population as cians per doctors per of
pital patients and persons of low in- of July 1943 physician 10,000 persons doctors
come. In a short time equipment for
the preparation of intravenous solu-
tions will be added . Entire Republic... 001,200 149 4,034.9 2.47 100.0
Panamá City.. 125,000 99 1,262.6 7.92 66.4
Another hospital could use physio- City of Colón.... 48,200 18 2,677.7 3.73 12.1
therapy equipment, dietetics laboratory
Province of :
equipment, and other equipment for Panamá. 197,844 103 1,920.8 5.20 69.1
specialized branches including derma- Colón. 61,004 18 3,389.1 2.95 12.1
tology. A children's hospital would fill Bocas del Toro . 9,286 4 2,321.5 4.30 2.6
Coclé. 57,987 19,329.0 0.52 2.0
an urgent need in the Republic. Build- 11 8,790.1 1.13 7.4
Chiriquí.. 96,691
ing material for such is on order but Los Santos.. 91,653 18,330.6 0.54 3.4
it is planned to defer expansion until Veraguas... S6,735 5 17,347.0 0.58 3.4
after the war.
 PHARMACEUTICALS, PROPRIETARY MEDICINES, BIOLOGICALS & MEDICINAL CHEMICALS , REPUBLIC OF PANAMA 3
These estimated population figures
vary somewhat from the last census
( 1940) , but the differences are not
sufficiently important to affect mate-
rially the percentage figures quoted.
Dentists. According to information
furnished by the Government of Pan-
ama, there are 65 dentists in the Re-
public. A local drug importer has
contact with 62, distributed as shown
in table 3. Public Health practitioners.
are also shown.
TABLE 3.- Number of Dentists
Location Private
Panama City. 34
Chitre, Los Santos. 3 and ampoules as well as cardboard
La Chorrera, Panama..
1 1
Santiago, Veraguas.
Sona, Veraguas. 1 1
City of Colon.. 16
David, Chiriqui.. 3 Medical Service Demand.
Remedios, Chiriqui.. 1 1
Bocas del Toro, B. del T.... 1 1
1 The cities of Panama and Colon are
Aguadulce , Cocle..
Las Tablas.
Penonome..
22
Total. 62
There are 167 pharmacists authorized
to practice in the Republic by the Na-
tional Board of Hygiene.
The only veterinarian in the Repub-
lic is in Panama City. The veteri-
narians in the Canal Zone lend their
services to the Republic of Panama on
many occasions, especially for the ex-
amination of cattle.
Nurses. The shortage of nurses in
the Republic at present is critical.
There are 45 visiting nurses, 21 of
whom are stationed in the city of Pan-
ama, 7 in Colon, and 17 working
throughout the interior. This program
of visiting nurses was inaugurated
some 6 years ago and is primarily
concerned with the three following
phases of medical service : (1) pre-
natal care and hygiene ; ( 2 ) infant
care and hygiene ; and (3 ) the fight
against tuberculosis.
One hospital alone needs at least 180
nurses ; its present staff numbers 110,
including student nurses. All hospitals
in the Republic are said to be under-
staffed . Executive Decree No. 776 of
April 10, 1945, fixed salaries of nurses
in the Republic at $90 monthly for
registered nurses and $85 monthly for
nonregistered nurses . Room and board
is furnished.
Laboratory technicians in the Re-
public total 40. Panama City has five
official laboratories and two private
ones, as well as one in the National
University. The laboratory in one hos-
pital makes over 5,000 bacteriological
and chemical examinations monthly
and that of another makes over 4,000.
There are two official laboratories in
Colon and one private one. There are
two official laboratories in the interior
of the Republic.
It has been suggested that the stand-
ards of local drug stores might be
benefitted if there were a possibility
for local pharmacists to join pharma-
ceutical societies in the United States,
thus identifying themselves with their
ideals of management. Doctors in the
Republic already are working in close
collaboration with United States med-
ical associations, principally because
most of the local doctors have been
trained in American universities.
The Asociacion Dental de Panama
(Panama Dental Association ) was
founded about 7 years ago in collabora-
tion with the American Dental Asso-
Public
health ciation. It is composed of 52 members
who meet once a month. The objects
of this association are ( 1 ) to discuss the
scientific and social aspects of the pro-
1 fession and ( 2) to prevent nonprofes-
sionals from practicing. There is no
periodical publication.
1 but as soon as operations start, the
steadily becoming more health con-
1 scious. They utilize the services of
14 the Health Department in preventive
medicine. The showing of educational
films by the Office of the Coordinator
of Inter-American Affairs has had an
excellent reception and more of this
could be done advantageously in the
future. The educational work has great
possibilities for the interior of the Re-
public.
The buying power of the population
of Panama corresponds to that of the
lower middle class in the United States.
The availability of medical service and
remedial preparations is good in Pan-
ama City and Colon and to some ex-
tent in David, but inadequate in in-
terior cities . Probably 90 percent of
the sales of remedies are in the metro-
politan cities and possibly between 80
and 85 percent of the wealth and buy-
ing power. A great problem of dis-
tribution and education is the lack of
means of transportation.
Caja de Seguro Social (Social Security
Fund). This government-operated
bank offers health and disability bene-
fits to families of employees. It is
supported by obligatory contributions
from all employees and employers. Part
of its services consists of medical care,
hospitalization and expenses for rem-
edies for incapacitated members of the
employee class.
Panama has no socialized medicine
plan, as the term is known in the
United States.
It has been suggested that it would
be very helpful if labels on products
were printed not only in Spanish, as
required by law, but also in English.
There is a large English-speaking popu-
lation in the Republic and Canal Zone
residents who buy some of their medi-
cinal needs in Panamá would prefer
products with labels and directions in
English.
Drug Standards
The United States Pharmacopoeia,
the National Formulary, and the United
States Dispensatory are the official
drug reference media .
Domestic Production
There is no domestic production at
present, but a few drug stores have
made up simple remedies for coughs ,
colds, etc., and are selling the products
locally.
One laboratory plans to manufacture
a general line of pharmaceutical prod-
ucts, partly under license from Amer-
ican firms. The company has been in
the process of formation for over a
year and will be ready to start opera-
tion as soon as glass containers, vials,
containers are available . At present,
there are only four workers employed,
number will be increased to twelve.
This company anticipates an annual
business of around $60,000, as that is
stated to be the minimum volume
which will permit profitable operation.
Raw materials will be imported from
the United States, although occasional
small quantities may be acquired from
neighboring countries. All products
will be sold locally and no exports are
anticipated.
Arrangements are being made with
various United States manufacturers
whereby the formulas for their respec-
tive products will be used and the
medicines and pharmaceuticals pro-
duced locally under the original name.
However, the laboratory will also make
fruit salts, etc., products which can be
manufactured without infringing on
any company's rights, and the com-
pany expects to concoct simple reme-
dies such as cough medicines, liniments,
etc., and on these items patents and
trade-marks will be taken out locally.
Another firm was reorganized at the
beginning of 1944 to separate its whole-
sale and retail business of mechanical
and electrical appliances and construc-
tion materials and its drug, chemical
and pharmaceutical business. The firm
owns two leading drug stores and is
now planning to amplify its operations.
A modern, three-story building will
house a new drug store and a labora-
tory and the two upper stories will pro-
vide offices for doctors and dentists.
The laboratory will produce remedies
to be compounded according to the
United States Pharmacopoeia and the
National Formulary and manufacturers'
specialties will be imported in bulk
and bottled for resale.
Governmental Restrictions
The matter of incorporation of manu-
facturing companies in Panamá is quite
simple. Guidance in this connection
may be procured upon application to
the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

In 1944 the Junta Nacional de
Higiene (National Board of Hygiene)
passed a resolution to the effect that
before a pharmaceutical product could
be introduced into the Republic it must
be registered with the Sección de Salu-
bridad and full information must be
supplied regarding the manufacturer.
In order to obtain registration of a
product, documents from the health
authorities of the country of origin
must be submitted in connection with
the medicine it is proposed to introduce
into the Republic.
The local agent or manufacturer's
representative must also be registered
with the Sección de Salubridad in order
that any claims may be presented to
him in case of violations of existing
regulations covering the importation
and advertising of the product. Labels
on the product must be printed in
Spanish, must show the name of the
manufacturer, the ingredients of the
product, and the license number issued
various United States manufacturers
to make their products according to
formula and using the trade-mark and
name.
The Drug Trade Pattern
Methods of Domestic Marketing
There are no manufacturers'
branches and no jobbers.
The distribution of drug store articles
in the Republic of Panamá does not
follow a clearly defined distinction be-
tween wholesaler and retailer. Dis-
tributors and manufacturers' agents of
drug products do not confine them-
selves exclusively to this line but also
may have other representations for
miscellaneous products.
Location
In the Republic, retail druggists sell
only drugs, cosmetics and kindred
products. They do not have soda foun-
tains nor do they sell the wide variety
of merchandise found in United States
drug stores. A local firm wishes to
install modern soda fountains in its
drug stores but is meeting association
opposition on the ground that the busi-
ness of drug stores should be confined
to the sale of drug products. This
society is about 26 years old and was
founded for the purpose of maintaining
uniform prices throughout the Republic.
Below is a table supplied by a local
drug importer showing drug stores in
the Republic, other stores dispensing
drugs, and the population served :
Other stores
Drug Population
stores dispensing served
drugs

52538
by the Junta Nacional de Higiene Panama City and environs... 57 20 223,786
which authorizes local sale of the City of Colon.... 21 3 69,661
1 4,253
product. The Junta Nacional de Hi- Santiago, Prov. of Veraguas.. 6 9,584
David, Province of Chiriqui... 65
giene is composed of a physician, a Other interior towns.... 68,073
dentist, a pharmacist, a lawyer, and a Total. 114 95 375,357
sanitary engineer.
The Republic can be said to have no
promotional restrictions except that all
advertising copy must be submitted to Of the total of 114 drug stores, 65 macy just before graduation, finance
the Health Department for approval are reported to be well equipped. them, and also provide them with the
as to claims made. An effort is made There are no dispensing physicians; necessary credit to open a pharmacy.
to enforce truth in advertising. There however, a large number of physicians In return, the pharmacists agree to
are no particular restrictions as to fair have standing arrangements with some buy their products.
trade practices. drug stores whereby they receive from The majority of the small drug stores
There are no undue delays in regis- 25 to 40 percent of the price of a buy from wholesalers.
tering patents and trade-marks and prescription if they recommend a par-
the costs are in line with those charged ticular drug store. Many drug stores Competition from Outside Sources
in the United States. The registration print prescription pads with the name No Panamanian statistics are obtain-
fee is $25, plus incidental costs, includ- of the store printed at the top for the able as to imports prior to 1941. The
ing listing, stamp charges, Panamanian use of the physician. following are imports recorded by
consular charges, etc., which amount Private clinics do not dispense medi- Estadística Panameña for the years
to about $20 to $25. There are several cines but the majority follow the ar- indicated. Ninety-five percent of these
experienced patent attorneys in Pan- rangement mentioned above. are from the United States. The classi-
amá who have connections with Amer- Some large wholesaler houses con- fications are those used by Panama
ican legal firms. tact graduates from the School of Phar- Customs:
A ceiling price has been in effect on
medicinal products and pharmaceu- 1942
Product 1941 1943 1944
ticals for about 2 years, but there are
no profit regulations. The tax on prof-
its varies from 1 to 7 percent, according Ampoules.. $50,189 $56,924 $100,214 $97,035
to size and nature of the business. Antitoxins. 33,563 23,530 20,003 38,558
Elixirs.... 36,522 43,997 68,446 42,390
Emulsions. 25,217 36,007 42,116 22,547
Governmental Aid Medicinal extracts.. 17,808 18,244 22,380 16,906
Medicinal syrups.... 69,019 103,908 146,762 80,062
While manufacturers of alcoholic 81,866 109,795 186,219 112,001
Pills and capsules..
beverages must pay taxes on the alco- Laxative salts.. 30,035 36,937 50,675 33,662
hol which they import,the drug in- Tablets.. 100,790 165,640 212,009 172,011
Salves and balms.. 38,235 59,262 85,620 68,947
dustry is not subject to this tax. Patent medicines. 96,170 110,568 148,389 124,767
Medicinal wines... 12,797 17,519 34,535 15,125
Patents and Trade-Marks
Patents and trade-marks are recog-
nized and protected by the Republic of The preferred type of distribution is Undoubtedly before the war a large
Panamá. United States manufacturers volume of drugs was imported from
by exclusive agent but commission
who export to Panamá have their prod- Europe, especially Germany, but as the
ucts registered with the Ministry of merchants and wholesale importers also present agencies in Panama appear
Health and Public Works. Foreign function. Company salesmen visit the predominantly for United States firms,
owners of trade-marks can secure it is believed that the imports will
local commission agents periodically.
ample protection against pirating. continue to be principally of American
A recent law decreed that foreign
The future local drug industry will products, providing American manu-
operate partly under foreign licenses firms must act through local repre- facturers continue to meet competitive
by obtaining authorization from the sentatives. prices, terms and service.
 PHARMACEUTICALS, PROPRIETARY MEDICINES, BIOLOGICALS & MEDICINAL CHEMICALS REPUBLIC OF PANAMA
Export Trade
There is no export trade.
Trade Directory
None is published.
Conclusion
Advertising may be done by radio
and newspaper . There are no bill-
boards, though the municipalities pro-
vide for the placing of very small
posters on columns of market and a
few other public sites. There is no
Detailed information of a spe-
cific nature pertaining to Public
Health Activities, and Health
Laws, Governmental Decrees af-
fecting manufacturing, and var-
ious phases of commercial rela-
tions can be furnished upon appli-
cation to the Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce, Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington
25, D. C.
5
advertising agency in the Republic,
but manufacturers use mats in Spanish
prepared in the United States. The
two leading newspapers are well edited
and printed and are half in Spanish and
half in English .
Due to the fact that Panama is ad-
jacent to the Canal Zone, all druggists
do a high percentage of their business
with United States employees and serv-
icemen stationed in the Canal Zone
and there is a great demand for drug
products known in the United States
This demand also extends to Pana-
manians.
 Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign trade
problems :
Location of Offices Managers

Atlanta 3, Ga ., 603 Rhodes Bldg.... C. Parker Persons

Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.. Harold P. Smith

Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg... John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. C. W. Martin

Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse. George C. Payne

Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce.. Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Commerce Bldg.,

Euclid Ave. at East 9th St... Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.. Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus

Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal Bldg.. Richard Stephenson

Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg.... Thos. U. Purcell

Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.. William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg... Harry M. Washington

Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse.. Walter Measday

Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.. Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1 , Minn . , 201 Federal Bldg... Will F. Kissick

New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.. Harold C. Jackson

New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W. 42nd St.. John F. Sinnott

Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St... William M. Park

Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New Federal Bldg... Chas. A. Carpenter

Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W. Morrison St... Howard Waterbury

Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St... C. Roy Mundee

St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal Bldg.. Clyde Miller

San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Customhouse... John J. Judge

Savannah, Ga ., 513 Liberty National Bank & Trust Bldg.,

Bull and Broughtin Streets... Joseph C. Stovall

Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal Office Bldg... Philip M. Crawford

 EY
SURV OF

T
R EN
C UR

S
N ES $2.00
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NT
UNITED STATES DEPARTME OF COMMERCE
E A U
'BUR OF FOR E I G N AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

StURVEY OF

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THIS AUTHORITATIVE MONTHLY PERIODICAL

makes easily available to businessmen over 2,200 com-
prehensive facts about production, stocks, orders, prices,
sales, shipments, etc., of the industries of the United States
by means of text, tables, charts, and index numbers.

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$2.00 per year, from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

● Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

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I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

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U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON

LIBRARY
✩u. s. GOVERNMENT OTICE: 1945-664033
uments Room

23

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

CO
NT

MM
ME T

ER
INA AR
CE
15 CEL DEP

Part 2. CHEMICALS, DRUGS and

RI C
OFAME PHARMACEUTICALS
STATES

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 October 1945 Number 36

Colombian Plastics Industry

Arranged for Publication in the Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon , Chief

COLOMBIAN IMPORTS OF PLASTICS MATERIALS

AND PRODUCTS

THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
150 100 50 50 100 150 200 250

PLASTICS PRODUCTS PLASTICS MATERIALS

UNITED STATES OTHER COUNTRIES

1938

1939

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE
1940

1941

1942

1943

D.D. 45-493.
 Colombian
Digested from a report by George Lister, Vice Consul, United States Embassy, Bogota
The plastics industry in Colombia is
in an early stage of development .
While there was some small-scale man-
ufacturing before 1939-40, no real be-
ginning was made in this field prior
to the outbreak of the war and the
consequent curtailment of competing
foreign imports. During 1942, 1943,
and 1944 considerable progress could
be noted both in the quality and
quantity of output although manu-
facturers were handicapped by inex-
perience, lack of raw materials, in-
adequate machinery, and an unskilled
labor supply.
The effect of the reopening of Amer-
ican and European markets upon this
new industry remains to be seen. Un-
doubtedly, the importation of lower-
priced and better-quality articles will
force several of the firms now mak-
ing plastics to limit or perhaps even
abandon their present activities. On
the other hand, it would appear that
one or two items of local production ,
such as plastic combs and bottle caps,
are now being made in quantities and
at prices that will ensure their con-
tinued popularity.
At present most plastics manufac-
turers seem fairly optimistic regarding
their ability to meet competition . Do-
mestic firms are favored by the fact
that price has always been a very
important factor in the Colombian
market . It is understood that as a
result of domestic comb manufactur-
ing, orders for foreign makes are be-
ing canceled . Plastic bottle caps are
reported to be cheaper than the metal
caps with little difference in utility .
On the other hand, such plastics arti-
cles as cups , saucers, electrical fixtures .
and ashtrays are faced with stiff com-
petition . Domestic porcelain products
are often preferred because of their
low price despite the fact that usually
they are much cruder . Imported porce-
lain is much more expensive .
Production
Plastics materials.-There is only
one manufacturer of plastics materials
in Colombia. Actual production was
begun early in 1942, at which time
it was estimated that annual output
would probably come to around 20,000
kilograms of phenolic molding powder.
However, according to later figures
only 17,336 kilograms of phenolic
molding powder were made in 1943
and only 2,670 kilograms of phenolic
powder and 3,134 kilograms of urea
molding powder were produced in 1944.
This drop in production may be at-
2
Plastics
tributed to the difficulty in obtaining
sufficient raw materials from abroad.
It is reported that because of this dif-
ficulty the manufacturer turned to the
preparation of distilled spirits and less
emphasis on plastics. However, it is
also understood that additional plastics
equipment is being purchased.
Up to the present the firm has been
utilizing its entire production of mold-
ing powders in the manufacture of its
own plastics articles. The quality of
the powder made is up to standard
for general purposes and compares
favorably with similar products im-
ported from the United States.
Molded goods.-Combs are the main
item of plastics production in Colombia
and bottle caps are next in importance.
In addition, there is a considerable out-
put of ashtrays, plates, cups, electrical
accessories, and similar articles. One
firm is planning to manufacture tooth
brushes.
Plastics articles are manufactured by
two firms in Bogota, one in Cali, two
in Medellin, and three in Barranquilla.
Only molded plastics are manufactured
in Colombia and both the injection
and compressing molding methods are
used.
Resident foreigners have played a
relatively prominent role in the de-
velopment of the Colombian plastics
industry not only in supplying tech-
nical assistance and advice in Colom-
bian-owned plants but also in estab-
lishing factories of their own. Ofthe
eight companies in operation four are
either partially or completely con-
trolled by foreigners or naturalized
Colombians. One of the firms is a
French subsidiary owned and managed
by a native Frenchman. Another is
managed and partially controlled by a
Czechoslovakian citizen. A third man-
ufacturer is still supported to some
extent by German capital although
one of the partners was recently nat-
uralized as a Colombian citizen. A
fourth concern is controlled by two
naturalized Colombians and one nat-
uralized Mexican, all three of whom
were born in Poland. There are no
United States factories in Colombia.
So far as can be ascertained , there
exist no marketing agreements or ar-
rangements for exchange of technical
information. Up to the present there
has been little development along
scientific or technical lines. So long
as the shortage of imported articles
continues, even the crudest and most
inefficient type of work can still prove
profitable. This factor, along with the
difficulty in obtaining additional plas-
Industry
tics materials and more modern equip-
ment, makes it seem likely there will
be little immediate improvement in
methods.
Natural products such as coffee and
casein are not used in the domestic
plastics industry and practically all
raw materials are being imported from
the United States.
Distribution
Plastic materials.-Almost the en-
tire quantity of plastics materials con-
sumed is made up of molding powders
and sheets, mostly the former, and
there is very little consumption of rods,
tubes, or liquids. The principal plastics
materials in use have been cellulose
acetate, phenol formaldehyde, polysty-
rene, urea, and melamine resins, and
cellulose nitrate listed in the order of
their importance. Cellulose acetate has
had by far the greatest sale but there
would have been a much larger con-
sumption of polystyrene if there had
been a greater supply available from
the United States.
Of imported plastics materials, ap-
proximately 65 percent is used in the
production of combs, about 10 percent
in the production of bottle caps, and
the remaining 25 percent for such
articles as ashtrays, electrical acces-
sories, and filing markers. The per-
centage of bottle caps would be higher
if domestic plastics materials were in-
cluded, since practically the entire out-
put of one firm is dedicated to the
manufacture of that item.
Manufactures. With the exception
of both accessories and bottle tops,
almost all plastic manufactures are
distributed to the general public
through the larger retail stores, and
they are usually distributed to retail-
ers through wholesalers. The largest
single consumer of plastics materials
sells its combs to one large wholesale
house with branches in Cali, Bogota ,
Medellin, and Barranquilla. Almost all
of another manufacturer's output of
combs is handled by a Barranquilla
wholesaler and practically the entire
bottle cap production is purchased by
the State-controlled distilleries in the
Department of Atlantico. An impor-
tant company sells about 70 percent
of its products direct to wholesalers
in Barranquilla, Bogota, and Medellin
and the remainder to retail stores.
Foreign Trade
Plastic materials and manufactures.-
Import statistics for plastics mate-
rials fall into two main categories-
 COLOMBIAN PLASTICS INDUSTRY 3

Colombian Imports of Plastics Materials and Products

1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 ( 6 mos.)

Commodities and principal
countries of origin Net Net Net Net Net Net Net
Kilo- Pesos Kilo- Pesos Kilo- Pesos Kilo- Pesos Kilo- Pesos Kilo- Pesos Kilo- Pesos
grams grams grams grams grams grams grams

Plastics materials

Plastics... 3,452 9,144 3,421 9,484 4,611 15,569 6,980 24,768 9,318 26,622 3,590 13,879 3,820 10,199
United States.. 696 2,628 1,132 4,426 3,396 13,432 6,980 24,768 9,315 26,576 3,590 13,879 3,820 10,199
Germany. 2,735 6,445 2,272 4,835
France.. 6 36 1,214 2,133
Great Britain. 14 28 12 164 1 4
All others. 1 7 59 3 46
Synthetic resins .. 1,396 2,016 13,472 20,786 29,937 61,418 60,769 102,941 59,204 119,215 87,929 167,283 97,943 167,184
United States. 1,374 1,995 5,391 9,705 28,663 58,517 60,769 102,941 59,204 119,215 87,929 167,283 97,943 167,184
Germany.... 22 21 2,889 4,466
Great Britain. 5,192 6,615
Canada.... 1,274 2,901

Plastics products

Plastic boxes and containers.. 501 1,927 437 1,414 266 1,325 450 3,655 1,154 7,915 187 3,667 35 898
United States. 97 339 151 413 221 1,187 432 3,618 1,135 7,652 124 3,193 31 014
Germany.. 280 1,249 203 911
Argentina.. 63 474
All others. 124 339 83 90 45 138 18 37 19 203 4 284
Plastic toys and playthings.... 3,441 13,812 4,321 14,709 5,115 20,061 1,668 5,391 528 2,601 502 2,504 n. a. n. a.
United States. 35 219 166 783 469 2,996 728 3,342 528 2,601 502 2,504
Germany. 148 887 63 405
Japan 3,254 12,695 4,007 12,867 4,565 16,931 936 2,039
All others . 4 11 85 654 81 133 4 10
Plastic combs. 23,294 89,164 10,544 38,914 5,858 14,998 7,020 16,725 2,133 15,238 1,352 12,229 434 3,811
United States.. 1,964 10,111 1,529 9,352 865 5,375 1,871 11,641 2,133 15,230 1,259 11,013 433 3,801
Italy 1,852 5,798 1
Germany .. 11,858 50,375 2,750 12,003 35 619
France.. 2,663 10,047 2,641 8,072 1,129 2,702
Japan.... 6,259 18,232 1,639 3,349 1,867 2,758 5,142 5,062
Czechoslovakia. 542 381 132 326 1,903 3,505
All others. 8 18 1 14 59 38 7 22 8 93 1,216 1 7
Plastic products (others) ... 7,519 56,798 6,221 58,307 6,053 47,623 6,741 45,060 2,363 24,723 2,805 28,605 1,228 16,504
United States. 2,480 32,596 2,470 35,099 3,867 41,925 5,832 41,873 2,311 24,056 2,805 28,605 1,213 16,366
Germany... 3,923 18,587 1,894 -15,637 48 531
All others.. 1,116 5,615 1,857 7,571 2,138 5,167 909 3,187 52 667 15 138
Plastics bottle tops . 2,702 8,356 3,107 13,270 1,227 9,503 4,056 22,212 2,672 12,859 1,412 5,360 4,159 10,514
United States. 661 4,013 2,784 11,652 1,119 9,318 4,017 22,201 1,992 10,745 1,377 4,999 4,159 10,514
Germany.. 1,916 3,902 153 828
France.. 170 790 108 185
Canada 9 11 576 1,274

1315
All others.. 125 441 104 840 361
Plastics bath accessories
(United States) . 142 6 153

n. a. Not available.
Source : Official Colombian Statistics.

plastics ("celluloid") and synthetic
resins, such as phenol-formaldehyde,
urea, and melamine formaldehyde, and
polystyrene.
It is possible that additional amounts
of resins have been imported into the
country under different classifications,
although the import duty of $0.20 per
gross kilogram is relatively low and
it is not likely that an importer would
knowingly bring his shipment in under
a different category. Undoubtedly syn-
thetic resin imports would have been
much higher if resins had been in
freer supply in the United States and
1939-44 imports in no way represent
the total demand during this period.
Official Colombian import statistics
for plastics materials and articles are
given in the above table.
Several plastics companies have ex-
pressed their interest in receiving as-
sistance and information from the
United States. One firm iş interested
in receiving information regarding new
applications , technical use of materials,
illustrations , samples, and the manu-
facture of dies. Another's interest lies
in effective methods of plastic tooth-
brush production, while a producer of
construction materials is interested in
information regarding new plastics
products and their application to con-
struction materials, particularly as a
substitute for cement.
The United States has always been
one of the chief suppliers of both
plastics materials and finished plastics
articles in Colombia and with the clos-
ing of European markets at the out-
break of the war, United States manu-
facturers had practically no competi-
tion from other countries. There is no
doubt that demand greatly exceeded
supply during the war years and that
imports would have been higher had
it been possible to obtain them.
There would appear to be a con-
siderable potential market for plastics
among Colombian manufacturers of
paper-board cartons, metal bottle caps,
and waterproof textiles.
Since United States products com-
pletely dominate the local field at
present, there can be no determina-
tion of preference. But there appears
to be some difference of opinion as
to what will happen when European
markets reopen. Two Barranquilla
firms seem to feel that competition
will be based on market prices and
that if European products are cheaper
they will undoubtedly be preferred.
Another manufacturer is of the opin-
ion that European plastics exporters
will probably win out because of their
greater interest in the Colombian
market, their more aggressive trade
policy, and their willingness to extend
more favorable credit terms. Three
other Colombian plastics companies
 INDUSTRIAL
maintain that their entire experience
has been with United States products
and that they will continue to do
business with them.
It is believed that the most satis-
factory and efficient method of han-
dling sales for plastics products in
Colombia is through exclusive repre-
sentatives. Stocks and service men are
not essential. Although the element of
quality cannot be completely disre-
garded, price and credit terms will
probably be the decisive factors under
normal market conditions.
Most sales of plastics materials and
finished articles are made on spot
orders handled through manufacturers'
representatives in Colombia and pay-
able with letters of credit or sight
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE FIELD SERVICE
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg. , Euclid Ave. at
East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo., 566 Customhouse.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
REFERENCE SERVICE
drafts. American houses usually re-
ceive payment within 60 to 90 days
but European firms often give 180
days' credit. Advertising is seldom if
ever used, the market being relatively
small.
Special packaging is not required by
law but in view of the rough han-
dling to which most merchandise is
subjected in transit, good packing is
advisable. On the other hand it should
be remembered that Colombian cus-
toms duties are based on gross weight
and that light wrapping materials will
reduce costs.
There is a very small and irregular
exportation of plastic combs and other
articles to Venezuela and Ecuador. This
trade is never more than 1 ton a year.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor,
130 W. 42d St.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-665855
A
I
D
N
I
Machinery and mechanical equip-
ment.-There has been little importa-
tion of plastics machinery during recent
years but two firms have already
placed orders in the United States for
additional machinery and others plan
on doing so. Practically all the ma-
chinery now in use is in good condition.
Molding dies are made in Colombia or
obtained from the United States and,
in one case, from France.
Although two or three plastics man-
ufacturers have constructed their own
small-sized hand machines from time
to time, all are of crude manufacture
and can in no way serve as a suit-
able substitute for foreign-made equip-
ment.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg. ,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal
Office Bldg.
Y
T
I
S
R
E
V
I
N
U
A
N
JAN 5- 1948
LIBRARY
Suments Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
RT

OP COM ERCE
DEPA

A Part 2. CHEMICALS,
RIC
UNI

OF AME
TED
S

STATE DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

S

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
貳
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices
Volume 3-Part 2 October 1945 Number 37
V

Plastics Markets in Venezuela

Arranged for Publication in the Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Plastics manufacture in Venezuela

D 9774
 Plastics Markets in Venezuela

Digested from a report by William H. Bowden, Economic Analyst, United States Embassy, Caracas

Production Zerbst machines of the injection type, and retail outlets. Terms are net, but
which use cellulose acetate molding credit of 30 to 120 days is allowed
Plastics materials. - There is no compound or polystyrene, were added . to good accounts. Importers of finished
domestic manufacture of plastics ma- The third competitor in the field articles are usually the owners of re-
terials in Venezuela at the present of plastics production is a Chinese tail establishments in Caracas but they
time and no plans have been an- national who began manufacturing also sell wholesale to smaller mer-
nounced indicating that immediate combs 6 years ago. The factory has chants throughout the country. Their
manufacture is contemplated. The a modern American automatic injec- terms are net, 30 to 90 days from
country's normal annual consumption tion molding machine, with a heating date of invoice.
is estimated as follows: cylinder capacity of up to 50 pounds The United States exporter of fin-
per hour. It is reported, moreover, that ished products, particularly if his line
as soon as war conditions permit orders of articles is a varied one, should, it
Product Quantity Percentage will be placed in the United States appears, work through exclusive rep-
pounds of total resentatives who have complete sample
for more machines, presses, and dies
to produce a number of plastics articles lines and appropriate literature in
Cellulose nitrate in addition to combs. Spanish to provide satisfactory dem-
sheets.... 44,900 16.8 onstrations.
Cellulose acetate Only one comb manufacturer has
powder or poly- foreign affiliations. He operates a At present United States exporters
styrene.. 213,400 79.8 branch factory in Colombia in partner- of plastics materials can take care
Casein sheets. 9,000 3.4
ship with a Colombian national, but of the needs of importers (only pro-
Total... 267,300 100.0
the partner does not share in any way cessors are importers) by direct sales,
in the home establishment. It is as- but when other exporting countries
sumed, however, that there is a mutual return to the trade, it may be neces-
One paint factory in Venezuela con- exchange of technical information with sary to operate through agents or
sumes several types of synthetic res- the branch by virtue of the business representatives.
ins each year. Normal consumption relationship. There is no advertising of any sort
for such resins as Beckosol, Esterol, The other two manufacturers, one a and no special packaging is necessary
and Amberlac is estimated at about or required by law within the country.
Venezuelan, the other a Chinese, are
337,000 pounds. Import duties are paid, however, on
sole owners of their respective estab-
Molded goods. Combs, including lishments and have no foreign affilia- gross weight, and it is important that
the ornamental kind for women, are tions or trade agreements of any sort. merchandise be packed in lightweight
the only articles presently produced boxes or corrugated cartons.
in Venezuela. Buttons, buckles, brush Distribution It is not deemed essential to main-
backs and handles, household utensils, tain stocks, particularly in normal
bottle caps, and a variety of other The number of consumers of plastic times when fast shipping can be re-
products could be manufactured ad- articles is believed to be rather large lied upon.
vantageously for the domestic market in the urban centers which have an
estimated total population of 1,000,000. Import Trade
but additional machinery would be
necessary. The population of the country is up- Up to 1940, Germany was the major
The production of combs is carried wards of 32 millions but the buying supplier in the plastics market. Since
on by three manufacturers . One fac- power of most, especially in the rural then the United States has accounted
tory, established in 1926, started pro- areas, is negligible. for the largest portion of total imports .
ducing combs from ebonite using raw Domestic manufacturers of finished About 20 percent of the plastics ma-
materials and machines of the perfor- products employ no agents but make terials imports shown in the accom-
ating or cutting type purchased in direct sales from factory to wholesale panying table is cellulose nitrate sheets .
Germany. In later years, the ebonite
was procured in the United States but
vulcanized rubber later became scarce Venezuelan Imports of Plastics Materials and Products
and then unobtainable, SO in 1941
orders were placed in the United War years
1938 Percentage
States for an injection type machine of total
Commodity and principal Pounds 1941-43
and six molds or dies for using plastics importing countries
materials. War regulations have pre- Percentage average
vented shipment of this equipment, Pounds of total 1941 1942 1943
and for the last 3 years that part
Plastics materials. 44,381 100.0 33,820 18.276 14,976 100.0
of the factory has not been operating.
United States... 173 0.4 33,820 17,921 14,817 99.2
The part using cellulose nitrate film Germany.. 24,257 54.7
as surface covering for ladies' shoe Belgium.. 19,167 43.2
heels has continued in operation. Allother. 784 1.7 355 159 0.8
Nearly 8 years ago, a second manu- Finished plastics articles. 49,961 100.0 159,503 144,871 107,493 100.0
facturer started production of plastic United States. 10.657 21.3 145,974 138,383 93,227 91.7
Germany. 32,587 65.2
combs principally from cellulose ni- Japan. 4,923 9.9 1.556 0.4
trate sheets. His equipment consisted Brazil. 3,908 4,332 2,762 2.7
of obsolete machinery of French origin Cuba.. 5,651 1.4
Colombia. 4.943 1.2
such as guillotine knives, teeth cutting Argentina.. 5,633 1.3
dies, drills, and polishers. Later, two All others. 1,794 3.6 2.114 2,156 928 1.3
used but more modern "Isoma" Braun-

2
 PLASTICS MARKETS IN VENEZUELA 3

the other 80 percent cellulose acetate
molding powder or polystyrene. Fin-
ished articles include such items as
combs, buttons, bottle caps, and simi-
lar products .
Trade Opportunities
From import statistics and trade
comments it appears that before the
war the use of finished plastics articles
was not extensive in this country.
Recent years, however, have seen a
marked increase. Imports rose from
50,000 pounds in 1938 to 159,000 pounds
in 1941, and the portion of the trade
supplied by the United States in-
creased from 21 percent to 91 percent.
The years 1942 and 1943 brought de-
creases in total volume probably be-
cause of shortages in the United States,
but the volume was still double that
of 1938.
Manufacturers feel exceedingly opti-
mistic regarding the advantages of
plastics materials and finished articles.
Domestic trades indicate that one
of the uses of plastics which may find
favor in the Venezuelan market is that
of plastic rods and tubes in picture
framing, in fancy furniture, and as
ornamental trimming in the building
industry where wood or other mater-
ials are now employed. Makers of
metal signs and name plates are po-
tential users of such plastics as cellu-
lose nitrate. Objects made of plastics
in lines such as tableware, kitchen
utensils, ash trays, and lamp shades
are well received.
Greater service to the industry by
United States producers would lie
primarily in the training of technicians
and operators in American factories
and secondly in thorough dissemina-
tion of new processes and ideas to keep
manufacturers abreast of up -to-date
developments. Merchants are inclined
to believe that United States manu-
facturers can hold a substantial share
of the market in the postwar period
if they can meet the prices offered
by other foreign competitors, since
presentation and finish of United States
products enjoy popular favor.

Field Offices
JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field Offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign trade
problems :

Location of Offices Managers

Atlanta 3, Ga ., 603 Rhodes Bldg... C. Parker Persons
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse... Harold P. Smith
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg... John J. Love
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of Commerce Bldg... C. W. Martin
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.. George C. Payne
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio 753 Union Commerce Bldg., Euclid

Ave., at East 9th St... Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg. Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2, Colo., 566 Customhouse... Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus

12 Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal Bldg.. Richard Stephenson

Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg.. Thos. U. Purcell

Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg... William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg... Harry M. Washington

Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse.. Walter Measday
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg. Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1, Minn ., 201 Federal Bldg..... Will F. Kissick

New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg... Harold C. Jackson

New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W. 42d St... John F. Sinnott
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St... William M. Park
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal Bldg... Chas. A. Carpenter
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W. Morrison St... Howard Waterbury
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St.. C. Roy Mundee
St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal Bldg... Clyde Miller
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Customhouse.. John J. Judge
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty National Bank and Trust
Bldg., Bull and Broughtin Sts ......... Joseph C. Stovall
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg... Philip M. Crawford

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-665850

 Domestic Commerce

written for

RUSINESSMEN ..

● Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

● Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post- war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

$ 1.00 per year from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

A
I
D
N

.
1945
Cuments Room
Industrial
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
CO
MM Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
ME ER
A RT OF CO
CE
UN PA
MIS OZ ☆DE
STATESOF
AMERICA
DRUGS
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices
Volume 3-Part 2
Colombia:
(Comision de Especialidades Far-
maceuticas) dated April 20, 1932 , as
amended by Decree No. 2135 of De-
cember 22, 1933 , and subsequent en-
actments, constitutes the basic legisla-
tion governing the registration, impor-
tation, and sale of pharmaceutical
specialties and other medicinal prep-
arations.
Pharmaceutical specialties are de-
fined by law as including : (1 ) Prepara-
tions manufactured in accordance with
formulas which are not included in
the usual pharmacopoeias; (2) pharma-
ceutical preparations the formulas of
which, although included in such phar-
maceutical codes, have undergone sub-
stantial modification ; (3) "officinal"
preparations, that is, preparations the
formulas of which are included in the
usual pharmacopoeias, but which are
sold under some trade name, such as
that of the manufacturer, indicating
that they have been prepared by a
technique other than that commonly
followed ; and, (4) "officinal" prepara-
tions having a nutritive base, but
which are intended for some thera-
peutic purpose.
Preparations which do not fulfill
these requirements cannot be sold as
pharmaceutical specialties, even though
they may be designated by specific
names, and mixtures which do not re-
quire manipulations of any pharma-
ceutical importance in their technical
preparation will not be considered as
pharmaceutical specialties.
Various other products also are sub-
ject to the requirements for registra-
tion. These include medicinal wines,
biological preparations, disinfectants,
veterinary products, homeopathic rem-
edies, dentifrices, hair dyes, medicinal
soaps, hygienic preparations, and toilet
Reference
Part 2. CHEMICALS,
and PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
October 1945
Pharmaceutical
American Republics Unit, George Wythe, Chief
preparations for which therapeutic
properties are claimed . Cosmetics and
other toiletries , such as lotions, creams,
powders, and pomades, for which no
therapeutic claims are made, are ex-
empt from the registration and licens-
ing requirements.
"Officinal" preparations are those
which in their constituents and their
method of preparation conform fully
to the formulas and processes indicated
in the French Codex or the American,
British, or German pharmacopoeias.
Except as previously explained, i. e.,
when sold under some particular trade
name, such preparations are not re-
quired to be registered, but they must
have a label on the container or wrap-
per giving the Codex or Pharmaco-
poeia, in accordance with which they
were prepared, and the corresponding
formula. The Commission on Pharma-
ceutical Specialties is empowered to
order the examination of these prepar-
ations in order to determine whether
or not they are manufactured in ac-
cordance with these official formulas ;
if the examination reveals that some
modification has been made, registra-
tion will be required .
The Chemistry Division of the Na-
tional Hygiene Laboratory will make
a quantitative and qualitative analysis
at least once a year, for the purpose
of control, of all pharmaceutical spe-
cialties and "officinal" preparations that
may be offered for sale.
Registration Requirements
The importation and sale of pharma-
ceutical specialties and other prepara-
tions subject to these regulations will
be prohibited unless they have been
duly registered with the Colombian,
Commission of Pharmaceutical Special-
Service
Number 38
Regulations
ties. Applications for registration may
be submitted by the manufacturer di-
rectly, or through a legally authorized
agent. In the latter case, a power of
attorney must be executed in accord-
ance with the legal requirements of
the country of origin, and be visaed
by the Colombian Consul or, in his
absence, by the Consul of a friendly
nation. Each application must be ac-
companied by a certificate from the
Colombian Ministry of National Econ- .
omy (Ministerio de Economia Nacional )
stating that the name or trade-mark
of the product has been registered in
favor of the applicant, or that no such
registration has been granted in favor
of any other person or legal entity.
Applications for registration and the
accompanying documents may be sub-
mitted in the Spanish language, or in
the language of the country of origin,
if desired, provided a complete Spanish
translation is also submitted. All doc-
uments in connection with such appli-
cations must be submitted on official
"stamped paper" (papel sellado) , except
for the formula, which may be sub-
mitted on ordinary paper to which
a canceled revenue stamp of 0.20 peso
has been affixed. A separate applica-
tion must be filed for each prepara-
tion which it is desired to register
for sale in Colombia.
The following data must be fur-
nished in connection with applications
for registration : (1 ) The exact formula
of the product, expressed in pharma-
ceutical terms, and with the precise
quantities of its ingredients per stated
volume (enclosed in a sealed envelope ) ;
(2) a detailed statement of the methods
used in preparing the product ; (3)
the purposes or uses for which it is
intended ; (4) the dosage and precise
D 10749
 INDUSTRIAL
therapeutic application; (5) if a simple
substance, its scientific name as well
as its structural chemical formula, if
that be known; (6) the location of
the factory; and (7) a certificate, is-
sued by a competent public authority
in the country of origin, and visaed
by the Colombian consular officer,
stating that the product is prepared
in a laboratory appropriate for that
purpose and which fulfills the local
sanitary requirements of the place of
manufacture. (This certificate must
be dated not more than 3 months
prior to the date of the application . )
The application for registration for
each product must be accompanied by
a description of the technical pro-
cesses by which its composition may
be determined, and of the methods by
which the quantity and activity of
its essential ingredients may likewise
be tested. In the case of chemical
compounds, the reactions or processes
by which their identity or purity may
be ascertained also must be given.
Three samples of each product, in the
containers in which they will be of-
fered for sale, and the corresponding
labels, prospectuses, and other adver-
tising matter relating thereto, must
be furnished with each application for
registration. If desired, the labels and
other printed matter may be sub-
mitted in provisional form.
Registration Fees
A fee of 100 Pesos (approximately
$57) is levied by the Colombian Com-
mission of Pharmaceutical Specialties
for the registration of a product, which
includes the charge for laboratory
analysis. In addition, 5 pesos (approx-
imately $2.85) is collected for publica-
tion of the notice of approval (or
denial) of registration. The compen-
sation to be paid for the services of
a Colombian pharmacist or other local
representative in connection with the
registration of a product will depend
upon the prior arrangements between
the parties concerned.
Denial of Registration
Licenses will not be granted to
pharmaceutical specialties which, in
the opinion of the Commission , lack
therapeutic value, are prepared in ac-
cordance with a known or incompat-
ible formula, or which are produced
by the simple combination of "offici-
nal" substances and may be easily and
safely prepared in local drug stores
and pharmacies. Preparations which
in the opinion of the Commission have
a defective or unscientific formula (i. e.,
consisting merely of a mixture of a
number of ingredients of little known
value) , or the therapeutic value of
which is negligible or not generally
recognized, and which thereby consti-
tute a speculative element for the con-
REFERENCE SERVICE
suming public or the medical profes-
sion, likewise will be denied registra-
tion. Advertising matter, testimonials,
or other certificates will not be re-
garded by the Commission as evidence
of the therapeutic value of a product
in determining whether registration
will be granted.
Pharmaceutical products which have
been denied registration by reason of
not being regarded as pharmaceutical
specialties may not be offered for sale
in any form.
Reconsideration of Applications
Whenever an application for the reg-
istration of an imported pharmaceu-
tical specialty is rejected by the Com-
mission, the interested party may re-
quest reconsideration of the application
within 90 days of the day following
that on which the decision was ren-
dered. If the Commission declines to
reconsider the application, or if it con-
firms its previous decision, the applica-
tion is considered to have been per-
manently rejected and the applicant is
regarded as having lost all rights to
obtain registration of the product.
Pharmaceutical products which have
been denied registration three co
secutive times by reason of defects ir
the formula, in the technique of prep-
aration, dosage, use, or indications for
use are regarded as having been per-
manently rejected.
Revocation of Licenses
The Commission reserves the right
to reexamine products which have
been submitted to it and to cancel
the registration of a product whenever
it fails to conform to the requirements
of these regulations, or if the composi-
tion of the product has been adulter-
ated or modified without the prior
consent of the Commission .
Registration also may be revoked
by the Commission in the following
instances: (1) When the licensed pro-
duct is found upon investigation to be
therapeutically ineffective , as com-
pared with recently discovered prod-
ucts; (2) when the recommendations
or indications for use on the label
or in the advertising of the product
have been modified as compared with
those approved by the Commission ;
(3) whenever the method of prepara-
tion or mixing of the ingredients is
defective; or (4) when the advertising
matter relating to the product does
not conform in all respects to the
therapeutic indications specified at the
time of registration.
Labeling
Labels of pharmaceutical specialties
approved for sale in Colombia must
contain the following data in the
Spanish language:
(1) The name of the manufacturer
and location of the factory or labora-
tory in which the product was pre-
pared;
(2) The dosage, therapeutic effects ,
and instructions for the use of the
product, in accordance with the terms
under which it was approved for
registration;
(3) The registration number assigned .
to the product by the Commission ; and
(4) If the registration of the product
is approved for sale only upon a phys-
ician's prescription, the detailed formula
thereof, with the proportions of the
ingredients in the usual chemical
pharmaceutical terms, also must be
shown on the label.
Following the approval of a product
for registration, copies of labels, pros-
pectuses, advertisements, and other
printed matter relating to the prepa-
ration must be filed with the Com-
mission in the form in which they
were approved. Labels of pharmaceu-
tical specialties may not contain any
statement which implies that the Col-
ombian health authorities recommend
or guarantee such preparations.
Advertising
All advertising matter relative to
pharmaceutical specialties must con-
form in all respects with that approved
by the Commission at the time of
the registration. The advertising of
unregistered pharmaceutical special-
ties, whether in newspapers , maga-
zines, handbills, placards, or by means
of radio or motion pictures, is pro-
hibited. Statements implying that a
given product possesses exclusive
therapeutic properties, or is infallible
in the treatment of specific ailments
may not be used.
False or misleading statements with
respect to the origin, source, means
of gathering, or method of preparing
the raw materials from which a prod-
uct is manufactured, or regarding its
therapeutic properties in general like-
wise are prohibited. In addition it is
forbidden to use names of doubtful
interpretation or which suggest a par-
ticular ailment or pathological con-
dition in the advertising of pharmaceu-
tical specialties (except serums, vac-
cines, and anti-toxin specifics) through
the medium of newspapers. All adver-
tising matter relating to registered
preparations must be submitted to the
Commission for approval prior to its
use.
Subject to Special Requirements
Various preparations are subject to
special requirements as to labeling and
advertising and to certain limitations
on their sale and distribution- in
Colombia.
Dangerous drugs. - Pharmaceutical
preparations containing stupefying or
habit-forming drugs may be imported
 COLOMBIA :
only through an authorized agency of
the Government and sold only under
a physician's prescription. Statements
to this effect must appear on labels
and other printed matter accompany-
ing such preparations.
Poisonous and toxic substances.
Poisonous or toxic substances imported
into Colombia must be packed in her-
metically sealed metal containers not
exceeding 50 kilograms in weight.
These containers must be strong
enough to resist the wear and tear
occasioned in passing through the
customs and transportation to final
destination . It also is required that
such merchandise be stored in special
warehouses by the customs authorities
and transportation agencies and must
be carefully segregated from food-
stuffs and medicines.
Hair dyes. - Preparations for color-
ing or bleaching the hair are subject
to the same regulations regarding ap-
proval and registration by the Com-
mission as pharmaceutical specialties .
In addition they must bear on the
respective labels and containers a
statement to the effect that if the
use of the preparation causes any path-
ological reaction a physician's advice
should be obtained before its use is
continued . Labels for these prepara-
tions also must include the complete
name and address of the manufactur-
ing laboratory.
Vitamins and hormones. Applica-
tions for the registration of pharma-
ceutical specialties or preparations con-
taining vitamins or hormones must be
accompanied by a certificate issued by
an authoritative agency of the country
of origin, stating that the laboratory
in which the products were prepared
is equipped with a permanent technical
staff and with the necessary facilities
to assure the efficiency of the prep-
arations. The following information
Department
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 754 Union Com-
merce Bldg. , Euclid Ave. at East 9th
St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg
Denver 2, Colo., 566 Customhouse.
PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATIONS
also must be submitted : Indication of
the vitamins and hormones, expressed
in international units ; the class or
classes of active principles; the condi-
tions for use and preservation ; the
process of preparation ; and the origin
of the active ingredients.
Mixtures of drugs and medicines
with vitamins or hormones in the same
preparation are prohibited, unless spe-
cifically authorized by the Commission.
Preparations containing active prin-
ciples of organs, glands, fibers, or ex-
tracts thereof must fulfill the above
requirements. All preparations in this
category are subject to analysis by
the National Institute of Hygiene of
Colombia.
Veterinary preparations. - Importa-
tion or sale of vaccines, serums, and
other biological products for veterinary
use is subject to a prior license from
the National Livestock Department
(Departmento Nacional de Ganaderia),
which must be renewed every 5 years.
Application for licenses should indicate
the process of manufacture and the
substances from which the product
was prepared, and must be accom-
panied by a sample of the product,
with the corresponding labels and con-
tainers.
Labels of these preparations must
indicate the following data : The name
of the manufacturer; name of the
product; trademark; series control
number or, if unknown, the date of
manufacture ; the date on which the
product loses its effectiveness ; the ap-
propriate dosage ; the method of ap-
plication; and the number and date
of the license issued by the National
Livestock Department authorizing its
importation. Instructions for the use
of the product must be included with
each package, together with other
literature, which must be approved
by the Department.
of Commerce Field Service
Detroit 26. Mich. , 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Of-
fice Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
✩U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-666105
The name of the preparation must
correspond in all respects with its
scientific and biological characteristics,
the use of special or figurative names
being prohibited. Such products may
be imported only in their ultimate
containers, and may not be repacked
prior to sale. In the case of imported
products, it is necessary to submit a
certificate, issued by the correspond-
ing sanitary authority in the country
of origin, stating that both the prod-
uct and the manufacturing laboratory
are duly licensed in that country and
that the sale of the product is author-
ized for use therein. The certificate
must be legalized by the Colombian
Consul.
Penicillin. - The importation and
sale of penicillin is subject to all re-
quirements affecting the registration
of pharmaceutical specialties. The sale
of penicillin within Colombia has been
permitted only on a sales order signed
by the Departmental health authorities.
Other products. - Pharmaceutical
specialties and officinal products for
the treatment of venereal diseases, ver-
mifuges, and preparations for use un-
der medical prescription may be sold
only in licensed drug stores or phar-
macies in accordance with the formula
or prescription issued by a registered
physician, except as otherwise author-
ized in the case of communities where
no licensed drug stores exist. Vermi-
fuges for adults must be packaged and
sold in containers different from those
for use in the treatment of children,
and must be labeled with the cor-
responding formula, dosage, and in-
structions for use.
The advertising or sale of pharma-
ceutical specialties alleged to be rem-
edies for snake bite poison is pro-
hibited, as well as the importation,
manufacture, and sale of pharmaceu-
tical specialties having a base of chaul-
moogra oil or its derivatives for the
treatment of leprosy.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19 , Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St..
St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif.. 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga. , 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN .

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system .

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

· from the Superintendent of Documents

$ 1.00 per year .

