Power System Analysis Lab Manual

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS LAB
GRIET/EEE Power Systems II Lab
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS LAB
___ YEAR ___ SEM
EEE
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
Bachupally , Hyderabad-500 090
1
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that it is a record of practical work done in
the Power System analysis Laboratory in ___ sem of __ year
during the year ________________________
Name:
Roll No:
Branch:EEE
Signature of staff member

2
INDEX
Signature of
S.No Date Topic Page no.
the Faculty
Computation of line parameters
1. 4
Formation of bus Admittance matrix

2. 9
a) Load Flow solution using Newton

3. Raphson method in polar coordinates 14
b)Load Flow solution using Newton

Raphson method in Rectangular
18
coordinates
Unsymmetrical fault Analysis: LG, LL,

4 LLG Fault 22
Z–Bus Building Algorithm

5 31
a)Obtain Symmetrical Components of a

6 set of Unbalanced currents. 36
b)Obtain the original Unbalanced phase

voltages from Symmetrical Components 40
Zones Protection
7 43
Short circuit analysis

8 49
Tripping sequence of protective devices

9 54
10 Transient Stability analysis 59
Power flow solution of power system

11 model 64
3
Exp.No:1 Date:
COMPUTATION OF LINE PARAMETERS

AIM
To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometre of a
three phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements and
to understand modeling and performance of medium lines.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB
THEORY
Transmission line has four parameters namely resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields
around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures
data, the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.
Inductance
The general formula
L = 0.2 ln (Dm / Ds)
Where,
Dm = geometric mean distance (GMD)
Ds = geometric mean radius (GMR)
I. Single phase 2 wire system
GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r′
Where, r = radius of conductor
II. Three phase – symmetrical spacing
GMD = D
GMR = re-1/4 = r′
Where, r = radius of conductor
III. Three phase – Asymmetrical Transposed
GMD = geometric mean of the three distance of the symmetrically placed conductors
= (DABDBCDCA)1/3
GMR = re-1/4 = r′
Where, r = radius of conductors
Composite conductor lines
The inductance of composite conductor X, is given
by Lx = 0.2 ln (GMD/GMR)
4
where,
GMD = (Daa Dab )…….(Dna …….Dnm ) GMR = n2
(Daa Dab…….Dan )…….(DnaDnb…….Dnn) where, r’a
= ra e(-1/ 4)
Bundle Conductors
The GMR of bundled conductor is normally calculated
GMR for two sub conductor, Dsb = (Ds×d)1/2
GMR for three sub conductor, Dsb = (Ds×d2)1/3 GMR
for four sub conductor, Dsb = 1.09 × (Ds×d2)1/4
where, Ds is the GMR of each subconductor d is bundle spacing
Three phase – Double circuit transposed
The inductance per phase in mH per km
is L = 0.2×ln(GMD / GMRL) mH/km
where,
GMRL is equivalent geometric mean radius and is given by
GMRL = (DSADSBDSC)1/3
where,
DSADSB and DSC are GMR of each phase group and given by
1/2
DSA = 4 sb Da1a2)2 = [Dsb Da1a2] 1/2
DSB = 4 sb Db1b2)2 = [Dsb Db1b2]

