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at all.

Working Topic: Use of Conjunctions

Source / DOI Title Rationale Result Main Focus

Either DOI or URL Enter the title of the study -Write the main objective Usually found in the Main focus
of the study abstract

-Usually found at the last 3

paragraphs of the rationale

1.)

https://dx.doi.org/ The Effect of Using To examine the effect of This correlation indicates The goal of this research
10.24093/awej/call6.19 Conjunction as Cohesive the use of conjunctions on that the frequent and was to investigate the
Device on the the overall quality of general use of devices in effect of use conjunctions
Undergraduates’ Quality of writing. the writing of Jordanian on the overall quality of
Writing in Argumentative students did not contribute argumentative writing of
Essays of Jordanian EFL to the quality of the writing Jordanian English as foreign
Learners under any conditions. Also language (EFL) learners.
the finding revealed that
By: RYS Al Shamalat
there is an extremely
negative but irrelevant
correlation between the
use of conjunctions devices
by Jordanian EFL students
and their writing quality.
Therefore, the correlation
was negative and
insignificant for Jordanian
EFL students. More
specifically, the result
shows that the frequencies
of conjunctions were not
found as an indicator of
good writing quality for
Jordanian EFL students.
This research is significant
for providing a
considerable number of
pedagogical implications
for further research that
will offer great contribution
to the field of teaching
writing in

EFL setting in Jordan in

particular and English as
second language (ESL)
context in general.
Moreover, the research has
shown a better
understanding of cohesive
devices / conjunctions by
Jordanian EFL students at
Mu’tah University.
2. The Students’ Error in Using The students' difficulties in It was found that most of The problems in this
Conjunction (Because, using subordinate the students got errors in research were identified as,
http://doi.org/10.5539/
Since, as, in Case) in the conjunction and to find out answering items number 5, the students' error in using
elt.v11n4p91
Sentences the causes of the students' 6, 9,10,14, and 15. For subordinate conjunction
problems in using and the causes of the error
number 5 and 10 it dealt
subordinate conjunction. in using subordinate
with the use of subordinate
By: Tagor Pangaribuan, conjunction. This research
number 6,9 and 15, it
Elisa Haddina, and was focused on the
concerned with the use of
Sondang Manik students in using
subordinate
conjunction in the
conjunction “in case” which sentence. Especially the
was typically caused by conjunction were ones
carelessness or context. For know as subordinate
number 14, it dealt with conjunction (because,
the use since, as, in case)

of subordinate conjunction
“since” which was typically
caused by interlingual and
carelessness. And then

students got more errors in

using subordinate
conjunction “as” in
complex sentences. There
were 83 frequencies

of errors. Type of errors

that the students made
was “substitution” (It is a
sentence which of it is

3.). AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF
10.37081/ed.v7i3.1193 USING CONJUNCTION IN
WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT
(A Study at the First Grade
aspects (Word) is
substituted by another).
Students made errors were
caused more by
carelessness rather that by
interlingual. There were
two subordinate
conjunctions of four (since,
as, because, in case) in
errors caused by
interlingual
cause, they are “as” and
“since”. Most of students
transferred both these
conjunctions into Indonesia
translation
so that they got errors to
use, in addition to both
they have more that one
meaning. There were all
subordinate
conjunctions (since, in case,
because) caused by
carelessness or students
got errors in using them
contextually.
The aim of this research is Students problem and
to explain the quality of writing quality in terms of
In this case study, the
students' writing in terms using conjunction.
researcher has analyzed
of conjunction and to
the errors made by
 Students of MTs YPKS analyze students' problems
Padangsidimpuan using conjunction in writing
2018/2019 Academic Year) narrative text. This
research is a qualitative
research method. This
By: Nina Nurbaidah research also aim to know
the causes of stuents'
problem using conjunction
in writing narrative text.
4. STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN The study aimed to analyze
USING COORDINATING Indonesian students (who
https://
CONJUNCTIONS AT are still learning their
journal.unipdu.ac.id/
second language
index.php/jr/article/ ELEVENTH GRADE
specifically English) errors
students based on the data
analysis and it can be
concluded that the errors in
the students test (1) The
result of the data finding
showed that the most of
students made error of
using conjunction on
writing their narrative text,
it can be seen from the
high percentage of error
types that made by student
there were omission error
53%, addition error 178%
misinformation error 27 %
and misordering error 3%.
(2) Based on interview to
the 9 informants, it can be
concludes the cause of
error that made by
students are Carelessness,
first language interferences
and translation those are
from the learners
themselves or the teacher
and the method.
The students' errors are This study focused on the
coming from Intralingual students' errors in using
Errors, also Developmental the conjunction. They are
Errors. The students may Indonesian students that
use the conjunction with still learning about the
view/3291/1502 STUDENTS of using conjunctions. the wrong formula or can second language, especially
be from their lack of English.
By:
knowledge also less in
Imam Ahmad Ma’shum vocabularies. The Result
proved that students still
MI Bustanul Ulum Jombang using coordinating
conjunctions except 'for'
incorrectly. The errors were
coming from intralingual
errors, and developmental
errors