N TR
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE . WASHINGTON
A IV 25, D. C.
I ER
D SI
N T

LIBRARY
cuments Room
Industrial
NT
ME
CO
RT
MM
A
EP
ER
D of CE
• Part 2.
A
RIC
AME
UNITED
STA
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents , U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or Department Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Colombia:
(Comision de Especialidades Far-
maceuticas) dated April 20, 1932, as
amended by Decree No. 2135 of De-
cember 22, 1933, and subsequent en-
actments, constitutes the basic legisla-
tion governing the registration, impor-
tation, and sale of pharmaceutical
specialties and other medicinal prep-
arations.
Pharmaceutical specialties are de-
fined by law as including : ( 1 ) Prepara-
tions manufactured in accordance with
formulas which are not included in
the usual pharmacopoeias; (2) pharma-
ceutical preparations the formulas of
which, although included in such phar-
maceutical codes, have undergone sub-
stantial modification ; (3 ) "officinal"
preparations, that is, preparations the
formulas of which are included in the
usual pharmacopoeias, but which are
sold under some trade name, such as
that of the manufacturer, indicating
that they have been prepared by a
technique other than that commonly
followed ; and , (4) "officinal" prepara-
tions having a nutritive base, but
which are intended for some thera-
peutic purpose.
Preparations which do not fulfill
these requirements cannot be sold as
pharmaceutical specialties, even though
they may be designated by specific
names, and mixtures which do not re-
quire manipulations of any pharma-
ceutical importance in their technical
preparation will not be considered as
pharmaceutical specialties.
Various other products also are sub-
ject to the requirements for registra-
tion. These include medicinal wines,
biological preparations, disinfectants,
veterinary products, homeopathic rem-
edies, dentifrices, hair dyes, medicinal
soaps, hygienic preparations, and toilet
Reference
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce , AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
CHEMICALS ,
DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
October 1945
Pharmaceutical
American Republics Unit, George Wythe, Chief
preparations for which therapeutic
properties are claimed . Cosmetics and
other toiletries, such as lotions, creams,
powders, and pomades, for which no
therapeutic claims are made, are ex-
empt from the registration and licens-
ing requirements .
"Officinal" preparations are those
which in their constituents and their
method of preparation conform fully
to the formulas and processes indicated
in the French Codex or the American,
British , or German pharmacopoeias.
Except as previously explained, i. e. ,
when sold under some particular trade
name, such preparations are not re-
quired to be registered, but they must
have a label on the container or wrap-
per giving the Codex or Pharmaco-
poeia, in accordance with which they
were prepared, and the corresponding
formula. The Commission on Pharma-
ceutical Specialties is empowered to
order the examination of these prepar-
ations in order to determine whether
or not they are manufactured in ac-
cordance with these official formulas;
if the examination reveals that some
modification has been made, registra-
tion will be required .
The Chemistry Division of the Na-
tional Hygiene Laboratory will make
a quantitative and qualitative analysis
at least once a year, for the purpose
of control, of all pharmaceutical spe-
cialties and "officinal" preparations that
may be offered for sale.
Registration Requirements
The importation and sale of pharma-
ceutical specialties and other prepara-
tions subject to these regulations will
be prohibited unless they have been
duly registered with the Colombian
Commission of Pharmaceutical Special-
Service
Number 38
Regulations
ties. Applications for registration may
be submitted by the manufacturer di-
rectly, or through a legally authorized
agent. In the latter case, a power of
attorney must be executed in accord-
ance with the legal requirements of
the country of origin, and be visaed
by the Colombian Consul or, in his
absence, by the Consul of a friendly
nation. Each application must be ac-
companied by a certificate from the
Colombian Ministry of National Econ-
omy (Ministerio de Economia Nacional)
stating that the name or trade-mark
of the product has been registered in
favor of the applicant, or that no such
registration has been granted in favor
of any other person or legal entity.
Applications for registration and the
accompanying documents may be sub-
mitted in the Spanish language, or in
the language of the country of origin,
if desired, provided a complete Spanish
translation is also submitted. All doc-
uments in connection with such appli-
cations must be submitted on official
"stamped paper" (papel sellado) , except
for the formula, which may be sub-
mitted on ordinary paper to which
a canceled revenue stamp of 0.20 peso
has been affixed. A separate applica-
tion must be filed for each prepara-
tion which it is desired to register
for sale in Colombia.
The following data must be fur-
nished in connection with applications
for registration : ( 1) The exact formula
of the product, expressed in pharma-
ceutical terms, and with the precise
quantities of its ingredients per stated
volume (enclosed in a sealed envelope ) ;
(2) a detailed statement of the methods
used in preparing the product ; (3 )
the purposes or uses for which it is
intended; (4) the dosage and precise
9892
 INDUSTRIAL
2
therapeutic application ; (5) if a simple
substance, its scientific name as well
as its structural chemical formula, if
that be known; (6) the location of
the factory; and (7) a certificate, is-
sued by a competent public authority
in the country of origin, and visaed
by the Colombian consular officer,
stating that the product is prepared
in a laboratory appropriate for that
purpose and which fulfills the local
sanitary requirements of the place of
manufacture. (This certificate must
be dated not more than 3 months
prior to the date of the application .)
The application for registration for
each product must be accompanied by
a description of the technical pro-
cesses by which its composition may
be determined, and of the methods by
which the quantity and activity of
its essential ingredients may likewise
be tested. In the case of chemical
compounds, the reactions or processes
by which their identity or purity may
be ascertained also must be given.
Three samples of each product, in the
containers in which they will be of-
fered for sale, and the corresponding
labels, prospectuses, and other adver-
tising matter relating thereto, must
be furnished with each application for
registration. If desired, the labels and
other printed matter may be sub-
mitted in provisional form.
Registration Fees
A fee of 100 Pesos (approximately
$57) is levied by the Colombian Com-
mission of Pharmaceutical Specialties
for the registration of a product, which
includes the charge for laboratory
analysis. In addition, 5 pesos (approx-
imately $2.85) is collected for publica-
tion of the notice of approval (or
denial) of registration. The compen-
sation to be paid for the services of
a Colombian pharmacist or other local
representative in connection with the
registration of a product will depend
upon the prior arrangements between
the parties concerned.
Denial of Registration
Licenses will not be granted to
pharmaceutical specialties which, in
the opinion of the Commission, lack
therapeutic value, are prepared in ac-
cordance with a known or incompat-
ible formula, or which are produced
by the simple combination of "offici-
nal" substances and may be easily and
safely prepared in local drug stores
and pharmacies. Preparations which
in the opinion of the Commission have
a defective or unscientific formula (i . e.,
consisting merely of a mixture of a
number of ingredients of little known
value) , or the therapeutic value of
which is negligible or not generally
recognized, and which thereby consti-
tute a speculative element for the con-
REFERENCE
SERVICE
suming public or the medical profes-
sion, likewise will be denied registra-
tion. Advertising matter, testimonials,
or other certificates will not be re-
garded by the Commission as evidence
of the therapeutic value of a product
in determining whether registration
will be granted.
Pharmaceutical products which have
been denied registration by reason of
not being regarded as pharmaceutical
specialties may not be offered for sale
in any form .
Reconsideration of Applications
Whenever an application for the reg-
istration of an imported pharmaceu-
tical specialty is rejected by the Com-
mission, the interested party may re-
quest reconsideration of the application
within 90 days of the day following
that on which the decision was ren-
dered. If the Commission declines to
reconsider the application, or if it con-
firms its previous decision, the applica-
tion is considered to have been per-
manently rejected and the applicant is
regarded as having lost all rights to
obtain registration of the product.
Pharmaceutical products which have
been denied registration three CO
secutive times by reason of defects ir
the formula, in the technique of prep-
aration, dosage, use, or indications for
use are regarded as having been per-
manently rejected.
Revocation of Licenses
The Commission reserves the right
to reexamine products which have
been submitted to it and to cancel
the registration of a product whenever
it fails to conform to the requirements
of these regulations, or if the composi-
tion of the product has been adulter-
ated or modified without the prior
consent of the Commission.
Registration also may be revoked
by the Commission in the following
instances : (1 ) When the licensed pro-
duct is found upon investigation to be
therapeutically ineffective, as com-
pared with recently discovered prod-
ucts; (2) when the recommendations
or indications for use on the label
or in the advertising of the product
have been modified as compared with
those approved by the Commission;
(3) whenever the method of prepara-
tion or mixing of the ingredients is
defective; or (4) when the advertising
matter relating to the product does
not conform in all respects to the
therapeutic indications specified at the
time of registration.
Labeling
Labels of pharmaceutical specialties
approved for sale in Colombia must
contain the following data in the
Spanish language :
(1) The name of the manufacturer
and location of the factory or labora-
tory in which the product was pre-
pared ;
(2) The dosage, therapeutic effects ,
and instructions for the use of the
product, in accordance with the terms
under which it was approved for
registration ;
(3) The registration number assigned
to the product by the Commission; and
(4) If the registration of the product
is approved for sale only upon a phys-
ician's prescription, the detailed formula
thereof, with the proportions of the
ingredients in the usual chemical
pharmaceutical terms, also must be
shown on the label. .
Following the approval of a product
for registration, copies of labels, pros-
pectuses, advertisements, and other
printed matter relating to the prepa-
ration must be filed with the Com-
mission in the form in which they
were approved. Labels of pharmaceu-
tical specialties may not contain any
statement which implies that the Col-
ombian health authorities recommend
or guarantee such preparations.
Advertising
All advertising matter relative to
pharmaceutical specialties must con-
form in all respects with that approved
by the Commission at the time of
the registration. The advertising of
unregistered pharmaceutical special-
ties, whether in newspapers, maga-
zines, handbills, placards, or by means
of radio or motion pictures, is pro-
hibited. Statements implying that a
given product possesses exclusive
therapeutic properties, or is infallible
in the treatment of specific ailments
may not be used.
False or misleading statements with
respect to the origin, source, means
of gathering, or method of preparing
the raw materials from which a prod-
uct is manufactured, or regarding its
therapeutic properties in general like-
wise are prohibited. In addition it is
forbidden to use names of doubtful
interpretation or which suggest a par-
ticular ailment or pathological con-
dition in the advertising of pharmaceu-
tical specialties (except serums, vac-
cines, and anti-toxin specifics) through
the medium of newspapers. All adver-
tising matter relating to registered
preparations must be submitted to the
Commission for approval prior to its
use.
Subject to Special Requirements
Various preparations are subject to
special requirements as to labeling and
advertising and to certain limitations
on their sale and distribution in
Colombia.
Dangerous drugs. - Pharmaceutical
preparations containing stupefying or
habit-forming drugs may be imported
 COLOMBIA :
only through an authorized agency of
the Government and sold only under
a physician's prescription. Statements
to this effect must appear on labels
and other printed matter accompany-
ing such preparations.
Poisonous and toxic substances.
Poisonous or toxic substances imported
into Colombia must be packed in her-
metically sealed metal containers not
exceeding 50 kilograms in weight.
These containers must be strong
enough to resist the wear and tear
occasioned in passing through the
customs and transportation to final
destination. It also is required that
such merchandise be stored in special
warehouses by the customs authorities
and transportation agencies and must
be carefully segregated from food-
stuffs and medicines.
Hair dyes. - Preparations for color-
ing or bleaching the hair are subject
to the same regulations regarding ap-
proval and registration by the Com-
mission as pharmaceutical specialties .
In addition they must bear on the
respective labels and containers a
statement to the effect that if the
use of the preparation causes any path-
ological reaction a physician's advice
should be obtained before its use is
continued. Labels for these prepara-
tions also must include the complete
name and address of the manufactur-
ing laboratory.
Vitamins and hormones. Applica-
tions for the registration of pharma-
ceutical specialties or preparations con-
taining vitamins or hormones must be
accompanied by a certificate issued by
an authoritative agency of the country
of origin, stating that the laboratory
in which the products were prepared
is equipped with a permanent technical
staff and with the necessary facilities
to assure the efficiency of the prep-
arations. The following information
Department
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio , 754 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave. at East 9th
St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
PHARMACEUTICAL
also must be submitted : Indication of
the vitamins and hormones, expressed
in international units ; the class or
classes of active principles ; the condi-
tions for use and preservation ; the
process of preparation; and the origin
of the active ingredients.
Mixtures of drugs and medicines
with vitamins or hormones in the same
preparation are prohibited, unless spe-
cifically authorized by the Commission.
Preparations containing active prin-
ciples of organs, glands, fibers, or ex-
tracts thereof must fulfill the above
requirements. All preparations in this
category are subject to analysis by
the National Institute of Hygiene of
Colombia.
Veterinary preparations. - Importa-
tion or sale of vaccines, serums, and
other biological products for veterinary
use is subject to a prior license from
the National Livestock Department
(Departmento Nacional de Ganaderia) ,
which must be renewed every 5 years.
Application for licenses should indicate
the process of manufacture and the
substances from which the product
was prepared, and must be accom-
panied by a sample of the product,
with the corresponding labels and con-
tainers.
Labels of these preparations must
indicate the following data : The name
of the manufacturer; name of the
product; trademark; series control
number or, if unknown, the date of
manufacture ; the date on which the
product loses its effectiveness ; the ap-
propriate dosage ; the method of ap-
plication; and the number and date
of the license issued by the National
Livestock Department authorizing its
importation . Instructions for the use
of the product must be included with
each package, together with other
literature, which must be approved
by the Department.
of Commerce Field
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla. , 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn ., 201 Federal Of-
fice Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
✩u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-666105
REGULATIONS
The name of the preparation must
correspond in all respects with its
scientific and biological characteristics,
the use of special or figurative names
being prohibited. Such products may
be imported only in their ultimate
containers, and may not be repacked
prior to sale. In the case of imported
products, it is necessary to submit a
certificate, issued by the correspond-
ing sanitary authority in the country
of origin, stating that both the prod-
uct and the manufacturing laboratory
are duly licensed in that country and
that the sale of the product is author-
ized for use therein. The certificate
must be legalized by the Colombian
Consul.
Penicillin. The importation and
sale of penicillin is subject to all re-
quirements affecting the registration
of pharmaceutical specialties. The sale
of penicillin within Colombia has been
permitted only on a sales order signed
by the Departmental health authorities.
Other products. - Pharmaceutical
specialties and officinal products for
the treatment of venereal diseases, ver-
mifuges, and preparations for use un-
der medical prescription may be sold
only in licensed drug stores or phar-
macies in accordance with the formula
or prescription issued by a registered
physician, except as otherwise author-
ized in the case of communities where
no licensed drug stores exist. Vermi-
fuges for adults must be packaged and
sold in containers different from those
for use in the treatment of children,
and must be labeled with the cor-
responding formula, dosage, and in-
structions for use.
The advertising or sale of pharma-
ceutical specialties alleged to be rem-
edies for snake bite poison is pro-
hibited, as well as the importation ,
manufacture, and sale of pharmaceu-
tical specialties having a base of chaul-
moogra oil or its derivatives for the
treatment of leprosy.
Service
Philadelphia 2, Pa ., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga.. 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
 1
Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

Particular attention is given to developments in the field

ULIVERSI
T Y
of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the VANA

Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washing 25, of 16 1945

• • • from the Superintendent of DocILIERARY

$ 1.00 per year .

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

aments Room
Industrial
U.
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
N T CO
ME MM
RT ER
PA OP CE
DE
A
UNI
RIC
TED
AME
STATESOF
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Nicotine
By L. N. Markwood and Laura G. Arrington, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
Description
Nicotine, CH, N2, an alkaloid ob-
tained from tobacco, and a derivative
of both pyridine and pyrrolidine, is an
oily liquid, colorless when pure, but
soon turns brown on exposure to air.
It is very soluble in water, alcohol,
ether, chloroform, and oils. The spe-
cific gravity is 1.01 and the boiling
point 247°C.
Nicotine sulfate, by far the most im-
portant nicotine product, occurs com-
mercially as a dark brown, heavy,
aqueous solution, usually containing
40 percent nicotine.
Nicotine alkaloid is also commer-
cially important, and is available in
strengths from 30 percent up to prac-
tically pure.
Nicotine bentonite is a so-called
"fixed" nicotine product made from
nicotine sulfate and bentonite, and has
attained commercial importance in re-
cent years. By "fixed" nicotine is
meant a product in which the nicotine
is insoluble in water, as distinct from
other nicotine products which are
freely soluble in water .
Uses
Both nicotine and nicotine sulfate
are used almost entirely as insecticides
against sucking and chewing insects.
They are applied to numerous crops,
including apples, cherries, citrus fruits,
grapes, peaches, pears, plums and
prunes; broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower,
onions and peas ; cotton; flowers and
shade trees. Their use covers com-
mercial crops and home gardens, in
the field and in green houses. Nico-
tine sulfate is used also on poultry for
mites, lice, and internal parasites, and
has some use in the treatment of ani-
mals for worms. It is an important
Reference
S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A.
Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
Part 2. CHEMICALS , DRUGS
PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
November 1945
and Nicotine
(Synopsis of Information )
ingredient in cattle and sheep dips .
Nicotine bentonite is effective against
the codling moth on apples and against
the grape berry moth.
Nicotine alkaloid has been used as
the raw material for the production of
nicotinic acid, one of the vitamins.
During 1941 and 1942 nicotine was
the prime source of this vitamin. Sub-
sequently, however, this use was aban-
doned, and present production of nico-
tinic acid is based almost entirely on
quinoline and beta picoline, both of
which are derived from coal tar.
Grades, Standards and Specifications
Nicotine alkaloid- technical grade,
containing 30-99 percent nicotine.
Nicotine sulfate - -technical grade,
containing 40 percent nicotine.
Packing and Shipping Regulations
Nicotine alkaloid produced by the
largest manufacturer is packed in 450-
pound steel drums, but other manu-
facturers ship in smaller drums, down
to 200 pounds .
Nicotine sulfate is packed in 50-
pound drums, 10-pound tins, and
smaller retail sizes.
The Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion classifies all nicotine compounds
as Class B poisons and they carry a
poison label (white card printed in
red) .
Methods of Production
The exact details of nicotine pro-
duction are company secrets, but it is
known that the principal method is
based on a distillation process. In this
process ground tobacco scrap or leaf
tobacco is mixed with lime and treated
with a small quantity of water; by the
application of heat steam is generated,
Service
WALLACE, Secretary
and
Number 39
Sulfate
which carries off the nicotine. The
vapors are collected in sulfuric acid,
with formation of a dilute solution of
nicotine sulfate which is then concen-
trated to a standardized strength of
40 percent nicotine.
Another method of preparing nico-
tine sulfate involves the extraction of
nicotine, by means of an organic sol-
vent such as benzol, from an aqueous
tobacco mixture in the presence of an
alkali. The nicotine is recovered from
the solvent by extraction with sul-
furic acid.
Nicotine alkaloid is prepared from
the sulfate by treating the latter with
lime and distilling the alkaloid .
Raw Materials Used
The raw materials for the prepara-
tion of nicotine and nicotine sulfate
ordinarily consist of factory wastes,
such as stems and scrap tobacco. Re-
cently, because of increased demand
for nicotine, low-grade Government-
owned leaf tobacco has been diverted
to this purpose .
In foreign countries "distressed" to-
bacco is often used as the raw material
for nicotine sulfate.
Output
Nicotine sulfate has been produced
in Algeria, Egypt, Germany, Japan,
United Kingdom, Switzerland, France,
U.S.S.R., and Peru. Information on
the production of nicotine alkaloid in
foreign countries is not available .
At the present time there is a world-
wide shortage of nicotine and nicotine
sulfate owing to lack of raw material,
and every effort is being made to find
tobacco for their production.
In the United States production is
limited to a few firms, with one ac-
counting for the bulk of output. Normal
D 10750
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

annual production of nicotine sulfate United States Imports of Nicotine and Nicotine Sulfate, 1935-44
in prewar years is unofficially esti-
mated at about 2,500,000 pounds, but U.S.S.R. United Kingdom Total
since 1941 that figure has been in- Year
creased. The production of nicotine Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
alkaloid reached commercial propor-
tions only in recent years, and is much 1935.. 164,389 $70,667 164,389 $70,667
less than that of the sulfate. 1936 39,661 18,848 200 $54 39,861 18,902
1937. 2,910 1,862 255 91 3,165 1,953
1938. 4,409 1,852 4,409 1,852
Imports 1939. 28,659 8,620 120 35 28,779 8,655
1940. 2,756 1,021 2.756 1,021
Imports of nicotine and nicotine sul- 1941. 35,549 12,503 35,549 12,503
1942 55,439 23,427 55,439 23,427
fate have amounted to only a small 1943.
percentage of total supply. In recent 1944
years the U.S.S.R. has been the prin-
cipal source of imports . Source : Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1935-41 ; Bureau of the Census,
1942-44 .
Exports
Exports of nicotine alkaloid were not United States Exports of Nicotine Sulfate, 1937-44
separately compiled until January 1 ,
1945. 1937 1938 1940
Country of 1939
During the past 7 years exports of
destination
nicotine sulfate have averaged about Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
500,000 pounds, or roughly 20 percent
of production. With the exception of Algeria...
Canada, countries outside the Western Argentina. 14,525 $8,630 11,500 $6,915 15,500 $9,340 8,200 $5,028
Australia. 94,836 58,840 90,631 53,593 68,676 42,708 155,550 92,780
Hemisphere have been the principal Brazil.. 5,068 3,306 1,300 930
recipients. Canada.. 56,270 48,707 108,303 80,467 109,772 78,690 42,310 39,700
China.. 190 146 12 15
Chile. 6,000 4,080
Foreign Language Equivalents Cuba.. 1,200 735 9,702 6,821 3,146 2,337 6,176 4,345
Fance... 11,000 5,610
Foreign language names for nicotine Germany. 20,440 10,155
sulfate are : French, Sulfate de Nico- Japan... 266,657 148,333 201,923 108,828 233,398 123,951 159,120 87,440
tine; German, Nikotin Sulfat ; Portu- Mexico.. 10,589 7,253 9,567 5,414 8,061 5,764 4,880 3,571
New Zealand. 39,567 24,545 29,877 19,238 33,150 21,579 33,800 23,155
guese, Sulfato de Nicotina ; Spanish , Norway.. 10,090 6,100 11,328 6,338 20,000 12,000
10,000 6,000
Sulfato de Nicotina . Peru... 200 153 500 302 4,105 2,494 34,060 20,65%
Union of S. A.... 1,934 1,158 1,681 1,094 5,432 3,233 11,182 6,710
United Kingdom. 2,000 1,200 2,000 1,148
Consumptiou Other (1). 5,313 3,801 3,564 3,093 9,582 6,533 12,704 8,478
Consumption of nicotine and nico- Total. 517,439 317,317 501,016 303,518 500,822 302,629 497,282 310,017
tine sulfate during prewar years ran
about 2,500,000 pounds annually, but 1941 1942 1943 1944
because of shortages in rotenone and Country of
destination
pyrethrum , recent use of nicotine has Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
increased . Below is a normal use pat-
tern for nicotine insecticides : Algeria... 31,250 $23,984
Argentina. 44,328 $28,018 5,102 $3,687 14,350 11,359
Australia. 134,006 86,844 221,192 170,641 215,800 178,968 50,000 $29,700
Percent Brazil.. 2,312 1,539 4,125 3,485 7,000 5,726 1,550 1,326
Commercial fruits: Canada.. 82,599 64,210 88,933 85,271 218,364 183,654 130,966 115,510
255

Apples 27 Chile.. 1,200 750 440 387 7,800 7,212 6,700 5,106
Peaches Cuba. 9,721 6,679 4,118 3,025 6,776 5,474 822 721
Pears.. France.. 18,552 24,891
Other (cherries, grapes, plums, prunes, Germany.
citrus fruits) 4 Japan... 168,520 101,808
Commercial vegetables: Mexico.. 11,637 8,427 7,767 6,651 16,658 14,406 4,660 4,282
Peas. 5 New Zealand. 78,910 58,568 41,862 33,985 23,513 24,535 41,900 36,034
Other (beans, cucumbers, onions, Norway...
31

sweet corn). Peru... 2,383 1,556 3,750 2,899 4,950 3,784 3,500 2,590
Cotton... Union of S. A...... 45,126 19,276 1,000 794 56,305 45,308 47,000 34,484
Domestic animals, including poultry and United Kingdom . 2,000 1,235 5,000 4,050 6,000 5,047
3325

pets.. 25 Other (¹) .. 13,252 9,157 10,317 8,745 6,206 5,773 5,258 5,539
Home gardens and orchards.. 15 Total.. 595,994 388,073 393,806 323,620 608,972 510,183 316,908 265,230
Shade trees and ornamentals. 10
Total. .100 1 Includes all countries to which less than 5,000 pounds was sent in each year shown.
Source : Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1937-41 ; Bureau of the Census.
Prices 1942-44.
Prices for nicotine sulfate (40 per-
cent, wholesale, in 50 -pound drums, Wholesale Prices of Nicotine Sulfate
for 1937-41 were as shown.
[Cents per pound]
On February 13, 1942, the Office of
Price Administration established max-
imum prices for nicotine sulfate to be 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941
charged by producers, and limits on
223

mark-ups by distributors and dealers. High... 76 76 76 70 70.3

These maximum prices, still in force, Low... 70
are as shown (cents per pound) at top
of page 3. Source: Chemical Industries.
 NICOTINE
In 50-pound drums.
In 10-pound containers.
Current prices (quoted by the largest
producer) for nicotine alkaloid, in
wholesale lots, f. o . b . plant, in 450-
pound returnable steel drums are :
Price
Grade per pound
99 percent nicotine.. $2.22
95 percent do 2.10
80 percent do 1.65
Varying prices are quoted by other
producers, particularly for the smaller-
sized containers. Prices for nicotine
alkaloid are under the Office of Price
Administration's General Maximum
Price Regulation, and those current in
March 1942 prevail.
Restrictions on Supply and Demand
In order to ensure adequate pro-
duction of nicotine to meet increasing
requirements for domestic agriculture
and for export, a Nicotine Producers'
Advisory Committee was formed early
in 1944. Neither nicotine alkaloid nor
nicotine sulfate is under allocation and
supplies depend on the amount of to-
bacco available. Because of current
shortages of other insecticides and the
increased food crop production, demand
for both nicotine alkaloid and nicotine
sulfate have been very heavy during
= the past 2 years.
Tariff-The import duty on nicotine
alkaloid and nicotine sulfate is 25 per-
cent ad valorem.
· Substitutes
To protect fruit, crops, animals, and so on
against insects and parasites, the accompany-
ing substitutes may be used.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at East 9th
St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
AND NICOTINE SULFATE
Producers Distributors Dealers
80.0 87.0 87.01
90.0 101.5 105.00
Apples (codling moth) -Lead arsenate, cry-
olite and barium fluosilicate (effective in
arid regions) , xanthone.
Peaches (peachtwig borer)—Lead arsenate,
lime sulfur, hydrated lime.
Truck crops ( aphids) -Rotenone, pyreth-
rum, strong soap suds.
Cotton (aphids) -Rotenone-bearing dusts.
Shade trees and ornamentals (aphids and
tent caterpillar) -Summer oil emulsions and
lead arsenate, respectively.
Cattle (lice) -Coal-tar creosote dips, rote-
none, arsenical dips.
Poultry (lice) -Sodium fluoride.
Trade Association
Agricultural Insecticide and Fungicide As-
sociation (manufacturers) , 285 Madison Ave.,
New York 17, N. Y.
Producers and Dealers
Listings of nicotine alkaloid and nicotine
sulfate producers and dealers are available
in the following commercial directories :
Chemical Buyers' Guidebook. Annual.
Buyers' Guidebook number of "Chemical In-
dustries," Maclean-Hunter Publishing Corp.,
522 Fifth Ave., New York 18, N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green Book.
Annual. Schnell Publishing Co., Inc., 59
John Street, New York 7, N. Y. $5 with a
year's subscription to "Oil, Paint and Drug
Reporter.'
Entoma. Annual. $ 1. Eastern Branch of
the American Association of Economic En-
tomologists. Communications should be ad-
dressed to: Dr. George S. Langford, De-
partment of Entomology, University of Mary-
land, College Park, Maryland.
Thomas' Reporter of American Manufac-
turers. Annual. $15. Thomas Publishing Co.,
461 Eighth Ave., New York 1, N. Y.
Economic References
Governmental
Insecticidal Uses of Nicotine and Tobacco:
A Condensed Summary of the Literature,
1690-1934. By N. E. McIndoo. Bulletin E-597.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla. 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6 , Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
*u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-667278
3
May 1943. (Mimeographed) . Available on re-
quest from the Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, Washington 25, D. C.
Export Trade in and Byproduct Uses of
Tobacco . Senate Document No. 39. 76th
Cong. 1st Session. 1939. U. S. Department
of Agriculture. 56 pp. Out of print. Copies
may be consulted at libraries.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the
United States for the Calendar Year 1941.
1944. Annual. Bureau of the Census, U. S.
Department of Commerce. 696 pp. $2.50.
Available from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington 25, D. C. Contains statis-
tics on United States imports and exports of
insecticides by articles, by countries, and by
customs districts .
The following tabulations for 1942 are
available from the Bureau of the Census,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington
25, D. C., at the prices indicated : Table 1-
"Imports for Consumption, by Articles and
Countries, 1942" ( 1945. 219 pp. 40c) ; Table
4 "Exports of Domestic Merchandise, by
Articles and Countries, 1942" (1945. 273 pp.
50c) ; and Table 4-A-"United States Exports
of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise Under
the Lend-Lease Program by Commodities and
Countries, 1942" ( 1945 . 76 pp. 15c) . Later
selected statistics on foreign trade are now
being made available in a series of separate
reports. A list giving descriptions of these
reports and the prices at which copies are
sold may be obtained on request from the
Bureau of the Census.
Nongovernmental
Present Status and Future Trends of Nico-
tine as an Insecticide. By N. E. McIndoo .
September 1943 issue, "Journal of Economic
Entomology," Menasha, Wis.
Chemistry of Insecticides and Fungicides.
By Donald E. H. Frear. 1942. 300 pp. $4. D.
Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 250 Fourth Ave., New
York 3, N. Y.
Nicotine-A Versatile Product. July 15,
1942, issue, "The Chemurgic Digest," Co-
lumbus, Ohio.
Efficiency of Nicotine Sprays for Codling
Moth Control in the Pacific Northwest. By
F. P. Dean, E. J. Newcomer, C. C. Cassil, and
C. C. Alexander. "Journal of Economic En-
tomology," 35 (3) , Menasha, Wis.
The Chemistry and Toxicology of Insecti-
cides. By Harold H. Shepard . 1939. 383 pp.
$4. Burgess Publishing Co., 426 S. 6th St.,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Insecticides and Fungicides, 1918-1938. By
R. C. Roark. June 1938 issue, "Chemical In-
dustries." Maclean-Hunter Publishing Corp.,
522 Fifth Ave., New York 18, N. Y.
Philadelphia 2, Pa. 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga. 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman. It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system .

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

$ 1.00 per year ... from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

B
I
T
Y

JAN 5- WM

LIBR
ARY
Cuments Room
Industrial
U. S.
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
T CO
M EN MM
RT ER
PA OP CE
DE
A
RIC
UNIT
AME
ED
STATES F
O
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Nicotine
By L. N. Markwood and Laura G. Arrington , Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
Description
Nicotine, C₁HN2, an alkaloid ob-
tained from tobacco, and a derivative
of both pyridine and pyrrolidine, is an
oily liquid, colorless when pure, but
soon turns brown on exposure to air.
It is very soluble in water, alcohol,
ether, chloroform , and oils. The spe-
cific gravity is 1.01 and the boiling
point 247°C.
Nicotine sulfate, by far the most im-
portant nicotine product, occurs com-
mercially as a dark brown, heavy,
aqueous solution, usually containing
40 percent nicotine.
Nicotine alkaloid is also commer-
cially important, and is available in
strengths from 30 percent up to prac-
tically pure.
Nicotine ་ bentonite is a so-called
"fixed" nicotine product made from
nicotine sulfate and bentonite, and has
attained commercial importance in re-
cent years . By "fixed" nicotine is
meant a product in which the nicotine
is insoluble in water, as distinct from
other nicotine products which are
freely soluble in water.
Uses
Both nicotine and nicotine sulfate
are used almost entirely as insecticides
against sucking and chewing insects.
They are applied to numerous crops,
including apples, cherries, citrus fruits,
grapes, peaches, pears, plums and
prunes; broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower,
onions and peas ; cotton; flowers and
shade trees. Their use covers com- F
mercial crops and home gardens, in
the field and in green houses. Nico-
tine sulfate is used also on poultry for
mites, lice, and internal parasites, and
has some use in the treatment of ani-
mals for worms. It is an important
Reference
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A.
Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
Part 2. CHEMICALS , DRUGS
PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
November 1945
and Nicotine
(Synopsis of Information)
ingredient in cattle and sheep dips.
Nicotine bentonite is effective against
the codling moth on apples and against
the grape berry moth.
Nicotine alkaloid has been used as
the raw material for the production of
nicotinic acid, one of the vitamins.
During 1941 and 1942 nicotine was
the prime source of this vitamin. Sub-
sequently, however, this use. was aban-
doned, and present production of nico-
tinic acid is based almost entirely on
quinoline and beta picoline, both of
which are derived from coal tar.
Grades, Standards and Specifications
Nicotine alkaloid-technical grade,
containing 30-99 percent nicotine.
Nicotine sulfate --technical grade,
containing 40 percent nicotine.
Packing and Shipping Regulations
Nicotine alkaloid produced by the
largest manufacturer is packed in 450-
pound steel drums, but other manu-
facturers ship in smaller drums, down
to 200 pounds.
Nicotine sulfate is packed in 50-
pound drums, 10- pound tins, and
smaller retail sizes.
The Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion classifies all nicotine compounds
as Class B poisons and they carry a
poison label (white card printed in
red) .
Methods of Production
The exact details of nicotine pro-
duction are company secrets, but it is
known that the principal method is
based on a distillation process. In this
process ground tobacco scrap or leaf
tobacco is mixed with lime and treated
with a small quantity of water; by the
application of heat steam is generated,
D 10026
Service
WALLACE, Secretary
and
Number 39
Sulfate
which carries off the nicotine. The
vapors are collected in sulfuric acid,
with formation of a dilute solution of
nicotine sulfate which is then concen-
trated to a standardized strength of
40 percent nicotine.
Another method of preparing nico-
tine sulfate involves the extraction of
nicotine, by means of an organic sol-
vent such as benzol, from an aqueous
tobacco mixture in the presence of an
alkali. The nicotine is recovered from
the solvent by extraction with sul-
furic acid.
Nicotine alkaloid is prepared from
the sulfate by treating the latter with
lime and distilling the alkaloid .
Raw Materials Used
The raw materials for the prepara-
tion of nicotine and nicotine sulfate
ordinarily consist of factory wastes,
such as stems and scrap tobacco. Re-
cently, because of increased demand
for nicotine, low-grade Government-
owned leaf tobacco has been diverted
to this purpose .
In foreign countries "distressed" to-
bacco is often used as the raw material
for nicotine sulfate.
Output
Nicotine sulfate has been produced
in Algeria, Egypt, Germany, Japan,
United Kingdom, Switzerland , France,
U.S.S.R., and Peru. Information on
the production of nicotine alkaloid in
foreign countries is not available.
At the present time there is a world-
wide shortage of nicotine and nicotine
sulfate owing to lack of raw material,
and every effort is being made to find
tobacco for their production .
In the United States production is
limited to a few firms, with one ac-
counting for the bulk of output. Normal
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

annual production of nicotine sulfate United States Imports of Nicotine and Nicotine Sulfate, 1935-44
in prewar years is unofficially esti-
mated at about 2,500,000 pounds, but U.S.S.R. United Kingdom Total
since 1941 that figure has been in- Year
creased. The production of nicotine Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
alkaloid reached commercial propor-
tions only in recent years, and is much 1935. 164,380 $70,667) 164,389 $70,667
less than that of the sulfate. 1936 39,661 18,818 200 $54 39,861 18,902
1937. 2,910 1,862 255 91 3,165 1,953
1938. 4,409 1,852 4,409 1,852
Imports 1939. 28,659 8,620 120 35 28,779 8,655
1940. 2,756 1,021 2,756 1,021
Imports of nicotine and nicotine sul- 1941. 35,549 12,503 35,549 12,503
1942 55,439 23,427 55,439 23,427
fate have amounted to only a small 1943.
percentage of total supply. In recent 1944
years the U.S.S.R. has been the prin-
cipal source of imports. Source : Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1935-41 ; Bureau of the Census,
1942-44.
Exports
Exports of nicotine alkaloid were not United States Exports of Nicotine Sulfate, 1937-44
separately compiled until January 1,
1945. 1937 1938 1939 1910
During the past 7 years exports of Country of
destination
nicotine sulfate have averaged about Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
500,000 pounds, or roughly 20 percent
of production. With the exception of Algeria...
Canada, countries outside the Western Argentina.. 14,525 $8,630 11,500 $6,915 15,500 $9,340 8,200 $5,028
Australia.. 94,836 58,840 90,631 53,593 68,676 42,708 155,550 92,780
Hemisphere have been the principal Brazil.. 5,068 3,306 1,300 930
recipients. Canada.. 56,270 48,707 108,303 80,467 109,772 78,690 42,310 39,700
China.. 190 146 12 15
Chile.. 6,000 4,080
Foreign Language Equivalents Cuba. 1,200 735 9,702 6,821 3,146 2,337 6,176 4,345
France.. 11,000 5,610
Foreign language names for nicotine Germany. 20,440 10,155
sulfate are : French, Sulfate de Nico- Japan.. 266,657 148,333 201,923 108,828 233,398 123,951 159,120 87,440
tine; German , Nikotin Sulfat ; Portu- Mexico.. 10,589 7,253 9,567 5,414 8,061 5,761 4,880 3,571
New Zealand. 39,567 24,545 29,877 19,238 33,150 21,579 33,800 23,155
guese, Sulfato de Nicotina ; Spanish . Norway. 10,090 6,100 11,328 6,338 10,000 6,000 20,000 12,000
Sulfato de Nicotina . Peru... 200 153 500 302 4,105 · 2,494 20,652
34,060
Union of S. A...... 1,934 1,158 1,681 1,094 5,432 3,233 11,182 6,710
United Kingdom. 2,000 1,200 2,000 1,148
Consumption Other (1 ). 5,313 3,801 3,564 3,093 9,582 6,533 12,701 8,478
Consumption of nicotine and nico- Total.. 517,439 317,317 501,016 303,518 500,822 302,629 497,282 310,017
tine sulfate during prewar years ran
about 2,500,000 pounds annually, but 1941 1942 1943 1944
because of shortages in rotenone and Country of
destination
pyrethrum, recent use of nicotine has Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
increased . Below is a normal use pat-
tern for nicotine insecticides : Algeria... 31,250 $23,984
Argentina.. 44,328 $28,018 5,102 $3,687 14,350 11,359
Australia. 134,006 86,844 221,192 170,641 215,800 178,968 50,000 $29,700
Percent Brazil.. 2,312 1,539 4,125 3,485 7,000 5,726 1,550 1,326
255

Commercial fruits : Canada. 82,599 64,210 88,933 85,271 218,364 183,654 130,966 115,510
27 Chile. 1,200 756 440 387 7,800 7,212 6,700 5,106
Apples 9,721 6,776 $22 721
Peaches Cuba. 6,679 4,118 3,025 5,474
Pears. France.. 18,552 24,891
Other (cherries, grapes, plums, prunes, Germany.
++

citrus fruits). Japan.. 168,520 101,808

Commercial vegetables : Mexico.... 11,637 8,427 7,767 6,651 16,658 14,406 4,660 4,282
Peas.. 5 New Zealand.. 78,910 58,568 41,862 33,985 23,513 24,535 41,900 36,034
Other (beans, cucumbers, onions, Norway..
31

sweet corn) . Peru..... 2,383 1,556 3,750 2,899 4,950 3,784 3,500 2,590
Cotton Union of S. A.. 45,126 19,276 1,000 794 56,305 45,308 47,000 34,484
Domestic animals, including poultry and United Kingdom. 2,000 1,235 5,000 4,050 6,000 5,047
pets... 25 Other (1 ).. 13,252 9,157 10,317 8,745 6,206 5,773 5,258 5,539
Home gardens and orchards. 15 Total.. 595,994 388,073 393,806 323,620 608,972 510,183 316,908 265,230
Shade trees and ornamentals. 10

Total.... .100 1 Includes all countries to which less than 5,000 pounds was sent in each year shown.
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1937-41 ; Bureau of the Census,
Prices 1942-44.
Prices for nicotine sulfate (40 per-
cent, wholesale, in 50 -pound drums, Wholesale Prices of Nicotine Sulfate
for 1937-41 were as shown.
[Cents per pound]
On February 13, 1942, the Office of
Price Administration established max-
imum prices for nicotine sulfate to be 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941
charged by producers, and limits on
22

mark-ups by distributors and dealers. High... 76 76 76 70 70.3

These maximum prices, still in force, Low. 70
are as shown (cents per pound) at top
of page 3. Source: Chemical Industries.
 NICOTINE
In 50-pound drums..
In 10-pound containers..
Current prices (quoted by the largest
producer) for nicotine alkaloid, in
wholesale lots, f. o. b. plant, in 450-
pound returnable steel drums are:
Price
Grade per pound
99 percent nicotine.. $2.22
95 percent do 2.10
80 percent do 1.65
Varying prices are quoted by other
producers, particularly for the smaller-
sized containers. Prices for nicotine
alkaloid are under the Office of Price
Administration's General Maximum
Price Regulation, and those current in
March 1942 prevail.
Restrictions on Supply and Demand
In order to ensure adequate pro-
duction of nicotine to meet increasing
requirements for domestic agriculture
and for export, a Nicotine Producers'
Advisory Committee was formed early
in 1944. Neither nicotine alkaloid nor
nicotine sulfate is under allocation and
supplies depend on the amount of to-
bacco available . Because of current
shortages of other insecticides and the
increased food crop production, demand
for both nicotine alkaloid and nicotine
sulfate have been very heavy during
the past 2 years .
Tariff-The import duty on nicotine
alkaloid and nicotine sulfate is 25 per-
cent ad valorem .
Substitutes
To protect fruit, crops, animals, and so on
against insects and parasites , the accompany-
ing substitutes may be used.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14 , Ohio, 753 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave. , at East 9th
St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo . , 566 Customhouse.
AND NICOTINE SULFATE
Producers Distributors Dealers
80.0 87.0 87.01
90.0 101.5 105.00
Apples (codling moth) -Lead arsenate, cry-
olite and barium fluosilicate (effective in
arid regions) , xanthone.
Peaches (peachtwig borer) -Lead arsenate,
lime sulfur, hydrated lime.
Truck crops (aphids) -Rotenone, pyreth-
rum, strong soap suds.
Cotton (aphids ) -Rotenone-bearing dusts.
Shade trees and ornamentals (aphids and
tent caterpillar) -Summer oil emulsions and
lead arsenate , respectively .
Cattle (lice ) -Coal -tar creosote dips, rote-
none, arsenical dips.
Poultry (lice ) -Sodium fluoride.
Trade Association
Agricultural Insecticide and Fungicide As-
sociation (manufacturers) , 285 Madison Ave.,
New York 17, N. Y.
Producers and Dealers
Listings of nicotine alkaloid and nicotine
sulfate producers and dealers are available
in the following commercial directories :
Chemical Buyers' Guidebook. Annual.
Buyers' Guidebook number of "Chemical In-
dustries," Maclean-Hunter Publishing Corp.,
522 Fifth Ave., New York 18, N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green Book.
Annual. Schnell Publishing Co., Inc., 59
John Street, New York 7, N. Y. $5 with a
year's subscription to "Oil, Paint and Drug
Reporter."
Entoma. Annual. $1. Eastern Branch of
the American Association of Economic En-
tomologists. Communications should be ad-
dressed to : Dr. George S. Langford, De-
partment of Entomology, University of Mary-
land , College Park, Maryland.
Thomas' Reporter of American Manufac-
turers. Annual. $15. Thomas Publishing Co.,
461 Eighth Ave., New York 1, N. Y.
Economic References
Governmental
Insecticidal Uses of Nicotine and Tobacco:
A Condensed Summary of the Literature,
1690-1934. By N. E. McIndoo. Bulletin E-597.
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla. 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
✰u. S. Government printing office: 1945—667278
May 1943. (Mimeographed) . Available on re-
quest from the Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, Washington 25, D. C.
Export Trade in and Byproduct Uses of
Tobacco. Senate Document No. 39. 76th
Cong. 1st Session. 1939. U. S. Department
of Agriculture . 56 pp. Out of print. Copies
may be consulted at libraries.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the
United States for the Calendar Year 1941.
1944. Annual. Bureau of the Census, U. S.
Department of Commerce. 696 pp. $2.50.
Available from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington 25, D. C. Contains statis-
tics on United States imports and exports of
insecticides by articles, by countries, and by
customs districts.
The following tabulations for 1942 are
available from the Bureau of the Census,
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington
25, D. C. , at the prices indicated : Table 1-
"Imports for Consumption, by Articles and
Countries, 1942" (1945. 219 pp. 40c); Table
4 "Exports of Domestic Merchandise, by
Articles and Countries, 1942" (1945. 273 pp.
50c) ; and Table 4-A-"United States Exports
of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise Under
the Lend-Lease Program by Commodities and
Countries, 1942" ( 1945. 76 pp . 15c) . Later
selected statistics on foreign trade are now
being made available in a series of separate
reports . A list giving descriptions of these
reports and the prices at which copies are
sold may be obtained on request from the
Bureau of the Census.
Nongovernmental
Present Status and Future Trends of Nico-
tine as an Insecticide. By N. E. McIndoo .
September 1943 issue, "Journal of Economic
Entomology," Menasha, Wis.
Chemistry of Insecticides and Fungicides.
By Donald E. H. Frear. 1942. 300 pp. $4. D.
Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 250 Fourth Ave., New
York 3, N. Y.
Nicotine-A Versatile Product. July 15,
1942, issue, "The Chemurgic Digest," Co-
lumbus, Ohio.
Efficiency of Nicotine Sprays for Codling
Moth Control in the Pacific Northwest. By
F. P. Dean, E. J. Newcomer, C. C. Cassil, and
C. C. Alexander. "Journal of Economic En-
tomology," 35 (3) , Menasha, Wis.
The Chemistry and Toxicology of Insecti-
cides. By Harold H. Shepard . 1939. 383 pp.
$4. Burgess Publishing Co., 426 S. 6th St.,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Insecticides and Fungicides, 1918-1938. By
R. C. Roark. June 1938 issue, "Chemical In-
dustries." Maclean-Hunter Publishing Corp.,
522 Fifth Ave., New York 18, N. Y.
Philadelphia 2, Pa. 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga. 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman. It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States.Its writers are offierats

A INI
I VER
D A InAthe
M SIT
this and other Government agencies, and specA
N Y
I
various subjects covered .
NOV 27 1945

● Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning. BRARY

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

$ 1.00 per year .. from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

ocuments Room
Industrial
U.
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
ENT CO
MM
A RTM OP ER
DEP CE
A Part 2.
RIC
UNI
OF AME
TED
STATES
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Description
Urea ( CO [ NH: ] 2) is a white crystal-
line substance, resembling common
salt or sugar in appearance. It is very
soluble in water and somewhat hygro-
scopic, the latter property increasing
with rise in temperature. It is a rela-
tively light bulky material with a
specific gravity of 1.32 . Pure urea
contains 46.65 percent nitrogen.
Urea was first discovered in 1799 in
the urine of mammals and later in
secretions of other animals and in the
leaves and seedlings of various plants.
It is of interest historically because it
was the first chemical compound of
biological origin to be synthesized in
the laboratory ( 1828 ) .
Uses
Urea is used largely as a nitrogenous
fertilizer. It is also of importance in
the manufacture of urea-formaldehyde
resins. Other uses of growing impor-
-tance are for seasoning of wood, in
adhesives, for textile treatment, as a
yeast food, in pharmaceutical and me-
dicinal preparations, as a wound dress-
ing, and as a partial protein supple-
ment in feeds for ruminants. With
Inorganic, as free ammonia.
Organic, as urea...
Insoluble organic.
Total.
Packaging.-Solid urea fertilizer is
shipped in 100-pound paper-lined mois-
ture-proof burlap bags. The liquors
are shipped in insulated tank cars
Reference
S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A.
Commerce,
CHEMICALS, DRUGS
PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
November 1945
UREA
(Synopsis of Information)
By C. Kenneth Horner, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
respect to the latter use, experiments
have indicated that the nitrogen of
urea is transformed into a utilizable
form by micro-organisms present in
the rumen of cattle and sheep. Urea
is not utilized as food by nonruminants.
Grades and Packaging
Grades.- C. P., commercial and fer-
tilizer. Commercial crystal urea is
guaranteed to contain 46 percent nitro-
gen. For fertilizer use, the crystals
are generally conditioned or coated
with some material to render them
less hygroscopic . The domestic trade
product, Uramon, is a mixture of urea
with cocoa shell meal and dolomitic
limestone or phosphate rock dust and
contains 42 percent nitrogen. Two Ger-
man products imported before the war,
Ureor and Calsi-Ureor, contained 40
percent and 30 percent nitrogen, re-
spectively. A lower grade German
product, Calurea, is a mixture of urea
and calcium nitrate and contains 34
percent nitrogen, four-fifths of which
is in the form of urea. In addition to
solid urea fertilizers, urea-ammonia
liquors are produced, having the fol-
lowing compositions:
U.A.L.-A U.A.L.-B
(Percent nitrogen)
30.4 25.2
15.1 20.1
45.5 45.3
under moderate pressure, containing
approximately 45 tons of liquor. Com-
mercial urea is packed in cases ( 110,
220 pounds) .
Service
WALLACE, Secretary
AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
and
Number 40
Methods of Production
Urea is manufactured from liquid
ammonia and carbon dioxide in an
autoclave under high pressure and a
temperature of approximately 200 °C
( 392 ° F) . This process is used in the
United States, Germany, and England.
More than 50 other methods have been
described for making urea but these
have gained little commercial impor-
tance. A method, in which calcium
cyanamide is reacted with carbonic
acid and sulfuric acid, has been em-
ployed to some extent.
Output
Until 1935, Germany was the chief
world producer of urea. France ranked
second but its output was much less.
Manufacture of urea in the United
States was undertaken on a minor
scale during World War I but it was
not until 1935 that production of
crystal urea was on a commercial basis.
However, by 1932, one company had
developed the output of urea-ammonia
liquor for use in the ammoniation of
superphosphate fertilizer. This com-
pany is the only producer of urea in
the United States and Uramon was
U.A.L.-37 first marketed by that firm in 1937.
However, production statistics are un-
available. Other countries reported to
have undertaken production of urea
20.6 during the last 10 years include Eng-
9.1
7.5 land, Italy, Russia, and Japan ..
37.2
Foreign Equivalents
Urea
French Ureé Portuguese Ureia
Spanish Urea German Harnstoff
Italian.. Urea
9891
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Foreign Trade TABLE 2.- United States Imports of Urea and Calurea

Imports Urea
Calurea 1
Imports of urea (including Calurea), Year
Germany Other countries 2
practically all of which were from
Germany, attained a maximum of al- Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value
most 9,000 short tons in 1930. Since
1934, with domestic production on a 1934. 5,330 $415,777 95 $7,898 604 $38,193
commercial scale, imports have been 1935. 3,935 366,371 160 13,056 400 30,933
1936. 3,048 272,679 572 32,452
on a downward trend, ceasing entirely 1937. 2,649 266,166 50 4,499
in 1940 as a result of the war. It was 1938. 1,258 125,275 502 32,139
only in 1938, that the two German 1939. 820 77,938 116 7,059
products, Ureor Fertilizer and Calsi-
Ureor Fertilizer were placed on the 1 All from Germany.
market. Separate statistics for imports 2 Canada, Netherlands, and France. There have been no imports of urea or Calurea since 1939.
of these two products are not available.
Urea and Calurea are imported free Source: Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce and Bureau of the Census.
of duty.

Exports TABLE 3.-United States Exports of Fertilizer Urea, by Country of Destination,

1942-44
United States exports of urea, ferti-
lizer and industrial grades, have been
separately classified only since July 1 , 1942 1943 1944
1941 , and have not been very extensive. Country
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
In 1943 and 1944 shipments of the fer-
tilizer grade amounted to slightly more 75
Argentina. 2,457 $157 $14
than a million pounds a year to less Brazil.... 66,500 3,138 240,000 10,693 2,200 $156
than a dozen countries. The leading Canada 98,500 3,112 689,000 25,253 10,185 521
markets varied, with Honduras, Can- Colombia. 20,000 919 40,100 1,866
Cuba. 50,628 2,605 60,000 2,780 200 24
ada, Peru, and Brazil taking a major 5,000 206 1,002,000 30,153
Honduras.
share in one or more years. Exports Mexico.. 2,200 151 5,500 298 6,300 282
of the industrial grade totaled more Peru..... 202,000 3,520 75,000 3,243
than 2,000,000 pounds in 1944 with Russia. 21,000 916
Canada as the chief destination. United Kingdom.. 39,989 28,206
Other 1 256 52 220 31
Total.... 487,530 42,069 1,125,895 45,094 1,020, SS5 31,139
Consumption
Estimates of the consumption of urea 1 Other countries include Australia, Chile, and Spain.
for the two largest uses, fertilizers and Source : Bureau of the Census.
synthetic resins, have been published.
The following statistics show the
marked expansion in consumption for TABLE 4.-Exports of Industrial Urea, by Country of Destination, 1942-44
both uses during the past decade :
1942 1943 1944
Country
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
TABLE 1.- Estimated Consumption of
Urea for Fertilizers and Synthetic Argentina. 4,472 $397 1,075 $79 805 $36
Resins Australia . 22,400 924 500 131
Brazil. 202,350 11,635 18,900 1,080 310,726 18,754
[Short tons] Canada. 760,779 34,101 1,000,819 37,738 1,686,940 60,083
Chile.. 100 20 3,380 137 410 53
Colombia. 45,000 2,010 18,252 1,096 76,527 3,239
Synthetic Cuba. 25 31 6 115,237 5,441
Year Fertilizers 1 Resins 2 Eire. 2,200 1,430
India.. 5,000 2,250
Mexico.. 16,764 1,071 17,116 895
1933. 1,500 1,200 N. E. I... 1,985 501
1934. 2,000 1,200 Peru . 500 35 2 2 30,603 1,215
1935. 3,000 1,500 Turkey. 22,400 15,800
1936. 4,000 1,800 Other 1. 110 35 959 108 10,781 118
1937. 6,000 3,200
1938. 16,000 3,000 Total.. 1,070,891 69,563 1,073,709 44,817 2,222,529 89,070
1939. 24,000 6,000
1940. 34,000 7,800
1941. *3 37,000 12,500 1 Other countries include Belgian Congo, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Curacao, Egypt, Guatemala, Newfound-
1942. (4) 13,500 land, New Zealand, Paraguay, Portugal, Spain, Union of South Africa, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
1943. (4) 19,400 Source : Bureau of the Census.

1 Includes fertilizer urea and similar mixtures

but excludes Calurea and urea-ammonia liquors.
Source : U. S. Department of Agriculture, Cir-
cular 679, October 1943.
2 Source : Chemical and Metallurgical Engi-
neering, June 1945.
3 U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular 689,
October 1943.
4 Not available.
Current weekly prices for pure urea,
commercial urea (46 percent N ) , ferti-
lizer urea (42 percent N) , and urea-
ammonia liquor are quoted in the Oil
Paint and Drug Reporter. Average
annual prices for the period, 1937-44
are given in table 6.
Restrictions on Supply and Demand
On June 1, 1942, synthetic ammonia
and derivatives (including urea) were
placed under allocation for all end
uses in Order M-164. On December
26, 1944, Order M-164 was revoked
 UREA 3

TABLE 5.- Prices of Pure Urea, 1937-44 TABLE 6.- Average Prices of Commercial and Fertilizer Urea, 1937-44
[Spot, New York] [ C.1., works or shipping points]

Commercial
grade, Fertilizer Urea-ammonia
Urea, pure, 112-pound cases compounds, liquor
Year (Cents/pound) Year 46 percent N,
bags 42 percent N, bulk (A and B)
(Dollars/ton) (Dollars/ton) (Dollars/ton of N)
High Low

1937. 152 142 1937. 95.00 64.00 110.70

1938. 152 142 1938. 95.00 57.54 121.58
2222
1939. 152 142 1939. 95.00 56.53 121.58
1940. 152 12 1940.. 87.34 57.40 121.58
1941 . 12 1941. 82.31 57.40 121.58
1942 12 1942. 80.00 57.40 121.58
1943.. 12 1943. 76.83 57.40 121.58
1944. 12 1944. 75.00 57.40 103.00

Source : Chemical Industries Buyers' Guide-
book, 1942, 1943, and 1944.
and the allocation of nitrogenous ferti-
lizer materials was transferred to
Order M-300. Only the fertilizer grade
of urea and mixtures were then sub-
ject to direct allocation. However,
supplies of crystal urea and the feed
grade were limited by the amount of
ammonia allocated for their manufac-
ture. All nitrogenous materials were
freed of controls on September 30, 1945.
Substitutes
For fertilizer use, various nitrogenous
materials, such as ammonium sulfate,
sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate,
Cyanamid and various natural organic
materials may be substituted for or
used interchangeably with urea. Urea
is higher in nitrogen and more re-
sistant to leaching than many other
materials. Also, when applied to the
soil in relatively high concentrations,
it has the property of suppressing
weed growth and then is changed
chemically in a short time in the soil
to a form utilizable by plants. This
property makes urea useful for appli-
cation on seed beds, particularly for
tobacco. Cyanamid, which exhibits
similar properties may also be used for
this purpose .
Melamine is used in conjunction with
formaldehyde to produce synthetic
resins similar to the urea-formaldehyde
type.
Source : Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter.
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of
domestic firms. The following com-
mercial directories, while not intended
" to be all inclusive, carry a listing for
urea:
Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An-
nual. Buyers' guidebook number of
"Chemical Industries." Maclean-Hunter
Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Ave., New
York 18, N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co.,
Inc., 59 John St. , New York 7, N. Y.
$5 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter."
Thomas' Register of American Manu-
facturers. Annual. $ 15. Thomas Pub-
lishing Co., 461 Eighth Ave. , New York
1, N. Y.
Trade Associations
Manufacturing Chemists Association,
608 Woodward Building, Washington,
D. C.
National Fertilizer Association, 616
Investment Building, Washington, D. C.
Economic References
Governmental
Production and Fertilizer Use of Urea.
Albert R. Merz and Bailey E. Brown,
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Circular
679. October 1943. 18 pp. 5 cents.
Available from the Superintendent of
Documents, Washington 25, D. C.
Nongovernmental
Chemicals for Phenolic and Urea
Resins. George D. Bieber. Chemical
and Metallurgical Engineering. Vol.
52, No. 6, June 1945. 330 West 42d
Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Crystal Urea, Industrial Development
and Properties. J. F. T. Berliner, In-
dustrial and Engineering Chemistry.
Vol. 28, No. 5. May 1936. 1155 16th
St., Washington, D. C.
Crystal Urea as Fertilizer. F. W.
Parker, The American Fertilizer. Vol.
84, No. 2, January 25, 1936. 1330 Vine
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
A Direct Synthetic Urea Process. H.
J. Krase, V. L. Gaddy, and K. G. Clark,
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.
Vol. 22, No. 3, March 1930. 1155 16th
St., Washington, D. C.
Urea-Ammonia Liquor-A Nitroge-
nous Material for the Fertilizer Industry.
F. W. Parker and F. H. Keenen, The
American Fertilizer. Vol. 77, No. 10,
November 1932. 1330 Vine St., Phila-
delphia, Pa.