DSC = 4 sb Dc1c2)2 = [Dsb Dc1c2]1/2
where,
Dsb =GMR of bundle conductor if conductor a1, a2….. are bundled conductor.
Dsb = ra1’= rb1= ra’2 = rb’2 = rc’2 if a1, a2……. are bundled conductor GMD is the equivalent
GMD per phase” & is given by
GMD = [DAB * DBC *
DCA]1/3 where,
DAB, DBC&DCA are GMD between each phase group A-B, B-C, C-A which are given by
DAB = [Da1b1 * Da1b2 * Da2b1 * Da2b2]1/4
DBC = [Db1c1 * Db1c2 * Db2c1 * Db2c2]1/4
DCA = [Dc1a1 * Dc2a1 * Dc2a1 * Dc2a2]1/4
Capacitance
A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a transmission
line is given by
C = 0.0556/ ln (GMD/GMR) F/km
Where,
GMD is the “Geometric mean distance” which is same as that defined for inductance under
various cases.
5
PROCEDURE
• Enter the command window of the MAT LAB.
• Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File.
• Type and save the program in the editor window.
• Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
• View the results.
EXERCISE
1.A 500kv 3φtransposed line is composed of one ACSR 1,272,000-cmil, 45/7 bitternconductor
per phase with horizontal conductor configuration as show in fig.1. The conductors have a
diameter of 1.345in and a GMR of 0.5328in. Find the inductance and capacitance per phase per
kilometer of the line and justify the result using MAT LAB.
a b c
D12 =35’ D23 =35’
D13=70’
Fig.1
2.The transmission line is replaced by two ACSR 636,000-cmil, 24/7 Rook conductors
whichhave the same total cross-sectional area of aluminum as one bittern conductor. The line
spacing as measured from the centre of the bundle is the same as before and is shown in fig.2.
The conductors have a diameter of 0.977in and a GMR of 0.3924in.Bundle spacing is 18in. Find
the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line and justify the result using
MAT LAB.
a b c
D12 =35’ D23 =35’
D13=70’
6
3.A 345- KV double–circuit three- phase transposed line is composed of two ACSR, 1,431,000-
cmil, 45/7 Bobolink conductors per phase with vertical conductor configuration as shown in
fig.3. The conductors have a diameter of 1.427in and a GMR of 0.564 in .the bundle spacing in
18in. find the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line and justify the result
using MAT LAB.
a a’
S11 =11m
H12=7m
b S22=16.5m b’
H23=6.5m
S33=16.5m
c c’
PROGRAM
[GMD, GMRL, GMRC] = gmd;

L = 0.2*log(GMD/GMRL)
C = 0.0556/log(GMD/GMRC)
OUTPUT:
7
RESULT:
Thus the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometre of a three
phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements were
determined and verified with MAT LAB software.
The value of L and C obtained from MAT LAB program are:
Case1: L= C=
Case2: L= C=
Case3: L= C=
Signature of the faculty
8
Expt. No.:2 Date:
FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
AIM
To determine the bus admittance matrix for the given power system Network
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MAT LAB
THEORY
FORMATION OF Y BUS MATRIX

Bus admittance matrix is often used in power system studies.In most of power system
studies it is necessary to form Y-bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system
parameters depending upon the type of analysis. For example in load flow analysis it is necessary
to form Y-bus matrix without taking into account the generator impedance and load impedance.
In short circuit analysis the generator transient reactance and transformer impedance taken in
account, in addition to line data. Y-bus may be computed by inspection method only if there is
no natural coupling between the lines. Shunt admittance are added to the diagonal elements
corresponding to the buses at which these are connected. The off diagonal elements are
unaffected. The equivalent circuit of tap changing transformer may be considered in forming[y-
bus] matrix.
FORMULA USED
Yij=ΣYij for i=1 to n
Yij= -Yij= -1/Zij
Yij=Yji
Where Yii=yjj= Sum of admittance connected to bus
Yij= Negative admittance between buses
9
START
Read the no. Of buses ,

no of lines and line
data
Initialize the Y- BUS Matrix
Consider line l = 1
i = sb(1); I= eb(1)
Y(i,i) =Y(i,i)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)

Y(j,j) =Y(j,j)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)
Y(i,j) = -Yseries(l)
Y(j,i) =Y(i,j)
NO Is l =NL? YES
l = l+1 Print Y -Bus
Stop
10
Exercise:
Series Line Line Changing
Line number Starting Bus Ending Bus
Impedance Admittance
1 1 2 0.1+0.4j 0.15j
2 2 3 0.15+0.6j 0.02j
3 2 4 0.18+0.55j 0.018j
4 3 4 0.1+0.35j 0.012j
5 4 1 0.25+0.7j 0.03j
PROGRAM
function[Ybus] = ybus(zdata)
nl=zdata(:,1); nr=zdata(:,2); R=zdata(:,3); X=zdata(:,4); nbr=length(zdata(:,1)); nbus =
max(max(nl), max(nr)); Z = R + j*X; %branch impedance
y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero
for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k); Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
for n = 1:nbus % formation of the diagonal elements for k = 1:nbr
ifnl(k) == n | nr(k) == n Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k); else, end
end
end
11
PROCEDURE
12
OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the bus admittance matrix of the given power system using inspection method
was found and verified by theoretical calculation.
Y Bus:
13
Exp.No. :3 (a) Date:
LOAD FLOW SOLUTION USING NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD IN