5.
10.24256/ideas.v9i1.1901
An Analysis of Conjunction The objective of the study The result of the study The main focus was to
in Descriptive Text of was to examine the use of showed that the most analyze the types of
English Textbook Used in conjunctions in a common type of conjunctions used in the
Tenth Grade of Senior High descriptive text from a conjunction in the English textbook and
School" and the authors are Senior High School descriptive text of the determine the most
Julian Fransiskus Xaverius textbook for the tenth English textbook used in common type of
Sianturi, Ayu Santiya, Elis grade. the tenth grade of senior conjunction in the
Arianti Panjaitan, and high school was the descriptive text.
Kartina Rahmadhani Rambe. coordinating conjunction.
Specifically, the word "and"
was the most frequently
used conjunction in the
 descriptive text.

6.
https://doi.org/10.33369/j
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
eet.1.1.65-73
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
USED IN THE RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION SECTION OF
STUDENTS' RAS AND TEFLIN
JAS PUBLISHED IN 2015
By:
Dian Rahayu Purba, Safnil
And Rosnasari Pulungan
The objective of the study
was to identify and
compare the types of
conjunctions used in
students' research articles
(RAs) and TEFLIN journal
articles (JAs). The study
aimed to analyze the
differences between the
conjunction usage in RAs
and JAs.
The result of the research The study focused to
showed that the most determine the most
common conjunction used common conjunctions used
in students' RAs was "and" in each type of article and
with subordinating the most frequent type of
conjunctions as the most conjunctions used.
common type. On the
other hand, the most
common conjunction used
in TEFLIN JAs was "that".
Additionally, coordinating
conjunctions were the
most frequent type used in
students' RAs, while
subordinating conjunctions
were the most frequent
type used in TEFLIN JAs.
The study found a
significant difference
between the two groups in
terms of conjunction usage.

7.
10.5281/zenodo.8346619
“Conjunctions in English” The paper aims to provide The author has explored The main focus of this
an in-depth study of various types of paper is to study
By: Tukhtasinova Zarina and
conjunctions in English. The conjunctions beyond the conjunctions in English in
Zokirjon kizi
author felt the need to commonly known depth, including their
conduct this research coordinating, meaning, types, and