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cuments Room
Industrial
T
MEN
RT
PA
COM ER
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A
RIC
པ
UNI S
TED TATE
AME
OF
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office , Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices
Volume 3- Part 2
Description
Anhydrous ammonia (NH3 ) is a
colorless gas with a characteristic pun-
gent odor. It is 0.6 as heavy as air
and very soluble in water, one volume
of water taking up about 1,300 volumes
of ammonia. Anhydrous ammonia is
dissociated into nitrogen and hydrogen
when an electric spark is passed
through the gas or when subjected to
temperatures around 1290 ° F. It is read-
ily liquefied under moderate pressures
and cooling. At ordinary temperatures,
a pressure of about 175 pounds to the
square inch is required to keep anhy-
drous ammonia in the liquid state . At
atmospheric pressure, liquefied am-
monia will boil at about- 37 °F.
Anhydrous ammonia is commonly
referred to as liquid ammonia since
it is generally shipped and stored
under pressure as a liquid . This term
should not be confused with ammonia
liquor or aqua ammonia which are
solutions of ammonia in water.
Uses
Anhydrous ammonia is largely con-
verted into other chemical products,
such as nitric acid, ammonium nitrate,
synthetic sodium nitrate, ammonium
chloride, and urea, which are used in
military and industrial explosives, fer-
tilizers, lacquers, plastics , dyes, rayon
and nylon, fireproofing, weed control,
wood treating, and manufacture of sul-
furic acid and other chemicals. More
than 75 percent of all chemical nitro-
gen products are produced from am-
monia.
Anhydrous ammonia is used directly
for ammoniation of superphosphates ;
as a refrigerant, especially for the
manufacture of ice and in the dewax-
ing of petroleum; in ammonia-chlorine
treatment of water supplies; as a
neutralizing alkali and corrosion pre-
ventive in petroleum refining and tex-
tile dyeing; in the nitriding of steel
Reference
Reference
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
Part 2. CHEMICALS , DRUGS
PHARMACEUTICALS
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
November 1945
Anhydrous Ammonia
(Synopsis of Information )
By C. Kenneth Horner, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief
for case and surface hardening; in the
coagulation of crude rubber and in
rubber vulcanization ; in leaching of
metallurgical residues; manufacture of
soda ash; and as source of hydrogen
and nitrogen .
Grades, Standards and Specifications
Anhydrous ammonia is marketed in
two grades: (1) Pure or refrigeration.
grade (minimum 99.95 % NH³ ) , and (2)
technical, commercial or fertilizer
grade (minimum 99.5 % NH3 ).
Packing and Shipping Regulations
Liquid anhydrous ammonia is ship-
ped in 50, 100, and 150 -pound tube-
type steel cylinders ; 100- pound bottle-
type cylinders ; and 50,000- pound tank-
cars. The Interstate Commerce Com-
mission classifies anhydrous ammonia
as a non-inflammable compressed gas,
and it requires a green label in transit.
Methods of Production
With the exception of minor amounts
produced from byproduct ammonia
liquor or calcium cyanamide, all an-
hydrous ammonia is produced today
by direct catalytic synthesis from ni-
trogen and hydrogen at high tempera-
tures and pressures. The nitrogen is
derived from the air by means of
producer gas, by liquefaction of air,
or by burning out the oxygen with
hydrogen. Hydrogen is obtained from
water gas, natural gas, or by the elec-
trolysis of water or brine. References
to books on methods of production are
given under Economic References.
Output
Since 1919 , production of synthetic
ammonia in the leading industrial
countries of the world has grown into
a major industry. After a recession
during the early thirties, output again
started on an upward trend. Actual
production in the leading countries is
not available, but estimates before the
war indicated that it was only 45 to
50 percent of capacity. The war has
D. 10072
Service
and
Number 41
undoubtedly brought world output up
to capacity and in many countries fa-
cilities have been greatly expanded .
Estimates of prewar capacity in the
leading countries are given.
Production statistics for the United
States do not include output of
Government-owned plants with the
exception of one operated by the
Tennessee Valley Authority. Pro-
duction by the Government ordnance
plants got under way in 1942 and
in 1943 exceeded that of the com-
mercial plants.
The close relationship of the syn-
thetic ammonia industry to the ferti-
lizer industry and a number of prin-
cipal branches of the chemical industry
has much to do with the location of
the manufacturing plants in or near
these consuming areas. The same or-
ganizations that manufacture ammonia,
also produce from it one or more
nitrogen products for fertilizer or in-
dustrial use. In 1939, seven plants
produced anhydrous ammonia by the
synthetic process and two plants made
it from byproduct liquor. In 1943, 10
plants were manufacturing synthetic
anhydrous ammonia. Data on the by-
product plant were not available.
In addition to the above plants , in
1943 8 Government- owned plants were
distributed as follows ; 2 in Louisiana;
and 1 each in Arkansas, Kansas, Ken-
tucky, Missouri, Ohio, and West Vir-
ginia. In 1945, another Government-
owned plant began production in
Texas.
United States Foreign Trade
Foreign Language Equivalents .- For-
eign language terms for anhydrous am-
monia are: French, Ammoniaque An-
hydre ; Spanish, Amoniaco anhidro ;
Italian, Ammoniaca anidra ; Portuguese,
Amonia anidra ; German, Ammoniak,
wasserfrei.
Imports. With the exception of 2,015
pounds valued at $242 in 1937 from
Canada, anhydrous ammonia was not
 2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

imported into the United States be-

tween 1927 and 1941. In the latter Synthetic Ammonia- World Productive Capacities
year, imports were again resumed .
The import duty on anhydrous am- W 1934 1 1937 2
monia is 22 cents a pound. Country
Thousand Thousand No. of
short tons Percent metric tons Percent plants
United States Production for Sale of
Anhydrous Ammonia, 1925–39 Germany .. 1,379 35 1,500 37.8 8

222292
United States.. 405 10 356 S.9 10
France... 341 9 259 6.5 20
Year Short tons Value United Kingdom. 328 S 283 7.1
Japan.. 315 S 459 11.6 12
Belgium. 251 258 6.5
1925 15,862 $6,771,876 Russia. 217 191 4.8 4
1927. 22,558 4,011,362 Italy. 149 4 143 3.6 13
1929. 86,675 10,673,234 Netherlands. 147 4 166 4.2 3
1931 63,550 8,043,679 Norway. 132 3 104 2.6 2
1933.. 75,092 5,930,049 Poland. 85 2 63 1.6 4
1935 1 69,389 5,679,399 Canada.. 43 1 38 1.0
1937 1 108,071 7.787,636 Yugoslavia. 36 1 14 0.4
19391 (2). 113,610 8,470,900 Czechoslovakia. 31 1 36 0.9 3
U. of S. Africa.. 27 0.2 1
Spain...... 13 10 0.2 3
1 Production for the years, 1935-39 include Switzerland. 12 8 0.2 1
1

III
. anhydrous ammonia from byproduct liquor. In Hungary. 8 7 0.2 1
1935, it amounted to 1,495 tons valued at $388,69! Sweden. 6 10 0.2 1
and in 1937, it was 1,331 tons valued at $246,297 Manchukuo.. 49 1.2 1
The quantity derived from this source in 1939 is China.. 9 0.2 2
not available. Brazil. 4 0.1 1
2 Total production of synthetic anhydrous am Rumania.. 1 (3)
monia, including that consumed in producing Total. 3,928 100 3,975 100 105
plants, in 1939 was 310,822 tons. Data for earlier
years are not available.
1 Source : U. S. Tariff Commission "Chemical Nitrogen ." Report No. 114, 1937.
Source : Bureau of the Census, Biennial Censu
of Manufactures, 1925-39. 2 Source: "Nitrogen Fixation Works in the World," Chisso Kyogi Kail, Tokyo, Japan.
3 Less than 0.1 percent.

U. S. Production, Consumption and Stocks of Synthetic Anhydrous Ammonia, 1941 -May, 1945
[Short tons 100 percent NH ]

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945

Con- Stocks Con- Stocks Con- Stocks Con- Stocks Con- Stocks
Month sump- at pro- sump- at pro- sump- at pro- sump- at pro- sump- at pro-
Produc- tion ducing Produc- tion ducing Produc- tion ducing Produc- tion ducing Produc- tion ducing
tion in pro- plants, tion in pro- plants, tion in pro- plants, tion in pro- plants, tion in pro- plants ,
ducing end of ducing end of ducing end of ducing end of ducing end of
plants month plants month plants month plants month plants month

Total. 501,271 274,587 543,352 262,442 542,879 379,955 541,079 414,649

January... 43,834 25,652 5,892 45,997 25,708 3,235 47,482 25,234 6,869 46,487 39.994 5.384 49.863 35,290 7.409
February. 40,865 24,137 4,794 42,085 24,332 5,003 40,724 27,751 3,892 42,963 38.514 4,559 44,756 33.524 6,766
March. 43,558 24,147 5,243 44,294 24,407 4,714 46,718 28,300 3,029 43,242 39,537 2,884 49,089 28,712 4,649
April.. 36,214 24.719 4,463 45,502 24,832 3.448 47,161 28,433 3,028 43,191 36,982 2,834 45,531 22.406 4.301
May. 42,769 24,058 5,061 45,999 19,245 4,255 45,695 24,521 2,427 42,308 32,107 3,756 48,244 23.749 3,997
June. 38,972 21,004 3,450 40,068 16.817 2,425 43.198 28.825 3,001 40,071 31,983 2.488
July. 40,878 20,215 3,603 40,824 16,684 3,694 44,376 33,184 4,023 42,927 35,492 3,614
August. 41,512 21,709 3,656 44.755 17,320 6,017 44,398 35,262 4,081 44.931 33,942 3,579
September. 41,176 20,694 4,683 45,707 21,185 6.122 42,382 35,918 2,782 45,292 29,851 2.764
October. 43,387 22,622 4,647 49,766 23,868 5,746 45,770 36,560 5,344 49,113 32,136 4,802
November. 43,057 21,947 4,498 48,871 23,104 5,459 46,318 38,301 4,911 49,721 32,075 5,064
December. 45,019 23,683 5,031 49,484 24,940 3,828 48,657 39,663 6,580 50,833 32,036 6,120

Source : War Production Board and Bureau of the Census.

United States Imports of Liquid during 1929-38. During 1940 and 1941 ,
Distribution of Anhydrous Ammonia Anhydrous Ammonia¹ they jumped to approximately 10 mil-
lion and 12 million pounds, respectively,
Plants by States, 1939 and 1943
Year Short tons Value chiefly as a result of greatly expanded
shipments to Canada and the Nether-
State 1939 1943 2,941 lands Indies.
1941. $205,905
1942. 22,612 1,581,447 In 1942, however, exports were again
1943. 5,863 412,276 down to approximately 2 million
Alabama... 1 1944.
California.. 2 3 pounds. Canada had become self-
Massachusetts. 11 sufficient in output, and shipments to
21

Michigan 1 All from Canada. Netherlands Indies were stopped by

New York.. 2
Pennsylvania.. 11 Source : Foreign Commerce and Navigation, the Japanese occupation. In 1943 and
Virginia.... 1 1 1937 ; Bureau of the Census, 1941-44. 1944, exports were on the uptrend ,
West Virginia.. 1 1 amounting to approximately 4 million.
Total.. 9 10 Exports.-Exports of anhydrous am-
monia have been widely distributed , and 7 million pounds, respectively. In-
although not large, varying between creased shipments to Cuba were large-
1 Producing from byproduct liquor. one and three million pounds annually ly responsible for the expansion.
 ANHYDROU AMMONIA

United States Exports of Anhydrous Ammonia, 1937–44, by Country of Destination

1937 1938 1939 1940

Country
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value

Algeria...
Argentina.. 13,153 $600 41,194 $4,292 97,955 $12,017 60,717
Bahrein. $6,983
Belgian Congo . 277 43
Burma.. 13,635 2,024
Bermuda. 10,218 1,437 5,313 783 3,481 387 4,333 567
Bolivia.. 744 132 249 38 14,182 1,543 3,624 235
Brazil... 64,760 8,519 79,611 10,940 160,241 22,725 500,120 71,388
British India. 52,210 7,774 42,532 6,201 80,000 13,991 198,832 25,636
British Malaya. 59,105 6,825 56,973 6,467 679,828 105,666 901,120 131,839
Canada. 75,480 7,270 777,018 38,203 460,756 23,720 4,157,248 171,703
Chile.. 39,057 4,523 25,975 4,039 52,390 6,565 38,274 5,388
China. 46,782 4,053 101,850 8,685 96,215 10,527 79,633 9,215
Colombia. 49,975 7,521 51,762 8,354 115,107 23,973 75,225 13,014
Costa Rica. 4,265 716 19,571 3,176 12,756 2,265 13,567 1,744
Cuba .... 254,043 27,850 167,572 21,457 177,986 20,307 144,166 17,017
Dominican Republic.. 12,031 1,771 10,528 1,641 10,866 1,589 11,656 1,783
Ecuador. 5,730 867 6,048 877 6,711 1,130 6,926 1,038
Egypt. 924 59 53,457 13,102
French Indochina. 4,500 810
French West Africa.
Germany. 52,910 3,704
Hong Kong . 5,000 675 14,500 1,804 34,455 4,251 32,638 4,900
Iceland.... 3,000 480
Iraq. 801 117
Jamaica. 7,032 933 9,442 1,338 24,451 3,775 33,055 4,514
Liberia. 128,766 13,266 143,955 18,975 405,252 42,117 254,700 19,874
Mexico. 537,569 63,643 484,330 67,911 304,012 47,032 505,431 75,098
Morocco. 20,040 1,684
Netherlands Indies . 302,590 17,473 75,842 7,364 1,310,082 131,685 2,349,947 159,690
Netherlands West Indies. 40,947 5,084 42,838 5,799 75,027 11,697 17,789 2,363
Nicaragua. 3,838 618 3,337 663 5,278 916 7,943 1,301
Other Asia... 59,040 5,868 53,101 8,190 15,269 2,305 30,253 3,650
Palestine.
Panama, Republic of. 56,253 8,295 39,757 5,622 42,166 6,078 34,333 5,103
Panama Canal Zone.. (1) (¹) 22,184 3,067 30,811 4,035 58,730 7,998
Peru 14,731 2,089 16,399 2,066 27,318 3,621 45,843 5,669
Philippine Islands. 103,898 14,753 98,862 12,248 162,370 16,781 134,630 15,294
Portugal..... 15,000 473
Siam ... 8,000 1,392 22,000 3,100 15,675 1,998 60,384 8,218
Trinidad and Tobago.. 17,750 3,403 19,530 5,229 35,467 8,136 29,645 3,874
Union of South Africa.. 124,814 16,369 130,410 17,323 140,066 18,832 190,031 28,957
United Kingdom .. 100 12 32,230 2,937
U.S.S.R. ( Russia ) .
Uruguay. 26,352 4,661 32,113 4,228 74,441 13,459 119,595 18,822
Venezuela. 39,826 6,879 34,902 5,467 76,209 13,039 128,480 19,478
Other 2. 31,051 5,727 26,283 4,478 46,987 8,846 48,179 7,095
Total. 2,195,110 251,108 2,709,815 293,788 4,814,450 587,001 10,399,947 869,434

1941 1942 1943 1944

Algeria.. 28,050 $8,742 6,000 $1,114

Argentina. 10,810 $1,088
Bahrein.. 301 $56 33,113 7,602 130,781 23,876
Belgian Congo. 10,325 1,921 8,382 1,759 5,306 1,124 2,274 526
Burma .. 5,075 634 2,619 317
Bermuda. 8,059 1,253 6,525 996 6,900 682 28,790 1,490
Bolivia. 3,990 595 3,803 1,114 2,194 798 3,272 624
Brazil. 479,807 70,701 145,679 21,830 39,509 5,718 261,325 44,625
British India. 196,071 25,852 22,561 3,110 33,995 4,687 85,478 8,523
British Malaya.. 1,263,567 100,307
Canada.. 5,384,684 214,672 128,254 11,231 68,015 8,556 77,645 3,893
Chile. 94,723 12,082 26,350 3,115 75,650 9,117 40,077 4,727
China 56,263 7,525
Colombia. 55,925 9,254 23,902 3,795 114,082 17,551 59,611 10,541
Costa Rica. 9,480 1,500 8,357 1,230 10,010 2,021 14,135 2,338
Cuba.... 207,998 25,881 196,000 23,819 2,041,583 82,840 4,920,652 183,385
Dominican Republic.. 13,644 2,127 14,912 2,029 17,877 2,337 10,061 1,457
Ecuador. 8,855 1,587 S,665 1,692 11,570 1,865 6,604 937
Egypt... 233,582 50,436 55,220 12,832 19,896 3,716 11,560 2,731
French Indochina. 13,810 1,830
French West Africa. 15,136 979 5,000 1,020
Germany ..
Hong Kong 22,031 2,652
Iceland. 17,250 2,760 17,100 2,736 33,094 7,411 31,200 9,135
Iraq. 13,808 1,384
Jamaica. 45,240 6,240 29,822 4,564 24,843 3,791 26,126 3,640
Liberia.. 378,300 36,466 371,924 41,857 289,928 42,024 263,603 40,601
Mexico. 588,970 80,647 646,711 89,303 481.326 74,353 454,869 71,610
Morocco.. 14,500 4,578
Netherlands Indies. 1,833,197 144,172 107,850 10,330
Netherlands West Indies. 67,788 9,568 43,218 10,400 77,579 14,412 258,890 35,541
Nicaragua.. 12,021 1,895 7,629 1,314 11,262 2,061 9,371 1,528
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

United States Exports of Anhydrous Ammonia, 1937-44, by Country of Destination- ( Continued )

1941 1942 1943 1944

Country
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value

Other Asia.. 110,619 16,040

Palestine... 11,118 1,390
Panama, Republic of.. 93,209 14,224 43,314 7,235 73,195 13,433 51,455 8,322
Panama Canal Zone.. 60,990 8,998 30,711 4,629
Peru 72,424 9,357 43,906 5,336 64,304 9,526 62,315 7,932
Philippine Islands.. 166,084 26,908
Portugal.. 33,938 6,582 577 137 10,770 2,118
Siam... 61,728 9,497
Trinidad and Tobago. 53,457 4,933 45,180 4,972 44,904 6,210 41,558 5,603
Union of South Africa.. 64,737 9,125 5,750 778
United Kingdom... 36,653 1,500
U.S.S.R. (Russia) 143,152 17,678 203,194 26,937 124,500 35,416
Uruguay.. 121,118 15,858 62,021 8,069 16,316 2,241 111,826 19,087
Venezuela. 143,732 22,149 90,031 18,731 81,668 13,545 81,433 13,986
Other 2 51,443 8,695 31,078 5,327 27,079 5,095 54,858 9,392
Total.. 12,116,523 970,291 2,371,504 322,321 3,966,108 383,952 7,246,039 555,718

1 Included with Republic of Panama.

2 Countries to which annual exports did not exceed 10,000 tons in any one year, totaling 32, included with other.
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation, 1937-40; Bureau of the Census, 1941-44.

Distribution of Ammonia by Consuming natural sodium nitrate industry as

Consumption Industries, 1937 another unit. This cartel was to have
expired on July 1 , 1938, but was ex-
Consumption of anhydrous ammonia tended at that time for a further period
during wartime was directed to a Thousand Percent
Industry short tons of 3 years.
large extent into the production of
nitric acid for use in the manufacture Prices

of military explosives, such as gun
cotton, TNT., and ammonium nitrate,
as well as in the manufacture of nitro-
cellulose lacquers for finishing air-
planes, guns, tanks, and other military
equipment. More than 50 percent of
the total ammonia produced is con-
sumed in producing plants. Wartime
distribution of consumption by end
uses is not available because of the
confidential nature of munitions man-
ufacture.
The largest consumption of ammonia
before the war was for manufacture
of fertilizers as indicated in the ac-
companying tables:
Distribution of Synthetic Ammonia
Consumption, 1935
Use Thousand
short tons
Fertilizer :
Ammonia used as such.. 30
As urea, ammonium ni-
trate, ammonium sul-
23
Fertilizers and insecticides...
Heavy chemicals..
Explosives .......
Textile processing.
Sugar and food products.
Dyes and organic chemicals.
Petroleum refining..
Other (incl. plastics and
resins ; leather, glue and
gelatine ; rayon and cel-
lulose film ; rubber goods ;
and soap and glycerin) ....
Total ....
Source : Chemical and Metallurgical Engineer-
ing, Vol. 46, No. 9, September 1939.
Marketing Practices
The ammonia industry has main-
tained large stock points in the fol-
lowing cities; Syracuse, Boston, New
York, Newark, St. Louis, Philadelphia,
and Chicago. At these points, the con-
sumers can secure prompt delivery to
Percent
their doors and the empty cylinders
are called for at an extra premium.
The rapid development of the syn-
14 thetic anhydrous ammonia industry re-
sulted in strong competition in the
world markets both among the various
2892211
175.0 52
100.0 30
Maximum prices for anhydrous am-
30.0 monia are established by OPA under
6.0
5.8 the General Maximum Price Regula-
5.0 tion being based on the sellers' prices
4.0 during March 1942.
Restrictions on Supply and Demand
As of June 1 , 1942, synthetic am-
12.2 3
monia was placed under allocation in
338.0 100 General Preference Order M-164 and
was transferred to Order M-300 in De-
cember 1944. During 1942, the use of
anhydrous ammonia for the manufac-
ture of fertilizers was drastically cur-
tailed, but upon completion of Govern-
ment-owned facilities during 1943 some
surplus over military requirements be-
came available from the ordnance
plants for industrial and fertilizer pur-
poses to supplement output from pri-
vate plants. Expanding military re-
quirements in the fall of 1944 again
forced curtailment of allotments for
fertilizer. Expanded production and
some lessening of military require-
ments again eased the supply in the
spring of 1945.

fate and related com-

564

synthetic nitrogen products and be-

3155
22

pounds. 28 13 Substitutes
As synthetic sodium ni- tween the synthetic products and nat-
trate... 85 40 ural nitrates from Chile which had In the fertilizer field, other nitrog-
Total fertilizer.. 143 67 had a virtual world monopoly. The enous compounds, such as byproduct
Industrial : competition led to national and inter- ammonium sulfate and ammonia liq-
21

Explosives...
Nitric acid.
Ammonium salts and other
industrial chemicals.
Soda ash manufacture.
Refrigeration..
Total industrial.
Grand total ..
Source : Chemical and Metallurgical Engineer-
ing, Vol. 44, No. 8, August 1937.
12
10 national agreements with respect to uor, natural sodium nitrate, and
prices and market quotas. The first organic wastes may be substituted for
7 agreement was between certain Ger- anhydrous ammonia as source of nitro-
2 man producers (including the I. G.
gen. Natural sodium nitrate may be
Farbenindustrie) , and was later ex- used in the manufacture of nitric acid.
69 33 tended to include the leading European For refrigeration , many other gases,
212 100 synthetic nitrogen producers (Ger- including carbon dioxide, sulfur diox-
many, England, Norway, Belgium , ide, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride,
Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Switzer- and freon may be used. Generally, the
land) as one group, and the Chilean type of gas used governs equipment

required so that they are not readily
interchangeable.
Other alkalies may be substituted for
ammonia when used for neutralizing
acids in chemical processes, but am-
monia has the advantage of being the
only known volatile alkali.
Trade Associations
Compressed Gas Manufacturers' As-
sociation, 11 West 42d Street, New
York, N. Y.
Manufacturing Chemists Association,
608 Woodward Building, Washington,
D. C.
National Fertilizer Association , 616
Investment Building, Washington, D. C.
Producers and Dealers
Lists of domestic manufacturers or
dealers are not compiled by the
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com-
merce. The following commercial di-
rectories carry listings for anhydrous
ammonia :
Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An-
nual. Buyers guidebook number of
"Chemical Industries." Maclean-Hunter
Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Avenue ,
New York 18, N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
Inc., 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.
$5 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter ."
Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual. Reinhold Publishing Corp. , 330
West 42d Street, New York 18, N. Y.
Thomas' Register of American Man-
D ufacturers. Annual. $ 15 . Thomas Pub-
lishing Co., 461 Eighth Ave. , New York
1, N. Y.
Economic References
Governmental
Ammonia. Federal Specification O-A-
451. February 1937. From "Federal
Standard Stock Catalog" ( Section III,
Part 7) . Procurement Division, U. S.
Treasury Department. 5c. Available
from the Superintendent of Documents ,
Washington 25, D. C.
Report on the Fixation and Utiliza-
tion of Nitrogen. No. 2041. 1922. Pre-
pared by the Nitrate Division, Ord-
nance Office, U. S. War Department of
Agriculture. Out of print. Copies may
be consulted at large libraries.
Chemical Nitrogen. Tariff Report No.
114, Second Series. 1937. U. S. Tariff
Commission. 300 pp . Out of print.
Copies may be consulted at large li-
braries.
ANHYDROU ΑΜΜΟΝΙΑ
Prices of Anhydrous Ammonia, 1937–44
[100 pound cylinders, pure, spot New York, cents per pound]
1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
225
22
High. ༠༠ 16 16 16 16 16 18
Low. 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
[Tankcars, commercial, spot New York, cents per pound ¹ ]
1937 1938 1939 1940 1941
High. 5% 22 5½ 5 5
Low. 44 214 1/2 4% 42
1 Quotations in this series ceased after 1941 .
Source : Chemical Industries Buyers' Guidebook, 1942, 1943.
[Quotations in tankcars decline in March 1944 ]
Fertilizer grade, tankcars Refrigeration grade, tanks ,
works, freight equalized works
(Dollars per ton) (Dollars per ton)
High.. 90.00 100.0
Low. 59.00 69.0.
Source : Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter.
Industrial Chemistry." (1942. 2 vols.
Nongovernmental 1721 pp. $ 17.) D. Van Nostrand Co. , Inc. ,
250 Fourth Ave. , New York 3, N. Y.
Ammonia for Corrosion Control. By The German and American Synthetic
L. H. Brandt. August 1937 issue, "Re- Ammonia Plants. By R. S. Tour. Vol.
finer and Natural Gasoline Manufac-
25, February and March 1922 issues,
turer," Houston, Tex . "Chemical and Metallurgical Engineer-
Ammonia in the Vulcanization of ing," 330 W. 42d St. , New York 18 , N. Y.
Rubber. By Dr. J. F. T. Berliner and New Applications of Ammonia. By
L. H. Brandt. Vol. 38, March 1936 M. H. Merriss. Vol. 28, August 1931
issue, "The Rubber Age," 250 W. 57th issue, “Chemical Markets” (now “Chem-
St., New York 19, N. Y. ical Industries") , 522 Fifth Ave., New
The Applications and Handling of York 18, N. Y.
Liquid Synthetic Anhydrous Ammonia.
Nitrogen: Competition or Not ? Feb-
By R. J. Quinn. Vol. 52, January 1943 ruary 1944 issue, "Fortune," 9 Rocke-
issue, "Chemical Industries," 522 Fifth feller Center, New York 20, N. Y.
Ave., New York 18, N. Y. ·
The Nitrogen Industry. By J. R.
Cracked Ammonia . By L. H. Brandt. Partington and L. H. Parker. 1923. 366
Vol. 48, February 1941 issue, "Chemical pp. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 250
Industries," 522 Fifth Ave., New York Fifth Ave., New York 3, N. Y.
18, N. Y. Significance of Ammonia in the Na-
Development of the Synthetic Am- tional Defense. By E. R. Woodward.
monia Industry in the United States. February 1941 issue, "Chemical and
By Jasper E. Crane. Vol. 22, July 1930 Metallurgical Engineering," 330 W. 42d
issue, "Industrial and Engineering St., New York 18, N. Y.
Chemistry," 1155 Sixteenth St., N. W., The Significance of Nitrogen. By J.
Washington 6, D. C. Enrique Zanetti and Francis P. Garvan.
Fixation of Nitrogen. By W. S. 1932. 101 pp. The Chemical Founda-
Landis. Chapter 8, "Rogers Manual of tion, Inc. , 40 Wall St., New York, N. Y.
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Volume 3- Part 2 November 1945 Number 42

PYRETHRUM

(Synopsis of Information)
Prepared in Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

A field of pyrethrum in full blossom in Lancaster Co., Pa.

D 10218

(Synopsis of Information)
By L. N. Markwood and Laura G. Arrington, Chemical Unit
Description
Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum) Ciner-
ariaefolium is the botanical name for a
daisy-like plant, the flowers of which
contain pyrethrins, one of the most ef-
fective insecticides known.
Pyrethrum enters commerce in the
form of whole flowers (the usual form
in which it is imported), as a powder,
and as extract. Material to be extracted
is relatively coarse compared with the
fine material used directly as insect
powder.
Pyrethrum extract is a viscous or
thin fluid, depending on the strength
and purity of pyrethrins present. Dilute
extracts are made by percolation with
an oil such as kerosene. Concentrated
extracts are prepared by extracting the
pyrethrum with a volatile solvent (e. g. ,
ethylene dichloride) ; the solvent is then
removed from the extract by evapora-
tion, and the crude pyrethrin residue
is dissolved in a suitable solvent for use
in making fly sprays, or purified for use
in the aerosol.
Uses
The use of pyrethrum flowers for in-
secticidal purposes probably originated
in Persia. Although accounts of the
discovery of the toxicity of pyrethrum
to insects differ, it is fairly certain that
pyrethrum was in use in Europe as an
insecticide more than a century ago,
and in Persia considerably earlier. It
was first introduced into the United
States about 1860.
Pyrethrum is extremely effective
against certain species of insects. Agri-
culturally it is used for the protection
of such crops as sugar beets (for seed),
sweet corn, beans, potatoes, cabbage,
cauliflower, broccoli, brussels sprouts,
celery, melons, squash, cantaloupe,
cranberries , grapes, lettuce, mush-
rooms, and for ornamental shrubs.
Pyrethrum powder is a constituent of
household insect powders, poultry dust,
and is also used for insect control in
flour mills.
Since it has no harmful effect on
humans nor on most domestic animals,
pyrethrum is particularly useful for
sprays designed for household and in-
stitutional protection against flies, mos-
quitoes, cockroaches, bedbugs, and ants.
Other applications are for the control of
malaria by destroying mosquito larvae,
and as a cattle spray. The household
sprays consist of extract of pyrethrum
in mineral oil, usually a kerosene frac-
tion. Oftentimes the odor is masked by
a suitable perfume. Livestock sprays
are made with the heavier mineral oils,
and various chemicals repellent to flies
may be added.
2
PYRETHRUM
One of the newer methods of apply-
ing pyrethrum is in the aerosol form.
An aerosol is an extremely fine mist
or fog, where the insecticidal ingre-
dients are broken up into very small
particles and float in the air like
smoke in contrast to the quick settling
of a petroleum-base insect spray. In
the aerosol the insecticidal ingredient
dissolved in a liquefied gas under pres-
sure is propelled from its container by
release of a valve.
Highly purified and concentrated
pyrethrum extract is required for the
aerosol. The liquefied gas in present
use is dichlorodifluoromethane (known
commercially as Freon 12) , which is
nonpoisonous and nonflammable. The
pyrethrum aerosol was extensively used
for malaria control among Allied
troops in combat areas.
Source of Supply
Until 1914 nearly all the pyrethrum
used in this country was imported from
Dalmatia (Yugoslavia) . World War I
cut off this source and enabled Japan
to seize the market and control it
to a large extent until within the last
decade when production was started
in Kenya, British East Africa. Pyreth-
rum thrives in a warm, dry climate,
and, under these conditions, will grow
on mountainous or waste land . In
Kenya it is grown to best advantage
at elevations of 5,000 to 6,000 feet.
Flowers can be gathered throughout
the year in the Colony, while in both
Dalmatia and Japan there is but one
harvest a year. This gives Kenya a
distinct advantage since flowers can be
picked at the optimum time with re-
spect to pyrethrin content.
The growing of pyrethrum in Kenya
is very little different from the cultiva-
tion of any semiplantation or truck
crop. The crop is started from seed-
lings, and later by splitting of large
well-established plants. They are us-
ually spaced about 18 inches apart to
permit the use of wheeled cultivators
to eliminate weeds which are the
plant's worst enemy.
In Kenya, one plant may carry every
stage in the development of the flower
head from the minutest button bud to
fully mature heads. Consequently, it
is impossible to harvest the crop by
machine and flowers must be picked
individually in the field. Harvesting is
performed by native laborers, mostly
women and children. The flowers are
plucked off the stalk by a simple
pulling movement and dropped into
baskets. The flowers can be sun dried
but, in Kenya, because of the quanti-
ties to be treated, artificial drying is
the practice .
Kenya is not the major source of
supply, although imports are received
from Belgian Congo and certain West-
ern Hemisphere countries. Brazil is the
principal source in this hemisphere but
pyrethrum is also grown to some ex-
tent in other Latin American countries.
Peruvian production in 1944 was es-
timated at about a hundred thousand
pounds. Cultivation in Chile is in-
creasing and the United States expects
to receive 7 or 8 tons from that source
during the current year. The 1944
earthquake in Argentina was a con-
siderable set-back to pyrethrum cul-
ture in that country and the antici-
pated 100 tons production in 1945 will
not be met. Mexico has a few acres
under cultivation and there is a pos-
sibility that production will be ex-
panded in that country.
Projects for pyrethrum growing in
Guatemala were started about 5 years
ago and it was expected that 500 acres
would be under cultivation by 1945.
However, due to drought this year the
goal was not attained and only about
100 acres are actually being cultivated.
Guatemala is keenly interested in the
cultivation of pyrethrum and it is an-
ticipated that production in that area
will expand further. Projects have
also been started in Ecuador, Bolivia,
Haiti, and El Salvador but to date
cultivation in those countries is still
in the experimental stage.
Grades, Standards, and Specifications
All pyrethrum is graded according
to the pyrethrin content. Each lot is
tested separately. Kenya flowers, with
1.3 percent pyrethrins, are the best
quality. Japanese and Brazilian flowers
have a pyrethrin content of 0.9 percent
or less. A common grade of pyrethrum
extract contains 2.4 percent pyrethrins,
but other strengths are available, up to
eight times that figure. Extract for
the aerosol must be pure enough to
be nearly completely soluble in Freon,
corresponding to practically a wax-
free product .
Packing and Shipping
According to Kenya practice, the dry
flowers are packed into paper bags
holding about 50 pounds. These bags
are shipped to a central point where
they are graded and compressed into
bales for shipping. A careful sample
is made of all flowers for export. In
order to be designated as first grade,
they must be of good color, contain
not more than 33 percent of immature
flowers or 10 percent of discolored
flowers, and be free from foreign
matter. The growing, curing, and ex-
porting of pyrethrum in British East
Africa is under strict supervision of
 PYRETHRUM 3

the Kenya Farmers' Association and Pyrethrum Production by Principal Producing Countries
every grower has to be registered with [Short tons]
the association.
5 After being graded the flowers are
Country 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1 1941
well mixed and transferred to the
loading trough which leads to the
Belgian Congo... (2) (2) (3) (2) 124 1 110 250
hopper of a hydraulic baling press, 550
Brazil.. 250 250 250 300 300 600
the cage of which is lined with burlap. 12,858 11,283 5,167 1,000
Japan..... 12,200 13,770 12,000
Four hundredweight (448 pounds) are Br. East Africa (Kenya) .. 652 1,105 1,087 2,015 3,115 5,472 7,000
run in and the bale compressed to Yugoslavia.... 097 700 702 1,000 950 (2) (2)
the standard dimensions of 22 x 20.5 x
37 inches (gross weight 475 pounds) . 1 Estimated.
After the bales are banded, they re-
ceive another burlap covering and are 2 Not available.
ready for shipment. It requires 60 Source : Consular reports, trade magazines, etc.
cubic feet to stow one long ton of
pyrethrum flowers baled for shipment.
In the United States the flowers are
transported in the original bales, and United States Imports of Pyrethrum (Crude)
the powder in barrels. The extract is
shipped in steel drums. The standard 1933 1934 1935
size drum is 55 gallons, but some ship- Country of origin
ments are made in 30-gallon drums, Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
and in 5-gallon tin cans.
Belgian Congo...
Imports Brazil.. 4,180 $1,086
Since pyrethrum is not grown com- British East Africa.. 66,573 $9,535
China. 2,240 336
mercially in this country, the entire Greece..
supply comprises imports from various Italy. 446,197 $52,072 113,533 17,152 66,956 5.389
areas. Japan.. 9,066,040 1,373,450 10,093,612 1,985,003 15,203,854 2,000,736
Imports of pyrethrum flowers "ad- Peru.
vanced in value" have amounted to Russia.. 84,000 3,855 38,093 $1,714 4,620 232
United Kingdom.. 42,369 C 6,340 80,695 10,880
very little in comparison with the Yugoslavia... 838,250 94,372 298,684 47,596 154,020 14,880,
crude flowers. Only twice during the Total.. 10,434,559 1,523,749 10,590,771 2,059,491 15,578,058 2,041,993
past 10 years have imports been above
200,000 pounds in 1935 when 233,000 1936 1938
1937
pounds were received (141,000 from
Japan and 92,000 from Brazil) ; and in
1937, 213,000 pounds, all from Japan. Belgian Congo....
There have been no imports in this Brazil... 601 $83 497,166 $65,874
British East Africa. 1,613,883 $137,906 1,422,803 139,331 2,864,205 613,653
category since 1941. China..
Greece.. 569 09
Exports Italy. 61,177 3,036 276,807 22,072 28,474 2,031
Separate export classifications on the Japan.. 9,934,350 795,957 17,849,611 1,994,832 10,895,604 1,781,043
various forms of pyrethrum were not Peru...
established until 1941 ; on pyrethrum Russia..
United Kingdom.... 28,601 1,280 22,046 1,287 33,600 4,914
extract, January 1, 1941 ; pyrethrum Yugoslavia.... 118,602 5,092 519,099 40,747 218,308 18,355
flowers and pyrethrum flower pow- Total. 11,750,979 943,271 20,001,596 2,204,451 14,537,417 2,485,870
ders, July 1 , 1941. Exports of these
materials have amounted to only a
1939 1940 1941
small percentage of domestic consump-
tion. The maximum exportation of
pyrethrum flowers (25,103 pounds) oc- Belgian Congo..... 2,205 $625 16,985 $5,394 178,685 $34,411
curred in 1942, since which time ship- Brazil. 79,775 9,989 78,408 12,808 10,983 1,525
British East Africa.. 5,524,120 1,465,802 10,380,974 2,512,517 10,068,438 1,721,780
ments dropped to practically nil. Ex- China.
ports of pyrethrum flower powders Greece...
reached a high of about 80,000 pounds Italy. 78,109 9,173
in 1943, then dropped to half that Japan. 7,485,557 1,636,193 2,030,740 408,621 702,400 84,030
Peru.. 1,122 172
amount in 1944, with Canada as the Russia..
principal destination in both years. Ex- United Kingdom... 11,038 1,076 10,853 1,360
ports of pyrethrum extract reached a Yugoslavia... 388,166 50,746 66,142 8,280
high of 322,000 pounds in 1941 ; the Total.... 13,569,300 3,173,604 12,591,210 2,949,211 11,020,506 1,842,316
1942 quantity was only slightly less but
the value was greater. Canada has 1012 1013 1941
been the principal outlet for these
pyrethrum materials, with Egypt also Belgian Congo... 222,645 $36,779 199,721 $38,954 770,405 $189,259
prominent as a market for the extract. Brazil. 397,825 59,780 593,317 118,369 2,202,540 345,590
British East Africa. 8,829,997 1,473,512 5,984,807 987,545 7,085,061 1,925,S22
Foreign Language Equivalents China..
Pyrethrum flowers : French, Fleurs Greece..
de pyrethre; German, Pyrethrumblum- Italy..
Japan..
en; Portuguese, Piretro em flor; Span- Peru.... 2,383 333
ish, Flores de pelitre. Russia..
Pyrethrum flower powders : French, United Kingdom.
Poudre de fleur de pyrethre ; German, Yugoslavia..
Pyrethrumblumen pulver; Portuguese, Total. 0,452,350 1,570,401 6,777,945 1,144,808 10,658,009 2,460,501
Piretro em flor em po; Spanish, Flores
de pelitre en polov. Source : Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Pyrethrum extract : French, Extrait United States Exports of Pyrethrum Flowers, 1941–44
de pyrethre ; German, Pyrethrumex-
trakt; Portuguese, Extrato de piretro; 1941 (July 23-Dec. 31) 1942 1943 1944
Spanish, Extracto de pelitre. Country of
destination
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
Consumption
Prewar consumption of pyrethrum Canada. 6,539 $1,390 6,099 $1,687 3,800 $722 106 $50
Chile.. 1,122 283
for agricultural purposes and in house- Colombia.. 200 64 2,501 524
hold sprays was from 10,000,000 to Cuba.. 4,800 1,197 8,368 3,097
12,000,000 pounds annually. During the Mexico. 6,864 1,130 2,225 702
war, practically all supplies were di- Sweden.. 990 248
verted to military purposes, principally Venezuela. 99 103 2,347 1,541
as a constituent of the aerosol used for Other 1 720 270 1,451 546 202 182
malaria control in combat areas. How- Total. 19,222 4,454 25,103 8,628 4,002 904 106 50
ever, as of September 30, 1945, py-
rethrum was removed from allocation
and is now available for civilian use
United States Exports of Pyrethrum Flower Powders, 1941–44
without restriction.

Prices 1941 (Aug. 27-Dec. 31 ) 1942 1943 1944

Country of
Current market prices on pyrethrum destination
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
are quoted in the Oil, Paint and Drug
Reporter, Schnell Publishing Co. , 59 Argentina. 11,200 $2,009
John Street, New York 7, New York. Canada... 5,690 1,770 33,495 $10,038 58,350 $5,214 34,610 $5,473
Effective July 5, 1944, the Office of Costa Rica. 2,050 485
Price Administration revised Maximum Cuba... 3,312 2,736 17 11
Egypt.. 2,200 500
Price Regulation No. 298 to include Mexico.. 2,859 1,613 3,959 806
pyrethrum, which had formerly been Other Br.
covered by provisions of the General West Indies.. 582 244
Maximum Price Regulation. Peru.... 583 325
Phil. Islands. 1,660 519
In 1936 first-grade Japanese flowers Trinidad and
(0.9 percent pyrethrins) sold at 12 Tobago..... 18,690 3,320
cents a pound c. i. f. New York. In Union of S. A..... 560 102
July 1937 prices in Kenya for first- Uruguay.. 2,120 771 2,275 370
Venezuela 625 383
grade flower (1.3 percent) were ap- Other 1. 209 102 425 174 290 117 293 87
proximately 20 cents a pound. Present Total. 28,288 8,338 40,154 11,388 80,642 11,387 36,970 6,056
prices paid for Kenya flowers by the
U. S. Government are 27.50 cents per
pound f. o. b. Kenya. Current market ¹ Shipments of less than 500 pounds in each year are shown in "Other."
quotations are only on the lower-grade Source : Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1941 ; Bureau of the Census,
flowers supplied by Brazil. Kenya 1942-44.
flowers although obtainable for civilian
use are not quoted.
United States Exports of Pyrethrum Extract, 1941–44
Restrictions on Supply and Demand
1941 1942 1943 1944
Droughts occasionally occur in Brit- Country of
ish East Africa which curtail pro- destination
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
duction for a given year.
Tariff ― Pyrethrum flowers, crude, 11,917 $10,916 20,090 $17,108
are duty free. Flowers "advanced in Argentina.
Bolivia. 1,401 $1,168
value or condition" are dutiable at Brazil 8,674 14,501 57 287
10 percent ad valorem. Practically all Br. Honduras 173 114 1,596 595
Br. India. 29,082 21,943 29,SS1 30,284 8,320 36,236
imports are in the duty-free category. Canada. 103,683 60,101 112,855 89,274 4,198 3,922 2,988 $1,418
Chile. 2,676 5,307 3,415 5,399
Substitutes Colombia. 17,825 11,615 32 36 440 122
Cuba... 20,214 10,189 16,147 7,584 748 641
There is no proven full substitute Curacao. 137 148 1,244 174 105 104 S 17
for pyrethrum, but activators or ex- Ecuador. 4,170 580 115 119
tenders may be used to lengthen the Egypt. 31,407 108,053 68,987 203,931 10,525 46,905
Greece.. 803 2,756
supply. As a larvicide for mosquitoes, Honduras.. 4,115 550 70 95
paris green or oils may be used, al- Jamaica.. 662 443 404 322
though there is a preference for pyreth- Mexico. 28,614 20,307 14,189 15,458 20 13
rum since it is safe and clean. Methyl Neth. Indies. 2,100 6,888
Newfoundland
bromide can be used as a fumigant in
♡

and Labrador.... 1,075 289 2

delousing clothing and equipment, and Panama Canal
the new insecticide, dichlorodiphenyl Zone.... 800 213
trichloroethane (DDT), is most effec- Portugal.. 585 282 371 200
Sweden.. 4,164 4,329 213 724
tive for this purpose. Nicotine sulfate Switzerland.. 6,000 2,250
or sodium fluoride may be substituted Union of S. A 30,028 23,610 28,325 32,607
for pyrethrum in combating poultry Uruguay. 6,042 0,044 930 1,795 216 965
lice. Venezuela. 12,715 8,272 3,506 1,129 2,220 1,982
Other 1. 2,148 2,286 1,020 2,507 284 671 91 37
Various organic synthetics (thiocya-
Total.. 321,739 319,208 310,605 418,479 28,379 92,384 3,547 1,607
nates) , available commercially, can be
used in fly sprays, in cattle sprays,
and for insect control in flour mills. ¹ Shipments of less than 500 pounds in each year are included in "Other."
For household protection against cock- Source : Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1941 ; Bureau of the Census,
roaches, and the like, sodium fluoride 1942-44.

or borax are substitutes. Boric acid
is slower in action than pyrethrum
but is also effective in this application.
Trade Associations
Agricultural Insecticide and Fun-
gicide Association (manufacturers ) , 285
Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y.
National Association of Insecticide
and Disinfectant Manufacturers, 110
East 42d Street, New York, N. Y.
National Pest Control Association,
3018 Fort Hamilton Parkway, Brook-
lyn 18, N. Y.
Processors and Dealers
The following commercial director-
ies, among others, carry listings of
the principal pyrethrum importers ,
processors, and manufacturers of fin-
ished pyrethrum products :
Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An-
nual. Buyers' guidebook number of
"Chemical Industries." Maclean-Hunter
Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Avenue,
New York 18, N. Y. $4.00 with one
year's subscription to Chemical In-
dustries.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
Inc., 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.
$5 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter."
Thomas' Register of American Man-
ufacturers. Annual. $15. Thomas Pub-
lishing Co., 461 Eighth Avenue, New
York 1 , N. Y.
Economic References
Governmental
Harvesting Pyrethrum. Circular No.
581. January 1941. U. S. Department
of Agriculture. 29 pp. 5 cents. Avail-
able from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, Washington 25, D. C.
Pyrethrum-Its Culture and Possi-
bilities as a Crop in the United States.
By A. F. Sievers. 1940. Available on
request from the Bureau of Plant In-
dustry, Soils and Agricultural Engi-
neering, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington 25, D. C.
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar
Year 1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of
PYRETHRUM
For use on specific agricultural crops, the following may be substituted :
Crop
Beans (potato leaf hopper).
Beet seed crops-sugar (beet leaf hopper and plant
bugs).
Cabbage (caterpillars)
Celery (leaftier) .
Cole crops ( cauliflower, broccoli, brussels sprouts, kohl-
rabi, mustard, turnips, collards, kale) ...
Curcubits (cucumbers, squash, pumpkin, watermelons,
cantaloupes, and other muskmelons) ..
Greenhouse flowers (miscellaneous insects)...
Green vegetables (red spiders, thrips, aphids, and
striped cucumber beetle) .
Lettuce (loopers) ..
Mushrooms (mushroom flies).
Seed and market garden sweet corn (ear worm).
Shrubs, vines, and flowers.....
Tobacco (flea beetles and thrips) .
Tobacco (tobacco moth in open warehouses).
Tree fruits (aphids and leaf hoppers) ...
the Census, U. S. Department of Com-
merce. 696 pp. $2.50. Available from
the Superintendent of Documents ,
Washington 25, D. C. Earlier editions
may be consulted at large libraries.
Later selected statistics on foreign
trade are now being made available
in a series of separate reports. A list
giving descriptions of these reports and
prices at which copies are sold may
be obtained on request from the Bureau
of the Census.
Nongovernmental
Military Needs Stimulate Develop-
ment of Insecticidal Aerosols. By Lyle
D. Goodhue. "Chemical Industries,"
May 1944. Maclean-Hunter Publishing
Corp., 522 Fifth Avenue, New York 18,
N. Y.
Pyrethrum. "Soap and Sanitary
Chemicals," April 1944. MacNair Dor-
land Co., Inc. , 254 W. 31st Street, New
York 1, N. Y.
Activated Pyrethrum Mosquito Sprays.
"Soap and Sanitary Chemicals," Feb-
ruary 1944.
Pyrethrum and Rotenone Situation.
By Harold Noble. "Pests," August 1943.
✰u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-667409
5
Substitute
Bordeaux mixture or sulfur.
No effective substitute .
Rotenone, cryolite, paris green, cal-
cium arsenate-if used before heads
form.
No effective substitute.
Rotenone.
Rotenone for melon worm and pickle-
worm; cryolite before fruits form
for melon worm and pickleworm;
nicotine for squash bug.
Rotenone, oil emulsions, fumigation,
organic thiocyanates.
Rotenone, fumigation.
Rotenone, cryolite, paris green, cal-
cium arsenate.
Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas
(less effective) .
Dichloroethyl ether.
Nicotine, oil emulsions, organic thio-
cyanates . Soap sprays for Japanese
beetle.
Barium fluosilicate.
No effective substitute.
Nicotine sulfate.
National Pest Control Association, 3018
Fort Hamilton Parkway, Brooklyn 18,
N. Y.
Insecticides for the Army. "Soap and
Sanitary Chemicals," November 1942.
Kenya and the Story of Its New
Established Pyrethrum Industry. "Soap
and Sanitary Chemicals," March 1942.
Pyrethrum-A Long-Range View of
Production and Markets in Japan. By
Herbert Leopold. "Soap and Sanitary
Chemicals," September 1938.
Pyrethrum Flowers- Kenya , A Bet-
ter Source. "Industrial and Engineer-
ing Chemistry," July 1938. American
Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth
Street, N. W. , Washington 6, D. C.
Points for Pyrethrum Buyers Learned
by Pyrethrum Growers. By R. W.
Culbertson. "Soap and Sanitary Chem-
icals," October 1935.
Pyrethrum Flowers. By C. B. Gnad-
inger. 1936. 380 pp. McLaughlin Gorm-
ley King Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
Pyrethrum Investigation in Colorado.
By Gnadinger, Evans and Corl. Colo-
rado Agriculture College, Bulletin No.
401. 1933. Colorado Experiment Sta-
tion, Fort Collins, Colo.
 EY
SURV OF

E NT
RR
CU

SS $2.00
I NE
B US per year

NT
UNITED STATES DEPARTME OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

URVEY OF

CUR
REN
T

BUSI
NESS
THIS AUTHORITATIVE MONTHLY PERIODICAL
makes easily available to businessmen over 2,200 com-
prehensive facts about production, stocks, orders, prices,
sales, shipments, etc., of the industries of the United States
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$2.00 per year, from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
 Field Offices

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Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the follow-

ing 26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and
foreign trade problems:

Location of Offices Managers

Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.. C. Parker Persons

Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Customhouse.. Harold P. Smith.

Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.... John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of Commerce Bldg.C. W. Martin

Chicago 4, Ill . , 357 U. S. Courthouse. George C. Payne
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and Courthouse. Walter Measday

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801 E. Broad St... C. Roy Mundee

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Trust Bldg., Bull and Broughtin Streets. Joseph C. Stovall

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 Domestic Commerce

written--for

BUSINESSMEN ..

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman. It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

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1945
Euments Room
Industrial
U.
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
T
EN
CO
M
MM
RT
PA
ER
OF
DE
CE
A
RIC
UNI
A
AME
TED
STATES
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices
Volume 3-Part 2
Description
Sulfuric acid, H- SO , is a heavy, oily
liquid, with a density of 1.84. When
pure it is colorless and odorless. The
industrial product may be slightly
colored or cloudy and have an odor of
sulfur dioxide. It is very reactive and
intensely corrosive, attacking practical-
ly all metals to a certain extent. The
pure acid melts at 10° C. and boils at
330° C. (98.3 % ) . It combines readily
with water, forming various hydrates.
Oleum is sulfuric acid containing dis-
solved (free) sulfur trioxide (sulfuric
acid anhydride ) . With the addition of
water, the latter forms more sulfuric
acid, so that an oleum is rated at more
than 100 % H2SO+.
Uses
Sulfuric acid, one of the most im-
portant commodities of the chemical
industry, is used frequently as an index
to chemical activities. The major nor-
mal outlets in order of volume of
consumption are: In the manufacture
of fertilizers; petroleum refining; chem-
icals and chemicals manufacture ; the
cleaning (pickling) of iron and steel
preparatory to galvanizing and other
metallurgical processes; and a variety of
additional uses, including manufacture
of explosives, paints and pigments ; and
in rayon, and other textile processing.
Chemically, sulfuric acid serves four
main purposes : As a strong, cheap acid ;
as a dehydrating agent in organic re-
actions; for sulphonations; and as an
oxidizing agent.
Some of the principle uses of the
various grades of sulfuric acid are
listed here.
1. Sulfuric acid of 50 ° Be. up to
60° Be. strengths is used as follows:
In making salt cake, hydrochloric
acid, soap, superphosphate and other
Reference
S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A.
Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
Part 2. CHEMICALS , DRUGS
PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
November 1945
SULFURIC ACID
(Synopsis of Information)
Prepared by Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon , Chief
artificial fertilizers, and sulfurous, ni-
tric, phosphoric, hydrofluoric , boric,
carbonic, chromic, oxalic, tartaric,
citric, acetic, and stearic acids.
In preparing iodine, bromine, the
sulphates of potassium, ammonium,
barium, and calcium, also the sulphates
of magnesium, aluminum, iron, zinc,
copper, mercury (as in intermediate
stage for calomel and corrosive sub-
limate) and manufacturing ordinary
ether and other ethers.
In the metallurgy of copper, cobalt,
nickel, platinum, silver; for cleaning
sheet iron to be tinned or galvanized ,
also copper, silver, etc.
For manufacturing potassium dichro-
mate.
For galvanic cells, storage batteries .
For making parchment paper.
For the purification of many mineral
oils and coal gas, and for bleaching
greases.
For manufacturing starch, sirup, and
sugar.
For neutralizing the alkaline reac-
tions of fermenting liquors, such as
molasses.
For preparing tallow previous to
melting.
For recovering the fatty acids from
soapsuds.
For destroying vegetable fibers in
mixed fibers.
Generally in dyeing, bleaching, mor-
danting, calico printing, and tanning.
In medicine against lead poisoning,
and in many other cases.
2. Sulfuric acid of 66 ° Be. strength
is used in the following operations :
For the manufacture of fatty acids
by distillation.
For purifying benezene, petroleum,
paraffin oil, and other mineral oils.
D 10440
Service
WALLACE, Secretary
and
Number 43
For refining gold and silver, and for
desilverizing copper.
For making organic sulphonic acids.
In the manufacture of coaltar dyes,
pyroxylin plastics , explosives , rayon,
and celluloid.
For making nitric acid compounds
and nitro-ethers in general.
3. Oleum is required for the manu-
facture of many organo -sulfonic acids
used in the manufacture of certain
dyes, such as alizarin, synthetic indigo,
and eosin, also for increasing the or-
dinary strength of sulfuric acid to
higher concentrations .
Grades and Strengths
Sulfuric acid is marketed in various
grades or strengths, to meet the parti-
cular requirements of consuming in-
dustries. The more important indus-
trial grades are listed below:
In addition, there are C. P. (chem-
ically pure) and U.S.P. grades. These,
beside being colorless, are practically
free of metallic and other impurities.
Colorless industrial grades are also
available, having an exceptionally low
content of iron and other impurities .
Packing and Shipping Regulations
The requirements for packing in com-
pliance with Interstate Commerce Com-
mission regulations vary with the con-
centration of the sulfuric acid. Freight
shipments require a white label.
Oleum and Oil of Vitriol may be pack-
aged in multiple units of not over 1
gallon in glass or earthenware inside
containers and box outside containers,
or a 3-gallon unit if only one is packed
in an outside container. One 2-gallon
jug packed alone in a tub is authorized.
Two-gallon glass or earthenware con-
tainers may be shipped in wood barrels
 INDUSTRIAL
or kegs. Carboys in boxes or kegs
are specified for acid of not more
than 100.5%.
When tank cars are filled due regard
must be given to possible expansion of
the acid.
Metal barrels or drums may be used
for acids of 65° Be. or greater strength,
also for 60-65 ° Be. acid when treated
with an inhibitor.
Lead-lined metal barrels or drums
are specified for any acid up to and
including 93.2% H.SO..
Rubber-lined metal barrels or drums
may be used for not over 42° Be.
60° Be. acid (water-white) or over
may be shipped in carboys, in boxes,
barrels or kegs, sealed with gaskets
in plastic condition.
Sulfuric acid from 60 to 66° is
offered to the trade either in carboys
or tanks, while 98 percent acid is
shipped in tanks. Fuming, 20 percent
acid is supplied in tanks, while C. P.
and U.S.P. products are obtainable in
carboys and bottles.
Method of Production
Whatever the process used for finally
obtaining sulfuric acid, the initial step
is the production of sulfur dioxide by
the simple method of burning sulfur,
pyrites, or hydrogen sulfide. The bulk
of sulfuric acid output comes from the
direct burning of the raw material,
but recovery of byproduct sulfur diox-
ide from sulfide smelters also accounts
for considerable quantity.
The essential operation in the manu-
facture of sulfuric acid is the union
(oxidation) of sulfur dioxide with
oxygen to form sulfur trioxide. This
is a gas which, dissolved in water,
constitutes sulfuric acid . The oxidation
of sulfur dioxide is accomplished tech-
nically by the following processes:
1. The chamber process.-A mix-
ture of sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide
(or nitric acid) and steam is passed into
large lead chambers where the oxida-
tion occurs. The sulfuric acid collects
in the bottom of the chambers as a
weak acid of 50 to 54 ° Be. strength.
It may then be concentrated to 60° Be.
2. The contact process.-This process
has been largely developed since 1900
and is adapted to small as well as
large output. It depends on the use
of either a platinum or a vanadium
catalyst which, with air, converts the
sulfur dioxide to the trioxide. The
sulfur trioxide is absorbed in strong
sulfuric acid to make a more concen-
trated sulfuric acid or oleum . The
usual plant produces acid known as
20 percent and 40 percent oleum and
with additional equipment can produce
acid up to 65 percent oleum.
Raw Materials Used
Sulfur occurs in the elemental form
and also combined with a considerable
number of metallic elements such as
lead, iron, copper, and zinc. The su!-
REFERENCE SERVICE
Grade Specific gravity
Battery acid..
50-degree acid ]
Fertilizer acid
Chamber acid J
60-degree acid)
Tower acid...... S
66-degree acid)
95-percent acid..
98-percent acid..
Monohydrate....
20-percent fuming or oleum
104.5-percent acid...........
40-percent fuming or oleum
100-percent acid.. S free SO,
65-percent oleum..........
fides are very widely distributed but
the uncombined element is confined to
fewer localities.
Native sulfur is the chief raw mate-
rial used for the manufacture of sul-
furic acid. Large deposits of crude
sulfur, of 99.5 to 99.9% purity, occur
in Louisiana and Texas. These have
become the main sources because the
simple mining methods may be em-
ployed there. The volcanic deposits of
Sicily and Japan are other important
sources of native sulfur.
The chief form of combined sulfur
is pyrites, obtained from both foreign
and domestic sources. The foreign
supply source has shifted from Spain
to Canada. In 1942 the United States
imported from Canada more than
three times the tonnage of 1940, 282,-
897 and 81,157 tons, respectively;
however, during 1943 arrivals fell off
about one-fourth. Imports from Spain
were reduced from 325,644 long tons
in 1940 to 58,285 in 1943.
Waste products constitute another
source for sulfuric acid production. In
the United States three products are
utilized : (1 ) Sulfuric acid sludge from
oil refining; (2) ferrous sulfate liquors
resulting from pickling iron and steel
and titanium pigment manufacture;
(3) "spent oxide" (crude iron sulfide
and sulfur mixture) produced in the
purification of illuminating gas. Use
of the last-mentioned material has de-
clined considerably.
In Germany, Russia and India
gypsum is used as a source of sulfur
for the manufacture of sulfuric acid,
and France has experimented with
production from this raw material.
It has been estimated, from data of
the Bureau of Mines and from trade
reports, that United States production
of sulfuric acid in 1943 was propor-
tioned about as follows: From sulfur,
Percent H.SO.
1.250 33.5
1.526 62.2
1.706 77.67
1.835 93.19
1.841 95.0
1.844 98.0
1.839 100.0
104.5-20 percent
1.927 free SO
109.0-40 percent
1.965
1.990 114.6-65 percent
free SO,
74%; from pyrites, 16 % ; from smelter
gasses, 9% ; and from hydrogen sulfide,
1%.
Output
Data for world production of sul-
furic acid are incomplete so that
general trends only may be observed.
For instance, Japan, with a production
of 231,000 short tons in 1925, moved
from a place of insignificance to the
second largest producer in 1939, when
output was 4,739,933 short tons. In
1936, Russia more than doubled its
1925 output with a reported 1,467,825
tons. Germany's production gradually
declined from 1929 to 1934; then in-
creased in 1935 when the output was
1,573,512 tons, which approximates the
yearly average since 1925. In the
following four years the supply was
doubled reaching 3,086,468 short tons.
Data for France, whose output ex-
ceeded that of Great Britain, showed
an even trend, but in Great Britain
production varies markedly.
The production of sulfuric acid in
the United States has increased sub-
stantially during the last 10 years.
The increase was appreciable from
1935 through 1939 but thereafter pro-
duction began to soar. For example,
by 1937 1 million tons was added to
the approximately 4 million ton output
of 1935. But in 1941, war demands
resulted in an increase of nearly 2
million tons over 1939 output. Another
million tons was added in 1942 and
increases of three-fourths and two-
thirds of a million tons occurred in 1943
and 1944, respectively .
From 1937 to 1942 the total quan-
tity of acid manufactured by the two
processes was approximately the same.
However, in 1943 production by the
contact method amounted to more than
1½ times the quantity made by the
 SULFURIC ACID

chamber process. Production statistics TABLE 1.- World Production of Sulfuric Acid, 1984–39
given in tables 2, 3, and 4 do not include [Short tons, 100 percent H₂SO ]
output of ordnance works, which have
produced substantial quantities during 1934 1935 1936 1938
Country 1937 1939
the war, but do include that of Gov-
ernment-owned plants operated by
Africa... 112,842
private interests. Argentina. 19,000 32,150 31,840
Australia. 1401,323
Imports and Exports Belgium. 1 1,064,831
Brazil 2 12,104 23,894 29,391
Sulfuric acid is of little importance Canada. 226,332
in the foreign trade of the United Chile 2 12,700
China... 126,575
States. Heavy production renders the
Czechoslovakia... 186,540
country self-sufficient in this important Denmark.. 187,393
chemical commodity. However, a small Egypt.... 110,000
tonnage, chiefly byproduct acid, has Finland.. 26,749
France.. 11,212,541 11,322,772
been imported from Canada and Mexi- Germany.. 1 1,440,397 11,573,512 12,259,736 1¹ 3,086,468
co. During the period, 1931-41 , these Great Britain. 1,147,400 1,210,000 1,092,380 1,100,000
Greece.. 59,525 171,650
imports averaged 1,536 tons valued at 925,968
Italy. 1,088,438 1,810,058 1,897,371
$19,900 annually. The imports, mostly Japan... 1,324,747 1 3,009,306 2,213,165 14,739,938
from Canada, increased considerably Poland. 1 245,374 1 219,084 1 221,564
Rumania 5 39,036 39,432 44,092 46,488 45,240 47,640
during 1942, 1943 and 1944, amounting Russia.. 780,435 1,467,825
to 13,689, 32,316 and 17,959 tons , re- Spain.... 229,414
spectively, valued at $ 187,549, $439,120, Sweden. 1¹ 140,364 1 167,138 1162,580 ¹ 179,371
and $215,559. United States.. 4,399,447 5,435,381 5,232,320
Other "
Most countries find it advantageous
to manufacture sulfuric acid, importing
the raw material if necessary . The ¹ Strength of acid not indicated.
corrosive properties and need for spe- 21940, 31,855 ; 1941, 37,430 ; 1942, 35,595 ; 1943, 40,454.
cial containers makes it uneconomical 3 1943, 3,596.
to transport the acid long distances, • Estimated.
as a rule. United States exports, in- 1940, 16,692 ; 1941, 39,312 ; 1942, 28,260 ; 1943, 29,520.
cluding fuming sulfuric , averaged * Colombia ; 1941, 197 ; 1942, 570 ; 1943, 1,233.
11,974 tons, valued at $507,667 during Sources : Bureau of the Census ; War Production Board ; World Chemical Developments-Commerce ;
1941-44. In 1944 20,726 tons was ex- and Consular Reports.
ported. Although the acid was exported
to approximately 70 countries in 1944,
Curacao and Cuba took nearly 90%
of the total.