POLAR COORDINATES
AIM
To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton Raphson method in
polar coordinates
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: POWERWORLD

THEORY
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which approximates
the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using
Taylor’s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation. The load flow
equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in terms of real and imaginary
part of bus voltages.
where, ep = Real part of

Vpfp = Imaginary part of Vp
Gpq, Bpq = Conductance and Susceptances of admittance Ypq respectively.
ALGORITHM
Step1: Input the total number of buses. Input the details of series line impendence and
linecharging admittance to calculate the Y-bus matrix.
Step2: Assume all bus voltage as 1 per unit except slack bus.
Step3: Set the iteration count as k=0 and bus count as p=1.
Step4: Calculate the real and reactive power pp and qp using the
formulaP=ΣvpqYpq*cos(Qpq+εp-εq)
Qp=ΣVpqYpa*sin(qpq+εp-εa)
14
Evalutepp*=psp-pp*
Step5: If the bus is generator (PV) bus, check the value of Qp*is within the limits.If it
Violatesthe limits, then equate the violated limit as reactive power and treat it as PQ bus. If limit
is not isolated then calculate,
|vp|^r=|vgp|^rspe-|vp|r ; Qp*=qsp-qp*
Step6: Advance bus count by 1 and check if all the buses have been accounted if not go to step5.
Step7: Calculate the elements of Jacobean matrix.
Step8: Calculate new bus voltage increment pk and fpk
Step9: Calculate new bus voltage ep*h+ ep*
Fp^k+1=fpK+fpK
Step10: Advance iteration count by 1 and go to step3.
Step11: Evaluate bus voltage and power flows through the line .
EXERCISE
1. For the sample system of Fig. the generators are connected at all the fourbuses, while loads are
at buses 2 and 3. Values of real and reactive powers arelisted in Table 6.3. All buses other than
the slack are PQ type.
Assuming a flat voltage start, find the voltages and bus angles at the threebuses using Newton
Raphson Method
15
PROCEDURE
➢ Create a new file in edit mode by selecting File - New File.

➢ Browse the components and build the bus sytem
➢ Execute the program in run mode by selecting power flow by Newton Raphson method
➢ View the results in case information-Bus information.
➢ Tabulate the results.
POWER WORLD bus diagram:
16
RESULT
A one line diagram has been developed using POWERWORLD for the given power system by
Newton Raphson method and the results are verified with model calculation
17
Exp.No. :3(b) Date:
LOAD FLOW SOLUTION USING NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD IN

RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
AIM
To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton Raphson method in
Rectangular coordinates.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: POWERWORLD

THEORY
The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative method which approximates
the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using
Taylor’s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order approximation. The load flow
equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in terms of real and imaginary
part of bus voltages.
where, ep = Real part of

Vpfp = Imaginary part of Vp
Gpq, Bpq = Conductance and Susceptances of admittance Ypq respectively.
ALGORITHM
Step1: Input the total number of buses. Input the details of series line impendence and
linecharging admittance to calculate the Y-bus matrix.
Step2: Assume all bus voltage as 1 per unit except slack bus.
Step3: Set the iteration count as k=0 and bus count as p=1.
Step4: Calculate the real and reactive power pp and qp using the
formulaP=ΣvpqYpq*cos(Qpq+εp-εq)
Qp=ΣVpqYpa*sin(qpq+εp-εa)
18
Evalutepp*=psp-pp*
Step5: If the bus is generator (PV) bus, check the value of Qp*is within the limits.If it
Violatesthe limits, then equate the violated limit as reactive power and treat it as PQ bus. If limit
is not isolated then calculate,
|vp|^r=|vgp|^rspe-|vp|r ; Qp*=qsp-qp*
Step6: Advance bus count by 1 and check if all the buses have been accounted if not go to step5.
Step7: Calculate the elements of Jacobean matrix.
Step8: Calculate new bus voltage increment pk and fpk
Step9: Calculate new bus voltage ep*h+ ep*
Fp^k+1=fpK+fpK
Step10: Advance iteration count by 1 and go to step3.
Step11: Evaluate bus voltage and power flows through the line .
EXERCISE
1. For the sample system of Fig. the generators are connected at all the fourbuses,
while loads are at buses 2 and 3. Values of real and reactive powers arelisted in Table
6.3. All buses other than the slack are PQ type.
Assuming a flat voltage start, find the voltages and bus angles at the threebuses using
Newton Raphson Method
19
PROCEDURE
➢ Create a new file in edit mode by selecting File - New File.