8.
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.10533
Enhancing English as a
10
foreign language university
students’ writing through
explicit instruction of
conjunctions as cohesive
devices: An experimental
study
By:
Arwa Saleh Alawerdy and
Fahd Shehail Alalwi
because the study of subordinating, and functions. The paper goes
conjunctions has been correlative types. The beyond traditional
somewhat neglected paper has brought to light grammar to examine
compared to other parts of the significance of conjunctions semantically,
speech such as nouns, conjunctions in English pragmatically, and in
verbs, adjectives, and language study. propositional logic. It aims
prepositions. The author to stimulate interest in this
wanted to explore not only often overlooked area of
the traditional grammatical language study.
understanding of
conjunctions but also their
semantic and pragmatic
uses.
The study aims to The study found significant It focuses on enhancing the
investigate the impact of differences between the writing skills of English as a
explicit teaching of experimental and control foreign language (EFL)
conjunctions as cohesive groups in the post-test, students at a Saudi
devices on the suggesting that explicit university through explicit
development of paragraph instruction of conjunctions instruction of conjunctions
writing among Saudi EFL as cohesive devices can as cohesive devices. The
students. The authors improve students' study seeks to determine
noticed that these students paragraph writing. whether this teaching
often overused, underused, approach can help students
or misused certain write more cohesive
conjunctions in their paragraphs.
writing, thus affecting the
cohesion of their
paragraphs.
9.
https://doi.org/10.37729/s
The Analysis of Correlative The objective of the study The result of the study The study focused on
cripta.v8i1.791
Conjunctions Used in was to identify the types of showed that there were 91 research articles written by
Undergraduate Students' correlative conjunctions correlative conjunctions undergraduate students of
Research Articles used in students' research found in 46 research the English Language
articles and to explain their articles. The most common Education Program at
By:
functions. types of correlative Purworejo Muhammadiyah
Yeni Savitri, Junaedi conjunctions used were University in the academic
Setiyono, and Sri Widodo. "both_and" and "not year of 2018/2019.
only_but also". The
functions of the correlative
conjunctions were found to
connect words, phrases,
and clauses. Most of the
students used correlative
conjunctions to connect
phrases. The study also
identified some cases of
correlative conjunction
usage, such as omission,
misformation, misordering,
joining more than two
elements, addition, and
unparalleled element.

10. 10.33369/JEET.1.1.58-
64
The Students’ Ability in The research aimed to The research findings The main focus of this
Using Conjunctions (A describe the ability of sixth- indicated that the students' research is to assess the
Descriptive Quantitative semester students in the ability to use coordinate ability of students in the
Study of the Sixth Semester English study program at conjunctions was English study program at
Students of English Study Bengkulu University in categorized as "enough" Bengkulu University in
Program Bengkulu using English conjunctions. with mean scores of 61. using different types of
University) The study employed a Their ability to use English conjunctions. The
 By: Rahma Syafitri, Arasuli, descriptive quantitative
Barnabas Sembiring design to assess the
students' conjunction
usage abilities.
11. Students’ Grammatical The objective of this
Errors in Using Coordinate research was to identify
http://
Conjunction in Compound the types of errors and the
repository.radenintan.ac.i
Sentences Writing at SMPN most common grammatical
d/id/eprint/3324
1 Wonosobo in the First errors made by students in
Semester of the Eighth using coordinate
Grade in the Academic Year conjunctions in compound
of 2017/2018. sentence writing. The
research aimed to address
the difficulties faced by
By: DEVIYANA, VERA (2018) students at SMPN 1
Wonosobo in using
coordinate conjunctions
correctly and forming good
compound sentences.
12.
The study aims to
investigate whether
https:// Effectiveness of Teaching
teaching conjunctions in
www.researchgate.net/ Grammar in Context:
the context can improve
correlative conjunctions, study aims to provide a
relative conjunctions, and detailed quantitative
subordinate conjunctions description of the students'
was deemed "good" with conjunction usage abilities.
mean scores of 79, 78, and
78 respectively. The overall
ability of the students in
using conjunctions was
categorized as "enough"
with a mean score of 74.
The research found a total The main focus of the
of 47 errors in the students' research was to analyze
writing tasks, including and understand the
omission, addition, grammatical errors made
misformation, and by students in using
misordering. The highest coordinate conjunctions in
percentage of errors was compound sentence
categorized as writing, specifically at
misformation (72.34%), SMPN 1 Wonosobo in the
followed by omission first semester of the eighth
(17.02%), addition (8.51%), grade in the academic year
and misordering (2.13%). of 2017/2018.
The post-intervention The main focus of the study
results showed significant is to explore the
improvements in the use of effectiveness of teaching
conjunctions by the grammar in context,
publication/ Teaching Conjunctions as an the use of these devices by treatment group (TG) who specifically teaching
372217808_The_Effective Example Libyan EFL learners. It uses were taught conjunctions conjunctions, for Libyan EFL
ness_of_Teaching_Gramm a quasi-experimental in the context of their use learners.
ar_in_Context_Teaching_C design with pre- and post- in texts. The control group
onjunctions_as_an_Examp By: Mohammed Omer intervention control and (CG), taught conjunctions
le Ramadan treatment groups to collect in the traditional way,
data. showed little or no
improvement. The TG
demonstrated greater
properties of correct use,
fewer cases of misuse,
underuse, and overuse,
and more diversity in using
conjunctions, including the
use of conjunctions that
had not been used before