Foreign Language Equivalents

TABLE 2.-Production of Sulfuric Acid in the United States, 1985 to 1944
Foreign language names for sulfuric
acid are : French, Acide sulfurique ; [Short tons, 100 percent H₂SO ]
German, Schwefelsaure ; Portuguese ,
Acido sulfurico; Spanish, Acido sulfu- Number Made and
of consumed in Made for sale Total
rico. Year and process same production
establish-
ments 1 establishment (tons)
Consumption Tons Value Value per ton
Sulfuric acid produced in the
1935. 155 1,208,791 2,790,789 $31,907,994 $11,43 3,999,580
various geographical areas, listed in Chamber process.... 101 689,867 1,176,007 12,450,361 10.59 1,865,874
285

the table is for the most part con- Contact process.. 65 518,924 1,614,782 19,457,633 12.05 2,133,706
a

sumed within the producing region.

1937. 157 1,385,463 3,555,896 42,197,855 11.87 4,941,359
In some of the areas, utilization is Chamber process. 887,744 1,688,890 18,547,266 10.98 2,576,634
directed largely to a single type of Contact process.. 70 497,719 1,867,005 23,650,589 12.67 2,364,725
industry. For example, explosives and 1939. 153 1,590,997 3,204,107 37,730,541 11.78 4,795,104
chemicals manufacture predominate in Chamber process. 95 723,787 1,397,221 14,954,266 10.70 2,121,008
the New York and Philadelphia regions ; Contact process.. 70 867,210 1,806,885 22,775,858 12.59 2,674,095
superphosphate production in the Bal- 1941 6,770,084
timore, Richmond -Norfolk, Southeast Chamber process.. 3,011,929
Contact process 3,758,155
and South Atlantic regions ; steel manu-
facture in the Pittsburgh region ; and 1942. 7,753,980
Chamber process. 2,914,722
petroleum in the Gulf Coast region. Contact process... 4,839,258
Consumption data, shown in table 6,
1943 170 8,442,145
include acid produced by ordnance Chamber process. 101 3,147,590
plants. The fertilizer industry, owing Contact process. 84 5,294,555
to new superphosphate plants, required
1944. 177 9,244,507
nearly 70 % more acid in 1944 than in Chamber process. 102 3,237,217
1941. Chemicals and defense increased Contact process. 90 6,007,290
118 %. Other increases were 30% for
rayon and cellulose film, 22% for ¹ Some establishments produce acid by both processes, which accounts for the discrepancies in totals.
paints and pigments, and 17 % for Source : 1935-39, Bureau of the Census (Census of Manufactures) ; 1941-44 War Production Board and
petroleum refining. Bureau of the Census.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Distribution Factors TABLE 3.- Production of Sulfuric Acid in the United States, 1944-45, by Months
The Office of Price Administration
[Short tons, 100 percent H,SO ]
has established channels for settling
accounts pending under past practice
of open billing. Provision is made 1944
for the adjustment of earlier low mar- Production
ginal contracts for large shipments of Month Stocks at
sulfuric acid so as to take care of Contact process ¹, 2 producing
Chamber plants, end
increased cost of production. The process Including Excluding of month 1
actual increase in manufacturing cost recovered acid recovered acid
must not be exceeded in the settle-
Total. 3,237,217 6,007,290 5,304,465
ment. Details are given in Amendment January... 285,741 490,143 441,990 273,000
141, effective June 13, 1944. February.. 284,168 451,540 404,242 277,049
March.. 275,398 487,720 438,867 278,112
Prices April.. 263,132 480,347 428,599 287,962
May. 272,128 493,794 443,697 266,448
Prices for sulfuric acid have not June.. 236,879 485,121 437,959 232,213
varied since 1942. Chemical Industries July. 249,332 492,751 434,446 218,811
August. 260,571 506,636 443,256 203,393
lists prices for the various grades September.. 253,088 487,913 426,858 204,393
(tanks, at works) , per ton, as follows: October.. 284,356 530,131 453,776 213,457
Grade Price November.. 279,174 541,443 467,447 216,230
60° Be.. $13.00 December.. 293,250 559,751 483,328 253,479
66° Be.. 16.50
Oleum 20%. 19.50
1945
Restrictions on Supply and Demand
Production
Heavy war requirements for sulfuric Month Stocks at
acid resulted in some difficulties in Contact process 2 producing
Chamber plants, end
meeting all needs on schedule in 1944. process Including Excluding of month 1
Demands of the fertilizer industry in recovered acid recovered acid
particular were not completely satis-
fied. The acid had been subject to January. 295,940 557,990 477,800 262,681
February 277,842 528,239 449,183 263,002
allocation since December 5, 1942, but March 275,929 584,474 495.518 243,014
had been strictly controlled only in April. 262,387 571,765 475,590 230,858
May. 269,394 599,288 507,590 238,465
the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain
States until November 1944 when
control became nation-wide. With ex- 1 Includes sulfuric acid of oleum grades.
panding capacity and some lessening 2 In a number of plants, cleaned recovered sulfuric acid is dripped into the contact units in the
of military requirements in the spring process of producing new acid. Inasmuch as this recovered acid emerges from the contact units at
of 1945, the supply outlook has become high strength intermixed with newly produced acid, it is available for commerce, and may be considered
more favorable. a part of the total contact acid production.
Tariff-Sulfuric acid is admitted Source : Bureau of the Census and War Production Board.
free of duty into the United States.

TABLE 4.- Sulfuric Acid : Production, Consumption, and Stocks, by Geographic Areas, 1944 and 1943 Compared with 1939
[ In short tons, 100 percent H₂SO,]

1944 1943 1939

Geographic area Total Consump- Stocks Total Consump- Stocks Total Consump-
new tion in on hand new tion in on hand new tion in
pro- producing end of pro- producing end of pro- producing
duction 1 plants year duction 1 plants year duction 1 plants

UNITED STATES, total. 8,541,682 3,052,457 253,479 7,850,783 2,818,557 244,301 4,795,003 1,590,963
1- New England. 184,277 81,868 5,681 180,713 82,155 5,296 72,413
2-New York City. 889,892 441,395 26,844 $59,157 423,090 25,232 591,482 256,251
3-Philadelphia.... 656,145 275,442 25,950 597,785 248,436 31,252 460.436 168,206
4- Baltimore... 761,617 305,753 19,838 709,512 274,781 14,132 376,092 159,074
5- Richmond-Norfolk. 151,122 152,612 2,732 144,051 148,053 2.997 $5.830 78,929
6-Southeast. 608,295 133,046 26,669 578,347 124,625 27.849 426,094 88,716
7-South Atlantic. 678,122 644,785 14,791 697,030 648,082 20.488 345,597 275,308
S- Cincinnati. 280,381 45,994 7,141 240.287 47,601 5,715 171.928 23.479
9-Pittsburgh. 607,967 44,675 17,562 571,696 45,033 16,478 408.082 31,776
10-Great Lakes. 763,096 185,534 24,834 739,284 167,110 28,456 475,939 101,605
11-Chicago. 731,006 198,245 22,823 673,038 185,155 21,309 421,949 124,113
12- St. Louis. 543,984 317,469 6,713 564,466 164,585 7,720 278,852 168,149
13- South West Central. 342,787 31,818 11,198 258,133 71,544 9,739 119,259 10,252
14- Gulf Coast.. 624,871 99,238 13,614 469,546 83,031 12.477 184,627 68,494
15- Western........ 718,120 94,583 27,089 567,738 105,276 15,161 376,423 36,611

1 Excludes recovered acid.

Source : Bureau of the Census and War Production Board.
 SULFURIC ACID 5
er

Trade Associations TABLE 5.- Location of Plants

Manufacturing Chemists Association, [Establishments Reporting Production during 1939 and 1944]
608 Woodward Building, Washington,
D. C. 1939 1944
National Fertilizer Association, In-
Contact Chamber Contact Chamber
vestment Building, Washington, D. C.

214ITAL
Alabama.

2281IIQ
Producers and Dealers 6
Arizona.. 1 1
California. 6
The Bureau of Foreign and Domes- Colorado. 1
tic Commerce does not compile lists Connecticut. 1 1 1
Delaware.. 1
of domestic firms. Listing of sulfuric Florida. 3
acid producers and dealers are to be Georgia.. 13 16

5312
Illinois.. 5

73131212
found in the commercial directories, 6
Indiana. 1 1
such as the following: Kentucky,
Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. Annual. Louisiana. 3 3
Buyer's Guidebook Number of "Che- Maine.

5123
Maryland.... 2

4123
mical Industries", Maclean - Hunter Massachusetts .
6
Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Ave. , New Michigan..
York 18, N. Y. $4.00 with a year's Mississippi. 3
Missouri. 2 2
subscription to Chemical Industries. Montana..

1529a

16270
New Jersey .

62
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green 7 5
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co., New York.. 2
North Carolina... 1
Inc., 59 John Street, New York 7,

1200
Ohio... 5 6 10
N. Y. $5.00 with a year's subscrip- Oklahoma.. 3
tion to "Oil, Paint and Drug Re- Pennsylvania. 6 13 7
Rhode Island.. 1
porter." South Carolina. S 8
Tennessee.

18131128
Thomas' Register of American Manu- 1 4 3
facturers. Annual. December. $ 15. Texas.. 4 1 1
Utah. 1
Thomas' Publishing Co., 461 Eighth Virginia. 3 6
Ave., New York 1, N. Y. Washington..

-
1 6
West Virginia.. 1 1
Economic References Wisconsin. 2 1
Wyoming.. 1
Total.

33
70 95 90 102
Governmental
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of Source : Bureau of the Census and War Production Board.
the United States for the Calendar Year
1941. 1944. Annual . 696 pp . $2.50.
available from the Superintendent TABLE 6.- Estimated Consumption of Sulfuric Acid in the United States
of Documents, Washington 25, D. C. [ Thousands of short tons, 100 percent H,SO ]
The following tabulations for 1942 Use or Industry
are available from the Bureau of 1941 1942 1943 1944
the Census, U. S. Department of
Fertilizer.. 1,554 1,835 2,500
Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. , at Chemicals and defense ¹. 2,620
1,113 2,145 2,285 2,425
the prices indicated : Table 1-"Im- Petroleum refining. 871 900 940
Iron and steel. 933 1,020
ports for Consumption, by Articles and 510 535 500
Coal products. 584 605 580
Countries , 1942 " ( 1945, 222 pp . 40 ¢) ; Other metallurgical.. 620
497 350 360 340
Table 4-"Exports of Domestic Mer- Paints and pigments. 435 475 495
Rayon and cellulose film.. 345 530
chandise by Articles and Countries, 390 415 450
Industrial explosives.. 118 120 115
1942" (1945, 273 pp . 50¢) ; and Textiles... 103 110
90 85 75
Table 44-A — "United States Ex- Miscellaneous. 311 -350 350 340
ports of Domestic and Foreign Mer- Total. 6,864 7,780 8,650 9,090
chandise Under the Lend-Lease Pro-
gram by Commodities and Countries, 1 To avoid disclosing estimates of war applications of acids, such as in military explosives, defense
1942" (1945. 76 pp . 15¢) . Later selected uses are included with chemicals .
statistics on foreign trade are now Source : 1941-Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, 51 :112 , 1944. 1942-44-Chemical and Metal-
lurgical Engineering, 52 :127, 1945.
being made available in a series of
separate reports. A list giving de-
scriptions of these reports and the D. E. Fogg . Bulletin No. 184. 1920. Sulfuric Acid. December 1939. From
prices at which copies are sold may Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of "Federal Standard Stock Catalog"
be obtained on request from the the Interior. Out of print. Copies
Bureau of the Census. Section III, Part 7 ; Group O, Division
may be consulted at libraries . a). 11 pp. 5¢. Available from The
Sulfuric Acid- Production, Consump- Regulations for Transportation of Superintendent of Documents, Wash-
tion and Stocks, for the United States Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles
by Land and Water in Rail , Freight , ington, 25, D. C.
and for Market Areas, 1944-1943. Facts
for Industry Series 6-1-1, Supplement Express and Baggage Services, and by Manufactures : 1939- Volume II, Re-
No. 1, July 14, 1945. Bureau of the Motor Vehicle, Highway and Water, In- ports by Industries. Part 1. 1942. Six-
cluding Specifications for Shipping Con- teenth Decennial Census of the United
Census, U. S. Dept. of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C. tainers. Effective January 7, 1941. 206 States, 1940. Bureau of the Census,
The Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid in pp . Issued by Interstate Commerce U. S. Department of Commerce. Out
the United States. By A. E. Wells and Commission , Washington 25, D. C. of print. Copies may be consulted at
 INDUSTRIAL
Department of Commerce Field Offices
and at large libraries. (See also earlier
editions.)
Nongovernmental
Sulfuric Acid Manufacture. By A. M.
Fairlie. 1936. 669 pp. Reinhold Pub-
lishing Corp., 330 W. 42nd St. , New
York 18, N. Y.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at East 9th
St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo ., 566 Customhouse.
REFERENCE SERVICE
The Economics of the Sulfuric Acid
Industry. By T. J. Kreps 1938. 284
pp . $5. Stanford University Press,
Stanford University, Calif.
The Stone That Burns. By William
S. Haynes. 1942 . 345 pp. $3.75. D.
Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 250-4th Ave.,
New York, N. Y.
Sulfuric Acid. Report A-3. National
Association of Purchasing Agents, 9
Park Place, New York, N. Y.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14. Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1 , Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor, 130 W.
42d St.
✩u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-669347
Rogers' Manual of Industrial Chem-
istry. 1942. 6th Edition. C. C. Furnas,
Editor. 2 vols. 1,721 pp. $17. D.
Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 250-4th Ave.,
New York, N. Y.
Sulfuric Acid-Current Position and
Outlook. By Alonzo White III. In July
10, 1945, issue of Chemical and En-
gineering News, 1155-16th St. , N.W. ,
Washington 6, D. C.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
り

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TED TA
AMFE
T
O
Volume 3-Part 2
By L. N. Markwood and Laura G. Arrington, Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon , Chief
Description and History
DDT (C₁HCl ) , known chemically
as 2,2-bis (parachlorophenyl) -1,1,1 -tri-
chloroethane or dichloro- diphenyl tri-
chloroethane, is a whitish , odorless
powder melting at 108 ° C. when pure,
insoluble in water, but readily dissolved
in alcohol, acetone, kerosene and other
solvents. It is a synthetic organic
chemical of comparatively simple struc-
ture, readily produced on a large scale
from common raw materials.
The effect of DDT on human beings
has been given considerable study, es-
pecially by Government authorities. Ex-
periments are still being conducted to
provide the necessary facts but, accord-
ing to present information , DDT can be
handled and used with comparative
safety to human beings. The material
should not be taken internally, nor
should oil solutions of it be permitted to
come in contact with the skin for any
length of time.
DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by a
young German chemistry student in
connection with preparation of a thesis,
and considered of no particular signifi-
cance. The formula lay dormant until
the late 1930's when a research worker
for J. R. Geigy Co. of Basel, Switzerland ,
discovered its surprisingly good insecti-
cidal properties. In 1939 that company
supplied a test quantity for use in experi-
ments designed to control the Colorado
potato beetle on the Swiss potato crop.
Shortly after its effectiveness for this
application was established , Geigy re-
search workers discovered its efficacy for
louse control.
670883-45
Reference
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
三
DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent ofDocuments, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
or any ofthe Department's Field Offices
November 1945
DDT
(Synopsis of Information)
In the summer of 1942 a small quan-
tity of Swiss-manufactured DDT was
brought to the United States under the
name "Gesarol" and the New York sub-
sidiary of the Swiss firm contacted the
United States Department of Agricul-
ture, where experiments were undertaken
to test this material, not only for de-
lousing purposes, but for other applica-
tions. The experiments proved so suc-
cessful that the War Department adopted
DDT for louse control in place of pyre-
thrum and methyl bromide. Its use as a
louse powder, first attracted wide atten-
tion early in 1944 when large-scale de-
lousing was inaugurated in Naples to
avert a typhus epidemic. By making it
possible to prevent customary war and
postwar typhus epidemics, this new in-
secticide may have an important effect
on the history of the world. Eminent
Army men have made the statement that
DDT was one of the four outstanding
chemical products of the war.
The chemical, dichloro-diphenyl tri-
chloroethane, is not patented, but its use
as an insecticide has been patented . The
United States patent, No. 2,329,074, is-
sued September 7, 1943, was assigned
to J. R. Geigy, S. A. , Basel, Switzerland,
and covers insecticidal compositions con-
taining DDT.
Uses
As an insecticide DDT acts both as a
contact and a stomach poison. To date
the principal use has been for delousing
purposes for the armed forces and among
refugees, and for the control of malaria-
bearing mosquitoes in areas occupied by
Allied troops. However, much experi-
Service
Number 44
mentation has been conducted by both
Government and private research agen-
cies with the conclusion that DDT has
more potential commercial applications
than any insecticide heretofore used. It
has been found most effective for the
control of bedbugs , flies, mosquitoes, and
various other insects that plague the
farmer and householder. For agricul-
tural purposes, it is effective against the
codling moth, the pea aphid, potato in-
sects, and numerous other plant pests.
It is the most effective means of control
yet found for the Japanese beetle. It
is efficacious against the spruce budworm ,
the gypsy moth, and other pests which
menace forests. DDT has proved effec-
tive for impregnation of clothing against
lice, and also as a moth- proofing agent.
However, this chemical is not effective
for control of the boll weevil and some
other cotton insects, nor for the Mexican
bean beetle. Experiments are being con-
ducted as to its use against various in-
sects, means of application, etc., but it
will be several years before the import-
ance of DDT as an insecticide can be
fully determined. It has been found that
DDT is injurious to certain useful in-
sects, such as the honey bee and the lady
bug, and care must be used in applying
the material.
Grades, Standards, and
Specifications
The Bureau of Ships released an in-
terim specification on May 15, 1944, and
a joint Army-Navy specification was is-
sued on June 30, 1944. DDT covered by
D 10745
2 INDUSTRIAL
this specification shall be of one grade
with the following properties :
DDT-Chemical and Physical Properties
Property Minimum Maximum
Ash content, percent by
weight.. 0.5
Setting point, °C. 88.0
Organically bound chlorine,
percent by weight... 48.0 51.0
PH of aqueous extract.. 5.0 8.0
Water-insoluble, steam vol-
ml
atile material .005
gm
Chloral hydrate, percent by
weight... .020
Water soluble material, per-
cent by weight... 25
Packing, Shipping, and Storage
Regulations
Before DDT can be applied as an in-
secticide, it must be mixed or com-
pounded with other materials to make it
suitable for application. Since DDT is
an insecticide, it comes under the In-
secticide Act enforced by the United
States Department of Agriculture. That
Department states that the following
form of labeling DDT insecticides will
be acceptable:
Active ingredient : Percent
Dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane__
Inert ingredients ..
Total---- 100
with the percentage figures entered. If
other active ingredients are present, the
ingredient statement should be changed
to show their names and percentages.
Poison labeling is not required, but
since the use of DDT involves certain
hazards, products containing it must not
be labeled so as to state or imply that
they are safe or nonpoisonous.
Method of Production
DDT is produced by interaction of
monochlorobenzene and chloral or
chloral hydrate in the presence of sul-
furic acid.
In 1942 a British patent assigned to
J. R. Geigy Company, Basel , Switzer-
land, stated that dichloro- diphenyl tri-
chloroethane (DDT) could be produced
as follows:
Two hundred and twenty-five parts of
chlorobenzene are mixed with 147 parts
of chloral or the corresponding amount
of chloral hydrate and then 1,000 parts
of sulfuric acid monohydrate are added .
While stirring well the temperature rises
to 60° C. and then sinks slowly down to
room temperature, the mass then con-
taining solid parts. It is poured into a
great deal of water, whereupon the prod-
uct separates in solid form. It is well
washed and crystallized from ethyl
alcohol, forming fine white crystals , hav-
ing a weak fruitlike odor.
Output
DDT is manufactured in several for-
eign countries, notably Switzerland ,
Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
Switzerland probably ranks highest in
output and Swiss preparations contain-
ing DDT, for both agricultural and
REFERENCE SERVICE
human use, were probably the first to be
marketed anywhere. Germany also pro-
duced DDT on a large scale during the
war.
Several Latin American countries have
inaugurated output on a small scale and
much interest in production of DDT or
in obtaining a supply from the United
States or other sources is evident in prac-
tically all countries of this hemisphere.
In the United States, manufacture of
DDT was begun in May 1943 by one firm .
Since that time other firms have entered
the field and some have already an-
nounced the trade names under which
their products will be marketed . Do-
mestic output has risen from a few
thousand pounds a month in June 1943
to approximately 3,000,000 pounds per
month 2 years later. Nineteen hundred
and forty-four production totaled 9,454, -
000 pounds.
Foreign Trade
There are no statistics on foreign trade
of DDT. Only experimental quantities
have been imported- mostly from
Switzerland. Up to September 1 , 1945 ,
the only major exports were to the liber-
ated areas , although shipments of rela-
tively small amounts have been made to
various Latin American countries for
public health purposes and experimenta-
tion.
Consumption
During the war, practically the entire
output of DDT was allocated to military
purposes, the only civilian use permitted
being for experimental purposes. As of
August 31 , 1945, it was removed from
allocation and approximately 2,000,000
pounds per month thereby became avail-
able for civilian consumption .
Prices
When production of DDT was first
undertaken in this country, the Govern-
ment paid up to $1.60 a pound, but with
improved methods of production and in-
creased facilities, cost has decreased. As
of September 15, 1945, the Oil , Paint and
Drug Reporter (Schnell Publishing Com-
pany, 59 John Street, New York 7, N. Y.)
" quoted DDT prices as follows:
Fiber drums, tons, works , per pound-- $0.50
Tins, smaller lots, works, per
pound $0.53 to $0.60
Restrictions on Supply and
Demand
Raw materials for the manufacture of
DDT are available domestically. With
the large decrease in military demands,
the diversion of a large share of produc-
tion to civilian consumption , and the evi-
dent interest of new manufacturers in
this field, it is probable that demand will
be met.
Alternate Materials
For many applications for which DDT
has been found effective, pyrethrum,
certain organic thiocyanates, rotenone,
and nicotine are suitable alternates.
Lead arsenate has long been used for
control of the codling moth, against
which DDT is also effective.
Trade Associations
Agricultural Insecticide and Fungicide
Association (manufacturers) , 285 Madi-
son Ave. , New York 17, N. Y.
National Association of Insecticide and
Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc., 110
East 42d St., New York 17, N. Y.
National Pest Control Association , Inc. ,
3019 Fort Hamilton Parkway, Brooklyn
18, N. Y.
Producers and Dealers
The manufacture of DDT is of such
recent origin that commercial directories
do not as yet include names of producers ;
hence, the major firms engaged in its
manufacture are listed below :
J. T. Baker Chemical Co. , Phillipsburg ,
N. J.
Cincinnati Chemical Works, Cincin-
nati, Ohio.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. , Inc.,
Wilmington, Del.
General Chemical Co. , 40 Rector
Street, New York, N. Y.
Hercules Powder Co. , Wilmington, Del.
Marietta-Harmon Chemicals , Inc.
(owned by American Home Products
Corp.) , Marietta, Ohio.
Merck & Co., Rahway, N. J.
Michigan Chemical Co. , St. Louis,
Mich.
Monsanto Chemical Co. , St. Louis, Mo.
Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co. ,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Sherwin-Williams Co. , Cleveland, Ohio.
U. S. Rubber Co. (Naugatuck Chemi-
cal Division) Naugatuck, Conn .
Westvaco Chlorine Products Corp. , 420
Lexington Ave. , New York, N. Y.
Economic References
Much has been written in both domes-
tic and foreign publications on the sub-
ject of DDT. Most of this material has
been of a technical nature, dealing with
numerous experiments for the control of
insect pests, etc. The Bureau of Ento-
mology and Plant Quarantine, United
States Department of Agriculture, has
compiled three bibliographies on the sub-
ject of DDT, which are available on re-
quest to that agency, Washington 25,
D. C. These publications and various
articles thought to be of general interest
are listed below but form only a partial
list of the material published on this sub-
ject.
Governmental
United States Department of Agri-
culture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine. This agency has released
various publications on tests with DDT
against numerous insects.
A List of Publications on 2,2-bis (Para-
chlorophenyl) -1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
(Called DDT) from 1874 to April 30 , 1944,
inclusive. By R. C. Roark, June, 1944.
A Digest of the Literature on DDT
through April 30 , 1944, (E-631 ) . By R. C.
Roark and N. E. McIndoo, Division of In-
secticide Investigations. December,
1944.
A Second List of Publications on DDT
(through 1944 ) . (E-660 ) . By R. C.
Roark. May, 1945.

Nongovernmental
Journal of Economic Entomology.
American Association of Economic En-
tomologists, Menasha, Wisconsin. The
entire April 1945 issue was devoted to
DDT.
The February 1944 and subsequent is-
sues during 1944 and 1945 also contain
interesting articles on DDT.
The Story of DDT and Its Role in Anti-
Pest Measures. By T. F. West and G. A.
Campbell. Chemistry and Industry, May
19, 1945. The Society of Chemical In-
dustry, London.
DDT Up to Date. By J. A. Haneman.
Soap and Sanitary Chemicals, February
1945. MacNair-Dorland Co. , Inc., 254
West 31st St. , New York 1, N. Y.
DDT Insecticides in Relation to Pest
Control Services. By W. E. Dove (U. S.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg .
Boston 9, Mass. , 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave.,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Custom-
house.
DDT
Department of Agriculture) . Pests, Feb-
ruary 1945. National Pest Control Asso-
ciation, Inc., 3019 Fort Hamilton Park-
way, Brooklyn 18, N. Y.
DDT Toxicity (A Report on the Tox-
icity to Warm Blooded Animals of Aero-
sols , Mists and Dusting Powders Contain-
ing DDT ) . By Paul A. Neal, National In-
stitute of Health. Soap and Sanitary
Chemicals, January 1945 .
DDT and Paint. The Oil and Colour
Trades Journal, December 8, 1944. Scott
Greenwood and Son, Ltd., 8, Ludgate
Broadway, E. C. 4, London, England.
DDT, Its Preparation and Potentiali-
ties. By G. A. Campbell and T. F. West.
The Chemical Age, September 9, 1944.
Bouverie House, 154 Fleet St. , London
E. C. 4, England.
Toxicity-Insecticidal Effectiveness of
DDT Against Structural Insects. By Vic-
Detroit 26 , Mich., 1028 Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex. , 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6 , Mo. , 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Mari-
time Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor,
130 W. 42nd St.
3
tor Froelicher. Pests, August 1944. Na-
tional Pest Control Association, 3019
Fort Hamilton Parkway, Brooklyn 18,
New York.
Geigy Outlines DDT Development,
Uses. Drug, Vitamin and Allied Indus-
tries. August 1944. Published by O. J.
Willoughby, 1070 Spring St., N. W.,
Atlanta, Georgia.
The Preparation of DDT. By J. G.
Breckenridge, Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Toronto.
Canadian Chemistry and Process Indus-
tries, August 1944. Westman Publica-
tions, Ltd., 137 Wellington St. , West,
Toronto 1, Canada.
The Story of DDT. By Victor Froe-
licher. Soap and Sanitary Chemicals,
July 1944.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313 , 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mez-
zanine , 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal
Bldg .
San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg .,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Of-
fice Bldg.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945
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Volume 3- Part 2 November 1945 Number 45

The Vitamin Oil Trade-United States

Prepared in cooperation with the Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Unit, T. W. Delahanty, Chief

BR

Courtesy of Fish & Wildlife Service

Empyting the trawl so that the catch may be sorted for usuable fish

D 10616
 The Vitamin
Prepared by Marian Drake Hall, Industrial Projects Unit
The growth of the vitamin oil trade
in recent years has been phenomenal.
Value of production of all liver oils
in the United States increased from
$4,471,688 in 1939 to $ 14,841,970 in 1943.
Interest in vitamins was stimulated by
the war and by recognition of wider
application of these nutritional ele-
ments.
Of the many vitamins discovered by
modern science, two of the major ones ,
A and D, are derived from fish liver
oils. Cod livers were the first to be
used for their vitamin content. Within
the last 5 years, however, various
types of shark livers have become the
mainstay of the vitamin oil trade and
at present sharks are fished primarily
for their livers.
Vitamins A and D Medicinal Value
Medical research shows that a lack
of vitamin A in human beings may
produce several defects : Xerophthal-
mia, an eye disease ; weakness of the
respiratory system, nasal, and ear
passages; gastro-intestinal disorders ,
and a tendency toward fatigue. Daily
requirements of vitamin A are 5,000
USP units for adults and 3,000 for
children under 12 years.
Vitamin D , the "antirachitic" vitamin,
occurs as vitamin D2-5, but only D²
and D are as yet of major significance.
D is the form adapted to assimilation
by poultry .
Vitamin D is necessary for proper
tooth formation and is useful in build-
ing resistance to colds. When adequate
sunshine is not available, 400 to 800
USP units of vitamin D are the mini-
mum daily needs.
Vitamins are becoming more and
more important in poultry, cattle, and
hog feeds. Deficiency of vitamin A in
cattle causes convulsions, night blind-
ness, failure to reproduce , and loss of
weight and appetite. Vitamins A and
D aid in encouraging the growth of
poultry, hogs and cattle .
Production
Cod liver oil -Cod liver oil has been
used for more than 250 years as a tonic,
and is known particularly as an anti-
rachitic preparation for children. Be-
cause the United States could import
this commodity more economically
than domestic producers could offer
supplies, cod liver oil extraction has
never been developed to the fullest
possible extent.
Our chief suppliers before the war
were Norway, Great Britain, Iceland ,
and Germany. In the United States,
cod fishing is centered in Massa-
2
Oil Trade-United
chusetts, where the best fishing occurs
far offshore, on George's Bank and
Brown's Bank.
In 1925, the United States produced
about 90,000 gallons of cod and cod
liver oil (at that time, there were no
separate statistics on production of cod
liver oil) ; in that same year, consump-
tion of these oils amounted to 1,606,573
gallons. Since then, consumption of
cod liver oil has expanded steadily be-
cause of greater knowledge of its
therapeutic and nutritional value.
Launching of concentrates of cod
liver oil in 1928 was an important
factor in extending its use, for large
doses can now be given, without too
much unpleasantness. Increased con-
sumption was paralleled by expanded
production.
When imports of cod liver oil into
the United States were reduced by
the war, domestic production became
of strategic value. However, in the
codfishing industry, liver production
has remained a byproduct of secon-
dary rather than primary importance,
Most trawlers are not equipped to
manufacture oil and must preserve
the livers to keep them fresh. There-
fore, unless the price paid for livers
is high, the slowing up of fishing opera-
tions to preserve them is unecono-
mical.
Labor difficulties and materials
shortages have also restricted the liver
catch. In 1943, the take of cod livers
totaled 769,908 pounds, 1,378,547 pounds
in the next year, and 718,891 pounds
in the 7 months ended July 1945.
Greater receipts could be utilized .
Table 1 shows production of medic-
inal cod liver oil, including poultry
grade, as reported by the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service.
TABLE 1.- United States Production of
Medicinal Cod Liver Oil Including
Poultry Grade
Year Gallons Value
1935. 217,094 $227,540
1936 284,226 266,111
1937. 275,802 167,572
1938. 261,556 164,986
1939 318,069 196,296
1940. 281,257 253.168
1941. 325,078 482,892
1942. 460,615 664,943
1943. 133,222 189,363
1944. 82,619 123,796
Shark liver cil. -In 1937 , several feed
manufacturers in California became in-
terested in low-cost sources of vitamin
A to mix with sardine feed oils and
began to process shark livers . The
States
amazing results of this experiment are
reflected in today's flourishing industry.
Sharks along the Pacific Coast include
the soupfin, highly potent source of
vitamin A, the hammerhead, dogfish,
gray smooth-hound and brown smooth-
hound, bay and great blue shark.
Different types are found in the South
Atlantic waters. These include the
leopard, dusky, brown, sand, sandbar,
and others, but no soupfins.
Spectacular expansion in both the
Pacific Coast and Florida shark fish-
eries occurred in the 1940-41 season.
After the outbreak of war in Europe
in 1939 and the invasion of Norway
in the spring of 1940 cut off the norm-
ally large imports of cod liver oil, the
vitamin oil trade turned to domestic
sources. Another significant factor was
the development of an economical
process for concentrating vitamin A
oils of relatively low potency, such
as dogfish liver oils. In addition , the
Government embarked on a large-scale
program of buying vitamin A for
export to friendly nations under the
Lend-Lease Act.
Table 2 indicates the tremendous
growth of shark liver oil production
since 1939, the first year when separate
statistics were available for that com-
modity.
The soupfin shark and the dogfish
have been vying for first place among
the sources of vitamin A fish liver
oils. In 1943, 34 trillion units of vitamin
A were provided by the soupfin shark,
but in 1944, only about 25.9 trillion
units. In comparison, the dogfish in-
creased in importance to the trade,
supplying 20.4 trillion units in 1944,
against 13.5 trillion units in the pre-
ceding year. During the 7 months
ended July 1945, 441,263 pounds of
soupfin livers were landed, yielding
10.8 trillion units of vitamin A, and
2,423,067 pounds of dogfish were de-
livered, supplying a total of 7.9 trillion
units of vitamin A.
Halibut liver oil.- Halibut liver oil
has played an important role in sup-
plying this country's wartime domestic
and export requirements for vitamin A.
Halibut liver oil, extremely rich in
vitamins A and D, was first offered
to the drug trade in 1932. This prep-
aration is marketed solely by ethical
drug houses as a high-grade medicinal.
At present, the chief halibut fishery
is along the Pacific Coast.
No statistics on production of halibut
liver oil are available, but in 1944,
755,802 pounds of livers were landed ,
compared with 624,590 in 1943. During
the first 7 months of 1 1945, 473,990
pounds of these livers were brought in.
 THE VITAMIN OIL TRADE - UNITED STATES 3

TABLE 2.-Production of Shark Liver Oil Concentrating Liver Oils

[In gallons]
Saponification is a well- developed
Atlantic and Gulf Coasts Pacific Coast (incl. Alaska) Total process for concentrating liver oils.
Year The oil is poured into a soap cooker,
Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value and alcohol and an alkali, such as po-
tassium or sodium hydroxide are added.
1939. 132,127 $843,800 132,127 $843,800 The portion of the oil containing the
1940. 10,168 $37,160 213,084 1,087,790 223,252 1,124,950
1941 41,478 1,170,665 556,841 7,886,565 598,319 9,057,230 vitamins is unsaponifiable, but during
1942. 66,172 557,119 613,123 6,563,664 679,295 7,120,783 heating the remainder forms a soap by
1943 74,613 513,999 473,433 9,418,475 548,046 9,932,474 reaction with the alkali . The fraction
1944. 85,489 614,869 711,368 9,004,496 796,857 9,619,365 with the vitamins is dissolved out by
addition of a solvent.
Source : Current Fishery Statistics, United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
The latest and nost remarkable de-
velopment in concentrating fish liver
Other liver oils.-Rich in vitamin D, liver mass . The liquid is then allowed oils is molecular distillation . Low po-
tuna liver oil is excellent for blending to stand ; the oil rises to the top and tency liver oils, such as dogfish, can
with sardine and other oils processed is floated off. be concentrated to any high potency
for poultry and animal feeds. Before A centrifuge may also be used to desired. The principle involved is
the war, sizable quantities of the livers process cod liver oil. By this method, fractionating of oils under high vacuum
were imported for extraction of the the livers are either cooked or me- conditions.
oil in this country. However, imports chanically disintegrated and the oil is
of tuna livers have declined during separated from the liquor by centri- Refining
the war, and therefore production of fugal force. One of the chief problems in manu-
the oil has fallen off, as table 3 illus- Vitamin-A livers . Low -potency facturing any fish liver oil is to provide
trates. sharks, such as the dogfish, may be a product reasonably free from the
processed by steaming or by acid or "fishy" odor and taste. While cooking,
TABLE 3.-United States Production of alkaline digestion. Oils of high vitamin the oil may absorb a certain amount
Tuna Liver Oil potency, as in soupfin shark livers, are of water containing albuminous mate-
rial derived from the livers, which
TABLE 5.- Potency of Fish Liver Oils causes the undesirable taste and smell .
Year Quantity Value
(Gallons) Also , oxidation of the oil resulting
Vitamin A Vitamin D from contact with the air produces
1940. Item an unpleasant odor and taste, and may
226,553 $2,831,791 (International units per
1941 166,062 1,914,150 destroy some of the vitamin content.
1942. 402,539 gram )
44,396 Processing the oil under an inert
1943 26,823 1,305,146
1944. 1,448,455 Sablefish. 210,000 1,000 atmosphere, usually carbon dioxide ,
39,805
Swordfish 200,000 12,000 and drying the oil helps to overcome
Bonita. 120,000 50,000 these difficulties.
Source : Current Fishery Statistics, United Soupfin shark.. 100,000 1,000
States Fish and Wildlife Service. Black cod... 100,000 1,000 Stearine (solid or semisolid fats) is
Pacific mackerel. 80,000 1,400 usually removed from cod liver oil
Bluefin tuna, Japan.... 100,000 25,000 by "cold pressing." The oil is chilled
Livers of percomorph-like fish, which Bluefin tuna, Pacific... 60,000 6,000
Ling cod... 60,000 1,300 slowly in an air-conditioned room to
include most of the spiny-finned fish Halibut, Pacific. 50,000 to 80,000 1,200 a temperature below freezing and is
such as mackerel, swordfish, and bass, Halibut, Atlantic.. 40,000 2,000 then passed through canvas filter
are processed for use in pharmaceu- Skipjack tuna.. 40,000 60,000 cloths .
ticals. Burbot liver oil is extracted Barracuda 40,000 2,000
Mexican shark. 30,000 to 40,000 100 A very common means of reducing
on a small scale for high-grade medic- Albacore tuna.. 18,000 40,000 the taste and odor in liver oils is to
inal vitamin oils and also for food Dogfish shark. 10,000 to 20,000 1,000 pass steam through the oils under an
fortification. Other livers used for Pollock.. 5,000 100
Cod, Japan.. 10,000 100 inert atmosphere. In addition, various
their vitamin content are the sable- types of clays are good filters for
Cod, domestic. 2,000 200
fish, flounder, and now, even whale. Haddock. 2,000 50 bleaching the oils.
Recent production of all these mis- Hydrogenation is an effective method
cellaneous liver oils is shown in table 4.
for deodorizing oils and consists of
usually extracted by alkaline digestion.
combining hydrogen gas with the un-
An alkali, such as sodium hydroxide saturated fatty material in the liver
TABLE 4.- Production of Miscellaneous
Liver Oils or sodium carbonate, is applied to a
mixture of minced livers and water oil in the presence of a catalyst to
to form an alkaline solution. After form solid fats. Despite the fact that
Quantity the exact chemical reactions are not
Year Value the material is heated, it is passed
(Gallons) known, this process evidently destroys
through a centrifuge for separation
of the oil. a compound that causes the "flshy"
1940.. 41,709 $870,624 odor and taste.
1941. 134,213 3,272,898 Tuna liver oil.- Livers of low oil Refinement by adsorption has been
1942 64,920 2,157,035 content, such as tuna, may be pro- employed with success. Various sub-
1943. 143,763 3,414,987
1944. 57.642 2,028,763 cessed by using an oil solvent chosen stances may be used to take up the
from sardine oil, grayfish liver oil, elements causing the undesirable
linseed or olive oil. The livers absorb characteristics of fish liver oils. These
The potencies of the various fish liver some of the solvent oil during heating include activated carbon; edible gums,
oils used extensively in vitamin prod- and the liver oil is dispersed through- such as gum tragacanth, gum arabic,
ucts are listed in table 5. out the mixture . The oil is then sepa- or gum guaiac; or a metal phosphate
rated either by centrifuging or gravity adsorbent.
Methods of Extraction settling. By successive washing of the
Cod liver oil.-Cod livers are usually liver material with fresh solvent oil, Consumption
cooked in a steam-jacketed kettle the most complete vitamin recovery is The demand for fish-liver oils in
where live steam is blown into the accomplished. medicinals, food fortification, and feeds
 INDUSTRIAL
is expanding and as a matter of fact,
far exceeds supplies. Intensive re-
search has indicated wider uses for
both vitamins A and D in pharmaceuti-
cals with the accent on administration
of very high- potency doses in special
deficiency cases. Furthermore, cap-
sulating concentrates of the oils, making
the doses far less disagreeable to
swallow, has helped to stimulate de-
mand.
Food fortification has expanded dur-
ing the war years. Between 12 and
15 trillion units of vitamin A are cur-
rently used in the margarine industry.
Vitamins A and D were first added
to margarine as long as 1923, but
the universal practice of "fortifying"
this commodity dates from about 1937.
Other foods to which vitamin oils are
added include milk products, yeast, and
candy. Concentrates of shark liver oil,
cod liver oil, and lingcod liver oils
are among the widely applied food
fortifiers.
Interest in vitamin oils has spread
from poultry feeds to hog and cattle
feeds. Feed oils range up to 6,000
vitamin A units per gram in potency,
and at least half test above 2,000 units
per gram. Usually the natural feed
oils are fortified to improve their vita-
min A or D content. Soupfin and dogfish
shark liver oils were first utilized to en-
rich sardine feeding oils, high in vitamin
D, with vitamin A. Blends of halibut
and tuna liver bills are valuable, as
well as mixtures of cod liver oil with
higher potency products. Carrier oils,
including menhaden, sardine, and her-
ring, may be used to dilute fat soluble
vitamins, although at present, supplies
of the natural feed oils are sufficient
to meet market demands. Annual usage
of vitamin A oils in feeds amounts to
between 35 and 40 trillion units of
vitamin A.
Cod liver oil.-Consumption of cod
liver oil fell off markedly after 1939,
chiefly because wartime conditions
reduced imports. In 1937-39, consump-
tion averaged 6,800,000 gallons ; in 1941 ,
2,300,000 gallons, but in 1942, only
about 570,000 gallons. In 1942 58.5
percent of the oil was used for phar-
maceutical purposes, 18.4 percent for
food fortification, and 23.1 percent for
poultry feeds.
With the revival of imports from
Iceland, and just recently from Nor-
way, however, and greater shipments
from Canada, Newfoundland, and the
Union of South Africa, domestic con-
sumption is apparently recovering from
the low point of 1942. According to
reports submitted to the Bureau of the
Census, factory consumption of cod
liver oil for pharmaceuticals during
the last 6 months of 1942 amounted
to 246,133 gallons, in the year 1943,
to 1,231,066 gallons, and in 1944, to
1,039,866 gallons. The 1944 total used
in feeds was 123,333 gallons.
Shark liver oil.-The popularity of
shark liver oil has developed espe-
REFERENCE
Expenditures
Total expenditures to gross receipts.
Profits before taxes to gross receipts.
Crew's compensation to total expenditures..
Other compensations to total expenditures...
cially since 1940 and in contrast to
cod liver oil, consumption has steadily
increased . Estimates place total con-
sumption of shark liver oil in 1939 at
32 trillion USP units of vitamin A,
and in 1940, at 30 trillion units. The
War Production Board reported that
in 1941 , 39 trillion units were consumed ,
increasing to 52.5 trillion units in the
following year. At that time use
pattern was divided into 28.5 trillion
units for medicinal purposes, 15 trillion
units for feed enrichment, and 9 trillion
units for foods.
Costs
While the demand for fish liver oils
has expanded, war conditions tended
to raise the cost of producing vitamins
from the oils. In examining the first
step in the production process, i.e.,
obtaining the livers, we find that the
most important item of costs, fisher-
men's wages, have climbed as a result
of wartime scarcity of labor. In addi-
tion, materials shortages tended to
increase prices of fishing gear, boats,
and boat repairs. Furthermore, the
Navy requisitioned many fishing craft
for patrol duty.
There are no comprehensive data on
costs of obtaining livers, but the figures
in the accompanying table show ex-
penditures, in percentages, for a halibut
fishing company on the Pacific Coast.
The costs of extracting the oil from
the livers, chief of which is the raw
material, rose from 1939 through 1942,
declined in the following year, and rose
again in 1944. A large percentage of
the cost of processing the livers re-
presents a loss, since the potency tests
applied to the livers before processing
are not accurate, and therefore the
prices paid for the raw material may
be too high in proportion to the price
realized from sale of the oil. In 1941 ,
costs of the liver oils, particularly
shark liver oil, reached peak levels
because of the exceptionally high prices
paid for shark livers in that year.
Table 6 indicates average costs, per
gallon, of processing cod liver oil and
shark liver oil.
From time to time, when processors
of vitamin A oils have felt themselves
caught in a price squeeze due to rising
prices of livers, production of liver oils
is curtailed . Pharmaceutical houses
and other distributors then buy the
livers instead of the oil and arrange
for processing on a toll basis. Estimates
of cost of extracting the oil on a toll
basis range from 2 to 32 cents per
million units of vitamin A. Concen-
SERVICE
1941 1942 1943
96 91.4 86.6
4 8.6 13.4
64.9 77.3 83.1
35.1 22.7 16.9
TABLE 6.-Average Processing Costs per
Gallon of Oil
Year Cod liver oil Shark liver oil
1939. $0.61 $6.31
1940. .90 5.04
1941. 1.48 15.14
1942. 1.44 10.48
1943. 1.42 10.82
1944.. 1.49 12.07
Source: Compiled from data supplied by the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
trating the oils adds another 5 cents
per million units to the cost.
Prices
Vitamin A liver oils (excluding cod
liver oil).- With the intensified demand
for vitamin A in 1940, the prices
of vitamin A liver oils started on the
upswing, culminating in the unpre-
cedentedly high levels in the summer
and fall of 1941. For example , the
price of soupfin shark liver oil rose
from prewar levels of 2¢ to 3¢ per
million units of vitamin A to 7¢ in
1940 , and in the fall of 1941 spiraled
to 20 times the pre- 1939 figure , or
40¢ per million units. Prices of the
oil were pushed up to these high
levels in 1941 because the processors
were willing to pay any sum to obtain
the livers in view of the exceptional
demand for vitamin A oils.
As soon as the need for vitamin A
liver oils broadened, prices of the raw
material began to rise. Soupfin shark
livers brought 20¢ per pound in 1939
in the State of Washington; in 1940,
from 30¢ to $1 a pound, but in October
1941 , prices skyrocketed to more than
$9 per pound !
The high cost of liver oils and the
possibility of price ceilings broke the
market in November 1941. Prices of
liver oils declined late in 1941 , a low
point of 13¢ per million units of vitamin
A in soupfin shark liver oil being
Raw
reached in September 1942.
materials followed suit ; quotations for
male soupfin shark livers in November
1941 were about $ 5 per pound , and
for female, only $ 1 .
Because the situation in vitamin A
liver oils continued so uncertain, the
Office of Price Administration, after
conferring with members of the in-
dustry, issued Maximum Price Regula-
tion No. 203 , effective August 20 , 1942 .
Specific price ceilings were set up as
follows :
 THE
Maximum price
per million units
USP units of vitam.n A of vitamin A
More than 6,000 units of vita-
min A and less than 60,000,
per gram $0.14
60,000 units and more, but less
than 200,000, per gram .20
All potencies of vitamin A
concentrates, i. e.. all oils
containing more than 200,000
units of vitamin A per gram. .30
The regulation applied only to oils
and concentrates and not to capsules,
tablets, and many finished products
containing vitamin A, all of which
remain under the General Maximum
Price Regulation. The goal of the
maximum price schedule was to allow
producers and concentrators to operate
at average 1941 margins.
between 35 and 45 trillion units of
After September 1942, prices of
vitamin A liver oils began to revive,
and since the middle of 1943 have been.
either at or near ceiling levels. The
cost of the raw material also rose,
the average price per pound of soupfin
shark livers in 1943 being $4.38, and
during the next year, $4.51 .
Blending constituted one of the most
knotty problems in connection with
the price of vitamin A oils. Because
of this operation, supplies of medium-
potency oils used especially in pharma-
ceuticals were inadequate. To remedy
the situation the following price sched-
ule amending MPR 203 was devised in
January 1944 to discourage blending.
Maximum price
per million units
of vitamin A
USP units of vitamin A
Less than 40,000 units of vita-
min A per gram $0.14
For each additional 1,000 units
up to 200,000 units per gram .001
200,000 or more vitamin A
units per gram .30
Cod liver oil.-Prices of cod liver oil,
important source of vitamin A and D,
are regulated by Maximum Price
Regulation No. 53 (Fats and Oils) .
This is because cod liver oil prices did
not fluctuate so violently as those of the
vitamin A oils, and also because cod
liver oil is sold on the same basis as
fats and oils in general, i.e., on a per
gallonage, rather than on a vitamin
unit, basis. Quotations from the Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter indicate the
trend of wholesale prices of cod liver
oil, medicinal grade, as shown in table
7.
TABLE 7.-Prices of Medicinal Cod
Liver Oil, U.S.P. Large Lots,
f. o. b., New York
[30 gallons barrel, each lot]
Year High Low
1937. $27.50
1939. 40.00
1940. 70.00
1941 $5.00
1943. 85.00
1944. 80.00
VITAMIN OIL TRADE - UNITED
Finished products. Before World
War II, pharmaceutical houses were
able to maintain fairly steady prices
by building up trade names for par-
ticular products through advertising,
and this branch of the vitamin indus-
try did not experience the wide price
fluctuations in 1941-42 as did the oil
processors. After the war broke out,
prices of packaged vitamin oil products
began to rise, reaching a peak in
1941-42 . In order to meet pricing
problems resulting from wartime
changes and to continue in effect the
March 1942 level of prices, Maximum
Price Regulation No. 392 (Packaged
Drugs) was set up, effective in May
1943, and governs finished vitamin
products.
In line with general declines in costs
of raw materials since 1942, many price
reductions were effected on finished
products. For example, seven phar-
maceutical manufacturers have initi-
ated price reductions on various cod
liver oil preparations in their 1944-45
listings compared with 1942-43 prices
ranging from 10 to 40 percent. Through-
out the same period, halibut liver oil
prices were reduced from 7 to 41 per-
cent by eight pharmaceutical firms.
Three large concerns who deal in per-
comorph oil have lowered prices since
1942-43 from 9 to 25 percent. Similar
reductions have also been made in
prices of preparations such as vitamin
A capsules containing fish liver oil
concentrates.
Retailers have passed these price
reductions on to the consumer. This
action was partly responsible for ex-
panded retail sales of these products.
A survey made by the Curtis Publish-
ing Company in 1942 on "The Market
for Vitamin Preparations" showed that
vitamin purchases increase with higher
incomes. Low prices encourage sales
or vitamin products among the lower-
income groups who comprise the bulk
of the market.
Wartime Regulations
During the war when the supply
of vitamin A was so critically short
relative to demand, the Government
found it necessary to take steps to
insure the widest possible distribution
of vitamin A oils. Among the re-
gulations was WPB Order M-373, which
prohibited the manufacture of prepar-
ations containing more than 5,000 USP
units of vitamin A in the largest daily
dose. Vitamin A oils were also subject
to allocation by the Government. All
production regulations were abolished
as of August 31 , 1945.
Organization of Industry
$25.00
Processing and Refining
20.00
32.00 A comparatively new industry, the
72.00
67.00 vitamin oil trade has as yet no clear-
76.00 cut organization. In New England,
where the cod liver oil business is
STATES 5
centered, the livers are generally sold
to processors who often engage as
well in a wholesale fish or general
fishery byproducts trade. Some pro-
ducers refine their own cod liver oil,
but usually the crude oil is sold either
directly or through brokers to refiners,
refiner-distributors , or concentrators.
About 10 years ago, when extraction
of fish liver oils began on the Pacific
Coast, some pharmaceutical houses en-
tered the production field. However,
since that time, many of these drug
and medicinal houses have withdrawn,
and at present, extraction is carried
on chiefly by firms engaged in market-
ing fishery products (some of them,
cooperative fishing companies) , or fats
and oils. Most manufacturers of feed
oils have expanded their business
into production for human consump-
tion.
The majority of the plants producing
shark liver oil, and oils from livers of
halibut, tuna, sablefish, burbot, and
others are located on the Pacific Coast.
The liver oils are sold to pharmaceu-
tical firms, refiners, concentrators, and
feed houses. There is, of course, much
overlapping ; for example, some phar-
maceutical houses concentrate the oils.
In general, the oil producers are
small companies, operating in a highly
competitive market. Total productive
capacity is limited only by the avail-
ability of the raw material.
Distribution
Vitamin products pass through many
hands before reaching the ultimate
consumer. The chief distributing chan-
nels are wholesale drug and chemical
houses, and various types of firms
which sell to retail outlets, including
pharmaceutical manufacturers , jobbers,
and firms specializing in the industrial
vitamin market. Pharmaceutical firms
are usually classed as proprietary ,
which sell popular brands of vitamin
preparations advertised directly to the
public, and ethical, whose products are
promoted through physicians and drug-
gists. The line of distinction is rather
vague, for large displays and dispen-
sing cabinets of ethical houses for
vitamin products are frequently feat-
ured in drugstores. Current estimates
indicate that ethical houses dominate
between 75 and 90 percent of retail
sales of all types of vitamin products.
The 1944 outlets (retail) for vitamin
products, listed according to volume of
sales were : Drugstores, mail order
houses, industrial sales outlets, depart-
ment stores, grocers and supermarkets,
variety stores, general stores, and mis-
cellaneous.
The decisions in the present legal
controversies concerning the question:
"Are vitamins drugs or foods?" will
determine in many States the type of
outlet permitted to retail vitamin prod-
ucts. A ruling in New York State
declares that vitamins listed in the
 NDUSTRIAL
United States Pharmacopeia and Na-
tional Formulary are drugs and as
such may be sold only by drugstores
or pharmacists .
New Jersey allows food stores to
sell vitamins if labeled "not for me-
dicinal use." Among other States that
have restrictive sales regulations cover-
ing vitamin products are Arizona,
Indiana, Minnesota, New Hampshire,
South Dakota, and Utah . The sales
status of vitamins is being widely
discussed in many States.
Foreign Trade
Imports
The United States has always been
an importer of cod liver oil, though
most of it is refined in this country.
Before World War II this country
imported about 95 percent of all cod
liver oil consumed. With the wartime
dislocations of trade and industry , im-
ports declined after 1939. The prin-
cipal suppliers in that year were
Norway, Iceland, Germany, the United
Kingdom, Canada, and Japan. The
invasion of Norway in 1940 ruined its
cod liver oil trade, but recovery is
now being effected. The policy of the
Allied Nations with regard to the
German and Japanese industries has
not been publicized.
The following figures show the de-
cline in United States imports of cod
liver oil during the war :
Imports
Year (In gallons)
1938. 5,228,637
1939. 6,670,274
1940. 2,114,392
1941. 1,695,841
1942. 636,836
1943. 1,804,467
1944 1,695,461
946,757
1945 (first 6 months).
Shark liver oil .- To fulfill domestic
and export demands for shark liver
oil, the United States has increased its
imports of the crude product. Canada,
Greenland, the Union of South Africa,
and some of the Latin American coun-
tries, including Mexico , Venezuela, and
Cuba are the most important sources.
The following statistics show total im-
ports of shark liver oil:
Imports
Year (In pounds)
1943 1,131,770
309
1944
1945 (first 6 months) 399,329
Miscellaneous fish liver oils .- Imports
of halibut liver oil amounted to 12,000
pounds in 1935, 115,000 pounds in 1937,
27,000 pounds in 1938, and thereafter
became negligible. Prior to the attack
on Pearl Harbor, Japan hed been an
important supplier of tuna liver oil
for poultry feed .
Fish livers.- To provide the vitamin
oil trade with raw materials, the United
States began to import sizable quan-
tities of fish livers in 1939. In that
years, the main suppliers were Japan,
REFERENCE SERVICE
Canada, and Mexico . By the end of
1940, imports of fish livers had jumped
to 8,443,877 pounds, the largest amount
coming from Japan. Throughout the
war, the Latin American countries and
Canada were our most important sour-
ces, and will probably continue to
supply considerable amounts.
The following statistics indicate the
decline in imports of fish livers since
1940 :
Imports
Year (In pounds)
1939 6,254,873
1940 8,443,877
1941 4,943,666
1942 3,751,042
1943 4,004,088
1944. 4,709,774
1945 (first 6 months ) . 1,878,353
Most of the livers imported from
Japan were tuna for extracting oil
of the poultry-feed grade. Shark livers
are shipped in from Canada, and the
Latin American countries, particularly
Mexico, Peru , Costa Rica, and Guat-
emala. Current trade sources report,
however, that many of the livers from
Mexico may be diverted toward de-
veloping the domestic shark liver oil
industry in that country. Halibut, cod ,
from Canada and Newfoundland, and
Peru has sent us large shipments of
bonito, a tuna- like fish.
Exports
Although the United States is a
comparative newcomer to the world
market in vitamin oils, as a group
vitamins occupied first place among
our drug exports in 1942. The follow-
ing figures show exports of fish-liver
oils, fish oils, and concentrates thereof
in finished form for medicinal use,
including lend-lease shipments. Large
shipments of these products have been
sent to Canada, Latin America, the
United Kingdom, and Russia.
Exports
Year (In pounds)
1942. 1,541,329
1943 1,367,618
1944. 1,741,907
1945 (first 6 months). 1,682,200
World Trade
Cod Liver Oil
The United States has never been
a large exporter of cod liver oil. In
1931 26,532 gallons were reportedly
exported, and more than 10 years later
in 1942, exports totaled 30,661 gallons,
or less than 10 percent of production .
World output of all grades of cod
liver oil in 1938 totaled 35,000 long
tons, according to British sources .
Leading producers were the United
Kingdom (16,000 long tons) , Norway
(8,000 long tons) , Germany (8,000 long
tons), Iceland (2,000 long tons) , and
Newfoundland ( 1,000 long tons) . These
calculations did not consider production
in Japan and the estimate for Iceland
was too low.
By 1942, the war had shifted the
sources of cod liver oil. Iceland and
Newfoundland have assumed leading
positions in the trade ; the United States
and Canada increased production, while
Norway dropped out of the picture
entirely during the war. No informa-
tion is available at present concerning
the cod liver oil industries of Germany
and Japan, but shipments from Norway
to the United States are now being
reported.
Iceland is currently the ranking pro-
ducer of cod liver oil. Production of
the oil was stimulated by the war
and large amounts have been shipped
to both Great Britain and the United
States in recent years . The United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Ad-
ministration is buying large quantities
of the oil from Iceland, and France,
Belgium and the Netherlands are again
importing cod liver oil from that coun-
try. Most of the cod liver oil pur-
chased in Iceland is refined in the
countries to which it is exported.
The following statistics show recent
exports of all grades of cod liver oil
from Iceland :
Exports
Year (in gallons)
1939 1,611,048
1942 1,339,833
1943. 1,359,528
1944. 1,562,155
Both Newfoundland and Canada
developed their cod liver oil trade dur-
ing the war. In 1943 Newfoundland
exported 262,526 imperial gallons of
refined cod liver oil. Canada likewise
exports sizable quantities of its oil ;
during the first 8 months of 1945 ,
170,573 imperial gallons were shipped
out.
England's cod liver oil industry is
centered in the Hull district, on the
North Sea. Long fishing trips can be
made, since trawlers are fitted out
with steam-cooking equipment for the
processing of the oil. In 1938, Great
Britain exported 6,856 tons of unrefined
cod liver oil and other fish oils , but
in 1943, only 236 tons. Most of the
British output is currently being ap-
plied to domestic and empire needs,
although exports of cod liver oil from
Great Britain are beginning to arrive
in the United States.
The Lofotfisket and Loddefisket fish-
eries are the most important Norwegian
codfisheries. Since codfishing is car-
ried on in the coastal waters to a
large extent, fresh livers are easily
obtainable . Also, many trawlers mak-
ing extensive trips are fitted out with
equipment to manufacture oil at sea.
Norway is already returning to the
export market in cod liver oil.
The future of Germany and Japan
in the export field in cod liver oil is
still problematical. However, in view
of the revival of the cod liver oil trade in
former important producing countries,
exports from the United States will
probably fall off.
 THE VITAMIN
Vitamin A Oils
United States exports of shark liver
oil have increased markedly during
the war. In 1942, the United States
led world production of this oil, with
a total output of 81,238,659 million
USP units of vitamin A from shark
liver oil, Canada was second, producing
13,500,000 million units ; the Union of
South Africa, third, with 3,500,000 mil-
lion units, and Australia, fourth, having
an output of 1,500,000 million units.
Argentina moved into second place
as a world producer of shark liver oil
in 1944, and from January to Septem-
ber of that year produced 5,000,000
million units of vitamin A from this
oil.
In addition to Argentina, several
other Latin American countries are
interested in developing their shark
fisheries and oil extracting industry .
Mexico, Cuba, and Venezuela already
export shark liver oil. Most Latin
American countries, however, still de-
pend upon the United States and
Canada for a large part of their sup-
plies, but there are possibilities of
further expansion in their domestic
production .
Canada has made tremendous strides
in establishing a vitamin oil industry
Department
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3 , N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 750 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave. ,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo . , 566 Custom-
house.
OIL TRADE - UNITED
to replace former imports. In 1943,
about 4,000,000 pounds of oils were
extracted from the livers of various
species of sharks, halibut, skate, rat-
fish, and bass in British Columbia, and
in the first 11 months of 1944, these
sources furnished about 5,750,000 pounds
of oil. Canada's exports have gone
chiefly to Great Britain and the United
States.
Stockfish, stonebass, shark, and hali-
but in South African waters are yield-
ing large quantities of vitamin A oils .
Total annual production was estimated
in August 1944 at 7,000 million USP
units, and early in 1945, exports were
reportedly sufficient to provide the
United Nations with one-tenth of their
requirements.
Australia has also been developing
shark liver resources to replace the
cod liver oil formerly imported. In fact,
in recent years, some shipments of
shark liver oil were made to the United
States and Great Britain.
Market Possibilities
What about the use of synthetics
and substitutes? Supplies of vitamin
A are dependent entirely upon natural
sources, for although this vitamin has
of Commerce Field Service
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1028 Federa!
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federa!
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Mari-
time Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor,
130 W. 42d St.
✩U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-671154
STATES
been produced synthetically in the
laboratory, the process is still too costly
for commercial exploitation. It is true,
however, that the manufacture of pro-
vitamin A (much of it from palm oil)
has expanded for medicinal purposes
and for export as a food fortifier.
Synthetic production of vitamin D ,
viosterol, readily made by irradiation
of ergosterol, and of D (particularly
suitable for poultry feeds) is giving
natural sources considerable competi-
tion. Nevertheless, the domestic out-
look for vitamin A oils appears bright,
and demand continues to outrun sup-
plies. Similarly, consumption of cod
liver oil, valuable for both vitamins
A and D, will probably return to its
prewar levels-especially as a prepar-
ation for children.
Various countries are exploiting their
fisheries for byproducts, but the United
States, as the only country equipped
to produce shark and other vitamin
A oils on a large scale, occupies a very
strong position in the world vitamin A
oil trade, and the prospects for exports
appear favorable. Shipments to vita-
min-starved war-devastated areas will
probably continue for some time under
a special relief program, and Latin
America offers a ready market for
more vitamin preparations, provided
low prices are maintained.
Philadelphia 2, Pa. , 1510 Chestnut
St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New
Federal Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S. W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2,
Mezzanine , 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Feder
Bldg .
San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307
Customhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg. ,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federa
Office Bldg.
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN

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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices
Volume 3-Part 2
Prepared for publication in the Drugs and Pharmaceutical Unit, T. W. Delahanty, Chief
Cascara Sagrada is the dried bark
of Rhamnus Purshiana de Candolle
(Fam. Rhamnaceae). Cascara is known
also as Sacred Bark, Chittem Bark,
Purshiana Bark, Dogwood, Coffee-berry,
Bitter or Yellow Bark and Bear-wood.
The Rhamnus Purshiana is a small
tree, attaining a height of about 20 to
35 feet. Occasionally it grows as a
large shrub. A full grown tree varies
from a few inches to a foot and a
half in diameter, although the larger
trees are rare. The trees grow sparsely
and in scattered groups. The leaves
are rather thin and elliptic. The flowers
are greenish and rather large. The
fruit is a small black berry containing
convex shaped seeds.
Physical Properties
Unground cascara sagrada usually
comes in flattened or transversely
curved pieces, occasionally in quills .
The outer surface is brown, purplish
brown or brownish red, with grayish
or whitish lichen patches. The inner
surface is light yellow, weak reddish
brown, or moderate yellowish brown.
It has a distinct odor and a slightly
acrid bitter taste.
Powdered cascara sagrada is a mod-
erate yellowish brown to dusky yel-
lowish orange .
Chemical Properties
Although it was formerly claimed
that the active principle of cascara in
a crystalline form was cascarin, the
opinion has been ventured that cascarin
and purshianin are impure forms of
emodin. Up to the present time, the
active constituents of cascara sagrada
are not known although much study
has been devoted to this investigation .
Reference
S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A.
AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
Part 2. CHEMICALS , DRUGS
Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities
Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
November 1945
Cascara Sagrada
(Synopsis of Information )
By Beverly Wasserman
The unpleasant results attending the
administration of fresh bark has been
attributed to the presence of a ferment.
One authority found in it a very bitter
brown resin, a red resin, a light yellow
resin, a neutral crystallizable substance,
a volatile oil, and vegetable acids.
Uses
Preparations of cascara sagrada bark
are employed for their laxative prop-
erties and cascara sagrada is recognized
in every pharmacopoeia throughout the
world. The bark itself is rarely used,
the extract or fluid extract being the
usual form.
There is a possibility that the seeds
can be used in the same manner as
the bark. The medicinal principle has
also been extracted from the wood and
was found to be present there in ap-
proximately one-fourth the amount
found in the bark. The twigs, too,
may be ground and the cascara prin-
ciple extracted. This should provide
a good source because of the very
thin bark which yields a larger pro-
portion of medicinal properties than
thick bark.
Although cascara has some repute
as an antirheumatic, the effect is attrib-
uted to better elimination and general
improvement of the bodily condition.
In the same way, it acts as a general
tonic and an aid to digestion.
Sources of Supply
The producing areas are in the north-
western United States and southwest-
ern Canada. The Frazier River in
British Columbia may be considered
the northern limit. The tree was found
originally in California, but lack of
Service
WALLACE, Secretary
and
Number 46
conservation necessitated locating other
sources. Commercial supplies are ob-
tained in the back woods of Washing-
ton, Oregon, and southern British
Columbia. The largest stand of cascara
trees known is in northern Coos and
western Douglas counties, Oregon, in
the Elliott Forest. Because of rapid
destruction of natural sources of
the bark, the Bureau of Plant Industry,
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
conducted experiments to cultivate
cascara trees, and the results of their
experiments are now being commer-
cially applied in the Pacific Northwest
and in some of the Eastern States.
The British Columbia Forest Depart-
ment has estimated that at the present
rate of cutting, virgin stands of cas-
cara in the Province will be exhausted
within another decade. Ninety percent
of the original stands are reported to
have been destroyed by stripping.
Growth of cascara sagrada has been
reported in Mexico, but no definite
information regarding its availability
exists. Consensus among trade sources
is that no such tree is to be found
in Mexico. However, several sources
of information maintain that a bark
with similar properties and known as
"cascara sagrada" is gathered in small
quantities and sold by the Indians in
the more remote market towns of the
Republic, but it never enters organized
commerce.
There are no other commercial
sources . Experimental cultivation in
Nairobi, British East Africa, may
establish a new source of supply .
However, even if these experiments
prove successful, large commercial
quantities would not be available for
several years.
D. 10748
2 INDUSTRIAL
Grades, Standards, Specifications
Cascara Sagrada bark U.S.P. con-
tains not more than 4 percent of foreign
organic matter.
Old bark, long dried, is most valu-
able. It must be aged at least 1 year,
and is rarely used by first- class proc-
essors unless it is 2 or 3 years old.
Aging removes the griping action
of the drug. Dealers judge the age
of the bark by its color; when newly
cured, it has a greenish shade just
below the surface, while that which
is well aged is dark brown.
The bark is supplied in the following
forms:
Whole bark-as peeled from the
tree.
Granulated bark-various standard
meshes.
Powdered bark- various standard
meshes.
Custom milled bark.
Packing, Shipping, Storage
Regulations
The bark does not deteriorate, but
exposure to rain will result in a con-
siderable loss of active principles, since
many of the constituents are water-
soluble.
There are no special regulations for
the shipment by railroad of cascara
bark, other than the ordinary pre-
cautions in handling botanicals.
The bark is generally supplied to
the export market in 50 to 100 -pound
bales. In bags, cascara has a gross
weight of about 74 pounds and occupies
5.3 cubic feet. As is the case with
barks in general, cascara should be
stowed in a dry part of the ship , away
from oily, odorous, or moist goods to
prevent its being tainted. Barks should
be protected from salt water, and rain
or wet. They are light cargo and
should not be stowed beneath heavy
goods.
Method of Production
The bark may be collected any time
during the dry season, from April to
the end of August. By late July, the
sap begins to recede, and the bark
will not slip easily. It is usually along
streams and in wet places that it may
be peeled as late as August.
The bark is peeled with a "spud."
This tool frequently is improvised from
the broken spring leaf of a "jalopy."
It has a sharp projection on one end
and the point is used for slitting the
bark.
Trees are first girdled about 6 in-
ches above the ground and the trunk
then is peeled within arm's reach.
The tree should be chopped or sawed
off at a low stump height and the
rest of the trunk, as well as limbs,
should be peeled down to an inch in
diameter. Bark is best removed in
large pieces.
REFERENCE SERVICE
After being peeled, the bark is hung Exports
on wires to dry for about 2 weeks.
Normally our exports approximate
The yellow side of the bark should 2,000,000 pounds. In the medicinal
not be exposed to the sun. Moreover,
wet weather leeches the medicinal form, cascara is included in the basket
classification No. 8161.00, "Laxatives,
content and lowers the price and value
of the bark. Lichen or moss also purgatives and cathartics." A separate
classification for exports of cascara
should be removed by a stiff brush.
was not established until January 1941.
After drying the bark is usually sup-
It appears under export classification
plied in "quills" or units about 8 inches No. 2201.00.
long, 1 inch wide and up to 1/6 inch
in thickness, and occasionally in smaller
pieces. Breaking up the product is
UNITED STATES EXPORTS OF
generally accomplished by means of
CASCARA SAGRADA
power or hand-feed choppers, although
spades are sometimes used for the THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
1000
work.
About 10 to 25 pounds of bark is CANADA
the average yield from a cascara tree. UNITED KINGDOM
SOUTH AMERICA
A skillful peeler can collect about 4 800 OTHERS
tons of bark a season.
Careless handing has unnecessarily
killed off much of the cascara growth.
This wasteful method of peeling re- 600
moved the bark only as high as it
could be reached, and accounted for
only half of the bark crop. Conse- 400
quently with the bark gone, the roots
could not get nourishment from the
leaves.
This is rectified by chopping the 200
tree down to a small unpeeled stump ,
so that new sprouts can then feed the
root system. Several shoots, usually
о
four, grow from the stump, and each 1941 1942 1943 1944
may eventually produce a good yield SOURCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, US DEPT OF COMMERCE DD. 45-673
of bark.
The success of the new shoots is
Prices
proportionate to the amount of light
they receive. Natural seeding in
logged-off lands has become a good Year High Low
(pounds) (pounds)
source of the bark. Birds scatter the
black berries, and cascara is an early 1930. $0.18 $0.15
and prolific seeder. Three-year-old 1931 .13 .11%
1932. .09 .08%
seedlings may produce berries. With 1933. .09 .OS
proper education in conservation meas- 1934
ures, it is anticipated that the supply 1935. .09 .OS
of cascara will be both preserved and 1936. .12 .11%
1937 .14 .12
©©
increased for this and future gener-
+
1938. .12 .09
8
ས
ations. 1939 .14 .09
1940. .10 .14
Output 1941 .20 .15
1942. .28 .20
There is some difference of opinion 1943.
as to normal annual United States 1944 .32 .30
production. No authentic statistics are Source : Drug and Cosmetic Review 1942-43
collected on the subject and estimates for 1930 to 1941 prices ; Oil, Paint and Drug
vary from 2,000 to 5,000 tons per year. Reporter for 1912 and 1944 prices.
According to Canadian press reports
According to the Oil, Paint & Drug
in July 1944, the annual value of har-
Reporter for August 6, 1945, the price
vests of cascara bark in British Colum-
of Cascara Sagrada as of September
bia reached the $150,000 mark. Van- 21, 1945, on large lots f. o. b. New York
couver Island is a large producing area.
is as follows: Cascara Sagrada Bark-
Bulk $0.42 (low) ; $0.43 (high).
Foreign Trade
The present labor shortage will
Imports affect the amount of bark available
Although no separate imports are several years hence, since aging is a
indicated, a number of large dealers necessary process. In addition, the
have agents buying cascara peel in high rates paid peelers has served to
British Columbia. This makes it diffi- increase the price of the bark. The
cult to determine separately United wartime rate of 20¢ a pound, which
States yield, or the proportion of im- also prevailed early in the 1945 season,
ports from Canada. There are no later advanced to 27¢ a pound. Prewar
indications of subsidies or similar rates were as low as 4½ ¢. The original
influences. accessible stands of trees are no longer
 CASCARA SAGRADA 3

available, and it is necessary for the United States Exports of Cascara Sagrada
peelers to go deeper into the forests,
thereby increasing the transportation 1941 1942 1943 1944
costs, and the difficulty of obtaining Country
the product. Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars

Canada.. 342,92! 49,247 108,883 61,291 255,695 46,315 224,980 60,128

PRICE TRENDS OF Mexico 561 119 165 49 1,142 423 1,613 588
Nicaragua 210 45 216 83 508 202
CASCARA BARK Cuba... 100 24 239 265 556 317 570
1,518
CENTS PER POUND Colombia 253 58 90 36 612 261
35 British Guiana.. 4,156 2,576
Chile 110 19 351 149 495 170 1,222 613
Brazil.. 1,900 340 5,245 1,566 2,759 885 63,828 26,048
30 Uruguay 312 201 176 58 11 6
Argentina. 3,452 536 3,510 1,714 5,799 2,234 5,038 1,913
Sweden 440 858 13,571 5,245 10,181 4,471
25 United Kingdom .. 485,885 69,473 345,671 89,993 28,367 7,342
Switzerland.. 11,050 2,458 14,533 4,548 5,452 1,794 6,160 2,286
Spain 1,052 327 4,427 1,396 1,603 639
Portugal.. 110 39 2,897 1,268
20 India 1.170 227 1,361 373 10,023 2,815 8,489 3,037
HIGH Japan.. 53,150 8,300
Australia 22,160 3,369 64,213 14,152 3,000 840
15 ILOW New Zealand. 11,911 4,190 3,292 1,054 34,184 10,021
Egypt 290 58 300 78 488 188
I I Union South Africa 25,458 5,318 2,800 1,640 21,007 8,776 25,105 10,610
Ecuador.. 456 122 393 163
10 Palestine.. 504 111
Eire 8,178 3,255
Others.. 394 108 310 223 355 181 333 189
5
Total..... 948,811 139,641 517,054 91,998 678,772 165,537 424,712 133,408
O 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 ட் 1
1930 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Source : Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, Department of Commerce.
SOURCE: 1942-44-OIL,
PRICES 1930-41PAINT
DRUG AND
& COSMETIC REVIEW 1942-43,
DRUG REPORTER QQ 45-674

Supply and Demand Restrictions in diameter, and less than 6 inches

Consumption above the ground is prohibited. These
There is no export tax on any restrictions are bound to have a marked
Approximately three to four million commodity shipped from the United effect on the future supply of cascara
pounds of bark are required to meet States. The United States Government for commercial use, as not only will
normal civilian consumption. The fol- neither fosters production nor controls there be replenishment through natural
lowing tabulation indicates the amount distribution of cascara.
seeding, but, in the long run, more
of raw product needed to provide the Canada has established price control
extract: yield per tree, as a 6- inch tree, will
on cascara bark, the order, effective produce 3 times as much bark as a
1 pound of powdered extract re- as of the 12th of May, 1943, reading 3-inch tree.
quires 3 pounds of cascara sa- as follows: "The maximum price at
The State of Washington has also
grada. which a collector may sell or offer enacted a conservation law controlling
1 pound of fluid extract requires to sell cascara bark to a processor shall the stripping of bark from Cascara
1 pound of cascara sagrada. be twenty-four and one-half cents
Sagrada trees. This law, appearing in
1 pound of powdered cascara re- (24½¢) per pound, f. o. b. , the col- the May 1943 issue of the Summary
quires 1 pound of cascara sagrada. lector's shipping point in British of State Legislation , states that a
Columbia, exclusive of Dominion Sales license is necessary for peeling, taking,
Marketing Practices Tax." or selling cascara bark. Regulations
In the United States collectors dry In addition, under authority of the for conservation control also were
the bark-the bark dries to about half War Measures Act, provision has been established .
the original weight-and sell it to a made for the free entry of nonalcoholic
dealer's buying agent at the advertised extract of cascara sagrada under all Efforts Toward Independence
market price per pound. The dealer , tariffs more favorable than the General Synthetic evolutes. —No synthesis has
in turn, sells it to pharmaceutical Tariff under which the duty remains been attempted because, under regula-
manufacturing houses. The bark is 25 percent. (July 1942) . The act fur- tory measures, supplies of cascara
sacked in ordinary burlap sacks for ther states that imports from the United should be sufficiently large and acces-
sale and shipment. Timber companies States and other non-Empire countries sible. It is improbable that synthesis
and the United States Forest Service entitled to the benefits of the Inter- would be sufficiently remunerative to
have sold to peelers by contract. mediate Tariff are exempt from the make such a project worth while.
Dealers have fair stocks on hand ; 10-percent War Exchange Tax effective Substitutes.-Rhubarb and phenol-
however, indications are that the July 1, 1942. phthalein are considered reliable agents
future supply situation will be affected Import duties, which are paid on for overcoming constipation.
by the present shortage of labor, and gross weight, make it unprofitable for Frangula bark is similar to cascara,
the military demands made against anyone to import the bark for manu- except that it is more irritating and
the stocks. Much depends on the 1945 facturing the tincture of fluid extract. more apt to cause griping. However,
collection of bark. Instead, these or other products of aging is effective in reducing the irrita-
In British Columbia, the peelers cascara are brought in already manu- ting properties. Frangula is used rather
deliver the bark to one of several drug factured. widely in Europe, but would probably
houses who ship the bark to eastern In British Columbia the need for not be used in this country to replace
Canada or to export markets, the conservation initiated the enactment cascara sagrada.
most important of which are England of regulations covering the cutting of Senna is a possible substitute. It
and Australia. Much of the cascara young trees, and put an end to waste- resembles rhubarb closely, but it is
bark collected in British Columbia is ful methods of collection. The peeling more apt to gripe . This product is
for a United States firm. or cutting of trees less than 4 inches imported chiefly from India.
 INDUSTRIAL
Cassia fistula is similar to senna.
The plant is a small tree of India; it
has also been introduced into many
tropical regions. The pulp is the only
active part. It is rarely prescribed in
this country .
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of
domestic firms. The following list of
directories, while not intended to be
all-inclusive, carry names of manu-
facturers of Cascara Sagrada.
Drug and Cosmetic Review. Biennial.
" Drug and Cosmetic Industry," 101 W.
31st St. , New York 1, N. Y. $3.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
Inc., 59 John St., New York 7, N. Y.
$5 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter."
Trade Associations
A comprehensive list of national and
interstate trade associations in the
field of drugs and allied products is
found in "Trade and Professsional
Associations of the United States."
Industrial Series No. 3, published in
1942 by the Bureau of Foreign and
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave.,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Custom-
house.
REFERENCE SERVICE
Domestic Commerce. It is available
from the Department of Commerce
Field Offices or the Superintendent of
Documents, Washington 25, D. C., price
$1. Copies are also available for ref-
erence at the Department's Field
Offices and at large libraries.
A partial list of associations follows:
American Drug Manufacturers Asso-
ciation, 1426 G St., N.W. , Washington
5, D. C.
American Pharmaceutical Manufac-
turers Association, 608 Fifth Ave., New
York 20, N. Y.
Proprietary Association of America,
810 18th St., Washington 6, D. C.
Economic References
Governmental
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Com-
merce. 696 pp. $2.50. Available from
the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C. The following
tabulations for 1942 are available from
the Bureau of the Census, U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce, Washington 25,
D. C., at the prices indicated : Table
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 Federal
Bldg.
Houston, 14, Tex., 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federa'
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1 , Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Mari-
time Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor,
130 W. 42nd St.
✩u. S. GOVERNMENT I PRINTING
1-"Imports for Consumption, by Arti-
cles and Countries, 1942" (1945. 219 pp.
40¢) ; Table 4-"Exports of Domestic
Merchandise, by Articles and Countries,
1942" ( 1945. 218 pp . 50¢ ; and Table
4-A-"United States Exports of Domes-
tic and Foreign Merchandise Under
the Lend-Lease Program by Commo-
dities and Countries, 1942" ( 1945. 76
pp. 15¢). Later selected statistics on
foreign trade are now being made
available in a series of separate reports.
A list giving descriptions of these re-
ports and the prices at which copies
are sold may be obtained on request
from the Bureau of the Census.
Nongovernmental
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter. Weekly.
$5 a year. Schnell Publishing Co., Inc. ,
59 John St., New York 7, N. Y.
Materia Medica and Pharmacology.
1940, McGuigan, McGuigan and Krug.
C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis Mo.
The Merck Index. 5th edition. 1940.
$3. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J.
United States Dispensatory. Wood &
Osol. 23d edition. $15. J. B. Lippin-
cott and Co. , Philadelphia, Pa.
United States Pharmacopoeia. 12th
edition. 1942. $7.50 . Mack Printing
Co., Easton, Pa.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New
Federal Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg .
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307
Customhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg.,
Bull Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal
Office Bldg.
K
N
A
671400
D NIV
N ERS
I ITY
DEC 22 1945
LIBRARY
cuments Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE , Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
T
EN CO
RTM MM
PA OF ER
DE A
CE
RIC

Part 2. CHEMICALS,
UNI

AME
TED
STA

STATES DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 December 1945 Number 47

UN
A IV
AN EE
IV RSIT
GLYCERIN I NDI U N
ོ

(Synopsis of Information ) MAR 9 1946

Prepared by C. A. Rager in the Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

LIDRARY

MILLIONS OF POUNDS
10 20 30 40 50
SYNTHETIC RESINS AND 19,7 %
ESTER GUMS 23.0 %
17.7 %
TOBACCO 14.7%
DYNAMITE AND 16.1 %
NITROGLYCERIN 17.5 %
CELLULOSE FILMS AND 13.1 %
MEAT CASINGS 10.8 %
DENTIFRICES AND TOILET 6.5%
ARTICLES 6.4%
6.3%
DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS 6.2 %
4.3 %
GASKETS AND CORK PRODUCTS 4.5 % CONSUMPTION OF

PRINTERS' ROLLERS AND 3.0 %

SUPPLIES 2.9 % ZON GLYCERIN
MARGARINE SHORTENING AND 2.3 % B8
OTHER EDIBLES 2.3 % BY END USES
1.7 % 888
ADHESIVES 1.6 % 1940-1941
1.6 %
TEXTILE PROCESSING 1.6 %

BEVERAGES , FLAVORS, 1.4 % 388

CANDY AND GUM 1.4 %

GLASSINE , GREASEPROOF AND 1.1 % 88 1940

VEGETABLE PARCHMENT 1.1 % 1941
1.0% 38
RUBBER PROCESSING 1.0 %
4.2 %
ALL OTHER 5.0%

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE D.D. 45-353

D. 11897
 GLYCERIN

(Synopsis of Information )

Glycerin or glycerol is a clear, color- tion, from reports by 1,234 users on other grades are generally shipped in
less, syrupy, sweet liquid having the War Production Board Form PD-361 550 and 1,100-pound drums and tank-
following generally accepted physical and probably represent more than 95 cars. Ocean shipping containers and
properties : Sp. gr. 1.260 20 ° /4; m. p. percent of total consumption. stowage factors are given in "Modern
17.9 ° C. (but solidifies at approximately Ship Stowage" (see Economic Refer-
O° C), b. p. 290°C, weight per gallon, TABLE 2.-Percentage Consumption of ences-Governmental). Glycerin being
10.5 pounds, miscible with water and Glycerin by Principal Products hygroscopic, containers should be kept
alcohol but insoluble in benzene, tightly closed to prevent dilution.
Percentage
chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. Product
It absorbs moisture from the air as 1940 1941 Methods of Production
well as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen Approximately 85 percent of the
sulfide. Synthetic resin and ester glycerin produced in the United States
gum. 19.7 23.0
Uses Tobacco.. 17.7 14.7 is made by the soap making industry
Dynamite and nitroglycerin.. 16.1 17.5 in which fats and oils are saponified
The uses of glycerin shown in tables Cellulose films and meat with caustic soda to yield the salts
1 and 2 were compiled by the Fats casings..... 13.1 10.8
Dentrifices and toilet ar- of fatty acids and glycerin.
and Oil Branch, War Food Administra-
ticles. 6.5 6.4 Saponification or hydrolysis of fats
Drugs and pharmaceuticals.... 6.3 6.2 and oils may be carried out under
TABLE 1.- Consumption of Glycerin by Gaskets and cork products..... 4.3 4.5
Classes of Products Printers' rollers and supplies 3.0 2.9 varying conditions, the more important
[In thousands of pounds] Margarine, shortening and of which are by steam pressure with
other edibles. 2.3 2.3 or without the presence of catalyst,
Product 1940 1941 Adhesives... 1.7 1.6 at ordinary pressure with a special
Textile processing.. 1.6 1.6
Beverages , flavors, candy, catalyst (Twitchell process) and by the
Drugs and pharmaceuticals.. 8,885 10,874 and gum...... 1.4 1.4 action of enzymes.
Dynamite and nitroglycerin.. 22,586 30,624 Glassine, greaseproof and Other methods of manufacture are
Synthetic resin and ester vegetable parchment.. 1.1 1.1
gum 1.0 1.0 by synthesis from propylene and the
27,723 40,234 Rubber processing.. fermentation of sugar.
Rubber processing.. 1,397 1,802 Cleaning materials. 0.7 0.9
Gaskets and cork products.... 6,030 8,019 Paper other than glassine
Cellulose films and meat and greaseproof..... 0.7 0.8 Production
casings....... 8,483 18,973 Manufacture of chemicals...... 0.5 0.8
Glassine, greaseproof and All other. 2.3 2.5 The output of glycerin during the
vegetable parchment. 1,598 2,008 war years was greatly increased pri-
Printers' rollers and supplies 4,256 5,047 Source : Data from "The Fats and Oil Situa- marily to supply the expanded require-
Textile processing... 2,321 2,827 ments for military purposes. The
Leather products. 371 472 tion, " Bureau of Agricultural Economics , United
Adhesives.... 2,453 2,871 States Department of Agriculture. demand, however, exceeded the supply
Paper other than glassine and for civilian purposes its use was
and greaseproof... 1,056 1,540 Grades, Standards and Specifications severely curtailed .
Beverages, flavors, candy,
and gum... 1,998 2,411 The four principal grades of refined
glycerin as given by the Glycerin TABLE 3.- United States Production of
Margarine, shortening and Glycerin
other edibles... 3.279 4,059 Producers' Association are :
Tobacco...... 24,833 25,793 [In thousands of pounds]
Dentrifices and toilet ar- 1. Chemically pure or U. S. P. water
ticles........ 9,204 11,313 white, suitable for use in foods and Crude,
Antifreeze fluids.. 17 35 pharmaceutical preparations, Sp. gr. Year SO-percent Dynamite
grade
Chemically
Electrolytic fluids.. 4 4 1.249 25 °C /25. basis pure
Hydraulic fluids.. 137 140
Coolant fluids. 2 12 2. High gravity-pale yellow, for
Embalming fluids.. 121 146 industrial purposes. Sp. gr. 1.262 1931. 140,002 43,366 70,528
Miscellaneous fluids. 4 6 15.5 °C /15.5. 1932.. 133,919 41.539 63,624
Masking and shielding com- 1933.. 119.812 45.634 58,585
3. Dynamite-yellow, for the manu-
4482846

pounds... 15 29 1934. 153,115 48,553 80,359

Grinding compounds. 14 20 facture of explosives, Sp. gr. 1.262 1935 . 141,185 48,685 74,705
Soldering compounds.. 59 64 15.5°C / 15.5 . 1936. 154,096 47,535 85,386
Packing compounds. 32 50 4. Yellow distilled-yellow, for in- 1937. 169,039 51,794 92,889
Cement compounds...... 53 103 1938. 162,120 43,614 91,327
Miscellaneous compounds. 15 14 dustrial purposes. Sp. gr. 1.259 1939 184,476 65,528 86.951
Lubricants......... 55 107 15.5 °C /15.5 . 1940. 197,320 72,282 89.563
Instrument and equipment Crude glycerin comes in two grades. 1941. 244.102 87,973 113,802
manufacture.. 46 46 1942. 221,767 1 109,713 76,903
Cleaning materials.. 1,074 1,589 Saponification, containing 88 percent
Waxes and emulsions. 50 76 glycerin, and soaplye of 80 percent
Laboratory and research. 20 15 glycerin content. High
Manufacture of chemicals. 726 1,408 Crude, gravity
Federal specifications for glycerin 100- and Chemically
Insect and micro-organism percent pure
control.... 132 187 are covered by Specification Symbol yellow
Miscellaneous manufactured basis distilled
O-G -491 , available from the Superin-
products........ 857 1,108 tendent of Documents, Washington 25,
Decorative articles and toys.. 99 114
Unidentified. 354 995 D. C., price 5 cents. 1943 2 171,958 96,434 63,522
1944 3 199,836 97,367 98,705
Total.............. 140,359 175,135 Packing, Shipping and Storage 1945 (5 mos. ).. 80,017 43,165 38,024
The usual containers for U. S. P. and
Source : "The Fats and Oil Situation," Bureau 1 Other refined.
of Agricultural Economics, United States Depart- C. P. glycerin are 1 , 5, and 10-pound 2 All grades for December on 100-percent basis.
ment of Agriculture. bottles and 10 and 50-pound tins. The All grades for entire year on 100-percent basis.

2
 GLYCERIN
Foreign Trade near the close of hostilities. The fol- ber and 56 cents in December, f. o. b.
lowing is from the War Industries production point in drums-drums in-
Language Equivalents— Board Bulletin No. 49 "Prices of Soap cluded in price-."
Glycerin. and Glycerin". The market price of glycerin prior
French-Glycerine. "Prices at which dynamite glycerin to this agreement was 68 cents per
Spanish-Glicerina. is to be furnished to the allied Govern- pound and in 1914 was 20.6 cents a
Italian-Glicerina. ment and domestic consumers during pound.
Portuguese-Glycerina. the remainder of 1918 have been set- Current market prices of glycerin are
German-Glycerin. tled by joint agreement between the available weekly from the Bureau of
Food Administration and the makers Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Imports
of soap and candies." Labor, and in the "Oil, Paint, and Drug
Crude glycerin imports have been "Allied requirements, estimated at Reporter," semimonthly in "Chemical
much larger than the refined grade 7,000 long tons, will be furnished at and Engineering News," and monthly
which since the start of World War 60 cents a pound in August and Sep- in "Chemical Industries," and "Chem-
II have been supplied almost entirely tember; 58 cents in October and Novem- ical and Metallurgical Engineering."
by Argentina.
Imports of glycerin for consumption TABLE 4.-United States Imports of Glycerin
are given in Schedule A, Statistical
Classification of Imports, under Code Crude Refined
Number 8290.0, glycerin, crude and Year
8291.1, glycerin refined. Imports for Pounds Value Pounds Value
consumption under these headings ,
which are covered by paragraph 42 1931. 10,132,963 $525,599 1,965,525 $140,975
of the Tariff Act of 1930, are shown 1932. 5,382,252 204,626 2,347,508 142,359
1933. 8,473,085 246,895 2,775,687 166,991
in tables 4 and 6. 1934. 15,081,227 1,040,065 2,213,942 208,989
1935 8,220,934 656,734 68.366 8,277
Exports 1936. 11,148,985 1,199.360 3,447,487 594,036
1937. 13,441,430 2,243,382 7,535,120 1,827,189
Canada was the largest foreign mar- 1938. 13,097.525 1,028,192 2,567,411 218,560
1939. 10,987,731 729,264 330,078 29.215
ket for glycerin prior to the war but 1940. 9,096,283 615,212 298,198 23,198
with an increase in her output the 1941. 9,020,094 755,759 110,930 9,276
U. S. S. R. now occupies first place. 1942. 6,104,730 657,868
Exports of glycerin are on 100 -percent 1943 1 9,820,771 1,009,513 371,008 49,713
1944 1 5,859,202 502,631 156,973 21,822
basis and are given in Schedule B,
Statistical Classification of Exports un-
¹ Preliminary.
der Code Number 8314.00 . Exports
Source : Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
under this heading are shown in tables
5 and 7.
TABLE 5.- United States Exports of Glycerin
Prices
Year 1 Pounds Value Year Pounds Value
On November 10, 1941 , prices of
glycerin were made subject to the 1931. 328,148 $48,095 1939. 7,398.681 $958,839
Maximum Price Regulation 38 issued 1932. 260,339 28,609 1940. 12,464,309 1,611,698
by the Office of Price Administration. 1935. 3,353,625 450,248 1941. 9,585,260 1,316,836
1936. 1,146,026 182,592 1942. 32,638,458 5,641,190
However, for the past few months 1937. 338,148 1943 2 24,562,621
1,375,036 4,411,306
glycerin has been seling at prices be- 1938. 7,398,681 958,839 1944 2 9,111,156 1.672,545
low those stated in the regulation .
During World War I, prices for dyna- 1 Not separately shown in 1933 and 1934.
mite glycerin were not established until 2 Preliminary.

TABLE 6.- United States Imports for Consumption of Crude Glycerin, 1939-44
[In thousands]

Areas and countries 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944

of origin
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value

North America... 2,984 $223 3,124 $234 4.348 $372 2,767 $272 4,904 $520 2,975 $278
Canada.. 97 7 173 14 176 14 2,067 246 604 53
Cuba... 2,887 216 2,951 220 4,172 358 2,767 272 2,837 274 2.371 225
South America. 3,348 198 3,738 223 2,710 204 2,708 314 4,917 490 2,884 225
Argentina... 2,910 171 2,967 173 1,724 134 2,046 235 3,624 370 2,454 188
Uruguay.. 438 27 771 50 876 61 662 79 1,293 120 430 37
Brazil. 110 9
26

Europe 2,395 154 311 22

France.. 318 18 97
Ireland... 76 5
Netherlands....... 44. 3
U. S. S. R... 1,632 107
United Kingdom.. 325 21 214 16
72222

Asia...... 1,938 131 1,646 120 1,962 180 630

Aden. 11 1 30 1
French Indochina. 134 7 113 8 105 6
122

Philippine Islands.. 1,793 123 1,503 111 1,857 174 630 72

Africa....... 323 23 277 16
Egypt..... 33 2
Morocco......... 290 21 277 16
Total.. 10,988 729 9,096 615 9,020 756 6,105 658 9,821 1,010 5,859 503

Source: Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce.

 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 7.-United States Exports of Glycerin, 1939-44

[In thousands]
1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
Area and principal
countries of destination
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value

North America..... 4,363 $484 5,812 $650 4,743 $643 10,955 $2,025 768 $137 1,292 $228
Northern..... 3,111 309 5,145 560 3,672 454 9,573 1,771 100 14 10
Canada........ 3,078 305 5,111 556 3,627 448 9,538 1,765 83 10 2 (¹)
Newfoundland and Lab-
rador.. 33 30 4 41 5 22 3 3 1 1
All others..... 4 (1) 4 1 13 3 14 3 3 1
Southern West Indies. 1,252 175 667 90 1,071 189 1,382 254 668 123 1,282 226
Mexico.. 507 67 310 38 635 115 1,188 214 584 106 1,129 195
Cuba.... 659 92 295 42 331 55 120 23 2 1 76 14
All others.... 86 16 62 10 105 19 74 17 82 16 77 17
South America.. 926 132 720 110 1,172 169 1,553 292 38 9 143 30
Chile... 534 68 533 79 975 133 1,483 276 1 (¹) 30 5

789
Colombia.. 178 30 65 11 117 21 12 3 25 64 14
Venezuela. 54 45 7 39 20 30 6
All others.. 160 25 77 13 41 38 7 19 5
Europe..... 1,613 274 3,119 485 64 12,501 2,065 22,508 4,038 7,571 1,392
Norway.. 898 157 151 22
Sweden.. 338 51 1,748 289 201 38
Switzerland. 208 36 265 49

2225
Portugal.. 36 58 16 3 2 1
CC

429 50

གས
Italy...
2

33 3
Ireland.. (¹) (¹) 29 26 (¹) (¹) (¹) (¹)
Greece... 111 18 22 3
United Kingdom. 3 1 159 23 9,947 1,612 4,101 690 1 (¹)
U. S. S. R.. 2,351 414 18,407 3,348 7,570 1,391
All others ... 128 22 169 21 (¹) (¹)
Asia. 356 50 2,603 339 2.392 321 205 40 304 55 24
Philippine Islands.. 143 17 54 7 N
71 9
Netherlands Indies.. 88 14 107 13 89 14
Turkey. 87 14 45 7 (¹) (1) 184 34 269 48 18
China. 32 4 5 1 1 16 4 (¹) (¹) (1) (¹)
N

1032
Japan..... 2,308 300 2,207 292

71

31
143

All others.. 6 84 11 21 5 2 35 6

2
CCC
Oceania.. 104 97 13 582 77 2,051 307 (¹)
102 89 12 581 76 2,051 307

15838
Australia.
French Oceania. (¹) (¹) (¹) (1) (¹) (¹) (¹) (¹) (¹) (¹) (¹) (¹)

12228
154

All others....... 2 8 1 1 1
Africa..... 37 113 15 632 98 5,373 912 942 171 87 16
Union of South Africa.... 34 64 545 85 5,356 909 902 163 10
Egypt....... 45 6 81 12 13 1
All others.. 3 1 4 1 6 1 4 1
Total... 7,399 959 12,464 1,612 9,585 1,317 32,638 5,641 24,563 4,411 9,118 1,672

1 Less than 500.

Producers and Dealers American Pharmaceutical Associa- Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
tion, 2215 Constitution Ave., Washing- the United States for the Calendar Year
The Bureau of Foreign and Domes- ton, D. C. 1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the Cen-
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Volume 3- Part 2 December 1945 Number 48

ROTENONE

(Synopsis of Information)

Prepared for publication in the Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

JAN

Barbasco arriving at Iquitos in a canoe and on a balsa raft

D 10612

(Synopsis of Information)
By L. N. Markwood and Laura G. Arrington, Chemical Unit
Description
Rotenone is a complex, colorless, crys-
talline solid ( C23H22O6 ) found in the
roots of certain plants of the bean
family which are native to most tropical
sections of the globe. Pure rotenone is
seldom isolated from the root and ap-
pears in commerce to only a very lim-
ited degree, but the trade often uses the
term "rotenone" to designate rotenone-
bearing roots. The basic commercial
forms are rotenone-bearing root, root
powder, and root extract. In addition
to rotenone, the chief insecticidal in-
gredient, the roots contain related sub-
stances called rotenoids , which also pos-
sess insecticidal activity.
Derris, cube, and timbo , the latter two
belonging to the genus Lonchocarpus,
are the principal rotenone-bearing roots.
Derris grows in the Far East in the
form of a shrub, and in plantation
growth is often staked or trained on
trellises to facilitate harvesting the
roots. Cube and timbo in early growth
have a bushy form but later more nearly
resemble a vine and often climb to the
tops of tall trees or trail along the
ground for some distance.
The word "barbasco" is commonly
employed in Spanish- speaking countries;
it refers to all plants used as fish poisons,
and in commercial parlance is equiva-
lent to cube. "Timbo" refers to the
plants of this type grown in Brazil.
Derris roots are harvested after 18 to
27 months of growth, and cube and timbo
after 2 to 4 years.
Uses
Natives of the American and Asiatic
tropics have long used rotenone- bearing
roots and other natural substances as
poisons to stun fish. The Chinese used
derris to kill insects attacking vegetable
plants long before 1848, when the use
of it as an insecticide in British Malaya
was officially reported. Following the
account of this use in British Malaya,
liquid insecticides containing derris ex-
tracts were made in England. These
products were sold under trade-marked
names in England in 1911, and shortly
thereafter in the United States, but not
until 20 years later, after extensive
chemical research, were manufacturers
producing standardized rotenone insecti-
cides of definite effectiveness .
2
ROTENONE
The outstanding feature of rotenone one-fourth of this supply, while smaller
insecticides is that they are not only amounts went to Colombia, Honduras,
highly poisonous to many insects infest- Mexico, and El Salvador. Haiti, which
ing plants and animals, and to some had started raising derris long before
household insects, but are comparatively Pearl Harbor, is expanding its program.
harmless to human beings and warm- Other Latin American countries are
blooded animals. Furthermore, they can producing rotenone-bearing roots on a
be applied to the most tender vegetation. small scale, as follows : Ecuador, esti-
Since the residue is not harmful, ro- mated production in 1941 was 2,000
pounds; in 1942 , 3,000 ; 1943, 20,000 ; and
tenone insecticides are especially suit-
1944, 30,000. Haiti produced 2,000
able for application to edible crops that
are difficult or impractical to clean, such pounds in 1941 ; 20,000 in 1942 ; figures
since 1942 are not available. Colombia
as beans, cabbage, cauliflower, onions,
asparagus, sweet corn, celery, broccoli, produced 10,000 pounds in 1943, and in
brussels sprouts, blackberries, cranber- 1944, shipped 135,000 pounds to the
United States.
ries, and strawberries. Tobacco, cotton,
and ornamentals also are protected with
rotenone.
Grades and Standards
Other important applications are for
control of fleas and ticks on household Rotenone-bearing roots vary widely in
rotenone content as well as in total
pets, sucking insects on sheep and cattle,
lice on poultry, and for control of bed- ether extract. Since these roots are in-
secticides, they come under the provi-
bugs and cockroaches.
sions of the Federal Insecticide Act,
which is enforced by the United States
Department of Agriculture. The total
Source of Supply
ether extract is considered to be insec-
The derris of the Far East ( British ticidially active. Some roots contain
Malaya, French Indochina, Netherlands practically no rotenone, and in excep-
East Indies, and the Philippine Islands ) , tional cases the content reaches about
the cube or barbasco of Peru, and the 13 per cent.
timbo of Brazil constitute most of the The commercially accepted standard
rotenone-bearing roots of commerce. is 5 percent crude rotenone, which is the
Plantation growth of cube in Peru and rotenone obtained by a specified method
wild growth of timbo in Brazil became of analysis, in the form of the carbon
the major sources of supply after the tetrachloride solvate. The total ether
war cut off the derris plantations of the extract ranges up to about 30 percent,
Far East. with 20 percent a common figure for
During the 18 months following Janu- derris, and 15 percent or 16 percent for
ary 1, 1942, more than 2,000,000 derris cube and timbo, although there is no
cuttings and plants were distributed standard . A maximum moisture content
to various Latin American countries . of 12 percent is acceptable in the com-
Guatemala and Ecuador each received mercial root.
TABLE 1.- Estimated World Production of Rotenone-Bearing Roots
(derris, cube, timbo)
[Thousands of pounds]
Country 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943
Brazil 2,500 1,500 1,000 1,250 1,000 1,500
Peru 1,500 2,500 3,000 3,000 3,600 3,200
Venezuela (1) 200 100 75 (1)
British Malaya 2,000 3,500 3,000 2,500
French Indochina (1) 300 150 125
Japan 100 650 22,000 (1)
Netherlands East Indies 250 1,500 1,750 2,800 22,700
Philippine Islands 200 650 900 450 (1)
1 Not available.
2 Anticipated production as reported from that area.
Source: Consular Reports, export statistics, etc.
 ROTENONE

pyrophyllite. The extract may be ab-

sorbed in inert carriers, resulting in a
product similar to the powder. For use
in treating cattle for cattle grub, an
aqueous decoction or suspension of the
pure root powder is made.

Imports
Since rotenone-bearing roots are not
grown in the United States, all supplies
are imported .
United States imports of rotenone-
bearing roots have been received under
several classifications (as indicated in
tables 2, 3, and 4 ) , the largest portion
arriving under "crude." In recent years
very little derris has been received
E2 under the "advanced in value" (ground ) .
category, but considerable quantities of
cube and timbo advanced in value have
been imported from South America.
During the early 1930's imports of
derris exceeded those of cube and timbo,
but since 1937 cube and timbo (crude
plus advanced in value ) have outranked
the Far Eastern products and beginning
with 1943 these South American roots
have been practically the only source of
Wrapping bundles of Lonchocarpus roots for export to the United States rotenone.

Packing and Shipping TABLE 2.-United States Imports of Cube, Timbo, or Barbasco Root (Crude)
The dried root from Latin America is
1937 1938 1939 1940
packed in burlap-covered bales measur- Country of
ing about 18X24X28 inches and weigh- origin Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
ing approximately 100 pounds. Heavy
paper bags weighing about 50 pounds Brazil 197,892. $16,667 58,979 $ 2,879 146,365 $ 9,477 387,413 $ 28,580
when filled are at present the principal Peru 378,259 37,487 476,760 32,777 1,730,023 135,412 2,225,347 185,840
Venezuela 55,115 8,167 170,230 23,104 74,163 10,546
form of packing powdered roots, al-
though drums and small cans are some- Total .. 576,151 54,154 590,854 43,823 2,046,618 167,993 2,686,923 224,966
times used.

Method of Production 1941 1942 1943 1944

Country of
As the insecticidal value of the roots origin Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
is based on the rotenone content and on
the total ether extractives, the first con- Brazil 615,135 $ 55,765 91,066 $ 12,198 310,120 $ 38,650 91,790 $ 13,846
sideration of planters should be to grow X Colombia 5,012 509 124,642 12,751
Ecuador 16,756 2,883 24,244 3,225
only high-yielding varieties. Selection Peru 2,485,658 231,055 2,356,515 316,241 1,913,849 320,826 5,340,208 954,338
of the stem cutting and proper placing Trinidad 12,974 1,427
in the ground greatly improve the stand. Venezuela 60,796 4,525 151,703 17,754
Tropical conditions with not less than 80 Total
inches of rainfall a year are necessary 3,161,589 291,345 2,447,581 328,439 2,245,737 362,868 5,745,561 1,003,341
for growth of all rotenone-bearing
NOTE: Imports of Cube, Timbo, or Barbasco Root (Crude) during the first 3 months of 1945 were:
plants. Good drainage and a low alti- From Peru, 354,172 ($63,840) ; from Venezuela, 15,451 pounds ($1,780) .
tude are also essential. Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1937-41 ; Bureau of the Census, 1942-45.
When cultivated in plantations, the
plants are usually started by burying a TABLE 3.- United States Imports of Derris or Tuba Root (Crude)
foot-long piece of the stem two or three
inches below the surface of the soil. 1937 1938 1939 1940
Oftentimes such crops as cassava, beans, Country of
and pineapple are interplanted to pre- origin Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
vent undue growth of weeds. When the
plants reach the stage where the roots Br. E. Africa 8,664 $ 1,368
are considered to have the greatest ro- Br. Malaya.. 401,975 $72,613 583,035 $68,279 2,325,492 $251,035 1,842,087 195,286
Fr. Indochina 33,069 3,968 143,911 13,968
tenone content, the top growth is re- Neth. East
moved and the roots dug up. Loose dirt Indies 57,524 10,609 136,235 21,615 262,445 38,230 996,845 132,430
is removed and the roots are dried, Other Br.
either in the sun or in drying chambers. West Indies 314 63
Panama 54 11
For commercial utilization, rotenone-
Philippine
bearing roots are ground to a very fine Islands 110,528 14,046 23,391 3,263 228,632 20,360 229,465 17,520
powder, or coarsely ground, or cut for United King-
extraction with an organic solvent. Be- dom 2,257 449
fore use the powder is commonly diluted Total .. 572,652 97,791 742,661 93,157 2,849,638 313,593 3,220,972 360,572
with an inert carrier such as talc or
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

TABLE 3.- United States Imports of Derris or Tuba Root (Crude) —Continued In 1944 United States exports of vari-
ous forms of rotenone-bearing materials
totaled $165,000, principally to Australia
1941 1942 1943 1944 and the United Kingdom. This was the
Country of top figure for exports of these commodi-
origin Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value
ties during any recorded year.
Br. E. Africa 15,008 $ 2,718
Br. Malaya .. 1,930,257 223,266 652,494 $117,448
Fr. Indochina 77,822 8,654 Consumption
Haiti 60 $10
Neth. East No figures are available on actual
Indies 1,699,781 237,123 429,525 95,422
Mexico 8 2 consumption of rotenone-bearing roots
Panama in the United States, but estimates ob-
Philippine tained from various sources are given
Islands 377,167 31,863 19,362 3,115 in table 8.
Total 4,100,035 503,624 1,101,389 215,987 60 10

Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1937-41 ; Bureau of the Census, 1942–44. TABLE 8.- Estimated Domestic Con-
sumption of Rotenone-Bearing Roots
TABLE 4.- United States Imports of Cube, Timbo or Barbasco Root, and Derris or
Tuba Root, Advanced in Value or Condition¹ Year Pounds Source of information

1937 1938 1939 1941 . 7,100,000 Agricultural Statistics

Country of 1942
origin Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value 1942 . 4,225,000 Imports minus exports
1943. 3,400,000 Imports minus exports
19441 3,500,000 War Production Board
Brazil 1,363,773 $190,844 1,733,735 $245,391 954,531 $122,660 allocations for do-
Neth. E. Indies 18,032 5,095 mestic use
Philippine Islands 33,171 2,775
United Kingdom 2,240 820 6,720 2,154
1 Insecticide year, 1944-45.
Total 1,363,773 190,844 1,735,975 246,211 1,012,454 132,684

Prices
United States Imports of Cube, Timbo or Barbasco Root,
Advanced in Value or Condition' Prices for rotenone, rotenone extract,
cube, and derris are quoted in the Oil,
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 Paint and Drug Reporter, published by
Country Schnell Publishing Company, Inc. , 59
of origin Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value John St. , New York, N. Y.
Brazil.. 658,620 $85,696 695,963 $ 95,792 101,909 $ 17,436 1,159,309 $229,428 462,237 Maximum Price Regulation No. 298,
$78,832
Colombia 7,954 1,133 as amended July 15, 1944, fixes prices
Peru ... 39,852 6,592 146,728 24,334 164,865 35,297 111,367 26,266 for rotenone (in various forms) as
follows :
Total 658,620 85,696 735,815 102,384❘ 248,637 41,770 1,324,174 264,725 581,558 106,231 Price per
unit per
1 Imports of cube and derris (advanced in value or condition ) were shown under one classification through pound of
1939 ; shown separately beginning with 1940. The only imports of derris or tuba root (advanced in value Product producti
or condition) since that time were 1,370 pounds valued at $ 115 in 1941 .
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation, 1937-41 ; Bureau of the Census, 1942-45. Rotenone roots for sale to processors... $0.05
Rotenone powder for sale to processors .. .07
Unfinished rotenone products for sale by
processors and distributors. .08
Exports also established July 1, 1941 ; exports re- Rotenone resin .12
corded thereunder are believed to con-
Exports of cube and derris root have sist mainly of rotenone root powder and
been relatively insignificant. Export extract. Any exports of finished rote- Price per
classifications were established July 1, none insecticides are not included in pound
1941 , and discontinued January 1, 1945. these classifications but under a basket Rotenone solvate $8.65
A classification entitled "Rotenone" was classification. Technically pure rotenone .. 10.90
Chemically pure rotenone .. 13.50
TABLE 5.- United States Exports of Cube, Timbo or Barbasco Root, Root Powder, 1 One unit = 1 %. Price on pure rotenone con-
and Root Extract tent except for roots where it is on crude rotenone.