➢ Browse the components and build the bus sytem
➢ Execute the program in run mode by selecting power flow by Newton Raphson method
➢ View the results in case information-Bus information.
➢ Tabulate the results.
POWER WORLD Bus diagram:
20
RESULT
A one line diagram has been developed using POWERWORLD for the given power system by
Newton Raphson method and the results are verified with model calculation
21
Exp.No: 4 Date:
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS
Aim:To analyze unsymmetrical faults like LG,LL,LLG
Apparatus: MATLAB
Theory:
Single Line-to-Ground Fault
The single line-to-ground fault is usually referred as “short circuit” fault and occurs when
one conductor falls to ground or makes contact with the neutral wire. The general
representation of a single line-to-ground fault is shown in Figure 3.10 where F is the fault
point with impedances Zf. Figure 3.11 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase a is
usually assumed to be the faulted phase, this is for simplicity in the fault analysis
calculations. [1]
Ia0
F0
+
Va0 Z0
Iaf - N0
Ia1
F1
F
a + Z1
+
3Zf Va1
b - N1 1.0
-
c Ia2
Iaf Ibf = 0 Icf = 0
F2
+
Vaf Zf +
Va2 Z2
- N2
-
n
General representation of a single Sequence network diagram of a

line-to-ground fault. single line-to-ground fault
Since the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence currents are equals as it can be
observed in Figure 3.11. Therefore,
1.00
I a 0 = I a1 = I a 2 =
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2 + 3Z f
22
With the results obtained for sequence currents, the sequence voltages can be obtained
from
Va 0   0  1 1 1   Ia0 
V  = 1.00 − 1 a 2 a   I a1 
 b1    
Vc 2   0  1 a a 2   I a 2 
By solving Equation
Va 0 = − Z 0 I a 0
Va1 = 1.0 − Z1 I a1
Va 2 = − Z 2 I a 2
If the single line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b or c, the voltages can be found by
the relation that exists to the known phase voltage components,
Vaf  1 1 1  Va 0 
  
Vbf  = 1 a
2
a  Va1 
Vcf  1 a a 2  Va 2 
 
as
Vbf = Va 0 + a 2Va1 + aVa 2

Vcf = Va 0 + aVa1 + a 2Va 2
Line-to-Line Fault
A line-to-line fault may take place either on an overhead and/or underground
transmission system and occurs when two conductors are short-circuited. One of the
characteristic of this type of fault is that its fault impedance magnitude could vary over a wide
range making very hard to predict its upper and lower limits. It is when the fault impedance is
zero that the highest asymmetry at the line-to-line fault occurs
The general representation of a line-to-line fault is shown in Figure 3.12 where F is the
fault point with impedances Zf. Figure 3.13 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase b
and c are usually assumed to be the faulted phases; this is for simplicity in the fault analysis
calculations [1],
23
Zf
Ia0 = 0 Ia1 Ia2