13.
https://www.researchgate
Problems Encountered This study aims to Results show that the This paper is designed to
.net/publication/35897866
Libyan EFL Students in Using investigate the errors majority of the Libyan EFL examine the students"
4_Problems_Encountered
Conjunctions committed by EFL university students do not writing skill and how they
_Libyan_EFL_Students_in_
university students in using use conjunctions properly use conjunctions in their
Using_Conjunctions By: Naema Alkhaboli
conjunctions in their in their writing. The writing. These students
writing. To fulfill this aim, findings reveal the were learning English as a
quantitative data included frequency of using foreign language in their
a written test which was adversative conjunction in fourth semester in English
selected for the study. their writing is lower than Dep., Faculty of Arts,
the frequency of other Azawiya University during
types of the conjunctions the academic year
used. However, students (2019/2020).
do not encounter
difficulties when using
additive conjunctions in

14. The Common Use of
10.5430/wjel.v13n7p572 Connecting Ideas in Writing
Paragraphs of Two Saudi
Contexts
The purpose of this study
was to investigate the use
of specific English
coordinating and
subordinating conjunctions
(and, but, or, so, because)
among undergraduate
students in two different
EFL contexts in Saudi
Arabia. The researchers
aimed to compare how
students in these contexts
applied the given
instructions regarding the
use of conjunctions in their
writing..
their writing.
The data was collected The focused of the study
from 26 students studying was to examine and
at two different Saudi compare the use of specific
universities. Thirteen coordinating and
participants belonged to a subordinating conjunctions
university in the north- in the writing of
central part of Saudi undergraduate students in
Arabia, while the other two different EFL contexts
thirteen participants in Saudi Arabia. By identify
studied at the Applied any differences or
Linguistics Department at a challenges in the
university in the middle of application of conjunctions
Saudi Arabia. The based on the given
participants were asked to instructions.
write two to three
paragraphs using specific
coordinating and
subordinating conjunctions.
The analysis of the data
revealed that there were
no significant differences in
the use of conjunctions
between the two groups.
However, several
participants faced
challenges in recognizing
the function of these
common conjunctions, and
they made similar types of
errors when attempting to
combine their clauses.
15. 10.2991/ice- An Error Analysis of the Use The study aimed to analyze
17.2018.131 of Conjunctions in the the types of errors made by
Chinese Language For Indonesian students when
Indonesian Students using conjunctions in the
Chinese language. The
researchers aimed to
identify and discuss the
specific errors made by
Indonesian students in
their understanding and
application of conjunctions
in Chinese.
The quantitative analysis The main focus of the study
revealed that Indonesian was to conduct an error
students made errors in analysis of the use of
the application of conjunctions in the Chinese
conjunctions in the Chinese language by Indonesian
language. The study found students. The study aimed
that there was a 22% error to identify the types of
rate when using single errors made by Indonesian
conjunction words in students and analyze the
sentences. The highest error rates in the
error rate (70.6%) was understanding and
observed when using the application of conjunctions.
word "so," while the lowest The study specifically
error rate (14%) was found highlighted the challenges
in the use of the fixed faced by Indonesian
causal conjunction students in mastering
"because ... ... so ... ...". causal conjunctions in
However, when using the Chinese..
conjunctions "because ... ...
so ... ..." and "because ... ...
and ...," the error rate was
as high as 76%. On average,
Indonesian students had a
41.41% error rate when
using single causal
conjunctions and a 56.39%
error rate when using
causal conjunctions with
fixed collocation. These
findings indicate that
Indonesian students face
difficulties in mastering
causal conjunctions in the
 Chinese language, resulting
in errors in their usage.