1941 (July-Dec. ) 1942 1943 1944

Country of
destination Rotenone liquid extract sells at $1.05
Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value per unit of pure rotenone (one unit =
1 % by weight ) per gallon of extract,
Australia 1,044 $814 44,103 $11,797
Canada 226 $41 9,588 3,885 6,435 plus the cost of one gallon of the solvent
$2,115 59,780 23,171
Colombia 50 58 used for the extract. The price of other
Iceland 11 17 unfinished rotenone products is to be
Mexico 550 50 55 11 determined by the seller after specific
New Zealand 41,150 13,329 authorization from the Office of Price
Switzerland 5,500 1,625
Trinidad 2,275 728 Administration.
United Kingdom 9,497 3,229 278,711 70,817 The price of finished rotenone insecti-
Total 776 91 27,970 10,309 6,485 2,173 423,744 119,114 cides is $ 0.14 per unit, with a variation
of 1 cent per pound for each one-tenth
Source : 1941 , Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States ; 1942-44, Bureau of the Census. unit of rotenone.

ww
www
 ROTENONE 5
T
TABLE 6.— United States Exports of Derris or Tuba Root, Root Powder, Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
and Root Extract Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
Inc. , 59 John St. , New York 7, N. Y. $5
1941 (July-Dec. ) 1942 1943 1944 with a year's subscription to "Oil, Paint
Country of and Drug Reporter."
destination Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Thomas' Register of American Manu-
facturers. Annual. $ 15. Thomas Pub-
Argentina 432 $ 2,494 .... lishing Co. , 461 Eighth Ave. , New York
Bermuda 72 12 1, N. Y.
Canada 2,275 $507 60,059 16,677 3,030 $1,852
Chile 330 724
Curacao 10 12 Economic References
Honduras 120 42
Mexico 110 88 161 62 Governmental
New Zealand 112 139 4,000 1,540
Portugal 1,100 3,960 Agriculture in the Americas. Issue of
Sweden 15,383 5,920 3,470 1,648
Union of S. A. 240 120 420 171 September 1941. U. S. Department of
United Kingdom 50,040 23,770 Agriculture. Single copy 10¢. Available
# Uruguay 146 297 145 197 from the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington 25, D. C. (Contains article
Total 19,486 11,073 115,129 45,755 7,040 3,404 Nil Nil
on "The Rise of Rotenone" by R. C.
Roark . )
Source : 1941 , Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States ; 1942-44, Bureau of the Census. Lonchocarpus (Barbasco, Cube and
Timbo) -A Review of Recent Litera-
ture. By R. C. Roark. Bulletin E-453 .
TABLE 7.- United States Exports of Rotenone
1938. Available on request from the
Bureau of Entomology, and Plant Quar-
1941 (July-Dec. ) 1942 1943 1944 antine, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Country of
destination Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value Washington 25, D. C.
Derris as a Japanese Beetle Repellent
Arabia 8 and Insecticide . By Walter E. Fleming
$104 and Francis E. Baker. "Journal of Agri-
Australia 129,520 44,037
Bahamas 15 $17 cultural Research ," September 1, 1936.
Bermuda 40 $40 48 9 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Issue
Canada 1,840 $1,207 4,037 2,102 684 721
Chile 554 78 out of print. Copies may be consulted
Cuba 523 160 1,460 862 108 144 249 635 at many large libraries.
Curacao 13 20 Mexican Bean Beetle in the East and
Dom. Republic 50 13 Its Control. By L. W. Brannon and
Honduras 200 94 H. C. Mason. Farmers' Bulletin No.
Mexico 134 45 75 37 71 69
New Zealand 19,210 6,332 1624. 1936. U. S. Department of Agri-
Panama, Rep. of 18 60 culture 20 pp . 5 ¢. Available from the
United Kingdom 70,151 27,133 83,431 22,354 Superintendent of Documents, Washing-
Uruguay 220 451
Windward Is. 60 24 ton 25 , D. C.
Venezuela 75 252 38,000 4,150 3 24 Lonchocarpus Species (Barbasco, Cube,
Haiari, Nekoe, and Timbo) Used as In-
Total 2,572 1,664 114,737 34,947 102,767 28,871 130,721 45,692 secticides. By R. C. Roark. Bulletin
E-367. 1936. Available on request from
Source : 1941 , Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States ; 1942-44, Bureau of the Census. the Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, Washington 25, D. C.
Supply and Demand Restrictions Lice on poultry-nicotine sulfate, so- Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
dium fluoride.
Tariff.-Crude rotenone-bearing roots the United States for the Calendar Year
Cockroaches and ants-sodium fluor- 1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
are duty free but if "advanced in value ide.
or condition," a duty of 10 percent ad Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
696 pp. $2.50 . Available from the Su-
valorem is charged ( 5 percent if from Trade Associations perintendent of Documents, Washington
Peru or Venezuela ). 25, D. C. Earlier editions may be con-
Agricultural Insecticides and Fungi- sulted at libraries. The following tabu-
Substitutes cide Association ( Manufacturers ) , 285 lations for 1942 are available from the
Madison Ave. , New York, N. Y. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department
With the current shortage of rote- National Association of Insecticide
and Disinfectant Manufacturers, 110 of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. , at
none, substitutes are being employed
the prices indicated : Table 1, "Imports
wherever possible. There is no adequate East 42d St. , New York, N. Y.
for Consumption, by Articles and Coun-
substitute for control of European corn tries, 1942" ( 1945. 40¢ ) ; Table 4, "Ex-
borer on sweet corn and flea beetles on ports of Domestic Merchandise , by Arti-
Processors and Dealers
shade-grown tobacco, or for control of cles and Countries , 1942" ( 1945. 50¢) ;
the short-nosed cattle louse. For most Lists of domestic manufacturers or and Table 4-A, "United States Exports
other applications the following, al- dealers are not compiled by the Bureau of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise
though perhaps not so effective, can be of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Under the Lend-Lease Program by
used : The following commercial directories, Commodities and Countries , 1942" ( 1945.
while not intended to be all-inclusive, 15¢ ) . Later selected statistics on for-
Agricultural crops- nicotine and nico-
tine sulfate. (Safe and effective but carry listings of rotenone processors eign trade are now being made available
and dealers : in a series of separate reports . A list
also in short supply) ; calcium arsenate, Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. Annual.
lead arsenate, paris green, cryolite, and giving descriptions of these reports and
Buyers' guidebook number of "Chemical the prices at which copies are sold may
various fluosilicates. (These materials Industries," MacLean-Hunter Publishing be obtained on request from the Bureau
cause a health hazard unless the poison Corp., 522 Fifth Ave., New York 18, of the Census, U. S. Department of
residue on crops is kept to a safe limit. ) N. Y. Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.
6 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Nongovernmental Pyrethrum, and Some Speculations as to Toxicity of Rotenone and Pyrethrins,

Relative Effectiveness of Several Ro-
tenone-Containing Insecticides Against
Various Insects. By F. S. Arant. "Jour-
nal of Economic Entomology," Decem-
ber 1942. American Association of En-
tomologists, Menasha, Wis.
Derris versus Cube- Is Cube Equal to
Derris as an Insecticide ? By R. C.
Roark. "Soap" (now "Soap and Sani-
tary Chemicals" ) , January 1938. Mac-
Nair-Dorland Company, Inc., 254 W.
31st St., New York 1 , N. Y.
Rotenone in Household Insect Control.
By W. M. Boyd. " Soap ," June 1937.
Agricultural Insecticides- The Grow-
ing Trend Toward Derris, Cube, and
the Future. By R. B. Stoddard . "Soap,"
April 1937.
Toxicity of Rotenone : A Study of the
Toxicity to Humans and Animals of Ro-
tenone-Bearing Products. By H. B.
Haag. "Soap," January 1937.
Toxicological Study of Derris. By
Anthony M. Ambrose and Harvey B.
Haag. "Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry," July 1936. American Chemi-
cal Society, 1155 16th St., NW., Wash-
ington 6, D. C.
Toxicology of Rotenone. By Howard
D. Lightbody and Joseph A. Mathews.
"Industrial and Engineering Chemis-
try," July 1936.
Alone and in Combination. By R. H.
Lepelley and W. N. Sullivan. "Journal
of Economic Entomology," April 1936.
American Association of Entomologists,
Menasha, Wis.
Toxicity of Rotenone Powders. By
D. G. Hoyer and M. D. Leonard. "Soap,"
December 1936.
The Cultivation, Toxic Constituents,
Uses, Chemical Analysis, and Extraction
of Derris. By F. T. Adriano . "The
Philippine Journal of Agriculture," First
Quarter 1934.
The Insecticide Possibilities of Derris
Root. By R. C. Roark. "Soap," March
1931.

Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign trade
problems :

Location of Offices Managers

Atlanta 3, Ga ., 603 Rhodes Bldg.. ...
C. Parker Persons
Boston 9 , Mass., 1800 Customhouse... Harold P. Smith
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.. John J. Love
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of Commerce Bldg. .......... .C. W. Martin
Chicago 4, Ill ., 357 U. S. Courthouse........ George C. Payne
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce... Miss Emma Herier
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Commerce Bldg.,
Euclid Ave. at East 9th St.............. Frederic L. Roberts
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. ...Carl F. Bartz
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse......... Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 New Federal Bldg. Richard Stephenson
Houston 14 , Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg.. Thos. U. Purcell
Jacksonville 1 , Fla ., 425 Federal Bldg.. William A. Dunlap
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg. Harry M. Washington
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse......
Walter Measday
Memphis 3, Tenn ., 229 Federal Bldg.... ...
Noland Fontaine
Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal Bldg.... Silas M. Bryan
...
New Orleans 12, La . , 408 Maritime Bldg... Harold C. Jackson
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130 W. 42nd S …..….…......... John F. Sinnott
Philadelphia 2 , Pa., 1510 Chestnut ......
St William M. Park
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal Bldg. Chas. A. Carpenter
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313 , 520 S. W. Morrison.................... Howard Waterbury
Richmond 19, Va . , Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad.. ................. Roy Mundee
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg... ..Clyde Miller
San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307 Customhouse....... ..John J. Judge
Savannah, Ga ., 513 Liberty National Bank & Trust Bldg.,
Bull and Broughtin Streets.... Joseph C. Stovall
Seattle 4 , Wash. , 809 Federal Office B.................... Philip M. Crawford
 E

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ARTME MM
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Part 2. CHEMICALS, DRUGS and

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Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

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Volume 3- Part 2 December 1945 Number 49

Brazil's Plastic Industry and Market

Arranged for publication in the Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

Digested from a report by Aldene Barrington Leslie, Economic Analyst, United States Embassy, Rio de Janeiro

Arranged by B. F. Cooling POTENTIAL DEMAND FOR PLASTICS MATERIALS

of the Chemical Unit
IN BRAZIL

Brazil occupies a prominent place

among Latin American countries as
a producer of plastics materials and
products. Approximately two-thirds of THERMOSETTING RESINS
the semifinished plastics and half of
the finished products used are produced
locally. When raw materials become UREA FORMALDEHYDE
more readily available, production of PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE AND MELAMINE
plastics is expected to be greatly • 42 % 18%
expanded.
CELLULOSE NITRATE
Production
THERMOPLASTIC RESINS
Synthetic resins. Before the war a
significant amount of thermosetting
resins, particularly phenolics, was pro- POLYSTYRENE
duced in Brazil from imported ma- CELLULOSE ACETATE 22%
terials. This output was progressively $15%#
reduced with the curtailed importation
of phenol, urea, and formaldehyde.
It is estimated that during 1941 local
production reached approximately 185, -
000 kilograms of phenol-formaldehyde,
20,000 kilograms of urea-formaldehyde, USE PATTERNS
and 8,750 kilograms of alkyd resins, THERMOSETTING RESINS THERMOPLASTIC RESINS
the latter for use in the paint industry.
No polystyrene nor acrylic resins have
been produced in Brazil.
Because of the shortages of imported OTHERS OTHERS
20% ELECTRICAL AND 18 % BUTTONS AND
raw materials, local output of synthetic COMMUNICATIONS
EQUIPMENT BUCKLES
resins today is an insignificant factor 30% CLOSURES 30%
4%
in the country's consumption require- INDUSTRIAL AND OPTICAL 5%
ments. Whether large-scale production LABORATORY 10% FRAMES
EQUIPMENT
will be resumed in the near future ELECTRICAL AND
INDUSTRIAL
depends upon the relative cost of the BUTTONS AND EQUIP.
BUCKLES 8%
imported versus the locally compound- CLOSURES COMBS TOOTHBRUSHES
20% 20% 10% 25%
ed products.
Higher import duties on the finished
resins as compared with the levies on
the raw materials, including phenol,
formaldehyde, urea, and plasticizers, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE D.D.45-548

D. 10918
2 INDUSTRIAL
give advantage to the domestically
prepared resins. The convenience to
small consumers in being able to order
their requirements as needed from
local compounders who carry stocks
is a further advantage. On the other
hand, some users complain that the
local products are not uniform in com-
position and not always of standard
quality.
Cellulose plastics materials . While
there is a large-scale output of
cellulose acetate for the production of
rayon (acetate yarn production reached
approximately 2,000 tons in 1944), to
date no local manufacture of plasticized
cellulose acetate for the molding in-
dustry has been established.
Nitrocellulose production for the
rayon industry is likewise an important
domestic activity. In 1943 a Sao Paulo
firm initiated production on a small
scale (from 500 to 1,000 kilograms per
month) of cellulose nitrate sheets, em-
ploying collodion obtained from manu-
facturers in Sao Paulo of nitro-cellu-
lose. Information from the trade in-
dicates that the sheets produced are
thick and somewhat corrugated and
will not take a proper polish nor cut
well. It is believed that this local
activity received its impetus solely as
a result of wartime shortages in the
imported material, and that when im-
ported supplies of cellulose nitrate
again become freely available, they will
be used exclusively, provided that qua-
lity and price factors of the national
output are not able by that time to
meet such competition.
Protein plastic material.-Galalith has
been produced in Brazil for some years.
With the trend toward increased use
of other types of plastics materials ,
particularly cellulose acetate injection
molding materials, the importance of
galalith in this market is rapidly de-
creasing. There is only one outstand-
ing producer of galalith in Brazil today
with a plant capacity of 40 tons per
month. Because of the smaller current
demand, actual production is well
below this figure.
Manufacturing Techniques
Since 1939 a relatively rapid expan-
sion has taken place in the plastic
molding industry in Brazil. The
technical processes employed, particu-
larly in the thermoplastic field, were
improved and larger-scale production
through the use of injection machines
was initiated.
In 1942 the industry was confronted
with a shortage of raw materials since
is was almost wholly dependent upon
imports. At the same time, the supply
of many finished plastic articles cus-
tomarily imported was also forcibly
curtailed. Despite the difficulties in-
volved in obtaining materials, many
domestic firms attempted to supply
miscellaneous requirements of the large
consumer market,
REFERENCE SERVICE
Expansion in plant installations was
rendered easier in Brazil during the
war period since the industry was not
dependent upon foreign sources for
machinery. All recently installed ma
chines were built in Brazil. Reduced
imports of finished plastic articles, in
the face of a growing domestic market,
and a favorable postwar outlook for
the industry, not only in supplying
the domestic market. but future possi-
bilities for export trade to other Latin
American countries, influenced molders
in increasing their manufacturing pos-
sibilities.
Thermosetting plastic manufactures.
The consumption of phenol-formalde-
hyde and urea-formaldehyde resins for
compression molding during 1941 has
been estimated around 260,000 kilograms
(185,000 kilograms of phenol-formalde-
hyde and 75,000 kilograms of urea-
formaldehyde) . In addition, more than
100,000 kilograms of phenol- formalde-
hyde are calculated to have been
consumed in the paint industry in that
year. The potential market demand
and recent developments in the in-
dustry may provide an annual outlet
in Brazil for approximately 450,000
kilograms of phenol-formaldehyde and
perhaps 200,000 kilograms of urea-
formaldehyde and melamine plastics
materials.
Over 50 firms in Brazil are molders
and fabricators of thermosetting plastic
materials. The bulk of phenolic mold-
ing compounds is used in electrical and
communications equipment and, to a
smaller degree, in industrial and labor-
atory equipment. They are also used
to some extent in closures, buttons,
buckles, and in sundry items.
Urea-formaldehyde compounds are
used principally in the manufacture
of ornaments, domestic utensils, toys,
novelties, cosmetic containers, buttons,
buckles, and closures. Little of this
material is used for electrical and in-
dustrial equipment.
Thermoplastic manufactures. The
expansion in the thermoplastic injec-
tion molding industry has been partic-
ularly notable. More than 25 firms in
Brazil are consumers of cellulose ace-
tate and polystyrene molding powders.
These firms operate around 120 in-
jection molding machines, of which
about two-thirds are fully manually
operated, while the remaining number
are operated by aircompression . It is
estimated that four or five times as
many injection units are in operation
today as were existent 3 years ago.
If cellulose acetate and polystyrene
were available today on the same
basis, it is calculated that consumption
of these thermoplastics in Brazil would
be in the approximate proportion of 60
percent polystyrene and 40 percent
cellulose acetate. During the war pe-
riod, virtually no polystyrene was avail-
able to Brazilian molders. The total
potential market demand for these
molding powders is estimated in the
neighborhood of 400,000 kilograms per
year.
Acrylic and vinyl plastics have not
yet been in general usage by Brazilian
manufacturers. When these materials
are freely available, their demand
will form a significant portion of the
market's over-all consumption of ther-
moplastics. Acrylics, for instance, will
be employed for many of the end uses
to which polystyrene has been used
in the past.
The products manufactured by in-
jection molders include toothbrushes,
combs, buttons, buckles, slide-fasteners,
and miscellaneous novelties. The out-
put of toothbrushes, combs, buttons,
buckles, and closures is estimated to
account for about 70 percent of the
total plastic material consumed .
One firm in Sao Paulo, is reported
to operate the only extrusion machine
in Brazil. Rods and tubes are extruded
from thermoplastic material, and the
firm claims to have a production ca-
pacity of 24,000 kilograms per year.
Consumption
Fifteen processing firms comprise the
most important consumers of pyroxylin
sheets, rods, tubes, and other forms.
Before the war, most of the pyroxylin
sheets, tubes, rods, and other forms
used by Brazilian molders and fabri-
cators of plastics articles were supplied
by Germany and Japan. Quotations
from these countries were exceedingly
low, with the result that pyroxylin of
United States origin could not compete
in this country, which is primarily a
price market.
The demand for pyroxylin semimanu-
factures on the part of Brazilian mold-
ers and fabricators is estimated to have
averaged around 150,000 kilograms per
year before the war. The abrupt cutting
off of the supply of low- cost pyroxylin,
as occurred in 1942, accentuated
changes which had been evolving
gradually in the course of normal de-
velopments in the relatively new plastic
molding industry of Brazil. Firms
turned more and more to the use of
injection molding materials, particu-
larly cellulose acetate and polystyrene,
as conducive to a cheaper and more
efficient manufacturing process.
In view of this situation, it is be-
lieved that near-future demand for
pyroxylin in Brazil will be considerably
under the estimated annual consump-
tion of 150,000 kilograms before the
war. Some trade authorities believe it
may not exceed 35,000 kilograms.
In the past, toothbrush handles re-
presented the most important item
manufactured from pyroxylin, account-
ing for about one-third of the total
consumption of the raw material. To-
day producers employ cellulose acetate
almost exclusively in this manufacture.
Other uses are for optical frames, auto-
mobile curtains, textile printing screens,
mathematical instruments, office filing
 BRAZIL'S
accessories, identification cards, wal-
S lets, visors for military and school caps,
eye shades, soap and other containers,
novelties, and toys.
The percentage use pattern of im-
ported thermo-plastic molding powders
(primarily cellulose acetate, since poly-
styrene, acrylics, vinyls, etc. have not
been available ) is approximately as
follows : Buttons and buckles , 30 per-
cent; toothbrushes, 25 percent; combs ,
10 percent ; electrical and industrial
equipment, 8 percnt; optical frames,
sunglasses, 5 percent; closures, 4 per-
cent; sundry novelties, cosmetic pack-
aging, toys, garter and miscellaneous
fittings, 18 percent.
Thus far, methyl methacrylate has
been used in this market for the manu-
facture of dentures only, the polymer
and monomer having been imported
largely in small packaged units for
this purpose . A few firms have re-
cently ordered the product in bulk,
packaging it localy for sale to dental
laboratories and distributors.
Since there is only a small domestic
manufacture of plastics materials, im-
port statistics should give a fairly
representative picture of present total
consumption in the various materials.
However, the breakdown in official
classifications is not conducive to a
clear interpretation of the figures in-
volved. The following statistics on the
possible annual consumption of various
materials, assuming that they are freely
available, are necessarily estimates and
may be modified by various factors
now impossible to evaluate. They are
the result of consultation with trade
sources and include both locally com-
pounded and imported prepared ma-
terials.
Consumption
Plastic Materials (Kilograms)
Molding powder-
Thermosetting resins, (phenolic,
urea melamine , etc.) 650,000
Thermoplastic resins (cellulose ac-
etate, polystyrene, acrylics, vin-
yls, etc.. 400,000
Phenolic resins (paint and varnish
industry). 150,000
Alkyd and Maleic Resins (paint
and varnish industry). 200,000
Nitrocellulose ( estimated consump-
tion of paint and varnish in-
dustry) 250,000
Sheets-
Cellulose Nitrate (pyroxylin). 35,000
Other.. 10,000
Rods and Tubes (all types)... 4,000
Total. 1,699,000
Adhesives (phenolics, etc . ) —To date
locally produced casein glues have been
used almost exclusively in the manu-
facture of plywood , but also for other
purposes. An increasing demand for
phenolic and miscellaneous waterproof
adhesives, particularly in connection
with the expanding plywood industry,
is expected to develop in the future.
Finished articles.- It is estimated
that the Brazilian demand for imported
finished articles represents a market in
the neighborhood of U. S. $300,000.
Articles for personal and domestic use,
novelties and buttons, are important
PLASTIC INDUSTRY AND
items comprising this demand. The
bulk of imports (around 85 percent)
are molded products, while articles ex-
truded, machined , laminated, and cast
form a smaller percentage (around 15
percent) of the total.
By far the largest number of con-
sumers are molders of thermosetting
resins. There are over fifty companies
in this branch of the plastics industry.
A significant part of their output is
electrical and communications equip-
ment, closures, containers, and table
and kitchenware, the latter articles
being produced primarily from urea-
formaldehyde.
Next in importance in the quantity
of material consumed are the injection
molders of thermoplastic materials,
which include 26 firms. The tooth-
brush, button, and novelty industries
are important consumers in this field.
While the scarcity of polystyrene ,
methyl methacrylate, and vinyl resins
has obviated the possibility of their
use, it is believed that once these resins
become in free supply, the preference
will be for such materials for many
uses for which cellulose acetate is now
being employed.
Many small workshops and home
industries use cellulose sheets in the
multitude of end products to which
this material easily lends itself.
The number of paint and varnish
firms in Brazil is estimated between
40 and 45. Of these perhaps only 10
have customarily used nitrocellulose,
phenolic, urea, alkyd, maleic , or other
synthetic plastic compounds in pro-
tective coatings, aviation dopes, and
higher-grade paints. In the near future,
paint and varnish firms will unques-
tionably consume larger quantities of
these materials in a higher-quality
production. Nitrocellulose is likewise
used by a few tanneries and manu-
facturers of artificial leather.
To date methyl methacrylate has
been used in Brazil exclusively by
dentists and dental laboratories for the
manufacture of dentures. When the
supply of methyl methacrylate and
vinyl resins is plentiful for commercial
users, significant amounts will be em-
ployed by firms manufacturing belts,
novelties, luxury consumer items, and
other products.
Foreign Affiliation
One toothbrush manufacturer produc-
ing his own plastic toothbrush handles
is affiliated with a United States com-
pany, and a paint and varnish factory
with modern equipment for the pro-
duction of alkyd resins was recently
acquired by United States interests.
With these two exceptions , plastics
manufacturing and processing concerns
in Brazil have no foreign affiliations
or foreign control. No marketing
agreements nor arrangements for the
exchange of technical information are
known to exist.
MARKET
Technical Developments
The Brazilian plastic molding in-
dustry, of relatively recent growth,
has followed the general pattern of
developments characterizing this in-
dustry in other countries. Galalith
and ebonite of local manufacture have
been used for some time in the pro-
duction of miscellaneous products, but
the bulk of raw materials was imported.
Changes brought about by the war
in Brazil's supply, both as to imported
raw materials as well as finished plastic
articles, accentuated the trend towards
the use of higher-gade synthetic resins
in local manufacturing activities.
As regards local compounding activi-
ties, information indicates that firms
are handicapped by the lack of tech-
nical assistants with a thorough know-
ledge of this branch of the chemical
industry. During the war various at-
tempts were made to compound mis-
cellaneous acceptable plastics materials ,
employing substitute raw materials ,
including cresylic acid, natural resins
indigenous to the country, and a com-
bination of casein plastics . Reports
indicate, however, that these efforts
met with relatively little success from
the consuming trade.
"Jutacica," a natural Brazilian resin,
has been used with some success as
a substitute for alkyd resins by at least
one Brazilian firm in the manufacture
of paints. When alkyd resins again
become more freely available, the con-
sensus is that they will readily displace
the present small use of this natural
resin.
The production of "cafelite," a plastic
derived from coffee, has not yet been
developed on a commercial scale in
Brazil. The program for its output
was initiated several years ago when
coffee was in surplus supply there and
in other producing countries. Changed
conditions brought about by the war,
as well as technical difficulties en-
countered in the plant erected for this
purpose, are said to account for the
lack of any production. It is reported
that the Brazilian Government plans
to dispose of the "cafelite" plant in
the near future.
The most notable developments in
the plastic industry of Brazil are
generally conceded to have occurred
in the thermoplastic field of compres-
sion molding. These developments
were facilitated during the war period
by the domestic manufacture of injec-
tion molding machines. While manually
operated machines still predominate,
the number of machines operated by
air compression is rapidly increasing.
Mechanical Equipment
The greatest number (around two-
thirds) of injection machines employed
at present is of a manually operated
type, the capacity of which is only
about 10 grams per injection shot.
The largest injection machines (oper-

ated by air-compression) in domestic
factories are capable only of 40 or,
at the most, 50 grams per shot. For
the most part, the products currently
manufactured are small. Combs and
toothbrush handles represent the largest
articles now being produced in Brazil
by this process. No fully automatic
injection machines have yet been em-
ployed in Brazil.
Articles produced in compression
molding machines are relatively small
as compared with the miscellaneous
output in countries where the plastic
molding industry is more advanced.
Various accessories for the electrical
industry are made from phenol-formal-
dehyde resins.
Tableware produced locally is of
standard size and includes plates, cups,
saucers, serving spoons, and forks.
These are made of urea-formaldehyde
and represent some of the largest com-
pression molded articles produced . As
in the case of injection molding ma-
chines, most of the compression ma-
chines employed were manufactured
in Brazil and trade sources are of the
opinion that small equipment (up to
25-tons pressure) may continue to be
made in this country at prices non-
competitive with imported machines of
this type .
Prospective Applications
The Brazilian plastic molding in-
dustry is experiencing a rapid growth,
and miscellaneous new articles for use
in the cosmetic industry are being
placed on the local market in increas-
ing numbers. However, Brazilian do-
mestic and export outlets are limited
as compared with those of countries
characterized by a higher purchasing
power of the masses. By and large,
in the injection molding field firms
have concentrated upon the manufac-
ture and sale of small, relatively low-
cost articles to supply volume and
price markets. It is believed that the
injection machines which may be most
in demand from United States sup-
pliers in the near future will be those
of a capacity between 2 and 4 ounces
per shot.
As regards compression molding
machines, reliable trade sources believe
that sales possibilities for United States
manufacturers will be largely for ma-
chines of 25, or more, tons pressure,
and principally from 35 to 100 tons.
A division of opinion exists in the
local trade as regards the market for
imported plastic molding machinery
of United States origin. A number
of manufacturers plan to purchase
such machinery as soon as possible,
in view of the fact that the better
quality and larger-scale output of mod-
ern automatic machines will reduce
unit costs sufficiently to offset the
higher cost of the equipment.
Other manufacturers retain the opin-
ion that because of lower labor costs
INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE
the current production from manual
and air-compression machines may be
more economical in this market than
it would be if United States machinery
were utilized. It has also been said that
United States automatic molding ma-
chinery night be too complicated for
efficient use by available local labor.
The over-all consensus, however, is to
the effect that a number of firms will
place orders for up-to-date United
States equipment .
Imports of Molding Machinery
Besides the afore-mentioned equip-
ment operated by the local subsidiary
of a United States toothbrush factory,
past imports of molding machines have
been limited to a few German models.
As this equipment was brought in
before the outbreak of hostilities in
1939, today it may be considered out-
moded. In view of the wide develop-
ments in the plastic molding industry
in the United States and the high
regard in which United States ma-
chinery in general is held, it is doubt-
ful that competition from any other
foreign sources will be particularly
notable. In any such competition, the
question of price will be an important
factor in this market.
Manufacturers of Equipment
The locally made machines are built
on order in various machine shops,
there being no manufacturers who con-
centrate exclusively on the production
of molding equipment. Practically all
such machines are copies of prewar
German models. Molding dies are
primarily of local manufacture, al-
though some are imported and will
continue to be imported on a limited
scale.
Brazilian Foreign Trade
Imports
Plastics materials.-"Celluloid" in the
form of sheets has traditionally been
the leading import. Formerly it was
widely employed in the manufacture
of toothbrush handles and miscella-
neous articles. A small amount of
cellulose acetate sheets employed in
the manufacture of a type of safety
glass and other products is imported.
Rods and tubes of these two cellulose
plastics have a relatively small outlet;
they are used for miscellaneous sundry
products such as baby's pacifiers, novel-
ties, and toys.
.
Table 1 gives Brazil's official import
classifications covering plastics materi-
als, together with the amounts imported
by country of origin, in the years 1939
and 1944. In interpreting the statistics,
it should be noted that according to
reliable trade sources, the figures per-
taining to "Celluloid" and "Bakelite"
in actual practice also include incom-
ing shipments of plastic materials of
other types, since both of these terms
are used rather generally as plastic
designations in Brazil.
There is no separate classification ,
for example, in official statistics to
cover polystyrene, cellulose acetate,
methyl methacrylate, urea-formalde-
hyde, vinyl, alkyd, or other miscel-
laneous types of plastic materials, al-
though some are known to have entered
the market in significant amounts.
While various of these materials may
have been classified under the grouping
"Plastic Materials , n.e.s.," it is very
likely that some imports may have
been included in other classifications
to which they do not specifically refer,
particularly "Bakelite" and "Celluloid."
Plastics articles.-Imports into Brazil
of finished plastics articles were dras-
tically reduced during the early part of
the war period. In 1944, however, in-
coming shipments were significant in
some categories, as will be noted in
table 2. With few exceptions , import-
ations were wholly from the United
States, substantially the sole source
of supply during recent periods. The
most important articles consisted of
so-called luxury items, including larger
and more complicated molded products
not yet manufactured in this country.
They include toilet sets, powder com-
pacts, hair brushes, combs, cigarette
cases, and novelties, many of them
produced from lucite.
The local industry is manufacturing
more and more consumer goods, in-
cluding table and kitchenware such
as tumblers, plates and spoons, to take
care of local requirements, and future
competition in miscellaneous finished
articles will presumably be primarily
from domestic sources. Before the war,
Japan and Germany supplied the bulk
of Brazil's imports of finished manu
factures which, at that time, comprised
relatively cheap articles, principally
toys, novelties, fittings for handbags,
table and kitchenware.
Exports
Brazil developed a small export trade
in plastics after the outbreak of the
war, according to available data, a
shown in table 3. Argentina is the
only country to which plastics ma-
terials are exported, while Argentina
and Chile are the most important
markets for finished products.
Methods of Distribution
The outstanding manufacturer of
galalith markets his entire output
direct to miscellaneous processors. The
small production of "bakelite" and
other thermosetting resins is effected
primarily by molders for use in their
own factories. The limited domestic
output of pyroxylin is sold to outside
consumers. All thermoplastic molding
powders are imported, there being no
current domestic output.
Alkyd resins produced by paint fac-
tories are used exclusively within the
producing establishments. Whereas
 BRAZIL'S PLASTIC INDUSTRY AND MARKET 5

only one firm is known to have pre- TABLE 1.-Brazilian Imports of Plastics Materials in 1939 and 1944
pared its own requirements for alkyd
resins before the war, several now 1939 1944
have such facilities, including an im- Items and principal countries
of origin Percent Percent
portant United States affiliated concern, Kilos Cruzeiros of total Kilos Cruzeiros of total
in Sao Paulo, which has modern in- value value
stallations for making these resins on
a relatively large scale. "Bakelite". 90,862 1,113,365 708,024 10,343,600
Domestically manufactured molded Germany. 44,326 521,000 46.8
United States. 24,320 317,864 28.5 708,057 10,334,766 99.9
articles of a consumer-goods nature All others. 22,216 274,501 24.7 567 8,834 0.1
are distributed direct to the retailer, "Celluloid". 16,153 183,613 153,770 1,394,643
while articles such as containers, and Germany.. 4,693 96,948 52.8
closures, are sold direct to manufac- United States. 7,183 59,917 32.6 153,701 1,393,858 99.9
All others. 4,277 26,748 14.6 785 0.1
turers. Galalith... 1,913 45,781
Germany. 13 359 0.8
Imported Products Hungary. 1,900 45,422 99.2
"Celluloid" sheets. 112,932 1,895,403 41,634 2,109,021
Plastics materials and plastic articles Germany.. 71,060 1,246,426 65.8
are generally sold in this market United States. 851 47,619 2,5 $41,034 2,109,021 100.0
Japan.. 40,693 588,579 31.0
through exclusive manufacturers' re- United Kingdom... 328 12,779 0.7
presentatives and distributors . One "Celluloid" tubes and rods.. 3,835 111,715
United States manufacturer has his Germany. 3,780 105,620 94.5
own branch firm in this country and United States .. 55 6,095 5.5
"Celluloid" strips (Japan) 6,442 89,698 100.0
normally carries stocks to facilitate Plastics materials, n. e. s.. 84,898 1,463,612 646,942 10,812,599
sales. The usual terms of sale in the Germany.. 37,246 896,141 61.2
domestic market are 30 to 60 days date. United States . 28,969 374,295 25.0 646,942 10,812,599 ⚫ 100.0
On imports from the United States France... 8,066 75,203 5.1
Netherlands. 6,677 71,372 4.9
consigned to the purchaser, terms of All others.. 3,940 46,601 3.2
sale during the war were on the basis
of a letter-of-credit in dollars estab-
lished in the United States.
TABLE 2.-Brazilian Imports of Plastics Products in 1989 and 1944
Prewar imports, which came largely
from Germany, frequently carried 1939 1944
credit terms up to 120 days date. Such
credit extension was an exceedingly Items and principal countries
of origin Percent Percent
favorable factor to this German com- Kilos Cruzeiros of total Kilos Cruzeiros of total
petition. During the war period, there value value
was virtually no advertising of plastics
materials, most of which have been Plastics articles for personal use.... 46,634 2,409,975 44,776 5,928,087
Germany... 946 175,881 7.3
in short supply. When these materials United States. 580 52,511 2.2 44,339 5,880,143 99.2
become more competitive, some ad- United Kingdom.. 115 21,628 0.9
vertising will very likely be undertaken Japan.... 44,670 2,130,052 88.4
All others. 323 29,903 1.2 437 47,944 0.8
in local trade magazines and news- Plastics articles for offices.. 3,155 549,471 1,822 276,844
papers. Japan.. 984 204,458 37.2
United States. 735 170,251 31.0 1,819 272,545 98.4
Export Sales Germany. 1,410 165,930 30.2
All others... 26 8,832 1.6 3 4,299 1.6
The most satisfactory method of Plastics articles for domestic use.. 4,223 196,170 2,524 203,131
handling sales of plastics materials and Japan.. 3,118 118,046 60.2
Germany.. 928 59,650 30.4
articles to this market is through the United States. 94 6,134 3.1 2,524 203,131 100.0
services of an exclusive representative, All others. 83 12,340 6.3
and, preferably, one who is in a posi- Plastics articles , not elsewhere shown. 22,000 1,407,966 66,353 2,502,822
tion to carry stocks. Stocks are not Germany. 10,788 781,219 55.5
United States.. 4,445 261,444 18.6 66,203 2,476,755 98.9
strictly essential in selling to the larger Japan.. 3,019 133,318 9.5
consumer, but most plastic molding United Kingdom.. 1,481 92,613 6.6 2 1,394 0.1
concerns in Brazil are relatively small. All others.. 2,267 139,372 9.8 148 24,673 1.0
Maintenance of servicemen or com-
petent assistance of any nature to
manufacturers is helpful. If the manu- years, when Germany and Japan sup- galalith for the manufacture of buttons
facturers' representative is not in a plied low-cost products with long credit and novelties are potential users of
position to extend such service, the terms. injection molding materials. Casein
periodic visit of a qualified individua' With these two countries being glue, used by the plywood industry,
sent from the United States factory able to assume their former preemi- which is expected to expand consider-
would be of outstanding assistance in nence in the trade in the near future. ably in the future, will be substituted
creating good-will or promoting sales. however, competition in the years ahead to a notable degree by phenolic and
will presumably come primarily from miscellaneous synthetic adhesives. Paint
Trade Promotion Great Britain, particularly in phenolics and varnish firms which have been
and urea-formaldehyde and possibly employing the natural materials, “ju-
Origin of Imports in polystyrene, acrylics, as well as other taicica" and "jatoba," are sales pros-
materials. Sweden is also a potentia! pects for alkyd and other synthetic
With competition from other sources
virtually nonexistent, the United States competitor in various coal-tar resins . resins when they become more freely
has been virtually the sole source of available.
Prospective Consumers
Brazil's imports of plastics materials An increasing number of small ma-
and finished plastics articles during the Besides the new plastic molding chinery parts, now being made of
war period. Its share in the total trade firms coming into the market, a num- metal, will be manufactured from ap-
was relatively small during the prewar ber of consumers now using domestic propriate plastics materials. Many
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

firms now limited to the use of cellu- TABLE 3.-Brazilian Exports of Plastics Materials and Products
lose acetate, will probably use poly-
styrene, acrylics and vinyls when they 1939 1944
are in freer supply. Commodities and principal countries of
destination
Kilos Cruzeiros Kilos Cruzeiros
Competing Products
Plastics materials
At the present time, United States
firms are encountering relatively little 914
competition in the sale of plastics Galalith (Argentina) . 25,119
Plastics materials, not elsewhere shown (Argentina) .... 6,580 214,411
materials and finished plastics articles.
As the situation becomes more normal,
competitive factors of price and quality, Plastics products
and particularly the former, will again

33333
become vital. "Celluloid" combs, etc. (Bolivia). 5 130
Generally speaking, products of "Celluloid" manufactures, not elsewhere shown.. 63 3,750 49 15,081
United States..... 63 3,750
United States origin have an enviable Belgian Congo.... 49 15,081
position as regards quality. Further- Buttons or Molds, plastics... 1,191 371,025
more, the curbs on any tendency toward Argentina... 440 218,992
Union of South Africa.. 645 97,548
inflated export prices during the war Chile. 106 54,485
was a favorable influence as regards Galalith, in sheets.. 1,254 42,719
general considerations and acceptance Argentina.. 1,039 35,780
in the local market. The virtual ab- Chile.. 215 6,939
Galalith manufactures, not elsewhere shown.. 5,271 639,464
sence of competition from other coun- Argentina... 3,002 329,798
tries during this period and the result- Chile.. 1,781 224,289
ing introduction and entrenchment of All others... 488 85,377
Plastics articles for adornment. 33 21,542
many United States trade-named prod- Argentina... 21 10,511
ucts should have placed materials of Chile... 12 11,031
United States origin in an advan- Plastics articles, not elsewhere shown (Chile) . 233 10,019
tageous position in meeting future
competition.
It is the consensus in the trade that
price and credit terms will constitute Opportunities for Trade connection with the processing of va-
the dominant factors in the competitive rious plastics materials. There is great
sale of plastics materials and articles Brazil needs qualified chemical tech- interest in the plastics industry in
in this market. Before the war these nicians, and an opportunity for greater
Brazil, and information on new plastic
two factors limited the quantities of service to the plastic molding industry
plastics imported from the United developments in the United States is
presents itself in furnishing scientific,
of material interest to the trade.
States, many materials from Germany technical, and any other information
and Japan entering the country at which might be helpful to consumers, The granting of competitive credi
prices and extended credit terms which manufacturers' representatives, and/or terms adequate to Brazilian market
precluded the sale of United States distributors. Manufacturers' represen- conditions will be of definite assistance
products. Generally speaking, credit tatives seldom have the technical know- to local consumers and the develop
terms granted by British firms satisfied ledge to assist consumers in manufac- ment of future trade with the United
local market requirements . turing problems which may arise in States.

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Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
ICA
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DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS

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Volume 3- Part 2 December 1945 Number 50

Cresols and Cresylic Acid

(Synopsis of Information)

Prepared in the Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

DISTRIBUTION OF U. S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF

CRESOLS AND CRESYLIC ACID

1937 AND 1941-1944

&
THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

1937

United Kingdom Germany All Other

1941

1942

Canada

1943

1944

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE

BD 45-618

9
D 1091
 Cresols and Cresylic Acid

(Synopsis of Information )

By S. M. Phillips

Cresylic acid, a mixture of the three Amounts distributed to the various Cresylic acid is the redistilled higher
isomeric cresols- meta-, ortho- and end uses are not available for pub- boiling portion of the phenols obtained
para-cresol is a yellowish liquid. It has lication. in their purification.
a phenol-like odor ; is soluble in alcohol, The three isomeric cresols are derived
ether, chloroform, slightly soluble in Sources of World Supply by the fractional redistillation of crude
water; and is poisonous. The imported Approximately one-third of the esti- cresol. Para-cresol can be derived also
type has a lower phenol, meta-cresol and mated world production of cresols and by fusing para-toluene sulfonic acid with
para-cresol content than that produced cresylic acid in 1942 was produced in potassium hydroxide. Both ortho- and
domestically . the United States and a comparable para-cresols are purified by crystalliza-
amount in the United Kingdom. It is tion, meta-cresol by rectification.
estimated that during the same year
Grades, Standards and
German output was in the neighborhood Output
Specifications of one-fourth of the total world supply.
The terms, cresol and cresylic acid, Prior to 1914 production of cresols and
refer to several grades. These vary Shipping and Packaging cresylic acid in the United States was
according to materials used, special Containers : 5-, 10-, 25-, and 40-pound negligible. Because of the difficulties of
orders, and specific end uses. cans ; 100-pound carboys ; 400-pound bar- importation arising during World War I,
Ortho-cresol (chemically, 2 methyl- rels ; 450 to 850-pound drums, tank cars. however, domestic production was under-
phenol ) has the following constants : sp. Railroad shipping regulations : No taken on a comparatively large scale.
gr. 1.0511 , m.p. 30.4 ° C; b.p. 191 °C. label required by the Interstate Com- Total domestic output is shown in
Meta-cresol ( chemically, 3 methyl- merce Commission. table 2.
phenol) has the following constants : sp. In 1942, production statistics for cre-
gr. 1.0419 ; m.p. 10.9 °C; b.p. 202 °C. sols and cresylic acid were compiled
TABLE 1.-Stowage Data
Para-cresol (chemically, 4 methyl- from reports of all known manufacturers
phenol) has the following constants : sp . Cu. ft. ( 12 companies ) , the majority of them
Size Gross to stow
gr. 1.039; m.p. 36° C; b.p. 202 °C. Method of (Cubic weight 1 long operating plants throughout the United
Cresol, U.S.P. XII is defined as a mix- Product packing feet) (Pounds) ton States. Cresylic acid was manufactured
ture of ortho-, meta- and para-cresols. by 10 companies and the cresols by 8
Cresol... Wood box, companies. These data include materials
Standards : sp. gr. 1.030 to 1.038 at containing 6
25°C. Not less than 90 percent by vol- cans 1 gal. manufactured from both coal-tar and
each 1.8 69 59 petroleum .
ume of cresol distills between 195° and Cresol.. Wood box,
205°C. containing 12
cans, 1 gal.
Meta-para-cresol is a mixture of ap- each 3.0 133 51 Foreign Trade
proximately 40 percent meta- cresol and Meta- Steel drums,
cresol containing 55 Language Equivalents :
60 percent para-cresol. gallons ... 11.6 527 474 English-Cresol, ortho-, meta- and
Petroleum cresylic acid is made in the para-, and meta-para-cresol mix-
United States by only a few concerns. tures. Cresylic acid.
Their specifications change according to Methods of Production French-Crésol, ortho- , méta- et
the particular purpose to which the Cresols and cresylic acid are industrial para- et mélangos de méta- para
cresylic acid is to be put. The original byproducts of the manufacture of coke cresol. Acido crésylique .
cresylic acid from petroleum, termed and the production of artificial gas. Spanish-Cresol, orto-, meta- y
2,000 grade, had a distillation range of These products are obtained also from para- y mezclas de meta-para cre-
approximately 200° to 230 ° C ; from time petroleum. sol. Acide cresílico.
to time new standards have been estab-
lished and these call for very high boiling TABLE 2.-U. S. Production of Cresols and Cresylic Acid
points. [In pounds]
Uses Cresols Cresylic acid
Year
The principal use for cresols and cre- Meta-para Ortho-meta-para Crude Refined
sylic acid in prewar years was in the
synthetic resin industry which consumed 1929 314,601,534
more than half of our yearly supply. 1930 317,305,308
1931 310,944,000
Other end uses, currently of impor- 1932 8,060,000
tance in our economy, are: 1933 13,813,941
1934 2,033,424 10,949,860
Ortho-cresol-Agricultural insecticides 1935
and chemical manufacturing. 1936
1937 13,745,271 (2)
Domestic meta-para-cresols and cre- 1938 11,403,429
1939 13,177,035 11,179,392
sylic acid-tricresyl phosphate, ore flota- 1940 16,049,525 18,371,261
tion, medicinals, preservatives, and dyes. 1941 17,045,033 26,595,853
19424 7,041,626 10,846,891 20,389,956 36,113,811
Imported meta-para-cresols and cre- 19434 8,861,250 8,360,944 25,245,555 39,109,301
sylic acid-tricresyl phosphate, carbon 19444 7,072,828 9,910,680 25,726,115 40,725,366
remover, disinfectants, and ore flotation.
Petroleum cresylic acid-tricresyl 1 Included with cresylic acid, ref.
2 Confidential because publication would reveal operations of individual companies.
phosphate, carbon remover, disinfect- Distillates yielding below 215° C tar acids equal to more than 75 percent of the original distillate.
4 Preliminary.
ants, and textile agents. Source: U. S. Tariff Commission.
 CRESOLS AND CRESYLIC ACID

TABLE 3.- Cresylic Acid (Crude) obtained from the Bureau of Customs,
U. S. Treasury Department, Washington
Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value 25, D. C.

1929 17,856,765 $952,110 1937 16,745,160 $1,219,268

1930 2,709,386 152,425 1938 10,682,521 648,590 Producers and Dealers
1931 4,937,078 244,631 1939 10,062,672 444,366
1932 4,077,700 164,379 1940 9,252,354 467,363 Lists of domestic manufacturers or
1933 5,653,704 178,824 1941 17,743,833 1,057,977 dealers are not compiled by the Bureau
1934 7,332,064 284,051 1942 1,354,887 1,230,844
1935 7,010,269 265,485 1943 2,604,467 1,858,128 of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.
1936 13,793,519 722,575 1944 2,178,939 1,905,459 The following commercial directories,
Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce. while not intended to be all-inclusive,
carry listings for cresols and cresylic
acid.
TABLE 4.- Carbolic Acid, Liquid (Cresylic Acid or Cresol) Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. An-
nual. Buyers guidebook number of
Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value "Chemical Industries." Maclean-Hunter
1937 46,479 $5,122 Publishing Corp., 522 Fifth Ave. , New
1929 2,343,529 $183,324 York 18, N. Y.
1930 520,666 36,491 1938 589,646 36,267
1931 707,105 42,156 1939 none none Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
1932 641,899 37,326 1940 none none
1933 121,634 9,164 1941 1,429 119 Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co.,
1934 23,964 1,497 1942 432 33 Inc., 59 John St., New York 7, N. Y.
1935 16,602 1,128 1943 none none
1936 71,429 8,302 1944 none none $5 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter."
Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce. Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual $10. Reinhold Publishing Corp., 330
TABLE 5.- Meta- Cresol, Ortho- Cresol West 42d St., New York 18, N. Y.
Exports
and Para-Cresol Report on Production and Sales of
A separate export classification for Synthetic Organic Chemicals . in the
[90 % or more pure] cresols and cresylic acid was established United States, 1940. Report No. 148,
Year Pounds Value on July 1, 1941. It is believed that there Second Series. 1941. U. S. Tariff Com-
were no exports of these commodities mission. 64 pp. 104. Available from the
1929 227,974 $32,098 before 1930 and that they were very Superintendent of Documents, Washing-
1930 71,183 11,762
1931 151,571 26,901 insignificant until recent years. ton 25, D. C.
1932 83,848 18,530
1933 48,511 16,205
1934 124,598 34,361 Prices
1935 65,468 18,290 Trade Associations
1936 83,273 27,686 The price range of cresols and cresylic
1937 167,278 36,227 acid is considerably dependent upon American Petroleum Institute, 50 W.
1938 48,660 9,648 50th St. , New York, N. Y.
1939 70,959 25,311 grade, package, amount, and whether
1940 89,123 15,868 American Pharmaceutical Manufac-
1941 169,782 37,867 domestic or imported. Current market
1942 250,401 47,735 turers Association, 608 Fifth Ave. , New
prices are listed in the "Oil, Paint and
1943 181,721 43,727 York, N. Y.
1944 222,131 52,818 Drug Reporter," published weekly by the
Manufacturing Chemists Association
Schnell Publishing Company, Inc. , 59
Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department John St., New York 7, N. Y. of the United States, 608 Woodward
of Commerce. Bldg., Washington, D. C.
National Association of Insecticide
Tariff
Italian-Cresolo, orto-, meta- e and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc.,
Information regarding the types of 110 E. 42d St. , New York, N. Y.
para- e miscele di meta-para cre-
solo. Acido cresilico. cresols and cresylic acid which are duti- Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufac-
able and rates of duty on their importa- turers Association of the United States,
Portuguese-Cresol, orto-, meta- e tion into the United States can be 6 E. 45th St. , New York, N. Y.
para- e misturas de meta-para
cresol. Acido cresilico.
German- Kresol, Ortho-, Meta- und
Para- und Metaparakresolmi- TABLE 6.- Distribution of U. S. Exports of Cresols and Cresylic Acid
schungen. Kresylsaure. 1941-44
1941 (6 mos.) 1942 1943 1944
Imports
Areas and countries Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars
Imports of all grades of cresols and
cresylic acid during the 1917 to 1920 North America 358,864 27,082 569,485 56,965 899,436 82,930 648,188 68,784
period averaged approximately 8,969,700 Northern 125,861 15,415 93,910 13,739 314,413 38,263 332,068 43,042
Canada 125,777 15,399 92,697 13,555 309,938 37,403 332,018 43,029
pounds annually. After dropping to less All others 84 16 1,213 184 4,475 860 50 13
than one-half of this average in 1921, Southern and West Indies . 233,003 11,667 475,575 43,226 585,023 44,667 316,120 25,742
Mexico 228,942 10,844 466,057 41,389 563,292 42,177 311,464 24,714
imports steadily mounted until in 1929 All others 4,061 823 9,518 1,837 21,731 2,490 4,656 1,028
they reached a total of approximately South America 776,355 51,756 2,376,473 169,350 2,807,133 266,075 2,333,483 220,285
Chile 702,292 42,939 2,257,858 150,763 2,656,296 254,542 2,232,315 209,815
20,428,300 pounds valued at $1,167,500 . All others 74,063 8,817 118,615 18,587 150,837 11,533 101,168 10,470
Comparable statistics on imports for Europe 1,380 269 174,990 21,240 26,275 2,815 140,051 29,149
U.S.S.R. 174,350 21,143 26,275 2,815 140,051 29,149
consumption into the United States are All others 1,380 269 640 97
available as shown in tables 3, 4, and 5. Asia 45,228 3,410 70,408 5,222 39,846 2,764 71,577 6,209
India 4,107 375 69,935 5,177 38,019 2,538 50,949 4,103
In 1941 statistics were released on the Philippine Islands 29,630 2,112
importation of meta-, ortho- and para- All others 11,491 923 473 45 1,827 226 20,628 2,106
Oceania 391,583 25,017 140 175 810 112
cresols ( 75 percent or more, but less Br. Oceania 391,583 25,017 .......
than 90 percent pure ) . The quantity All others 140 175 810 112
Africa 3,470 270 390 239 7,587 1,914 2,276 201
imported amounted to 41,739 pounds Belgian Congo 2,200 126 40 14 8 2
with a value of $4,008 in 1941 ; 8,360 French Equatorial Africa 4,944 934
All others 1,270 144 350 225 2,643 980 2,268 199
pounds valued $1,208 in 1942 ; 52,560
Total 1,576,880 107,804 3,191,886 253,191 3,781,087 356,610 3,195,575 324,628
pounds valued at $4,804 in 1943 ; and
none in 1944. Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
4 INDUSTRIAL
Economic References
Governmental
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
696 pp. $2.50. Available from the Super-
intendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C. Figures for 1942 are now avail-
able as follows : Table 1, "Imports for
Consumption, by Commodities and Coun-
tries, 1942" ( 1945, 222 pp. 404) ; table 4,
"Exports of Domestic Merchandise, In-
cluding Exports Under the Lend-Lease
Program, by Commodities and Coun-
tries, 1942" ( 1945, 273 pp. 504) ; and
table 4-A, "Exports of Domestic and
Foreign Merchandise Under the Lend-
Lease Program, by Commodities and
Countries, 1942" ( 1945, 76 pp. 154) .
These reports may be obtained from the
Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at
East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo . , 566 Customhouse.
REFERENCE SERVICE
of Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. , at
the prices indicated. Later statistics
now being released are described in a
list of foreign trade reports which is
available on request from the Bureau of
the Census.
Report on Production and Sales of
Synthetic Organic Chemicals in the
United States, 1943. November 1944.
(Preliminary) . 41 pp. Available on re-
quest from the U. S. Tariff Commission ,
Washington 25, D. C.
Synthetic Resins and Their Raw Mate-
rials. Report No. 131, Second Series,
U. S. Tariff Commision. 162 pp. Out of
print. Copies may be consulted at large
libraries.
Nongovernmental
Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual . $10. Reinhold Publishing Corp. ,
330 W. 42d St., New York 18, N. Y.
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y., 17th Floor,
130 W. 42nd St.
D
N
I
Chemicals of Commerce. By Foster
Dee Snell and Cornelia T. Snell. 1939.
542 pp. $5. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
250 Fourth Ave., New York 3, N. Y.
Coal Tar and Ammonia. Part II. By
Georg Lunge. 1916. 1,037 pp. D. Van
Nostrand Co., Inc., 240 Fourth Ave.,
New York 3, N. Y.
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
Thomas C. Gregory, Editor. Third edi-
tion. Compiled by the editorial staff of
the "Chemical Engineering Catalog."
1942. 756 pp. $12. Reinhold Publishing
Corp. , 330 W. 42d St., New York 18,
N. Y.
Dictionary of Applied Chemistry. Vol.
II. By Sir Edward Thorpe. 1922. 740
pp. Longmans Green and Co. , 55 Fifth
Ave., New York 3, N. Y.
Pharmacopoeia of the United States,
XII. 1942. 880 pp. $7.50 . Mack Print-
ing Co., 20th and Northampton St. ,
Easton, Pa.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg.,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
crament rinting Office: 1945-673945
cuments Room
•

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

NT
CO

ME
ART
MM

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ER

DEP OF
CE
ICA

UNI S
TED TATE
R
AMFE

Part 2. CHEMICALS,
O

DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 December 1945 Number 51

Naphthalene

(Synopsis of Information)

Prepared in the Chemical Unit, C. C. Concannon, Chief

MILLIONS OF POUNDS MILLIONS OF POUNDS

350 1350

300 APPARENT SUPPLY OF 300

CRUDE NAPHTHALENE
250 250
IN THE UNITED STATES

200 200

150 1.50

APPARENT SUPPLY

100 100

50 50
IMPORTS
PRODUCTION
0 0
1920-1924 1925-1929 1930-1934 1935-1939 1940-1944
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE D.D. 45-6i6e

b .110.2
 Naphthalene

(Synopsis of Information)

Prepared by Susan M. Phillips

Naphthalene (CH ) is a hydrocarbon Use Pattern Shipping and Packaging

obtained during the manufacture of coke
Phthalic anhydride ..... Synthetic resins, dye- Containers : 1-pound packages ; 1-
and artificial gas from coal. It is found stuffs, smokeless pow-
in small quantities in certain other or- der, insect repellant. pound bottles; 1-pound cans ; 50-pound
ganic matter and is recovered also from Beta-naphthol .Medicinals, perfumes, cases; 175- to 250-pound barrels. Crude :
dyes, and rubber chem. 200-pound bags, tank cars.
specially processed petroleum fractions. icals.
Naphthalene is soluble in benzene, ab- Railroad shipping regulations : No
Insecticides .Moth-repellant, fumigant,
solute alcohol, and ether, and is insoluble fungicide, ingredient of label is required by the Interstate Com-
many mixtures for in- merce Commission.
in water. It burns with a smoky flame secticidal purposes.
and has a characteristic odor. Other intermediates and
Crude grades of naphthalene, solidify- chemicals Starting point in the
manufacture of many Methods of Production
ing below 79 °C after the removal of intermediates and other
water, are crystalline solids varying in chemicals. Naphthalene is recovered in the dis-
color from yellow to brown due to the Chlorinated naphthalene.. Protective coatings. tillation of the coal tar fraction boiling
incomplete removal of coal tar oils. Re- Miscellaneous uses Naphthalene acetic acid, at 180° to 250° C. Although present in
explosives and matches,
fined grades, solidifying at or above 79°C gas, leather, paint and the light oil ( b.p. 110 °-210 °C ) and
after the removal of water, appear com- varnish, petroleum, rub- creosote oil (b.p. 240 °-270° C) fractions,
mercially as white crystalline lumps or ber and others. its most abundant source is the middle oil
flakes. fraction boiling at 200°-250 °C.
The presence of naphthalene in coal tar Sources of Supply On cooling, the crude naphthalene crys-
was discovered in 1819 by Garden and tallizes out to a large extent and is iso-
Brande and its chemical composition de- Prior to World War II, the United lated from the accompanying oil by
termined by Michael Faraday in 1826. States occupied third place in the re- draining and hot pressing. It is partially
Its use in enriching water gas was pro- covery of naphthalene, supplying about purified by washing first with a hot
posed in 1862, while in 1873 it was used 13 percent of the world output. Ger- caustic soda solution to remove phenolic
in the manufacture of naphthols for the many, furnishing 40 percent, was the bodies and then with mineral acid to re-
synthetic dye industry. world's largest producer, with Great move basic substances.
Naphthalene is sometimes referred to Britain in second place supplying 15 per- Refined naphthalene is obtained by
cent. France, Belgium, Russia, the
as moth camphor, naphtalin, tar cam- subliming or preferably by distilling the
phor, or white tar. Netherlands, and Czechoslavakia to- crude product. Naphthalene is also ob-
gether supplied about 27 percent of the tained as a byproduct from petroleum
Grades, Standards and world output . cracking and hydrogenation.
Specifications
Grades : Crude, refined, CP and TABLE 1.- United States Production of Crude Naphthalene, 1918-45 (January-May) ¹
USP.
Forms : Flakes, balls, blocks, Year Pounds Year Pounds Year Pounds
cubes, grains (rice) ,
powder (crushed ) , tab- 1918 50,752,891 1928 47,362,139 1938 53,584,209
1919 16,162,201 1929 39,263,061 1939 104,085,593
lets. 1920 37,640,218 1930 31,256,894 1940 159,637,499
Constants : Refined naphthalene-sp. 1921 19,777,220 1931 20,934,000 1941 113,732,224
1922 25,431,135 1932 13,593,202 1942 155,313,085
gr. 1.145 2 0/4° ; m.p. 1923 53,325,009 1933 30,620,754 21943 194,409,745
1924 43,062,469 1934 37,922,455 21944 305,724,230
80.2 °C; b.p. 217.9°C. 1925 43,374,065 1935 122,071,711
Naphthalene used as an insecticide 1926 52,912,778 1936 47,653,372 21945 (5 mos.
89,536,202
1927 53,610,286 1937 115,979,238
comes under the provisions of the Fed-
eral Insecticide Act of 1910, which is 1 The years 1928-45 include crude and refined naphthalene reported to Bureau of Mines and crude naph-
administered by the United States De- thalene reported to United States Tariff Commission."
partment of Agriculture. 2 Preliminary .
Source: United States Tariff Commission.
Uses
The principal use of naphthalene is as TABLE 2. -United States Production of Refined Naphthalene, 1917-45 (January-May)
a raw material in the manufacture of
phthalic anhydride. More than half the Year Pounds Year Pounds Year Pounds
current naphthalene output is absorbed
1917 35,342,911 1927 21,233,131 1937
in the production of this material. De- 1918 28,112,165 1928 24,992,092 1938
52,194,379
mands for crude naphthalene for agri- 1919 17,625,235 1929 38,259,167
31,143,716 1939 59,465,247
1920 30,230,734 1930 31,955,635 1940 58,249,891
cultural purposes are increasing rapidly. 1921 13,553,777 11931 34,959,000 1941 70,801,554
At the present time about 3,000,000 1922 17,419,998 11932 25,825,000 1942 81,583,820
1923 28,183,784 1933 42,707,648 21943 83,551,952
pounds of crude naphthalene are being 1924 15,323,577 1934 38,729,697 21944 82,138,629
used annually, chiefly in insect control 1925 17,580,683 1935 46,564,412 21945 (5 mos. ) 28,852,165
1926 18,071,619 1936 52,694,140
of truck crops in the Pacific Northwest.
Uses are listed here in the order of their
1 Actual figures obtained included more than 90 percent of total production.
importance but a percentage distribution 2 Preliminary.
is not available at this time. Source: United States Tariff Commission.

2
 NAPHTHALENE

Output TABLE 3.-United States Imports for Con- TABLE 4.- United States Imports for Con-
sumption of Crude Naphthalene, sumption of Refined Naphthalene,
Prior to World War I, domestic pro- 1919-41¹ 1919-41
duction of naphthalene accounted for [Quantity in pounds; value in U. S. dollars] Quantity in pounds ; value in U. S. dollars]
only a small part of the amount con- Rate of duty ·
sumed in the United States. Since that Percentage
of change
time, however, there has been a continu- in quantity Addi-
Unit from pre-
ous increase in the production of naph- Year Quantity Value value vious year Cents tional
per percent- Unit
thalene. Many factors have brought Year pound age Quantity Value value
about this upward trend-the removal of 1919 .. 3,239,256 $92,265 $0.028
1920. 15,012,096 530,219 .035 +363.4
export restrictions on dyes in 1919, in- 1921 . 4,495,806 135,943 .030 -70.1 1919.. 2.5 15 7,650 $384 $0.050
1922. 3,144,332 54,029 .017 -30.1 1920. ..do ... ..do ... 3,697,562 416,172 .113
creased consumption of naphthalene de- 1921 . .do . ... do. 441,685 31,458 .071
1923. 20,992,439 575,702 .027 +567.6 1922.....do .. ... do ... .102
rivatives for use in "ice dyes" in 1926, 1924.. 5,266,708 96,491 .018 -74.9 75,680 7,684
1925.. 1,979,612 26,593 .013 -62.4 1923 . 7 55 9,605 194 .020
the use of phthalic anhydride in synthetic 1926.. 6,962,719 .018 +251.7 1924 .. do . .do. 4,549 1,147 .252
resins in 1927, and the new use for 126,088 1925 . .do . ...do..
1927.. 6,576,500 131,436 .020 -5.6
1928 . 19,926,289 357,679 .018 +203.0 1926 . ..do . 40 424 125 .295
phthalic anhydride in an insect repellant. 1929. 35,007,419 598,718 .017 +75.7 1927 . ..do.. ...do.. 18,668 3,077 .165
In 1942, nine companies were produc- 1930.. 27,666,831 397,292 .014 -21.0 1928 . ..do.. ..do . 27 6 .222
1931 . 30,971,097 318,578 .010 +11.9 1929. .do... ... do..
ing crude naphthalene and the same 1932.. 27,002,268 234,557 .009 -12.8 1930.. .do ... ... do..
number producing refined naphthalene. 1933.. 42,786,368 451,019 .011 +58.5 1931.. ..do ...... do ..
1934.. 47,994,513 669,383 .014 +12.2 1932. ..do ... ...do.
These data include companies producing 1935 . 48,454,854 643,249 .013 +1.0 1933. .do ... .do .
for sale or for consumption within the 1936.. 39,805,722 785,396 .020 -17.9 1934. .do ... ..do . 66 6 .091
1937. 52,664,277 1,133,157 .022 +32.3 .
1935 . .. d o. .do. 99 31 .313
producing plant. 1938 . 29,966,305 529,178 .018 43.1 1936.. 13.5 220 30 20 .667
1939. 41,103,531 459,353 .011 +37.2 1937 . ..do .. 2do 5,055 1,085 .215
1940.. 6,290,380 134,417 .021 -84.7 1938 .. ..do ... .2do
1941 .. 1,611,328 28,910 .018 -74.4 1939.. ..do ... 2do 175 25 .143
1942 . 176,368 2,389 .014 -89.1 1940.. .do.. 2do
Foreign Trade 1943.. 613,474 8,874 .014 +247.8 1941 .. .do .. .do .
1944.. 512,910 6,980 .014 -16.4 1942. ..do . ..do.
1943 .. ..do . ...do.
Language Equivalents : 1944 . .do . ...do . 195 15 .077
1 All imports entered free of duty.
English- Italian- Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1 From Germany. No imports under trade agree
Naphthalene Naftalina ment rate.
French- Portuguese- 2 Belgo-Luxemburg trade agreement rate.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
Naphthaline Naftalina of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.
Exports
Spanish- German-
Naftalina Naphthalin A separate export classification for Tariff
English- naphthalene was established on July 1,
Naphthalene ( re- 1941. Naphthalene has never been pro- According to the Bureau of Customs,
fined) , balls and duced in the United States in sufficient U. S. Treasury Department, rates of duty
flake quantities to supply the entire domestic on imports of naphthalene are as fol-
French- markets. Exports were almost negligible lows :
Boules et paillet- until recent years. Naphthalene solidifying under 79° C.
tes de naphthaline after the removal of all water present is
raffinee duty free.
Prices
Spanish- Naphthalene solidifying at or above
Bolas y escamas The price range of naphthalene is de- 79° C. after the removal of all water
de naftalina re- pendent upon grade, package, amount, present is ad valorem-3½¢ per pound
finada and whether domestic or imported. Cur- plus 20.
Italian- rent market prices are listed in the "Oil,
Palle e scaglie de Paint and Drug Reporter" published Producers and Dealers
naftalina raffinata weekly by the Schnell Publishing Com-
Portuguese- pany, Inc., 59 John St., New York 7, Lists of domestic manufacturers or
Balas e palhetas N. Y. dealers are not compiled by the Bureau
de naftalina raf-
finata
German- TABLE 5.-Distribution of United States Exports of Naphthalene, 1940-41
Kugelin und 1942 1943 1944
1941 (6 mos. )
Schuppen aus raf- Areas and countries
finiertem Naph- of destination Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars
Pounds
thalin
North America 7,673 950 137,556 13,557 64,387 5,533 30,918 5,594
Northern 3,771 509 116,665 11,542 55,254 4,352 27,143 5,152
Canada 2,100 333 116,665 11,542 55,164 4,337 26,657 5,074
All others 1,671 176 90 15 486
Imports Southern and West Indies.. 3,902 441 20,891 2,015 9,133 1,181 3,775
བོདྡཏྟཱ

Mexico 3,470 382 7.369 774 3,793 505

Jamaica 9.017 628
8
ྷཔྤན

Until recent years, when the war in-

༄

Cuba 747 68 1,025 129 2,205

པྤཏྭཱ
ཨོཾ
ཛཱི
ཏྠིཾ
༌
ཏྟཾཏུ༌ྣ

terfered with shipping, large quantities All others 432 59 3,758 545 4,315 547 1,570
South America 13,790 1,936 44,565 5,310 34,062 3,580 37,914
of crude naphthalene were imported. Brazil 188 16 16,786 2,261 10,614 1,089 5,880
Germany was the principal source during Chile 12,095 1,476 13,455 1,460 800 98 5,295
Uruguay 5,060 266 10,920
the 1937-39 period supplying 27.8 per- All others 1,507 444 14,324 1,589 17,588 2,127 15,819
32
2

Europe 1600 148 2450 261

: 0

cent of our total imports of crude naph- 20 2,535

Asia 65
thalene, Russia supplied 20.1 percent, India 65 20 2,235
and the United Kingdom 19.4 percent Syria 300
Oceania (New Zealand) 152 151
during the same period. Imports of re- Africa 1.070 105 34,563 3,265 17,298
fined naphthalene have always been quite Belgian Congo 1,055 103 13,440 1,176 14,000
French West Africa 10,000 810
small and in some years none entered All others 15 11,123 1,279 3,298
the country. Total 22.063 3,034 183.641 19.233 133,229 12.549 88,667
Comparable statistics on the imports
of naphthalene of both crude and refined 1 Exported to United Kingdom.
2 Exported to Sweden.
grades are shown in tables 3 and 4. Exported to U.S.S.R.
4 INDUSTRIAL
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. The
following commercial directories , while
not intended to be all-inclusive, carry
listings for the various grades of naph-
thalene.
Chemical Buyers' Guide Book. Annual.
Buyers' guidebook number of "Chemical
Industries." Maclean-Hunter Publishing
Corp., 522 Fifth Ave. , New York 18,
N. Y.
Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual-August. $10. Reinhold Publishing
Corp., 330 West 42d St., New York 18,
N. Y.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
Inc., 59 John St., New York 7, N. Y.
$5 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter. "
Report on Production and Sales of
Synthetic Organic Chemicals in the
United States, 1940. Report No. 148,
Second Series. 1941. U. S. Tariff Com-
mission. 64 pp. 104. Available from the
Superintendent of Documents, Washing-
ton 25, D. C.
Trade Associations
American Petroleum Institute, 50
West 50th St. , New York, N. Y.
Manufacturing Chemists Association
of the United States, 608 Woodward
Bldg., Washington, D. C.
National Association of Insecticide
and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc. , 110
East 42d St. , New York, N. Y.
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manu-
facturers Association of the United
States, 6 East 45th St., New York, N. Y.
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave. , at
East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
REFERENCE SERVICE
Economic References
Governmental
· Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
696 pp. $2.50. Available from the Su-
perintendent of Documents, Washington
25, D. C. Figures for 1942 are now avail-
able as follows : Table 1, "Imports for
Consumption, by Commodities and Coun-
tries, 1942 " ( 1945, 222 pp. 404 ) ; table 4,
"Exports of Domestic Merchandise, In-
cluding Exports Under the Lend-Lease
Program, by Commodities and Countries,
1942 " ( 1945, 273 pp. 50¢) ; and table
4-A, "Exports of Domestic and Foreign
Merchandise Under the Lend-Lease Pro-
gram, by Commodities and Countries,
1942" (1945, 76 pp. 15¢ ) . These reports
may be obtained from the Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C., at the prices in-
dicated. Later, statistics now being re-
leased are described in a list of foreign
trade reports which is available on re-
quest from the Bureau of the Census.
Report on Production and Sales of
Synthetic Organic Chemicals in the
United States, 1943. November 1944 .
(Preliminary) . 41 pp. Available on re-
quest from the U. S. Tariff Commission,
Washington 25, D. C.
Synthetic Resins and Their Raw Mate-
rials. Report No. 131, Second Series.
U. S. Tariff Commission. 162 pp. Out
of print. Copies may be consulted at
large libraries.
Department of Commerce Field Service
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Federal
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 18, N. Y. , 17th Floor, 130
W. 42d St.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1945-673946
Nongovernmental
Chemical Engineering Catalog. An-
nual. $10. Reinhold Publishing Corp. ,
330 W. 42d St. , New York 18, N. Y.
Chemicals of Commerce. By Foster
Dee Snell and Cornelia T. Snell. 1939.
542 pp. $5. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.,
250 Fourth Ave., New York 3, N. Y.
Coal Tar and Ammonia, Part I. By
Georg Lunge. 1916. 527 pp . D. Van
Nostrand Co. , Inc. , 240 Fourth Ave. , New
York 3, N. Y.
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
Thomas C. Gregory, Editor. Third Edi-
tion. Compiled by the editorial staff of
the "Chemical Engineering Catalog".
1942. 756 pp. $12. Reinhold Publishing
Corp. , 330 West 42d St. , New York 18,
N. Y.
Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, Vol.
IV. By Sir Edward Thorpe. 1922. Long-
mans, Green and Co., 55 Fifth Ave. , New
York 3, N. Y.
General and Industrial Chemistry. By
Ettore Molinari. 1921. Part I Second
Edition. 456 pp. The Blakiston Co. , 1012
Walnut St., Philadelphia 5, Pa.
Handbook of Chemistry. Compiled
and edited by Norbert Adolph Lange.
1944. 1,777 pp. $6. Handbook Publish-
ers, Inc., Sandusky, Ohio.
Uses and Applications of Chemicals
and Related Materials. Thomas C.
Gregory, Editor. 1939. 665 pp . $10.
Reinhold Publishing Corp., 330 West
42d St. , New York 18, N. Y.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chest-
nut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga. , 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg. ,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
ents Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

O Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

ENT
CO

TM
MM

PAR
ER

DE OF
CE

Part 2 . CHEMICALS ,
A

UNI
IC
ER

TED STA
AM

STATES DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or Department Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 December 1945 Number 52

DIGITALIS

(Synopsis of Information )

Prepared for publication in the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Unit, T. W. Delahanty Chief
By L. A. Barber and Beverly R. Wasserman

General Description 255° C. and 256° C. , almost insoluble in that country for many years was con-
water and ether, but soluble in alcohol sidered the official source of the drug.
Digitalis is the dried leaf of Digitalis The great bulk of United States sup-
purpurea Linne, known also as the and chloroform. Digitoxin is the most
potent glycoside of D. purpurea. plies of digitalis formerly came from
common foxglove, fairy gloves, and dead Gitoxin, a pure substance, occurs in Europe, particularly Germany. The
men's bells.
Several varieties of digitalis purpurea white needles melting between 266 ° C. United Kingdom, Italy, France, Switzer-
and 269° C. It is only slightly soluble in land, the Balkans, Belgium, and Canada
have occurred in cultivation, and their ether, alcohol, or chloroform. It is some- were also suppliers.
leaves have been commonly collected as times referred to as anhydrogitalin, bigi-
a source of the drug of commerce. All
talin, and pseudodigitoxin. THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
the species of the genus Digitalis seem Gitalin occurs as white rosettes, melt- 40
to have similar effects upon the human
ing at 245° C., soluble in alcohol, acetone,
system. or chloroform.
The leaves and seeds of D. purpurea 35
Physical Properties also contain a number of saponins, of OTHERS
which digitonin, gitonin, and tigonin have UNITED STATES
Fresh digitalis leaves are without 30
been isolated and investigated. IMPORTS OF
scent, but when dried and rubbed in the
hollow of the hand they acquire a charac- DIGITALIS LEAVES
teristic odor. The color of the upper Uses 25
surface is dark green, of the lower sur-
face grayish, due to the dense pubescence ; The most important use of this drug
the larger veins are often purplish. The is in the treatment of various forms of 20
color of the dried leaf is a dull pale chronic heart disease. Digitalis has also
green, modified by a whitish down upon been used as a stimulant in acute circula-
the under surface ; that of the powder is a tory fas, but it is not considered very 15
deep fine green . It has a very bitter effe this respect ilarly, it GERMANY
taste. ha to a limi in the
Dry, ground digitalis (more or less tr ystemic seases 10
crumpled or broken) and ground digitalis fo ose of heart
(fragmented) , are the usual commercial ession fr of the
types. Digitalis seeds are little used,
although they contain more of the glyco- e indic ligitalis UNITED
cidal principles than the leaves, a 'S formati d some NGDOM
likely to suffer in drying, and k e dev in this 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
0.0 45-726
Chemical Properties
Su he United States it is cultivated
The activity of digitalis di- or ornamental and medicinal use
cated as due to the th es : a wild ir as become naturalized in several
Digitoxin, gitoxin, and g pa whe ons, particularly in Washington,
Digitoxin, when pure, ite, e su gon, and New York.
odorless, bitter leaflets. reen in E When European imports were seriously

D. 10915
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

curtailed because of the war, sufficient
quantities were collected in the United
States to supply domestic needs, as well
as to provide a surplus for export. Other
countries which initiated cultivation of
digitalis because of the war are Australia,
New Zealand, Chile and Ireland. In addi-
tion, it is said that Spain ( Vigo) pro-
duces 50 to 100 tons a year. The quantity
is controlled by demand .
Potential Sources
Digitalis seeds were introduced into
Colombia from Europe about the middle
of the nineteenth century. D. purpurea
and D. lanata grow wild in great abund-
ance over a large part of the Andes.
While Colombia is a potential source,
there has been no indication of commer-
cial utilization to date.
In portions of S. Newfoundland, Digi-
talis p. has been thoroughly naturalized
to the extent that it is an aggressive
roadside weed. Although there is no indi-
cation of utilization, it nevertheless would
be a potential source.
The Near East (Iran and Iraq ) , and
Northern Africa, are other potential
sources.
Some of the new areas probably will
continue to develop and provide for their
own needs, but in general, it is likely
that original sources of supply will be
reestablished. It would probably be un-
economical for the United States to con-
tinue its own collection of digitalis when
low-cost foreign supplies again enter potency of the first or second year leaves.
trade channels. The rate of deterioration of digitalis
leaf may vary from nothing to 50 percent
within 6 months when tested by the frog
Grades, Standards, Specifications method. The infusion of digitalis is an
To conform to the U.S.P. XII require- extremely unstable preparation, and will
ments, "digitalis leaves shall be such that show great deterioration within 10 days,
when assayed as directed, 0.1 Gm., shall losing as much as 70 percent of its
be equivalent to not less than 1.0 U.S.P. potency within 40 days.
Digitalis Unit. One U.S.P. Digitalis Unit Digitalis leaves should be preserved in
represents the potency of 0.1 Gm. of the storage and transportation by packing in
U.S.P. Digitalis Reference Standard. waterproof and airtight containers. A
Digitalis shall contain not more than 6 suitable cartridge or device, containing a
percent of moisture, not more than 2 per- nonliquefying, inert dehydrating sub-
cent of browned leaves, stems, flowers or stance, may be used in the container to
foreign organic matter, and shall yield maintain low humidity. Powdered digi-
not more than 5 percent of acid insoluble talis should be similarly preserved in
ash." waterproof, airtight, light-resistant con-
Digitalis pulverata, reduced to a fine tainers.
powder, contains not more than 5 percent Because of the importance of this
of moisture. The potency of powdered essential drug, the Government maintains
digitalis shall be such that, when assayed strict standards.
as directed, it shall be identical with the
specifications for digitalis leaves.
Output
When digitalis is prescribed, Digitalis
pulverata is to be dispensed. The change There are no world production figures.
in the assay standard for digitalis in the The availability of digitalis is based upon
United States has led to a material the demand. Sufficient quantities are
decrease in the strength of the official cultivated to meet all requirements, pro-
drug. viding the price is sufficiently remunera-
Digitalis has undergone a number of tive to make collections worth while.
changes in definition and specification.
An accepted theory for a long time was Foreign Trade
that the leaves be collected from plants
of the second year's growth ; however, it No exports of digitalis are recorded.
has now been fairly well established that Imports of digitalis leaves are shown in
there is no material difference in the the accompanying table.

United States Imports of Digitalis Leaves

1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944

Country of origin Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars

Belgium 2,272 354

Germany 21,733 5,749 1,653 473
Italy 6,566 1,042
United Kingdom 4,254 2,269 1,838 1,503 1,775 1,802 1,500 1,625 800 1,113 550 898 500 624
Canada 4,757 1,427 100 75 20 30
Switzerland 660 375 2,138 1,309
Ecuador 2,072 335
Portugal 5,500 806
Total 39,582 10,841 4,151 2,351 3,913 3,111 1,600 1,700 2,872 1,448 551 899 6,020 1,460
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.

Consumption dealers after it has been properly assayed, According to the Oil, Paint & Drug Re-
dried, and packaged . The majority of porter for October 22, 1945, prices as of
Digitalis is used medicinally 100 per- large-scale crude drug dealers who ob- October 19, 1945, f.o.b. large lots New
cent. There will probably be no marked tain the product from domestic sources York were : High $1.15 ; low $ 1.10.
change in the average consumption or from abroad are located in New York. The present price level of domestic
unless research develops new uses for
digitalis, or an effective substitute. In (The names of such dealers are published digitalis can be expected to prevail so
in standard trade directories. ) long as consumers must depend entirely
the latter case consumption would natur- on high-cost domestic material, but com-
ally be greatly reduced. petition from foreign low-cost sources
One pound of dried leaves requires 10 Prices
will materialize at such time as the for-
pounds of freshly cut leaves, and provides The accompanying table shows price mer suppliers are organized to resume
10,000 doses of Tn. of Digitalis. Under characteristics for digitalis leaves, per export.
favorable conditions 450 to 600 pounds pound, from 1931 to 1944.
per acre of dried leaves may be obtained.
Restrictions on Supply, Demand
Year High Low Year High Low
Most crude botanical drugs, which are
Marketing Practices
1931 . $0.12 $0.11 1938. $0.75 $0.38 not advanced in value when imported
The average collector can gather about 1932 . .13 .14 1939 . .40 .35 are entered on the free list. Digitalis,
1933 . .32 .12 1940 . .35 .35
250 pounds of leaves a day. He usually 1934 . .38 .32 1941 .50 .35 however, enters under the U. S. Tariff
sells the product of his labors to the 1935 . .32 .23 1942. .50 .45 Paragraph # 36 involving a 20-percent
1936 . .25 .21 1943 .
dealers. In February 1944, the average 1937 . .70 .24 1944. .60 .60 ad valorem duty.
was 3 cents a pound, as compared with Effective October 16, 1945, all botani-
the former price of 1 cent. Pharmaceu- Source: 1931-41 prices, Drug & Cosmetic_Review
1942-43; 1942-44 prices, Oil, Paint & Drug Reporter cal drugs used in the manufacture of
tical houses purchase the digitalis from 1/15/45. medicinals, aromatics, insecticides , and a

few chemical products were exempted
from price control.
There is no Government fostering or
control of digitalis in regard to supplies.
In an emergency such as the present war,
the United States demonstrated it can
develop its own sources, and is not de-
pendent upon foreign supplies.
CENTS PER POUND
80
PRICE
TREND
70
DIGITALIS
LEAVES
60
50
40
HIGH I domestic firms. The following list of
30
20
LOW
H
10
1 1
E 1931 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
DD.45-725
Efforts to Alleviate U. S. Dependence
Synthetic evolutes.- Because sufficient
amounts are available, there has been no
motivation to develop synthetic digitalis.
Preliminary determinations indicate it
would prove costly and uneconomic.
Substitutes.-Official digitalis is one of
22 species of that genus, all of which are
believed to share in the medicinal prop-
erties of this one. Several have been
proposed as substitutes, one of which, D.
lutea, has been claimed to be superior.
Other drugs may be used as heart stimu-
lants or tonics, but where digitalis is
prescribed it must be used. No other
Department
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Chicago 4 , Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Com-
merce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Com-
merce Bldg., Euclid Ave., at East
9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce
Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
DIGITALIS
remedy is recognized as a specific substi-
tute for digitalis.
A substance called "cedilanid," iso-
lated from a Balkan digitalis plant,
according to some claims has been found
to be more effective than digitalis prepa-
rations in use at present ( March 1943 ) .
Research is necessary to find a method
of standardizing digitalis so that it will
not be variable.
Strophanthin is very similar in action
to digitalis .
Among the apocynaceous group, the
action of the glucosides is similar to that
of digitalis .
Caffeine and atropine are other stimu-
lants.
Sufficient quantities of digitalis, how-
ever, make substitution unnecessary.
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of
directories, while not intended to be all-
inclusive, carry names of manufacturers
of digitalis.
Drug and Cosmetic Review . Biennial.
Drug and Cosmetic Industry, Inc. , 101 W.
31st St. , New York 1, N. Y. $3.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co. ,
Inc. , 59 John St., New York 7, N. Y.
$5 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter."
Trade Associations
A comprehensive list of national and
interstate trade associations in the field
of drugs and allied products is found in
"Trade and Professional Associations of
the United States," Industrial Series No.
3, published in 1942 by the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce . It is
available from the Department of Com-
merce Field Offices or the Superintendent
of Documents, Washington 25, D. C.,
price $1. Copies are also available for
reference at the Department's Field
Offices and at large libraries.
A partial list of associations follows :
American Drug Manufacturers Associa-
of Commerce Field
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1018 New Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office
Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post
Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Office
Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime
Bldg.
New York 6, N. Y., 61 Broadway, 5th
Floor.
3
tion, 1426 G Street, N.W., Washington 5,
D. C. American Pharmaceutical Manu-
facturers Association, 608 Fifth Avenue,
New York 20, N. Y. Proprietary Asso-
ciation of America, 810-18th Street,
Washington 6, D. C.
Economic References
Governmental
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
696 pp. $2.50. Available from the Super-
intendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C. The following tabulations for 1942
are available from the Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C. , at the prices indi-
cated : Table 1-"Imports for Consump-
tion, by Articles and Countries, 1942”
( 1945. 219 pp. 40¢ ) ; Table 4-" Exports
of Domestic Merchandise, by Articles and
Countries, 1942" ( 1945. 218 pp. 504 ) ;
and Table 4-A-"United States Exports
of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise
Under the Lend-Lease Program by Com-
modities and Countries, 1942” ( 1945 . 76
pp. 15¢ ) . Later selected statistics on
foreign trade are now being made avail-
able in a series of separate reports. A
list giving descriptions of these reports
and the prices at which copies are sold
may be obtained on request from the
Bureau of the Census.
Nongovernmental
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter. Weekly.
$5 a year. Schnell Publishing Co., Inc.,
59 John St., New York 7, N. Y.
Materia Medica and Pharmacology.
1940. McGuigan, McGuigan and Krug,
C. V. Mosby Co. , St. Louis, Mo.
The Merck Index. 5th Edition. 1940.
$3. Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, N. J.
United States Dispensatory. 23rd edi-
tion. $ 15. Wood and Osol. J. B. Lippin-
cott and Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
United States Pharmacopoeia. 12th
edition. 1942. $7.50. Mack Printing
Co., Easton, Pa.
Service
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal
Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. Room 313, 520 S.W.
Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine,
801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Custom-
house.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty National
Bank and Trust Bldg., Bull and
Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office
Bldg.
 Domestic Commerce

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

T
MEN RT COM ERC
IN EPA OF
E
HIS CL D
Part 2. CHEMICALS ,
A
RIC
AME

DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

OF

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or Department Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 December 1945 Number 53

Belladonna Leaves and Roots

O
(Synopsis of Information )

Prepared for publication in the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Unit, T. W. Delahanty, Chief
By L. A. Barber and Beverly R. Wasserman
General Description
Atropa Belladonna is known also as
Deadly Nightshade, Poison Black Cherry,
Black Cherry, and Dwale. It is an
herbaceous perennial, and from its roots
rise purplish, branching stems, which
grow to a height of about 3 feet. The
large bell-shaped flowers are a brownish-
purple color. The fruit is a berry, which
eventually turns deep purple to black and
contains, in two loculi, numerous seeds
and a sweetish violet-colored juice.
Physical Properties
Belladonna leaf consists of the dried
leaf and top of Atropa Belladonna Linne.
The leaves are a dusky green on their
upper surface, and paler beneath.
Unground belladonna leaf is usually
matted together, crumpled or broken.
The leaves are mostly light green to
moderate olive green, and the stems are
more or less hollow and flattened. It
has a slight odor, somewhat tobacco- like
when moistened ; its taste is somewhat
bitter and acrid.
Powdered belladonna leaf is light olive
brown to moderate olive green in color.
Belladonna root is the dried root of
Atropa Belladonna Linne. It is a fleshy,
creeping root.
Unground belladonna root is cylindrical
or tapering, sparingly branched, some-
what wrinkled and often split longitudi-
nally or broken transversely; weak brown
to moderate yellowish brown externally,
internally light yellowish brown to pale
yellow. Although nearly odorless when
dry, it has a characteristic odor when
moistened; its taste is sweetish, then
bitterish and acrid.
Courtesy of S. B. Penick
A flowering branch, leaves and root of
belladonna.
Powdered belladonna root is pale brown
to weak yellow. Old fibrous roots con-
tain an excess of lignified tissue.
Chemical Properties
Belladonna contains two or more mem-
bers of the group of solanaceous alka-
loids, and some recently discovered minor
alkaloids. The chief constituent is hyos-
cyamine. Some atropine may be present
also, although it is questionable whether
the optically inactive atropine exists as
such, or is produced during the process
of extraction.
N
LISPARY
Atropine is composed of tropine and
tropic acid. Hyoscine or scopolamine
formerly thought to be an isomer of atro-
pine differs slightly from atropine in its
formula. It decomposes into tropic acid
and scopoline ( oscine ) , which is closely
related to tropine.
Uses
Both the leaf and the root are used
pharmaceutically for checking secretions,
stimulating circulation and respiration.
It is important as an antispasmodic in
gastrointestinal colic, in the relaxation
of certain conditions of the involuntary
muscles such as shaking palsy, and it is
a constituent of a plaster used locally for
its anodyne effect. Fumes from burning
belladonna leaves are inhaled to relieve
asthmatic paroxysms .
Alkaloids of belladonna are used as
follows :
Atropine is employed chiefly for the
dilation of the pupil of the eye. It is
also used to prevent seasickness . Hyos-
cyamine and scopolamine are used as
sedatives and hypnotics. Scopolamine is
used also to prevent travel sickness.
Source of Supply
The plant grows in shady places , along
walls, and in waste grounds . It grows
vigorously under cultivation as well as
wild, thriving best in moist, well-drained
loam containing lime and in a temperate
climate.
The first authentic notice of belladonna
appeared in Paris about 1504 in a book
entitled the "Grand Herbier." Belladonna
leaves have been official in all editions
of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. The edition
of 1860 first mentioned belladonna root.

D 10916
2 INDUSTRIAL
The plant Atropa Belladonna is native
to Central and Southern Europe, extend-
ing to the Crimea, Caucasia, and the
northern parts of Asia Minor. It is culti-
vated in England, France, and the United
States.
In the United States, the climate of the
Northeastern and North Central States
is considered favorable for this crop.
Plants cultivated in California are rich
in active constituents.
In normal times the Nation's require-
ments of belladonna are obtained mainly
from Europe, and only small amounts are
collected from domestic wild growth.
When hostilities in Europe sharply cur-
tailed the amount of belladonna imported
into the United States, however, large-
scale cultivation projects were success-
fully established in the United States,
with the result that sufficient quantities
were obtained to meet domestic require-
ments.
Experience with belladonna as a do-
mestic crop has shown, however, that it
cannot be profitably grown in competition
with foreign sources of supply. Conse-
quently, its introduction has been limited
to those periods when there was sufficient
incentive to growers, and when condi-
tions existed which necessitated that we
supply our own requirements.
It is expected that a certain amount of
belladonna will continue to be available
in this country from wild growth, after
world trade channels are again open.
But in general, it is deemed improbable
that any new sources will supplant those
from which belladonna was originally
obtained.
Grades, Standards, Specifications
Grades are technical and U.S.P.
To conform to U.S.P. specifications ,
"belladonna leaf should yield not less
than 0.3 percent of the alkaloids of
belladonna leaf. It contains not more
than 3 percent of belladonna stems over
10 mm. in diameter, and yields not more
than 3 percent of acid insoluble ash."
Belladonna root to conform to the
U.S.P. "yields not less than 0.45 percent
of the alkaloids of belladonna root. It
contains not more than 10 percent of its
stem bases and woody crowns, not more
than 2 percent of other foreign organic
matter, and yields not more than 4 per-
cent of acid-insoluble ash."
Both the nutritive elements in the soil
and climatic conditions seem to affect the
alkaloidal content. A certain height
above sea level seems to provide a more
ideal condition for the growing of bella-
donna. The treatment of the leaves also
has a very marked effect upon the final
quality. In addition, it is likely that the
percentage of alkaloids can be increased
through selectivity.
The admixture of scapola leaves with
the belladonna would result in rejection
by the Food and Drug Administration,
as well as the consuming manufacturers.
Adulteration of any kind would affect the
value of the drug. The United States
Food and Drug Administration specifies
REFERENCE SERVICE
the following requirements for belladonna
offered for entry into this country :
Belladonna leaves.-Importations of
shipments labeled "Belladonna Leaves, "
but consisting wholly or in part of
Solanum Nigrum L. will be excluded
from the United States. This species con-
tains alkaloids other than those present
in the genuine belladonna ( Atropa Bella-
donna L. ) , Item 209 ( July 1917) . The
detention of shipments labeled " Bella-
donna Root" consisting wholly or in part
of roots of yellow dock (Rumex Crispus
L.) , will be recommended. Item 229
(November 1917 ) also contains a de-
scription of the two drugs.
Packing, Shipping, Storage
Precaution must be taken in storage to
preserve belladonna leaf in "well closed
containers" and belladonna root "against
attack by insects." Thorough drying is
essential or the roots will mold when
stored. Leaves should not be used if they
have been kept for any length of time
"as they undergo change through ab-
sorption of atmospheric moisture, emit-
ting ammonia and probably losing a por-
tion of their active alkaloids." (U. S.
Dispensatory 23rd. edition. ) There are
no special railroad shipping regulations.
Belladonna roots are shipped in paper-
lined bales of 300 pounds. Domestic
bales-weighing 40 pounds gross, 39
pounds net, occupy 6.5 cubic feet. Bella-
donna leaves are shipped in paper-lined
bales of 150 pounds, and in bags of 50-60
pounds.
From India :-In unstandardized pack-
ages. Some compressed bales, 300 to 400
pounds, packing weighing 8 pounds,
volume about 10 cubic feet. Some un-
compressed material in bags about 100
pounds gross, 98 pounds net, volume
variable.
Method of Production
The leaves are picked when the plants
are in full bloom. Only one crop can be
collected the year of planting, but two
crops are gathered in each of the next
2 or 3 years, after which it appears better
to market the roots and make new plant-
ings. Under favorable conditions from
500 to 700 pounds of dried leaves per acre
are harvested annually. The roots alone
are not so profitable as the leaves. The
best roots are those of the second and
third years' growth, and the harvest of
those years yields an estimated 150 to
300 pounds per acre.
Collecting the leaves is a slow tedious
process, since they are picked individu-
ally. The leaves are brought by the
collectors to the cleaning plant, where
they are cleaned and the excess mois-
ture, which approximates 50 percent, is
driven off. To insure a full and proper
alkaloid content, the leaves must be prop-
erly dried. If they are dried the same
day they are plucked, the alkaloid con-
tent will not be fully developed, and will
be lower. Therefore, the goods must be
left for a time in the wet condition in
which they have been delivered, depend-
ent upon the weather and the period of
year.
If the drying process is unduly pro-
longed, up to one-fifth of the total alka-
loid may disappear. Some experiments
have indicated that wild and cultivated
belladonna plants have the same alka-
loidal content when dried in the sun as
when dried in the shade.
After the leaves are cleaned and dried,
the lots are mixed to produce a uniform
quality product.
Output
World production in 1941 was estimated
to be around 900,000 pounds. Italy,
Yugoslavia, and the U.S.S.R. were the
largest producers, about 150,000 pounds
being the estimated output for each. The
United States produced 125,000 pounds in
1941, and Hungary ranked next with an
estimated 100,000 pounds. Belgium and
British India each produced about 75,000
pounds and an additional 75,000 pounds
was the total for all other smaller pro-
ducers combined.
The war has, of course, interrupted
normal production, and it is not possible
to estimate the amount each country is
producing. Countries formerly import-
ing have depended largely upon their own
resources for supply.
Domestic production is adequately
meeting all requirements, although sup-
plies are somewhat lower than last year.
The highly successful 1942 harvest
yielded such large quantities that pro-
duction for succeeding years was greatly
reduced.
Foreign Trade Exports
The belladonna export classification
was established July 1, 1941, under
Schedule B # 2209.01 " Belladonna Leaves
and Roots."
THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
16
14
UNITED STATES EXPORTS
12 OF BELLADONNA
LEAVES AND ROOTS
10
8
OTHERS
4
LATIN AMERICA
2
CANADA
1942 1943 1944
2.0.40-72
 BELLADONNA LEAVES AND ROOTS 3

TABLE 1.- United States Exports of Belladonna Leaves and Roots THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
300
1942 1943 1944 UNITED STATES IMPORTS
OF BELLADONNA
Country of destination Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars
(ROOTS AND LEAVES)
250
Canada 2,189 4,511 1,392 1,780 1,191 1,228
Mexico 127 470 745 1,107 2,179 2,875
Peru 87 358 161 283 56 149
Cuba 392 1,201 1,211 1,849 1,,095 919
Haiti 20 51 76 118
Colombia 90 298 422 818 577 1,014 200
Venezuela 25 79 55 129 110 141
Chile 588 2,049 1,143 2,202 1,147 2,104
Brazil 46 171 729 1,340 3,459 4,325
Uruguay 1,162 3,943 165 441 1,863 3,112
Portugal 556 1,285 150
New Zealand 50 100 156 249 350 305
Union of South Africa. 112 417 1,292 1,642
Egypt 15 46 139 384
Others 330 1,045 382 803 183 254
Total 5,101 14,271 6,832 11,050 14,134 19,471 100
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. OTHERS
HUNGARY
YUGOSLAVIA
In 1943, 545 pounds of belladonna 50
Imports
leaves valued at 273 dollars were im- U.S. S. R.
Imports of Belladonna ( Table 2 ) are NO
IMPORTS
ported from Mexico and 10,521 pounds of
specified under Schedule A-Import belladonna roots valued at 4,431 dollars ITALY
о
Classification # 221.07. On January 1, were imported from the U.S.S.R. There 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944
1943, the classification was established as were no imports in 1944. • BELLADONNA LEAVES .. BELLADONNA ROOTS D.D. 45-722
follows : 2210.071- belladonna leaves ;
2210.072- belladonna roots.
TABLE 2.-United States Imports of Belladonna
1938 1939 1940 1941 1942
Country of origin Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars
Spain 1,102 420 3,486 1,499 2,339 982
Belgium 6,674 603 24,634 2,570 13,540 2,880
Bulgaria 384 52 4,240 333 17,637 2,800
Hungary 6,524 556 11,189 809 33,310 4,417
Italy 12,806 1,196 104,715 10,673 23,764 2,917 7,462 1,672
U.S.S.R. 35,654 2,844 6,809 3,135
Yugoslavia 21,209 1,896 84,468 7,934 31,278 4,810 16,290 2,358 7,055 1,480
Rumania 22,400 4,793
British India 31,312 15,396 22,812 14.289
Mexico 441 711
Total 83,251 7,147 229,246 22,319 125,394 20,237 76,187 23,725 39,456 20,657
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.
PRODUCERS' CONVERSION
Consumption
1 pound of leaves or roots is needed to make 1 pound powdered (leaves or roots)
Belladonna is used entirely for medic- 1 pound of leaves or roots is needed to make 1 pint fluid extract (leaves or roots)
4 pounds of leaves or roots are needed to make 1 pound soft or solid (leaves or roots)
inal purposes. Normally, consumption is .1 pound of leaves or roots is needed to make 1 pint tincture (leaves or roots)
estimated at 200,000 pounds of belladonna 200 pounds of leaves are needed to make 1 pound of atropine sulfate
leaf and 35,000 pounds of root. .95 pounds of roots are needed to make 1 pound of belladonna liniment
.3 pound of extract is needed to make 1 pound of belladonna plasters
.1 pound of extract is needed to make 1 pound of belladonna ointment

Prices
1942 it rose to $3.45 per pound, indicating disease, a condition aggravated by wet
the seriousness of the shortage. soils and fresh animal manures. The
Belladonna is usually marketed directly
after the harvesting season. There are The crop may be depleted by wilt foliage is also greedily attacked by the
potato beetle. The destructive attacks of
no cartels or other monopolistic controls ; TABLE 3.-Price Characteristics these pests are usually confined to the
the price is determined by supply and
seed-bed or to the first year plantings,
demand. Belladonna leaves Belladonna roots¹
but the damage may be minimized by
The accompanying table shows price Year the careful use of insecticides. These
High Low High Low
characteristics for belladonna leaves and factors affecting the size and quality of
belladonna roots per pound from 1931 to 1931 . $0.14 $0.13 the crop naturally influence the price
1944. 1932 . .13 .12 fluctuations.
1933 .18 .10
Prices as of July 20, 1945, on large lots 1934. .25 .18
1935 . .18 .14
f. o. b. New York, are as follows : Bella- 1936. .14 - .14
donna leaves in barrels- pounds, low 72 1937 .14 .14 .12 .10 Supply and Demand Restrictions
1938 . .15 .11
cents, high $1; belladonna roots in bar- 1939 . .31 .12 .40 .13
1940. 2.00 .23 2.00 .40 Belladonna enters duty free under
rels-pounds, low $1.50, high- $1.55. 1941. 3.45 .75
1942 . 3.45 1.60 2.25 1.30 Paragraph 1728 of the Tariff Act. Cur-
The huge price rise at the outbreak of 1943 . rently prescribed controls obtain. The
hostilities, when supplies were no longer 1944. 1.00 .90 1.50 .90 Government recommended and built up
available, indicated the effect of supply a stock pile to insure continuous avail-
1 Prices for belladonna root are available only for
on the price. During 1939 the high was years specified. ability. When supplies were cut off, the
$.31 and during the preceding 16 years Source: Drug and Cosmetic Review 1942-43 for Government encouraged the domestic
had never risen above that. In 1941 and 1931-1941 prices; Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter for
1942 and 1944. production of belladonna, and the De-
4 INDUSTRIAL
partment of Agriculture distributed seeds
to local growers .
As of February 1941, Executive Order
No. 8640 was amended to include bella-
donna and atropine ( all forms ) . The
Administrator of Export Control is au-
thorized to issue general licenses, when
in his discretion that appears desirable.
Belladonna originally came under the
General Price Control Act that set the
ceiling price on botanicals as of March
1942. However, on October 23, 1943, all
sales of domestic botanical drugs were
removed from price control by OPA.
Alleviating U. S. Dependence
Synthetic evolutes.-Although there
has been some attempt at synthesis, it
was motivated by the acute shortage of
belladonna that resulted after the out-
break of the war severed trade relations.
Since normally there are sufficient
amounts available to satisfy domestic
requirements, synthesis would not prove
necessary and would probably be eco-
nomically unfeasible.
Substitutes.— The principal substitutes
for belladonna are the crude drugs, hen-
bane and stramonium. Most of the
henbane was obtained from Europe
before the war, although this plant grows
wild in the Rocky Mountain States, and
is collected when its market value is suffi-
ciently high. Stramonium is also ob-
tained through imports and is collected
from plants growing wild.
Producers and Dealers
The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce does not compile lists of
domestic firms. The following list of
Department of Commerce Field Service
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal
Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg. , Euclid Ave.,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg .
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse.
REFERENCE SERVICE
directories, while not intended to be all-
inclusive, carry names of importers of
belladonna and manufacturers of its
products.
Drug and Cosmetic Review. Biennial.
Drug and Cosmetic Industry, Inc., 101 W.
31st St. , New York 1, N. Y. $3.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Green
Book. Annual. Schnell Publishing Co.,
Inc. , 59 John St., New York 7, N. Y.
$5 with a year's subscription to "Oil,
Paint and Drug Reporter."
Trade Associations
A comprehensive list of national and
interstate trade associations in the field
of drugs and allied products is found in
"Trade and Professional Associations of
the United States," Industrial Series No.
3, published in 1942 by the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce. It is
obtainable from the Department of Com-
merce Field Offices or the Superintendent
of Documents, Washington 25, D. C., price
$1. Copies are also available for refer-
ence at the Department's Field Offices
and at large libraries.
A partial list of associations follows :
American Drug Manufacturers Asso-
ciation, 1426 G Street N. W., Washington
5, D. C.
American Pharmaceutical Manufac-
turers Association, 608 Fifth Ave. , New
York 20, N. Y.
Proprietary Association of America,
810-18th St. , Washington 6, D. C.
Economic References
Governmental
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
the United States for the Calendar Year
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 New Fed-
eral Bldg.
Houston 14 , Tex. , 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal
Bldg .
Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal
Office Bldg.
New Orleans 12, La . , 408 Mari-
time Bldg .
New York 4, N. Y. , 61 Broadway,
5th Floor.
1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
696 pp. $2.50. Available from the Super-
intendent of Documents, Washington 25,
D. C. The following tabulations for 1942
are available from the Bureau of the
Census, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Washington 25, D. C. , at the prices indi-
cated : Table 1-"Imports for Consump-
tion, by Articles and Countries, 1942"
( 1945. 219 pp. 40 ¢ ) ; Table 4-" Exports
of Domestic Merchandise, by Articles and
Countries, 1942" ( 1945. 218 pp. 50¢ ) ;
and Table 4-A-"United States Exports
of Domestic and Foreign Merchandise
Under the Lend-Lease Program by Com-
modities and Countries, 1942 ” ( 1945. 76
pp. 15¢) . Later selected statistics on
foreign trade are now being made avail-
able in a series of separate reports. A
list giving descriptions of these reports
and the prices at which copies are sold
may be obtained on request from the
Bureau of the Census.
Nongovernmental
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter. Weekly.
$5 a year. Schnell Publishing Co. , Inc. ,
59 John St. , New York 7, N. Y.
Materia Medica and Pharmacology.
1940. McGuigan, McGuigan and Krug.
C. V. Mosby Co. , St. Louis, Mo.
The Merck Index. 5th edition. 1940.
$3. Merck & Co. , Inc., Rahway, N. J.
United States Dispensatory. $15.
Wood & Osol. 23rd edition. J. B. Lippin-
cott and Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
United States Pharmacopoeia. 12th
edition. 1942. $7.50. Mack Printing Co. ,
Easton, Pa.
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut
St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New
Federal Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520
S.W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mez-
zanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo., 107 New Federal
Bldg.
San Francisco 11, Calif. , 307 Cus-
tomhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg. ,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash. , Federal
809
Office Bldg.
U. S. Government Printing Office : 1945-674655
cuments Roo

Industrial Reference Service

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

T

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

MEN
ART

COM ERC
OF
DEP

E
A
IC

UNI Part 2. CHEMICALS ,

TED STAT
ER
AM

of DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

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Volume 3- Part 2 December 1945 Number 54

Pharmaceuticals , Proprietary Medicines , Biologicals

and Medicinal Chemicals - Republic of Haiti

Arranged for Publication in Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Unit, T. W. Delahanty, Chief