16. Analysis of Errors in The objective of this study The data analysis revealed The main focus of the study
10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR2 Conjunction in Factual was to examine and that there were errors in was to analyze the errors in
0201077 Genre Essay Middle School describe the errors in the the use of conjunctions the use of conjunctions in
Students (SMP) in West use of conjunctions in the between sentences and factual genre essays
Lombok Regency factual essays of middle between paragraphs in the written by middle school
school students in West factual essays of middle students in West Lombok
Lombok Regency. school students. The study Regency. The study also
categorized the errors into focused on identifying the
five types: (a) mistakes in specific types of errors
the use of coordinative made by students at the
conjunctions, (b) errors in phrase, sentence, and
the use of subordinative paragraph levels.
conjunctions, (c) errors in
the use of correlative
conjunctions, (d) errors in
the use of conjunctions
between sentences, and (e)
errors in the use of
conjunctions between
paragraphs. The findings
indicate that students
struggle with the proper
usage of conjunctions in
their writing, particularly in
maintaining syntactic
cohesion between
sentences and paragraphs.

17. The result of the research The research is all about on

https://doi.org/10.24036/j was that the students’ the students' ability and
elt.v9i1.107833 An Analysis of Second-Year
English Department
Students' Ability in Using
Correlative Conjunctions
18. Conjunction Selection Errors
10.18502/kss.v8i9.13385 in the Speech of a Three-
Year-Old Child
The rationale of this
research is to know the
students’ ability and their
problems in using
correlative conjunctions.
The research is descriptive
quantitative research. The
population in this research
is the second year, fourth
semester of 2018 English
Department students of
Universitas Negeri Padang.
The objective of this study
was to identify and analyze
the conjunction selection
errors in the speech of a 3-
year-old girl named Noura
Inayah. The researchers
aimed to understand how
children at this age choose
and use conjunctions in
their speech, with a specific
focus on improving literacy
skills.
ability in using correlative their problems in using
conjunctions was fair correlative conjunctions.
because the average score
of the students was 60,00.
The students have very
good ability in answering
question part 1. It was also
found that the students
have some difficulties in
answering the question in
part 3. Furthermore, it was
hard for the students to
combine sentences using
correlative conjunctions.
The study utilized a It focuses on examining the
descriptive-qualitative conjunction selection
method to analyze the errors in the speech of a
speech of the child. Along three-year-old child. The
with accuracy errors, the study aimed to understand
child also made how the child chooses and
conjunction selection uses conjunctions in her
errors. These errors align speech and to explore the
with Gleason's theory, developmental aspects…
which suggests that at this
developmental stage,
children can combine two
sentences into one but may
struggle with selecting
appropriate conjunctions.
The findings highlight the
importance of parental
 involvement in supporting
language development,
particularly through
activities such as reading
and writing for early
childhood.

19. The Locus of Adversative The study aims to The study found that the Its main focus is the use of
https://doi.org/10.1177/2 Conjunctions in the understand how English number of proper and adversative conjunctions in
158244017700946 Research Articles: Have native and nonnative correction adversatives writing by native and
They Niched or Vanished? EFL/ESL writers use used exceeded those of nonnative English writers,
adversative conjunctions to contrastive and dismissal. and how these
connect ideas in a way that There was a significant conjunctions contribute to
maintains the coherence difference between the the coherence and
and cohesion of the text. It two groups in the use of cohesion of the text.
focuses on the challenges proper and correction
nonnative writers of EFL adversative conjunction,
face when composing a but little or no difference in
piece of writing. the usage of contrastive or
dismissal adversatives.

20. A General Perspective on The present study aims to The results of the study The study focus on the use
the Use of Conjunctions submit a general have indicated that the of conjunctions in written
http://
Across Arab Students as perspective to the most commonly used texts of Arab students
www.journals.aiac.org.au/
Turkish Language Learners conjunctions which Arab conjunctions by Arab learning Turkish, whose
index.php/IJELS/index
students whose language students whose language language levels were B1
By: Dolunay, Salih Kürsad
levels were B1 and B2 have levels were B1 and B2 were and B2.
and Çiçek, Seher
structured in their written additive, causal,
texts. adversative and time; on
the contrary, the least
commonly used
conjunctions were
coordinating, expository,
 exemplificatory and
conditional. The general
perspectives on the use of
conjunctions across Arab
students whose language
levels were B2 were found
to be higher in their written
texts compared to those
whose language levels
were B1.

Working Title:

A Corpus Analysis on the Excessive Use of Subordinating Conjunctions in Reflection Papers