Courtesy of Pan American Unit

NDI Co
Petit-Goave Hospital in Port-au-Prince, Haiti

JAN 31 46
D 11031
 Pharmaceuticals, Proprietary Medicines , Biologicals
and Medicinal Chemicals — Republic of Haiti
Digested from report by Aubrey Harwood, Jr., United States Embassy, Port-au-Prince
Health and Sanitation Problems
Haiti lies entirely in the tropics. The
country is roughly two-thirds mountain-
ous, and out of a total area of 6,848,600
acres only about 2,300,000 acres are suit-
able for cultivation. Rainfall varies be-
tween 60 to 120 inches per year, and
occurs principally during two rainy sea-
sons. In some sections, however, rainfall
is very light.
The estimated population is 3,000,000,
with an apparent population density of
280 person per square mile. It should
be remembered that since much of the
area is mountainous a large proportion
of the population is centered in the plains
which constitute perhaps a third of the
total area, actual density per square mile
of agricultural land would be about 800.
The large population of the country in
relation to its size, considered in conjunc-
tion with the agricultural basis of its
economy, helps explain health and sani-
tation conditions. Various authorities
have fixed the annual per capita cash in-
come at from $4 to $20. A portion of
this sum must be spent for the purchase
of imported articles, principally textiles,
soap, and flour and only a meager sum
is expendable for medical attention. The
actual purchasing power of this limited
sum is reduced since there is no local pro-
duction of medicinals and import duties
and freight charges increase the cost of
most foreign items. As a result, the
mass of the people lack sufficient pur-
chasing power to procure many of these
materials.
Prevalence of diseases .- Since demo-
graphic studies have never been con-
ducted in Haiti, vital statistics are in-
complete. It is therefore difficult to say
what proportion of the population is
afflicted with a given disease or to fix
with accuracy the causes of deaths.
Nevertheless, it seems to be clearly indi-
cated that tuberculosis, syphilis and
yaws, and malaria are the great scourges
of the country .
Diarrhea, dysentery and intestinal
parasites are common, caused mainly by
improper protection of the water supply
and conditions with respect to the han-
ding and distribution of the food supply.
Dengue fever is known in Haiti, and
cases of typhoid do occur. Yellow fever
has not been known in Haiti for over 100
years. The presence of the Aedes aegypti
or Stegomyia fasciata in the country
makes possible a recurrence.
The Haitian diet places a heavy em-
phasis on starches and hydrocarbons, and
includes little protein. This results from
the fact that the cost of meat, cheese,
butter, etc. , is high and the small farmer
will dispose of these money foods and
L
Arranged by George R. Tompkins
live on the cheaper plantain, tania, and
the like.
The practice of transporting goods by
head has a bad effect on the spine and
increases the tendency toward pulmon-
ary ailments.
Government Aid
The Service National d'Hygiene et
d'Assistance Publique, under the Depart-
ment of the Interior, is the controlling
and supervisory agency in matters per-
taining to public health.
The total revenue of the Federal Gov-
ernment averages about $6,000,000
yearly, rarely reaching the high level of
over $8,000,000 attained in the 1943-44
fiscal year. In the 1938-39 fiscal year,
7.24 percent of revenue was spent for
health and in 1943-44, 7.13 was expended .
But in 1938-39, 65.9 percent of the
amount expended for the public health
service went for salaries and wages and
only 21.1 percent was devoted to supplies
and materials.
Total expenditures for health service
in 1938-39 were equivalent to $0.16 per
person, but outlays for supplies and mate-
rials were only $0.03. In 1943-44, 67.3
percent of the disbursements were for
salaries and wages and 19.4 percent for
materials and supplies. The per capita
amount of total expenditure was $0.17,
but expenditure for materials and sup-
plies was again only $0.03 per person.
In 1938-39, the total value of all chemi-
cal and pharmaceutical substances and
products imported amounted to roughly
$200,000 or the equivalent of $0.066 per
person. Included in the total are appre-
ciable quantities of tanning materials
and agricultural sprays, so that the per
capita equivalent expended for medici-
nals would be decreased . The per capita
maximum that was spent for medicinals
therefore was less than the $0.66.
Individual expenditures are not large
and the portion of Government revenues
available to make up the deficiency in in-
dividual disbursements is limited.
Sewage Systems
The expansion possibilities for sewage
and scavenger disposal are almost un-
limited. Latrines are in prevalent use
in the few urban areas, and in the rural
regions the open fields serve. The Serv-
ice d'Hygiene consistently requires im-
provements or rebuilding of latrines.
The sewer systems, the most important
of which is located in Port-au-Prince,
are not adequate to meet the extra bur-
den of the torrential rains , and frequently
overflow. Refuse food from private
dwellings is collected in open baskets and
kept until removed by the city collection
agency.
Water for 90 percent of the population
is obtained from open streams. The
average person does not boil or purify
this water before using it for drinking
or cooking purposes . A number of the
cities have piped water distribution sys-
tems, but all were installed a good many
years ago. In many places, the pipes
are broken and allow the entry of pollut-
ing matter. Introduction of chlorine at
the source is the only means of purifica-
tion employed .
The principal form of pest control is
the extermination of rats in the cities by
the Service d'Hygiene. This service is
also responsible for the cleanliness of
the markets and abattoirs.
Public Health Activities
The administration of the food and
drug regulations is under the supervision
of the Service National d'Hygiene et
d'Assistance Publique with a Director
General at its head.
Licensure of medical and allied pro-
fessions is under the joint charge of the
Service d'Hygiene and the Council of
Professors of the Faculty of Medicine.
If the candidate is a graduate of a medical
school recognized by Haiti , he is per-
mitted to present himself, with the ap-
proval of the above - mentioned groups,
to a special examining body. If the ex-
amination is completed satisfactorily, he
is admitted to an equal status with Hai-
tian doctors. Social welfare projects
such as workmen's compensation and
maternity care, are under the supervision
of the Service National d'Hygiene et
d'Assistance Publique.
All specialized agencies or programs
are under the control of the Service
d'Hygiene et d'Assistance Publique.
The American Sanitary Mission, affili-
ate of the Office of Inter-American
affairs , is carrying out a twofold pro-
gram to combat malaria and yaws. Areas
around urban regions where mosquitos
were breeding have been drained, and
dusting operations have been carried out
throughout the country. Clinics for the
treatment of yaws have been established
and the population has been encouraged
to visit them. Haitian engineers and
doctors have been trained to assist and
carry on the work. The work undertaken
along this line has proved very satis-
factory.
Health facilities.-Haiti is divided into
ten health districts, in each of which is
found a general hospital under the direc-
tion of an Administrator. These facili-
ties are operated by the State and are
PHARMACEUTICALS, PROPRIETARY MEDICINES, BIOLOGICALS AND MEDICINAL CHEMICALS
under the direction of the Service Na-
tional d'Hygiene et d'Assistance Pu-
blique. The largest of these is in Port-au-
Prince. The total bed capacity runs be-
tween 1,500 and 2,000 for the 10 hospitals.
The State does not operate any sepa-
rate and distinct maternity or tubercular
hospitals, but each of the 10 hospitals
has a section devoted to surgery, general
medicine, children's ward, gynecology,
pre- and post-natal care, and maintains
separate wards for treatment of venereal
and genito-urinary patients, tubercular
cases, and private maternity wards.
Each hospital is equipped with an X-ray
room.
In each of the 10 districts there is
also located a home for the aged or
"poor house," all under the direction of
the Administrator of Social Assistance.
Bed capacities in these homes range
from 100 to 180.
The Service d'Hygiene has established
a number (134 at last report ) of health
centers or dispensaries to care for minor
ailments and treat those persons living
at too great a distance from the hos-
pitals.
The Service d'Hygiene has a total per-
sonnel of 671 persons, of whom 82 are
doctors.
There are a number of private hospi-
tals and institutions.
All the State institutions effect their
purchases through the Bureau de Fourni-
tures of the Fiscal Department of the
National Bank of the Republic of Haiti.
Information regarding the private insti-
tutions is not available.
Health educational institutions are
L'Ecole de Medicine et de Pharmacie and
L'Ecole Dentaire located in Haiti, both
parts of the University of Haiti. Nurs-
ing and allied health branches are under
the supervision of L'Ecole de Medicine et
de Pharmacie.
Professional services.-The total num-
ber of doctors of medicine in Haiti is 281.
More than half this number, 155, are
located in Port-au-Prince, a city of
125,000 persons . The remainder are in
18 areas with a population of less than
20,000 each. Thus, the doctors of Haiti
are centered in the urban areas and their
services are available mainly to the
300,000 urban dwellers. The countryman
must travel long distances to obtain these
services. The same situation applies
with respect to dentists. Of the 73 den-
tists registered in 1937, 31 were practic-
ing in Port-au-Prince. Haiti has 215
licensed nurses.
Information is not available regarding
sanitation, laboratory, or related tech-
nicians.
Licensure of students in Haiti is auto-
matic upon the completion of the re-
quired educational work. Examinations
must be satisfactorily passed at the
close of each year before the student is
allowed to proceed, but passage of the
examination given at the end of the
course permits the graduate to practise.
Therefore, the level of requirements for
licensure depends upon the standards
maintained in the medical, pharmaceu-
tical, and dental schools compared with
those abroad.
Graduates of the local schools may
enter the National Service of Health and
Rural Education or private practise.
Admittance to the Government service is
dependent mainly upon the budget of
that agency.
The employment of foreign doctors in
the National Service of Health and Rural
Education is rare and occurs only when
a foreigner has special qualifications
which cannot be filled by a Haitian
doctor. In that event, however, all
arrangements are effected by interna-
tional accord and the qualifications are
set forth therein.
The Decree-Law of July 9, 1940, regu-
lating the practice of medicine, pharmacy
and dentistry, provides that only five
doctors, two dentists, two- pharmacists,
and one midwife of foreign nationality,
or naturalized Haitians, may practice at
any one time.
Private practice by a foreign doctor
may be undertaken after he has met the
requirements of licensure and payment of
certain taxes. Haitian dentists or doc-
tors of medicine pay an occupational
license tax, patente, of 5 and 10 dollars,
respectively, whereas, foreigners are
taxed 30 and 40 dollars, and pay an addi-
tional tax, license, equal to 125 percent
of the patente. Other fees must also be
paid to obtain identity cards, permis de
sejours, etc.
No medical directories or professional
journals are issued in Haiti. The Na-
tional Service of Health and Rural Edu-
cation issues certain reports and bulle-
tins, but they are not available as
advertising media.
Medical service demand. -There is only
a limited demand in Haiti for health
services. An examination of the work
conducted at the yaws clinic under the
Medical school in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
REPUBLIC OF HAITI 3
direction of the American Sanitary Mis-
sion, indicates that where the services
are made available at no cost, it is pos-
sible to induce the people to agree to
treatment.
Since purchasing power in sufficient
quantity to commend medicinals is con-
centrated in the dozen urban areas of
Haiti, commercial pharmacies are located
only in these areas.
Prepaid medicine plans, industrialized
medicine, socialized medicine, etc.: There
are two basic laws on the statute books
having to do with matters of this sort.
The first measure in point of time was
the Social Assistance Law of December
1938 which established the Social Aid
Fund. The purpose of this fund was to
secure the creation in the principal cities
of the country of hospitals for the aged
and infirm, special establishments to
receive and educate abandoned, lost, or
delinquent children, the maintenance of
said hospitals and special establishments,
and granting aid to similar establish-
ments already in existence. Medical
assistance for other groups was not
envisaged.
The second measure adopted in May
1943 provided for the creation of a
Bureau of Social Security. The security
features of this enactment apply only to
agricultural employees of individuals,
concerns, or companies which employ an
average of 50 laborers a day. It is pro-
vided by law that the Bureau will serve :
( 1 ) For the payment of supplementary
indemnities to laborers injured in the
course of their work, or to members of
their families, in cases specifically- cov-
ered by the legislation concerning labor;
(2 ) For the creation and maintenance
of homes (asylums ) for laborers finding
themselves unable to work by reason of
age or injuries ;
Courtesy of Pan American Union
 INDUSTRIAL
(3) The establishment of any project
of an agricultural, industrial, or social
nature intended to improve the well-
being of the agricultural laboring class.
However, the purposes for which the
moneys of the Fund may be expended
includes only item ( 2 ) above, creation
and maintenance of homes, and as a
result, the measure adds nothing to that
of 1938.
No State laws or private plans add
anything more to what has been men-
tioned above.
Education in more modern therapeutic
standards can be brought to the atten-
tion of the masses only by actual demon-
stration. The rural population of Haiti,
comprising 90 percent of the total, can-
not be reached by printed materials or
the radio.
To provide the widest acceptance of
United States medicinals one of two
factors would be necessary : ( 1 ) A price
reduction to the extent that costs will
be in keeping with individual and national
budgets, or ( 2 ) increase in purchasing
power to levels where it would be pos-
sible for them to pay present prevailing
prices.
Haiti uses the French Codex, and up
to this time no steps have been taken to
implement the 1938 Pan-American Sani-
tary Conference resolution designed to
establish the United States Pharma-
copoeia as the Pan-American standard.
There is no domestic production of
medicinals in Haiti.
Legislation and Restrictions
Incorporation .— Data for organization
of new commercial establishments in
Haiti, and information regarding the
requirements for incorporation are avail-
able upon application to the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Registration and label requirements.—
To operate a pharmacy the only require-
ment is the payment of the prescribed
occupational tax. Drugs are defined by
Article 29 of the Decree-Law of July 16,
1923, as all those items included in the
French Codex, destined for internal or
external usage ; including all substances
or mixtures of substances destined to be
used to cure, attenuate, or prevent the
diseases of men and animals. To be able
to practice, the pharmacist must be a
graduate of the Haitian school, or if the
graduate of a foreign school, pass the
required examinations.
Requirements for imported medicinals
are indicated under the caption "Classi-
fication of Medicines" in a separate para-
graph at the end of this report.
The efficacy of advertising as a promo-
tional means is retarded by the limited
field upon which advertising material can
be brought to bear.
Distribution of imported products is to
the roughly dozen open ports of the
Republic, rarely proceeding any further.
Inland transportation costs are high, and
roads are oftentimes impassable. Coastal
transportation is more satisfactory. Dis-
tribution beyond these port cities is of no
significance, since the effective demand
REFERENCE SERVICE
is centered in those places. With the
exception of the requirements for mark-
ing and labeling, import and export, and
licensing, there are no restrictions affect-
ing distribution.
No promotional handicaps are found
in Governmental restrictions, and no
Fair Trade Practice Act is on the statute
books of Haiti.
Patents and trade marks.-Trade mark
registration is good for 20 years.
Government taxes and stamp fees
amount to $ 15.14 and legal fees are
approximately $20.
Patent rights registration is good for
variable periods, and the Government tax
is as follows :
For 5 year period.. $25
For 10 year period . 50
For 20 year period .. 100
Legal fees amount to approximately . 30
Trade-mark and Patent-registration
applications must be approved by the
Department of Commerce and National
Economy and published in the official
journal. The time required by this pro-
cedure would probably account for at
least 2 weeks.
Price regulations.-Price and profit
regulations appeared for the first time in
Haiti during the last war. Prices for
articles of primary necessity, including
certain medicinals, have been fixed at
certain percentage levels above the c.i.f.
cost, the percentage above which cost is
profit.
The Drug Trade Pattern
The only three significant modes of
outlet in Haiti are wholesalers, retailers,
and clinics. Since the functions of the
wholesaler and retailer are most com-
monly combined , there is no clear demar-
cation between the two.
Market conditions are dependent prin-
cipally upon conditions in the world
market for agricultural products. From
the foreign exchange derived from the
sale of coffee, bananas, sisal, sugar,
castor beans, etc. , Haiti purchases manu-
factured goods including pharmaceuticals
and medicinals. Disturbed conditions re-
sult, therefore, from fluctuations in world
prices, over which Haiti has no control.
Quantitative import restrictions have
never been applied. Merchants vary the
volume of their orders in accordance with
the prospects for crops ; and the antici-
pated foreign exchange credits act as a
factor in import restriction.
Available foreign exchange and taxes,
in the form of import duties, have a
determinate effect upon consumption and
prices. As mentioned before , about
$200,000 is available for imports of chemi-
cals and medicinals. This situation is
exaggerated by the height of the level of
import duties. Roughly two-thirds of
the total of Government revenues is
derived from import duties. The per-
centage relationship between the total
value of imports and the total returns
from import duties over a period of 10
years averages 43.90 percent. The rela-
tionship between import revenue and
import value of chemicals and pharma-
ceuticals for the period 1936-37 to 1941-
42, in percentages, is as follows : 1936-
37, 110.5 ; 1937-38, 93.5 ; 1938-39, 76 ;
1939-40, 87 ; 1940-41, 83.1 ; 1941-42, 98.
Thus, in the 6-year period in question
duties and surtaxes nearly equaled or
were above the c.i.f. cost of the goods.
To this already high level are added the
various merchants' profits totaling per-
haps 25 percent.
From the interrelation of these two
sets of factors, it seems clear that the
level of prevailing incomes and the high
charges on imports seriously limit con-
sumption.
There are no excise taxes on chemicals
and pharmaceuticals. However, the occu-
pational and license taxes of the importer,
wholesaler, retailer, or pharmacist, as
well as the business income tax, are all
passed on to the consumer. While the
level of these taxes does not approach
that of import duties, the fact that the
consumer has to bear them also limits
consumption.
The table on p. 5 deals with imports
into Haiti.
Duties will probably be continued at
present levels.
In the prewar years, two factors were
important determinates of the source of
imports for drugs.
Professional men have studied in
France, or studied in Haiti under French
methods and with French texts, and are
familiar with French products. The
weights and measures to which they are
accustomed is the metric system and
French products were analyzed in terms
that they knew.
French laboratories generally em-
ployed promotional methods to fit the
country. Patent medicines were labeled
to conform with the needs of the market.
Literature, in French, was distributed
explaining the uses and appropriate
dosages for all of the products supplied
the market, and considerable sample
quantities were furnished to local pro-
fessional men. United States firms did
not employ promotional methods which
would gain the widest acceptance of their
products. Local agents of French con-
cerns were able to obtain all of the litera-
ture and samples that were required for
promotional purposes in the language
and measures of the country, whereas
United States firms did not do likewise.
United States concerns, in order to
retain or improve their position, will have
to use promotional means which are in
accordance with those practiced by
French laboratories.
The system as practised at present of
effecting sales through agents and repre-
sentatives would appear to be the most
satisfactory. The size of the market
would scarcely warrant the establishment
of processing plants.
Closer cooperation with the agents and
representatives in the matter of supply-
ing appropriate advertising matter and
samples would probably result in an
expansion beyond the present position of
United States products .
No export trade is carried on, and no
Trade Directory is published.
 PHARMACEUTICALS, PROPRIETARY MEDICINES, BIOLOGICALS AND MEDICINAL CHEMICALS-REPUBLIC OF HAITI 5

Imports of Medicinals into Haiti

[Quantity in kilograms; value in gourdes ¹ ]
Fiscal year 1938-39 Fiscal year 1939-40 Fiscal year 1941 Fiscal year 1941-42 Fiscal year 1942-43 Fiscal year 1943-44

County of origin Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
Crude substances and products
United States 45,037 25,601 59,541 37,203 88,504 32,444 77,718 39,109 105,113 72,191 63,300 71,316
United Kingdom 11 70 2 48 555 559
France 458 991 32 72 46 303 5
7 Germany 16 93
All others 4,964 1,732 178 1,048 345 1,270 3,225 1,052 29 51 62 17
Total 50,486 28,487 59,751 38,323 88,895 34,017 80,945 40,214 105,697 72,801 63,362 71,333
Patent medicines
United States 3,382 27,453 6,780 45,024 6,003 53,516 5,629 44,066 11,208 78,857 16,410 119,914
United Kingdom 1,937 11,343 2,683 13,105 1,184 7,005 59 1,519 105 2,739 215 3,565
France 2,563 18,597 1,943 8,715 32 290 2 162 2 8 216
Germany 1,264 19,813 23 1,067 3 145 6 38
All others 402 6,246 317 4,175 74 2,144 259 4,032 181 3,804 363 8,521
Total 9,548 83,452 11,746 72,086 7,296 63,100 5,949 49,779 11,494 85,402 17,002 132,254
All other
United States 288,421 401,442 499,699 639,019 1,028,620 1,382,132
United Kingdom 3,198 2,400 2,025 6,836 10,389 13,653
France 356,686 215,311 4,662 7,841 398 10,167
Germany 270,642 10,847 774
All others 24,674 40,205 116,789 120,434 272,794 428,898
Total 943,621 670,205 623,949 774,130 1,312,201 1,834,850
1 One gourde equals 20 cents U. S. Currency.

Advertising media.-Newspapers af-
ford a satisfactory medium for advertis-
ing, particularly in the Port-au-Prince
papers, because the majority of the pro-
fessional men are centered in that city
and the headquarters of the National
Service of Public Health and Rural Edu-
cation is located there. Demand for
medicinals, being concentrated in the
capital, should be approached there.
Probably the most satisfactory means
of advertising would be to furnish the
local agents and representatives with
promotional material for distribution and
mailing to the professional men. All
literature should be in the French lan-
guage.
Tariffs.-The tariff wall is equally high
against all suppliers of pharmaceuticals
and medicinals. It is impossible to over-
come the impact of these duties, since
they nearly double the importers' price
over foreign cost. Any attempt to secure
a reduction in duty levels is closely
scrutinized and reasons therefore must
be fully documented, in view of the
importance of import duties in the
revenue system.
The return from imported duties col-
lected on chemical and pharmaceutical
substances and products is equal to 3.5
to 5.5 percent of the total import
revenues, and the duties collected amount
to 75 to 110 percent of the value of these
products as has been shown above. A
reduction or elimination of these duties
would have a most beneficial effect upon
the ability of the people to secure neces-
sary medicinals, in view of the elasticity
of demand, and at the same time afford
a wider market for the products of
United States suppliers.
Classification of Medicines
1. Mixed and compounded medicines
bearing on the immediate container a
complete formula will be classified in
paragraph 2128 of the Haitian tariff
schedule if there is no mention on the
container that they are patented or if
they are not invoiced or declared as
patent medicines.
2. Mention on the container that the
medicine is composed of several com-
ponents which may be specified is not
deemed a formula. A complete formula
must give the list of components of
which the medicine is composed and in-
dicate the quantity of these components
either by volume or by weight.
Upon application, a "Summary of
Biostatistics" is available through the
United States Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census. This publication
includes maps and charts, population,
natality, and mortality statistics per-
taining to Haiti.
 EY
SURV OF

T
R EN
C UR

S
N ES $2.00
SI
BU per year

NT
UNITED STATES DEPARTME OF COMMERCE
BUREA OF FOREI AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE
U G N

RV
SUURVEY OF

CURRENT

BUSINESS

THIS AUTHORITATIVE MONTHLY PERIODICAL

makes easily available to businessmen over 2,200 com-
prehensive facts about production, stocks, orders, prices,
sales, shipments, etc., of the industries of the United States
by means of text, tables, charts, and index numbers.

A sample copy will be sent, on request to the

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce,
Washington, D. C.

$2.00 per year, from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
OC
 Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign trade
problems :
Location of Offices Managers

Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg .......... .C. Parker Persons

Boston 9, Mass . , 1800 Customhouse........ .......Harold P. Smith

Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg............... John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Comm

.......................................................
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse......... George C. Payne
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce... Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Commerce Bldg.,

Euclid Ave. at East 9th St.................. Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg. ...

Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2, Colo., 566 Customhouse

........... Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus

Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 New Federal Bldg

....... Richard Stephenson

Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg

........... Thos. U. Purcell

Jacksonville 1 , Fla. , 425 Federal Bldg.. William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg......... Harry M. Washington

Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse

...Walter Measday
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bl............ Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1 , Minn. , 201 Federal Bldg... Silas M. Bryan

New Orleans 12, La., 408 Maritime Bldg.. Harold C. Jackson

New York 4, N. Y. , 61 Broadway , 5th Floo............. ...

John F. Sinnott

Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut .................. William M. Park

Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal Bldg... Chas. A. Carpenter

Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W. Morrison.. ...................Howard Waterbury

Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St....
C . Roy Mundee
St. Louis 1 , Mo., 107 New Federal Bldg........ Clyde Miller

San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Customhouse........... John J. Judge

Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty National Bank & Trust Bldg.,

Bull and Broughtin Street............... ......... Joseph C. Stovall

Seattle 4, Wash. , 809 Federal Office Bldg

.. Philip M. Crawford
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered .

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post- war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C. }

$ 1.00 per year ... from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

U. S. Government Printing Office : 1945-675057

euments Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

CO Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
ME
MM
ART

ER
OF CE
DEP

Part 2. CHEMICALS, DRUGS and

A
UNIT

IC
ER
AMF
ED

PHARMACEUTICALS
STATES

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 December 1945 Number 55

Markets for Industrial Explosives,

Fuses and Blasting Caps in Peru

Short Form Market Report by Andres Vernal, United States Embassy, Lima, Peru

Production Imports
There is no local production of in- Peruvian Imports of Industrial Explosives, Fuses and Blasting Caps
dustrial explosives, fuses or blasting [Quantity in gross kilograms; value in soles.]
caps.
1938 1939
Consumption
Consumption has been estimated at Country of origin Quantity Value Quantity Value
2,455 tons per year. This amount is
based on an average of annual imports Bolivia
for the years 1938 to 1944. Chile
United States. 1,294,750 1,958,092 1,715,672 3,108,754
Germany 619,594 901,235 483,261 800,000
Exports Great Britain. 25,020 35,959 7,797 24,109
There have been no exports. Norway. 145,434 210,261 146,720 225,083
Belgium 15,500 25,943 28,000 46,215
Canada 114,044 201,071
Import Duties and Regulations Poland. 1,777 7,090
a. Import duty-free. Total 2,100,298 3,131,490 2,497,271 4,412,322
b. S/2.00 per gross metric ton dock
charge. 1940 1941
C. 2% of declared value, with 20 %
added, as education charge. Bolivia. 2 36
d. 1 % of declared value, with 20% Chile. 240 1,088 73 277
added, for unemployed. United States. 2,301,942 4,770,843 3,020,419 6,595,209
Germany. 214 911
e. 6% of declared value consular Great Britain. 51,026 131,630 32,092 108,959
charge . Belgium. 2,070 7,510
Canada. 17,929 32,831
f. 5% of declared value, with 20%
added, as monopoly tax. Total 2,373,421 4,944,813 3,052,586 6,704,481
g. 2% of declared value, with 20%
added, for the Santa Hydroelectric 1942 1943
Project.
For Peruvian exchange control reg- Chile. 115 507 10 28
United States. 2,552,108 5,670,312 2,255,633 5,002,634
ulations see the September 1, 1945 issue, Great Britain. 18,269 65,730 43,358 149,900
page 37, of the Foreign Commerce Total. 2,570,492 5,736,549 2,299,001 5,152,562
Weekly.
Channels of Distribution Year 1944 : Peruvian imports for 1944 by countries of origin are not yet available. However,
total imports amounted to 2,290,948 gross kilograms valued at S/5,412,316.
The principal use of dynamite in Note: U. S. $1.00 equaled S/6.50 from 1941 to present : S/6.17 in 1940; S/5.33 in 1939; S/4.47 in
Peru is in the mining industry, with 1938.
small amounts used for roads, general
engineering projects such as bridges Outlook and Potentialities due to Government roadbuilding and
and dams, and for the production of Prospects are moderately good. Mines general engineering projects.
cement. An American mining concern that were producing nonstrategic min- The importation of explosives into
is reported to take as much as 45 erals are expected to work full time, Peru is by law a Government mo-
percent of total Peruvian consumption. and this is expected to more than nopoly, although mining companies and
80 percent of all purchases are made offset the decline in the producing other users are allowed to import,
directly by the mining companies or of strategic war minerals. Some in- paying the 5 percent monopoly tax
through local representatives. crease in consumption may be expected to the Government.
✩u. S. Government PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-675129

D 10920
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States . Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies, and specialists in the

various subjects covered

Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, pp .

$ 1.00 per year ....from the Superintendent of Documents

PARY

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

ocuments Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE , HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
T
EN
TM R COM ERCE
AR PA
WAS GE &DE
A

Part 2. CHEMICALS, DRUGS and

RIC
AME

PHARMACEUTICALS
OF

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3- Part 2 December 1945 Number 56

Peruvian Market for Copper Sulfate

Short Form Market Report by Andres Vernal, United States Embassy, Lima, Peru

Production Peruvian Imports of Copper Sulfate

[Quantity in gross kilograms; value in soles]
There is only one producer of copper 1939
1938 1940
sulfate. His monthly output is about
10 tons, with an anticipated increase Value Quantity Value Value
Country of origin Quantity Quantity
to around 200 tons per year by the
end of 1945. These figures were fur- Germany.. 19,664 6,905 14,184 6,526
Belgium 127,831 51,105 163,653 68,656 42,950 16,686
nished by the company. United States. 26,800 14,861 82,688 50,742 215,705 141,792
Great Britain . 29,495 13,007 99,897 44,315 37,608 25,561
Chile. 2,925 2,551
Consumption Total 203,790 85,878 360,422 170,239 299,188 186,590

Consumption is estimated to be more 1941 1942 1943

or less 350 tons annually. This esti-
mate is based on import figures plus Germany.
Belgium
local production. Of this consumption United States. 193,530 147,090 361,768 356,860 287,948 283,032
Great Britain. 100,999 72,055 101,060 93,174 50,436 46,504
80 percent is reported to be taken by Chile.. 3,360 2,540 198,226 269,576 22,400 35,045
one company. Total.. 297,889 221,685 661,055 719,610 360,784 364,581

Year 1944 : Peruvian imports for 1944 by countries of origin are not yet available. However,
Exports total imports amounted to 344,969 kilograms valued at S/312,182, U. S. exports to Peru according
to "Exports of Foreign Merchandise" for 1944 amounted to 536,458 pounds valued at $26,547.
There is no indication of any appreci- Note : U. S. $1.00 equaled S/6.50 1941 to present; S/6.17 in 1940; S/5.33 in 1939 ; S/4.47 in 1938.
able amount being exported.
e. 1% ad valorem, with 20% added, Channels of Distribution
as unemployed tax. Distribution channels are as follows:
Import Duties and Regulations Mining industry, 75 percent for the
f. 2% ad valorem, with 20% added ,
a. S/0.04 8/10 import duty per gross for Chimbote port works. production of zinc; agricultural in-
kilogram. dustry, 20 percent for spraying crops ;
g. 1% for national theatre, based on electric batteries, 5 percent.
b. S/4.00 per metric ton for port import duty.
work charges. Outlook and Potentialities
For Peruvian exchange control reg-
C. 6% ad valorem as consular charges. ulations see the September 1, 1945 Local users do not foresee an in-
d. 2% ad valorem, with 20 % added, issue, page 37, of Foreign Commerce crease in consumption of copper sulfate
as instruction tax. Weekly. in the near future.

✩u. S. Government PRINTING office: 1945-675130

D. 11001
 Domestic Commerce

written for

BUSINESSMEN ..

● Here is an authoritative monthly periodical written

in the language of the American businessman . It is one

of the principal organs of the Department of Commerce

for disseminating information deemed of importance in

maintaining a vigorous and dynamic free enterprise system.

• Domestic Commerce gives the reader an understanding

of the progress and changing conditions of industry and

business of the United States. Its writers are officials of

this and other Government agencies , and specialists in the

various subjects covered

• Particular attention is given to developments in the field

of post-war planning.

A sample copy will be sent you upon request to the Bureau

JAN 28 46
I of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.

$ 1.00 per year ... from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 25 , D. C.

ocuments Room

Industrial Reference
Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director
N T
ME
RT COMMERC
PA ERONY
DE
Part 2. CHEMICALS, DRUGS and
UN I
TED

PHARMACEUTICALS
STATES O

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 December 1945 Number 57

Peruvian Market for Calcium Arsenate

Short Form Market Report by Andres Vernal, United States Embassy, Lima, Peru

Production Peruvian Imports of Arsenicals

[Quantity in gross kilograms; value in soles.]
There is no local production at
present of calcium arsenate. 1938 1939

Consumption Country of origin Quantity Value Quantity Value

Current consumption of calcium arse- Argentina. 173 166 555 418

nate is estimated by trade sources to Brazil 860 2,170 2 4
Chile 10 35 18 58
be around 2,700 metric tons per year. Ecuador. 429 593 749 1,282
Germany 153,954 131,075 42,586 45,764
Great Britain 25,000 29,418 37,715 54,483
Imports Japan 25,090 32,310 297,886 123,317
United States 1,793,090 816,598 2,853,896 1,566,939
Calcium arsenate is not listed separ- Venezuela. 297 631 84 142
Unspecified 997 616 13,272 11,624
ately in the Peruvian Customs, but is Total. 1,999,900 1,013,612 3,246,763 1,804,031
grouped together in an item entitled 94 percent 1,879,906 952,795 3,051,957 1,695,789
"Arsenicals." However, it has been
1940 1941
estimated by trade sources that 94
percent of the total is calcium arsenate. 233
Argentina 468 50 75
Imports since 1938 are shown in the Brazil 540 2,076
Chile 2 16 81 85
accompanying table. Ecuador. 356 1,097 185 389
Germany 440 1,156
Great Britain. 27,097 35,768 36,734 65,369
Exports Japan.. 115,125 92,654 7,659 25,277
United States. 2,171,339 1,468,061 2,882,090 2,380,869
Venezuela. 1,070 4,666
Peru exports no calcium arsenate. Unspecified. 839 1,631 15,740 10,139
Total 2,315.431 1,600,851 2,944,149 2,488,945
Import Duties and Regulations 94 percent 2,176,505 1,504,800 2,767,500 2,339,608
Free of import duty.
1942 1943
S/4.00 per gross metric ton dock charge.
2% of declared value, with 20% added, Argentina 1,286 8,983 12 46
Brazil 450 1,921 37 408
as education charge. Chile 606,599 134,966 676 6,329
Ecuador. 222 478 108 248
1% of declared value, with 20% added , Great Britain. 29,419 50,226 73,685 140,965
for unemployed . United States. 746,353 897,125 2,242,484 2,738,125
Venezuela 4,378 23,413 90,926 359,248
2 % of declared value, with 20% added, Not pecified 1,089 659 112 565
for the Santa Hydroelectric Project. Total 1,389,796 1,117,771 2,413,040 3,245,934
94 percent 1,306,408 1,050,705 2,268,258 3,051,178
6% of declared value consular charge.
1% for national theatre, based on Year 1944: Peruvian imports for 1944 by countries of origin are not yet available. However,
import duty. total imports amounted to 1,105,200 gross kilograms valued S/1,526,478. Ninety four percent of
each figure gives 1,038,888 gross kilograms of estimated calcium arsenate imports valued at
For Peruvian exchange control reg- S/1,434,889.
ulations see the September 1 , 1945 United States export figures for 1944 show exports to Peru of calcium arsenate as 1,130,000
issue, page 37, of the Foreign Com- pounds valued at $81,161.
Note : U. S. $1.00 equaled S/6.50 from 1941 to present ; S/6.17 in 1940 ; S/5.53 in 1939; S/4.47 in
merce Weekly. 1938.

D. 11002
 NDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Channels of Distribution
The methods of distributing calcium
arsenate are diversified. There are
very few wholesalers of importance.
Many agents for foreign firms bring it
in through direct orders from clients
and also purchase it for resale among
small merchants. It is also retailed
in drug stores.
Outlook and Potentialities
United States participation in the
market is very likely to decline pro-
gressively. Cerro de Pasco Copper
Corporation has a project for a plant.
for the manufacture of calcium arse-
nate, with a capacity of 600 tons a
month. As Peru's maximum consump-
tion is 2,700 tons per year, Peru will
have an ample supply for export.

Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the follow-

ing 26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and
foreign trade problems:
Location of Offices Managers
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg. C. Parker Persons

Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse....... Harold P. Smith

Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg... John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg. C. W. Martin

Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse....... George C. Payne

Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce.. Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Commerce Bldg. ,

Euclid Ave. at East 9th St.. Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2, Tex. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse. Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus

Detroit 26 Mich., 1028 New Federal Bldg... Richard Stephenson

Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg... Thos. U. Purcell

Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal Bldg.. William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.. Harry M. Washington

Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post Office
and Courthouse.. Walter Measday

Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.... Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1 , Minn. 201 Federal Bldg... Silas M. Bryan

New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime Bldg. Harold C. Jackson

New York 18, 61 Broadway, 5th Floor John F. Sinnott

Philadelphia 2, Pa. 1510 Chestnut St... William M. Park

Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal Bldg.. Chas. A. Carpenter

DIAYA UNYI .....
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313 , 520 S. W. Morrison St..... Howard Waterbury
21
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2 , Mezzanine,
JAN 28 46
801 E. Broad St... C. Roy Mundee

St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.. Clyde Miller

San Francisco 11, Calif., 307 Customhouse.. John J. Judge

Savannah, Ga. , 513 Liberty National Bank and

Trust Bldg., Bull and Broughtin Streets. Joseph C. Stovall

Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg. Philip M. Crawford

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-675131

Documents Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director

Part 2. CHEMICALS,

STA DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this part 5 rents
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 December 1945 Number 58

Markets for Chemical Fertilizers

in Costa Rica

Short Form Market Report by George M. Woodbridge, United States Embassy, San Jose

Production Costa Rican Imports of Chemical Fertilizers ( All Types)

[Quantity in kilograms ; value in U. S. dollars. ]
No chemical fertilizers of any kind
are produced in Costa Rica. One of 1937 1938
the principal fertilizer importing firms,
produces a small amount of compost Countries of origin Quantity Value Quantity Value
from the garbage collected daily in
the city of San Jose, which they
strengthen with imported chemical fer- Belgium. 43,140 2,222
Chile 25,605 887
tilizers and sell under a local trade England 957,529 44,263 1,262,717 62,607
name. The same procedure is used Germany. 1,788,238 76,755 1,075,922 46,932
Netherlands 9,146 610 62,352 2,385
in connection with fish fertilizer bought Jamaica. 4,281 239
Panama. 140 93
locally. Peru 215,670 2,323 576,910 10,249
United States 120,760 4,693 249,641 9,859
Consumption 3,121,229 3,270,822
129,720 134,347
There are no reliable statistics which
show the country's consumption of 1939 1940
fertilizers. From available official Costa
Rican import figures and after consulta- Canada 175,988 8,238
tion with the Ministry of Agriculture Chile 507,295 18,628
England 896,632 42,557 1,022,228 45,413
and leading importers of fertilizers, it Germany 1,855,683 72,301
is estimated that the country's annual United States 1,465,288 56,528 4,102,503 211,891
average consumption for the past 10- 4,217,603 171,386 5,808,014
year period (1935-44) has amounted to 284,170
3,445.5 metric tons, equivalent to
1941 1942
3,790.05 short tons. It has been pointed
out, however, that the presently in-
Canada. 1,206,359 64,887
creasing production of agricultural Chile 44,571 2,046 650,481 37,426
products will tend to increase the Colombia. 117,335 4,800
Mexico 173,292 5,401
country's future fertilizer consumption. United States 1,886,198 83,213 2,531,836 72,401
Imports 3,137,128 150,146 3,472,944 120,023
The Costa Rican market for fertilizers 1943 1944
prior to the war was supplied mainly
by Germany, England, and Peru, al- Chile. 2,583,244 109,852
though minor importations were made Mexico 675,816 18,763
from the United States during that United States 1,136,526 55,576 2,522,355 125,415
period. In 1940, Germany disappeared 1,812,342 74,339 5,105,599 235,267
as the leading supplier and its place
was taken by the United States. The Source: Costa Rican Statistical Office.

D 12900
 INDUSTRIAL
United States was the leading supplier
during 1941 , 1942, and 1943, but in
1944 imports from Chile were slightly
greater.
Exports
No fertilizers are exported from
Costa Rica.
Import Duties and Regulations
For customs purposes fertilizers are
classified under "Agricultural Fertilizers
of all Types" in Item 1 of Class I of
the Costa Rican Customs Tariff and
are not subject to any import duties
or surcharges.
According to Agreement No. 244 of
November 20, 1926, all chemical fer-
tilizers imported into the country must
be analyzed by the Chemical Labora-
tory of the Department of Agriculture.
Department
Atlanta 3, Ga., 603 Rhodes Bldg.
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Custom-
house.
Buffalo 3, N. Y. , 242 Federal Bldg.
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of
Commerce Bldg.
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Court-
house.
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of
Commerce.
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union
Commerce Bldg., Euclid Ave.,
at East 9th St.
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Com-
merce Bldg.
Denver 2, Colo., 566 Custom-
house.
REFERENCE SERVICE
2.
According to Decree No. 3 of July 7,
1940, all chemical fertilizers imported . Costa Rica by a local representative
into the country must be packed ' in
new bags.
There are no import quotas or other
national restrictions affecting entries
of fertilizers into Costa Rica.
Channels of Distribution
About one-third of the country's
total fertilizer requirements are im-
ported directly by one company for
use on its banana and abaca planta-
tions.
The remainder of the country's re-
quirements are imported by the two
principal tobacco manufacturing com-
panies and by about 12 leading im-
porters who act as wholesalers and
distributors, selling directly to cus-
tomers.
of
of Commerce Field
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 Federal
Bldg.
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal
Office Bldg.
Jacksonville 1, Fla., 425 Federal
Bldg.
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight
Bldg.
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S.
Post Office and Courthouse.
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal
Bldg.
Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal
Office Bldg .
New Orleans 12, La., 408 Mari-
time Bldg.
New York 4, N. Y., 61 Broadway,
5th Floor.
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-675453
"Chilean nitrates are distributed in
of a Chilean nitrate company .
Outlook and Potentialities
The outlook for trade with the
United States is at present excellent
and there seems little doubt but that
on a competitive price basis the United
States will continue to lead and may
eventually eliminate Chile in fertilizer
exports to this market, there being a
decided preference for United States
fertilizers due to their higher concen-
trations, superior quality especially as
regards leaching, and to a substantial
difference in maritime rates. Further-
more, Chile is not in a position to
supply phosphates which are needed
in great quantities in Costa Rica due
to local soil deficiencies in this element.
Service
Philadelphia 2, Pa., 1510 Chestnut
St.
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New
Federal Bldg.
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520
S. W. Morrison St.
Richmond 19, Va., Room 2,
Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St.
St. Louis 1, Mo. , 107 New Federal
Bldg .
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307
Customhouse.
Savannah, Ga., 513 Liberty Na-
tional Bank and Trust Bldg. ,
Bull and Broughtin Sts.
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal
Office Bldg.
JAN 28 46 .
Cuments Room

Industrial Reference Service

T
R SI
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary E
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, AMOS E. TAYLOR, Director NA IV
NT

CO N
ME

MM A U
RT

I
PA

OP ER D
DE

CE N
I
A

Part 2. CHEMICALS,
RIC
UNI

AME
TED

STATES DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

of EB 13 1946

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents ! ERARY
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. , or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 December 1945 Number 59

Markets for Industrial Explosives , Fuses

and Blasting Caps in Venezuela

Short form market report by William P. Wright, Assistant Commercial Attache, United States Embassy, Caracas.

Production
There are three, and possibly more,
powder manufacturers in Venezuela,
only one of whom is said to produce in
appreciable volume. Most of the locally
manufactured products are used for
sporting purposes or pyrotechnics . The
amount of blasting powder manufac-
tured is estimated at not more than
40,000 pounds annually. Dynamite or
other industrial explosives are not
manufactured in Venezuela.
Consumption
Dynamite is the only product in the
subject group on which an accurate
estimate of consumption can be made
since it is all imported and presumably
used exclusively for industrial pur-
poses. The volume is indicated in the
import tables below. Consumption of
dynamite may be grouped as follows:
(a) exploratory ( seismographic ) work
in connection with petroleum and other
mining investigations ; (b ) mining and
quarrying operations; and ( c ) general
construction.
Blasting powder is not separately
classified in official import statistics, but
it is estimated that one-half of the item
"powder" is imported for that purpose.
With some increase in those activities
consuming industrial explosives, the
annual normal consumption pattern
during the 1946-50 period may be reck-
oned as shown in table 1.
TABLE 1-Estimated Annual
Consumption Pattern
[In metric tons]
Explorations Mining & Construc-
Item (Seismograph) quarrying tion
Blasting
powder 60 30
Dynamite 450 240 125
Detonators
25
The figures in table 1 are, primarily, which are admitted under the "duty
an estimate with relation to apportion- exempted" heading. Explosives for
ment rather than volume. For the period other work are also imported free of
1941 to date the volume of imports from duty but the bulk under this classifica-
the United States is the gage to be tion is for oil operations .
followed. Industrial explosives are imported
only by special permission of the Minis-
Imports try of War and Navy. The application
for a permit to import must indicate
Official import trade figures for the
quantity, use, source of supply, and
1939-43 period are shown in table 2.
port of entry. Importers claim that these
requirements, plus the prohibition
TABLE 2-Imports of Industrial against carrying stocks in other than
Explosives, 1939-43 Government -owned magazines , and the
[In metric tons] restriction against removal from storage
Country of origin 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 except in such quantities as are to be
Powder-customs classification immediately used, serve as a serious
No. 360-A marketing handicap. It is said that
United States 100.7 39.5 168.8 211.9 30.0 many operations that could be per-
France .4 .3
formed more efficiently by the use of
All others. .2 dynamite or blasting powder are now
Total 101.1 40.0 168.8 211.9 30.0
being done by hand or mechanical
Dynamite-customs classification means, all because of restrictive regu-
No. 360-B lations. A certain degree of leniency is
United States 469.0 553.7 651.2 595.0 673.5
exercised - under rigid rules - in the
England 177.9
All others ... 15.4 11.4 33.4 case of oil companies and other mining
Total 662.3 565.1 651.2 628.4 673.5 groups far removed from populated
Detonators and fuses-customs areas. This, however, offers little relief
classification No. 361 to building contractors, quarry opera-
tors, and farmers who use relatively
Germany 3.0
United States 31.2 65.4 55.5 36.2 36.6 small amounts.
England 23.9
All others . 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.3 Import duties on the subject products,
Total 59.9 66.7 55.5 37.7 37.9 in bolivares per gross kilogram, are as
follows: (1 Bolivar equals $0.30 ) :
Powder-360-A, 2.00 ; dynamite- 360 -B,
Exports 0.40; detonators and fuses- 361 , 1.20.
None.
Classification 360 -C "not specified" is
imported under the same rate as dyna-
Import Duties and Regulations mite. A ruling should be procured from
Imports are classified under "Duty the Ministry of Hacienda, however, for
paid," "Duty exempted," and "National explosives of special composition since
Total
Government." Rough calculations indi- it is possible that they may be classed
cate possibly one-half of the industrial
90 under a separate grouping which would
815 explosives imported consists of dyna- permit a lower rate. This refers in par-
mite or special explosive compositions ticular to explosives requiring a primer

and fuses 25 15 5 45
used in seismograph soundings and for detonation.

D. 11356
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

Channels of Distribution
Most exporters of explosives to this
country appoint an agent who is
equipped to cover the entire country.
Somewhat in excess of one-third of im-
ports are contracted for by oil compan-
ies in the United States and elsewhere,
and on occasion the agent is allowed a
small good-will commission on such
purchases. The services of wholesalers
and retailers are unnecessary since it is
unlawful to carry stocks. Purchases by
the National Government and other
users are effected through agents.
Outlook and Potentialities
The exclusivity enjoyed by the United
States for the past 4 years as a supplier
of explosives to this market is likely to
continue for the next 2 years. England
probably will reenter the field at a later
date, supplying hand-wrapped dynamite
in other than standard sizes and fur-
nishing needed subject products to firms
controlled by British capital. The pre-
war market for detonators and fuses
was shared equally between the United
States and all others . The dominant
position held by United States suppliers
in recent years, and familiarity with the
use of such products, will prove, it is
believed, an advantage that cannot be
readily offset by an inferior article at
a lower price.

Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following 26 leading
cities to assist businessmen in their current, domestic and foreign trade problems :
Location of Offices Managers
Atlanta 3, Ga. , 603 Rhodes Bldg.... .C. Parker Persons
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse .. Harold P. Smith

Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg.. John J. Love

Charleston 3, S. C. , Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. .C. W. Martin

Chicago 4, Ill. , 357 U. S. Courthouse ... • George C. Payne
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce . .Miss Emma Herier

Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Commerce Bldg. ,

Euclid Ave. at East 9th St..... Frederic L. Roberts

Dallas 2 , Tex ., Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. Carl F. Bartz

Denver 2 , Colo . , 566 Customhouse.. .Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus
Detroit 26, Mich. , 1028 New Federal Bldg. Richard Stephenson
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg. Thos. U. Percell

Jacksonville 1 , Fla. , 425 Federal Bldg... William A. Dunlap

Kansas City 6, Mo. , 724 Dwight Bldg.. • Harry M. Washington
Los Angeles 12, Calif., 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse . Walter Measday

Memphis 3, Tenn. , 229 Federal Bldg.. Noland Fontaine

Minneapolis 1, Minn., 201 Federal Bldg.. Silas M. Bryan
New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime Bldg... Harold C. Jackson

New York 6, N. Y., 61 Broadway, 5th Floor ... ..John F. Sinnott

Philadelphia 2, Pa. , 1510 Chestnut St... William M. Park
Pittsburgh 19, Pa. , 1013 New Federal Bldg... Chas. A. Carpenter
Portland 4, Oreg. , Room 313, 520 S. W. Morrison St.. • Howard Waterbury
Richmond 19, Va. , Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad St.. C. Roy Mundee
St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.. Clyde Miller
San Francisco 11 , Calif. , 307 Customhouse .. ..John J. Judge

Savannah, Ga. , 513 Liberty National Bank and Trust Bldg. ,

Bull & Broughtin Sts........ Joseph C. Stovall
Seattle 4, Wash., 809 Federal Office Bldg... .Philip M. Crawford

✰u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1945-675452

 uments Room

Industrial Reference Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, HENRY A. WALLACE, Secretary

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Amos E. TAYLOR, Director
T
MEN COM
RT MER
PA OF S
DE
Part 2 . CHEMICALS ,
A
UNIT

IC

-8
ER
AM
ED

DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS

STATES

Available in Parts Covering Selected Services and Commodities

Annual Subscription $2.00. Price this report 5 cents.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., or any of the Department's Field Offices

Volume 3-Part 2 December 1945 Number 60

Balsam of Tolu

(Synopsis of Information)

Prepared in the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Unit, T. W. Delahanty, Chief

CARIBBEAN SEA
General Description
Balsam of tolu, or Balsamum Tolu-
tanum, is the exudation obtained by BARRANQUILLA
tapping the trunk of the tree Myroxy-
lon Balsamum ( Linné) Harms ( Fam .
Leguminosae) . The exudation has a
soft, tenacious consistence, which varies
considerably with the temperature and
gradually hardens with age. It turns
soft at about 30° C. and melts at 60° to
65 ° C. It is a brown or yellowish brown,
se
Ca e

plastic solid; transparent in thin layers

Ri

and brittle when old, dried, or exposed VENEZUELA

to cold temperatures. It has a pleasant,
aromatic odor resembling vanilla, and a PACIFIC
mild aromatic taste.
Tolu balsam is nearly insoluble in
OCEAN
water and in purified benzin. It is sol-
uble in alcohol, in chloroform, and in
ether. It dissolves in solution of sodium
hydroxide and of potassium hydroxide,
usually leaving an insoluble residue. BOGOTA
Tolu is sometimes adulterated with
rosin, rosin oils, copaiba, and pine res-
ins. However, the rosins and pine res-
ins are readily detected, as they are sol- со M B 1
uble in carbon disulfide and benzol. A

Sources
Colombia is the principal source of the
balsam, most of which is obtained in the
province of Tolu in the neighborhood of
the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers, where
it occurs wild in great forests. Collec- ECUA OR
tion is carried on all year with the ex-
ception of the season of heavy rains.
Surinam and Java produce Tolu balsam AZIL
but only small amounts enter commerce
from these countries.

Methods of Production J 28.46

The balsam is said to be produced nor-
mally in the tree only in young growing
tissues, such as the young twigs and
leaves, and is formed in the older tissues
only as the result of injuries.

5
D 1100
.
2 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

One authority states that in order to color which ranges from light yellow to TABLE 1.- Colombian Exports of
obtain the balsam commercially the bark reddish black. No price differential is Tolu Balsam 1931-43¹
is injured, causing the balsam to exude. made because of color.
The wound is bandaged with burlap or It is being recommended that the Quantity
U.S.P. be revised to have the acid number (Kilo- Pound Value
forcibly stuffed with this material. When Year grams) equivalent (Pesos)
saturated, the burlap is removed, boiled, read "100 to 168" because many lots are
and the balsam pressed out. The result- received which have lower acid numbers 1931 35,870 79,079 13,386
ing product is then purified. than the U.S.P. specifications . They are 1932 46,973 103,557 81,361
1933 73,461 161,952 113,006
Another method of procuring the bal- pure, conform to all other specifications, 1934 67,866 149,617 88,993
sam is by making V-shaped incisions in and possess all the active qualities of 1935 86,315 190,290 97,505
1936 69,804 153,890 101,943
the trunk through the bark. The exuda- the present U.S.P. XII. 1937 119,046 262,449 163,976
tion is received in small calabash cups 1938 46,033 101,484 60,595
1939 70,876 156,253 91,442
inserted in slight excavations at the bot- 1940 98,199 216,490 173,944
Packing, Shipping and Storage 1941 141,611 312.196 256,615
tom of the V. Many cups are used on 1942 156,567 142,850
the same tree at the same time. When Tolu balsam is odorous and should be 71,472
1943 39,754 87,642 79,861
the cups become filled, collectors empty stowed in airtight containers away from
them into raw-hide bags which are slung edibles and foodstuffs and excessive heat. 1 1931-36 inclusive, type of kilograms not specified;
1937-1943 inclusive, net kilograms.
over the backs of donkeys. It is imported in tins packed in wooden Source : Anuario de Comercio Exterior, Colombia,
The balsam is shipped in these hide boxes, 2 cubic feet in size, weighing 117 1931-1943.
bags to Cartagena, Santa Marta, and pounds. Thirty-eight cubic feet are re-
Baranquilla where it is transferred to quired to stow 1 long ton.
Imports
cylindrical tin cans which hold 10 to 25
pounds. From these ports it is exported No import permit is required for Tolu
Output balsam . Table 2 shows United States
to all parts of the world. The port of
Baranquilla is the most important, han- Tolu balsam is not produced in the imports for consumption for the period
dling over 90 percent of total Colombian United States. Production figures for 1931-42 by countries of origin.
shipments. foreign countries are not available be-
The following Colombian States were cause of the widespread collection area
credited with exports of tolu to the vari- Consumption
and because records are not kept. The
ous ports : natives collect only what they believe can Tolu is consumed in quantities approxi-
be sold at a good price, but increased col- mately as follows: Medicinal, 50 per-
Percent of total lections could be made if a good market cent; industrial, 50 percent. No further
price were assured. breakdown is available.
State 1942 1943

Magdalena 52.5 69.1 Exports Prices

Atlantico 35.5 27.6
Huila 11.7
Bolivar 0.3 3.3 In Colombia, except for a rather lim- Prices per pound in large lots, New
ited local consumption, exports are con- York, varied considerably in the period
100.0 100.0
sidered equal to production. Exports from 1931 to 1941. A low of 36 cents per
from Colombia are shown in table 1. pound was registered in 1935 and 1936
Uses
Medicinal.-Tolu is used as a stimulant
-expectorant, disinfectant, vulnerary,
and as a stomachic. It is also used in
THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
certain official preparations and pharma-
ceuticals, mainly expectorant mixtures, 350
lozenges, and cough mixtures. Official COLOMBIAN EXPORTS
preparations are: Syrupus Balsami To- AND
lutani ; Tinctura Benzoini Composita;
Tinctura Balsami Tolutani. 300 UNITED STATES IMPORTS
Industrial.- Tolu is widely used in the OF
manufacture of soaps, cosmetics, per- TOLU BALSAM
fumes (of the hyacinth type ) , fumigat- 250
ing compositions, and as a glaze in
confectionery. It is also a commercial
source of cinnamic acid. COLOMBIAN EXPORTS
The principal importers and sales out- 200
lets in the United States are essential oil
and crude drug firms.

Grades 150

Each industry has its own standards

for the grades consumed. The various
grades are as follows: 100
Natural- The balsam in its natural
MA
form after exudation, without any proc-
essing. UNITED STATES IMPORTS
Cleaned-The balsam that has been 50
cleaned of foreign matter.
U.S.P. XII- The balsam in its natural
form, or cleaned, that meets standards
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE 45-621
prescribed in the U.S.P. XII.
A leading United States Authority 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943
states that there is just one quality of SOURCE: Anuario de Comercio Exterior, Colombia,1931-1943
Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States * Preliminary
Balsam tolu; various lots differ only in
 BALSAM OF TOLU 3

1
.9

TABLE 2.- United States Imports for Consumption of Tolu Balsam 1931-42 $5.00 with subscription to "Oil, Paint and
Drug Reporter."
Germany Colombia Belgium France
Tariff
Year rate Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Price Media

1931 10 percent Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter. Weekly.

1932 ... do.... $5.00 a year. Schnell Publishing Com-
1933 do .
1934 ..do .. 192 170 43,119 15,413 pany, 59 John Street, New York 7, New
1935 .do . 56,070 14,594 York.
1936 .do . 13,316 3,327
1936 5 percent A.R. 40,215 13,527 Drug and Cosmetic Industry. Monthly.
1937 .do . 52,670 17,090 784 145 11 9 $2 a year; single copy 25 cents. Drug
1938 do . 55,297 18,126 1,290 280
1939 .do . 82,098 25,522 Markets, Incorporated, 101 W. 31st
1940 .do.. 100,071 52,843 Street, New York 1, New York.
1941 .... do. 246,107 126,925 Drug and Cosmetic Review. Annual.
1942 2 do. 142,459 87,668
Drug Markets, Incorporated, 101 W. 31st
United Kingdom Italy Canada Total Street, New York 1, New York.

Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars Pounds Dollars

Economic References
1931 10 percent 39,122 20,165
1932 .... do.... 46,593 17,659 Government
1933 .do.. 72,303 28,989
1934 .do.. 43,311 15,583
1935 ..do.. 56,070 14,594 Foreign Commerce and Navigation of
1936 .do.. 53,5311 16,854) the United States for the Calendar Year
1936 5 percent A.R.
1937 .do... 3,738 692 886 183 58,089 18,119 1941. 1944. Annual. Bureau of the
1938 ..do.. 3,049 684 550 154 60,186 19,244 Census, U. S. Department of Commerce.
1939 .do . 1,338 314 83,436 25,836
1940 ..do . 100,071 52,843 696 pp. $2.50. Available from the Super-
1941 .... do.. 246,107 126,925 intendent of Documents, Washington 25,
1942 2 .do . 142,459 87,668
D. C. Figures for 1942 are now available
1 No breakdown by country 1931-33, inclusive. as follows : Table 1, "Imports for Con-
2 General imports; preliminary. sumption, by Commodities and Countries,
Source: Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States.
1942" (1945. 222 pp. 40¢ ) ; Table 4,
"Exports of Domestic Merchandise, In-
cluding Exports Under the Lend-Lease
duce the identical results in balsam tolu, Program, by Commodities and Countries,
and a high of $1.75 was reached in 1940. 1942" ( 1945. 273 pp. 50¢ ) ; and Table
Prices are quoted by OPD, September 3, a number of materials can be used to
replace it to give similar results. How- 4-A, "Exports of Domestic and Foreign
1945, at $1.75 to $1.90 per pound. In- Merchandise Under the Lend-Lease Pro-
voice prices per pound for the same pe- ever, replacements may be made as fol-
lows : giam, by Commodities and Countries,
riod show a low of 26 cents in 1935 and
1942" ( 1945. 76 pp. 154) . These reports
a high of 52.8 cents for 1940. For medicinal use as a stimulant-
may be obtained from the Bureau of the
expectorant preparations containing Census, U. S. Department of Commerce,
TABLE 3.- Prices of Tolu, per Pound, guaiacol, ammonium salts, creosote, grin- Washington 25, D. C. , at the prices in-
1931-41 delia, senega. dicated. Later statistics now being
For industrial use in soaps, cosmetics, released are described in a list of foreign
Large lots, resale, and perfumes—balsams styrax and peru, trade reports which is available on re-
New York
Importers' linalyl acetate, gum olibanum, gum ben- quest from the Bureau of the Census.
invoice
Year Low High cost price zoin, and other aromatic products. Modern Ship Stowage. Industrial Series
For fumigating-citronella oil, gum No. 1, 1942. Bureau of Foreign and
1931 0.65 1.05 0.515 benzoin, balsams peru and styrax, and Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department
1932 0.70 0.75 0.379 of Commerce. 719 pp. $1.50. Available
1933 0.72 0.78 0.401 gum olibanum.
1934 0.55 0.75 0.360 For glazing confectionery-starch, from the Superintendent of Documents,
1935 0.36 0.55 0.260
1936 0.36 0.55 0.315 sugar, etc. Washington 25, D. C.
1937 0.49 0.52 0.312 Tariff Information Survey A-3—Bal-
1938 0.44 0.48 0.320 For cinnamic acid-balsam peru and sams. 1921. U. S. Tariff Commission.
1939 0.45 0.70 0.310 other sources. The use of any of the
1940 0.85 1.75 0.528 Out of print. Copies may be consulted
1941 0.80 1.00 0.516 above replacements would depend upon in Government depository libraries
use, availability, price, and individual
1 From Drug and Cosmetic Review 1942–43. choice. throughout the country and other large
libraries.
United States selling prices are sub-
ject to the OPA general maximum price Producers and Dealers
regulations and their amendments. Nongovernment
Names of exporters in other countries The United States Dispensatory. 1943.
can be had for a nominal sum by address-
Restrictions 23rd edition. By Horatio C. Wood, Jr.,
ing communications to the Commercial
and Arthur Osol. 1900 pp. $15.00. J. B.
Importation is restricted by shipping Intelligence Unit, Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, Department of Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Penn-
quotas but these are large enough to al- sylvania.
low almost normal importation . Normal Commerce, Washington 25, D. C.
Cyclopedia of Perfumery. By E. J.
quantities should be available in Colom- The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Parry. P. Blakiston's Son and Company.
bia. Commerce does not compile lists of The Pharmacopoeia of the United
United States firms. States of America. Revision XII . 1942.
Substitutes Names of United States importers and Mack Printing Company, Easton, Penn-
dealers may be found in such commercial sylvania.
No substitutes can be used to replace directories as Oil, Paint and Drug Re- Fritzsche Brothers, Incorporated , 76
Balsam Tolu in USP products in cases porter Green Book, published annually by Ninth Avenue, New York, New York.
where it is specifically prescribed. Al- Schnell Publishing Company, 59 John The Volatile Oils. Volume II. 1916.
though there are no substitutes that pro- Street, New York 7, New York. Price By Gildemeister and Hoffman. $8.00.
 INDUSTRIAL REFERENCE SERVICE

John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 432
Fourth Avenue, New York 16, New York.
The American Perfumer and Essential
Oil Review. Monthly. $3.00 a year ;
single copy 30¢. Robbins Publishing
Company, Incorporated, 9 E. 38th Street,
New York 16, New York.
Anuario de Comercio Exterior, Colom-
bia, 1931-1943. Contraloría General de
la República, Dirección Nacional de Es-
tadística, Bogotá, Colombia.
Trade Associations
Toilet Goods Association, 9 Rockefeller
Plaza, New York 20, New York.
Essential Oil Association of the U.S.A.,
220 Fifth Avenue, New York.

Field Offices

JOSEPH A. MACK, Director

Field offices are maintained by the Commerce Department in the following

26 leading cities to assist businessmen in their current domestic and foreign trade
problems :
Location of Offices Managers
Atlanta 3, Ga . , 603 Rhodes Bldg.. ....C . Parker Persons
Boston 9, Mass., 1800 Customhouse.. Harold P. Smith
Buffalo 3, N. Y., 242 Federal Bldg
........ ..John J. Love
Charleston 3, S. C., Chamber of Commerce. Bl.................... Martin
Chicago 4, Ill., 357 U. S. Courthouse
..... George C. Payne
Cincinnati 2, Ohio, Chamber of Commerce.... Miss Emma Herier
Cleveland 14, Ohio, 753 Union Commerce Bldg.,
Euclid Ave. at East 9th S ............... Frederic L. Roberts
Dallas 2, Tex., Chamber of Commerce Bldg
.... ……………....
Carl F. Bartz
Denver 2, Colo. , 566 Customhouse........ ......... Mrs. Elizabeth Pettus
Detroit 26, Mich., 1028 New Federal Bldg. Richard Stephenson
Houston 14, Tex., 603 Federal Office Bldg.... ........ Thos. U. Purcell
Jacksonville 1 , Fla., 425 Federal Bldg. ....William A. Dunlap
Kansas City 6, Mo., 724 Dwight Bldg. Harry M. Washington
Los Angeles 12, Calif. , 1540 U. S. Post Office and Courthouse...... Walter Measday
Memphis 3, Tenn., 229 Federal Bldg. .................
Noland Fontaine
Minneapolis 1 , Minn . , 201 Federal Bldg. Silas M. Bryan

New Orleans 12, La. , 408 Maritime Bldg... Harold C. Jackson

New York 6, N. Y. , 61 Broadway, 5th Floor.... ...
John F. Sinnott
Philadelphia 2, Pa. , 1510 Chestnut .................. William M. Park
Pittsburgh 19, Pa., 1013 New Federal Bldg... Chas . A. Carpenter
Portland 4, Oreg., Room 313, 520 S. W. Morrison St... Howard Waterbury

Richmond 19, Va., Room 2, Mezzanine, 801 E. Broad ........................... Mundee

St. Louis 1 , Mo. , 107 New Federal Bldg.. ............ Clyde Miller
San Francisco 11 , Calif., 307 Customhouse.. John J. Judge
Savannah, Ga . , 513 Liberty National Bank & Trust Bldg.,
Bull and Broughtin Streets... Joseph C. Stovall
Seattle 4, Wash . , 809 Federal Office Bldg. Philip M. Crawford

✰ U. S. Government Printing Office: 1945-675456

 ALF Collections Vault

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