F F0 F1 F2
a + + +
Va0 = 0 Va1 Z1 Va2
b Z0 + Z2
- -
c N0 N1 1.0 0o - N2
Iaf = 0 Ibf Icf = -Ibf -
Zf
Sequence network diagram of a line-to-line fault Sequence network diagram of a single

line-to-line fault.
It can be noticed that
I af = 0
Ibf = − I cf
Vbc = Z f Ibf
And the sequence currents can be obtained as
Ia0 = 0
1.00
I a1 = − I a 2 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z f
If Zf = 0,
1.00
I a1 = − I a 2 =
Z1 + Z 2
The fault currents for phase b and c can be obtained as
I bf = − I cf = 3 I a1 − 90
The sequence voltages can be found as
Va 0 = 0
Va1 = 1.0 - Z1 I a1
Va 2 = − Z 2 I a 2 = Z 2 I a1
Finally, the line-to-line voltages for a line-to-line fault can be expressed as
24
Vab = Vaf − Vbf
Vbc = Vbf − Vcf
Vca = Vcf − Vaf
Double Line-to-Ground Fault

A double line-to-ground fault represents a serious event that causes a significant
asymmetry in a three-phase symmetrical system and it may spread into a three-phase fault
when not clear in appropriate time. The major problem when analyzing this type of fault is the
assumption of the fault impedance Zf, and the value of the impedance towards the ground Zg.
The general representation of a double line-to-ground fault is shown in Figure 3.14
where F is the fault point with impedances Zf and the impedance from line to ground Zg .
Figure 3.15 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase b and c are assumed to be the
faulted phases, this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations.
F
a
b Ia0 Zf +3Zg Ia1 Zf Ia2 Zf
c
Iaf = 0 Ibf Icf F0 F1 F2
+ + +
Zf Zf Va0 Va1 Z1 Va2
Z0 + Z2
- - o -
N0 N1 1.0 0 N2
Zg Ibf +Icf -
N
n
General representation of a Sequence network diagram

double line-to-ground fault. of a double line-to-ground fault
It can be observed that

I af = 0
Vbf = ( Zf + Zg ) Ibf + ZgIcf
Vcf = ( Zf + Zg ) Icf + ZgIbf
The positive-sequence currents can be found as
1.00
Ia1 =
( Z 2 + Zf )( Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg )
( Z 1 + Zf ) +
( Z 2 + Zf ) + ( Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg )
( Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg )
Ia 2 = −[ ]Ia1
( Z 2 + Zf ) + ( Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg )
25
( Z 2 + Zf )
Ia 0 = −[ ]Ia1
( Z 2 + Zf ) + ( Z 0 + Zf + 3Zg )
An alternative method is,

Iaf = 0 = Ia 0 + Ia1 + Ia 2
Ia 0 = −( Ia1 + Ia 2)
If Zf and Zgare both equal to zero, then the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequences can
be obtained from
1.00
Ia1 =
( Z 2)( Z 0)
( Z 1) +
( Z 2 + Z 0)
( Z 0)
Ia 2 = −[ ]Ia1
( Z 2 + Z 0)
( Z 2)
Ia 0 = −[ ]Ia1
( Z 2 + Z 0)
The current for phase a is
I af = 0
I bf = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2
I cf = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2
The total fault current flowing into the neutral is
I n = 3I a 0 = Ibf + I cf
The resultant phase voltages from the relationship given in Equation 3.78 can be
expressed as
Vaf = Va 0 + Va1 + Va 2 = 3Va1

Vbf = Vcf = 0
And the line-to-line voltages are
Vabf = Vaf − Vbf = Vaf

Vbcf = Vbf − Vcf = 0
Vcaf = Vcf − Vaf = −Vaf
26
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Open Matlab-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
6. Plot the waveforms
Graph:
27
Calculations:
28
29
Result
30
Exp.No: 5 Date:
Z-BUS BUILDING ALGORITHM
Aim:To determine the bus impedance matrix for the given power system network.
Apparatus: MATLAB
Theory:
Formation of Z BUS matrix
Z-bus matrix is an important matrix used in different kinds of power system study such
as short circuit study, load flow study etc. In short circuit analysis the generator uses
transformer impedance must be taken into account. In quality analysis the two-short element
are neglected by forming the z-bus matrix which is used to compute the voltage distribution
factor. This can be largely obtained by reversing the y-bus formed by inspection method or by
analytical method. Taking inverse of the y-bus for large system in time consuming; Moreover
modification in the system requires whole process to be repeated to reflect the changes in the
system. In such cases is computed by z-bus building algorithm.
Algorithm
Step 1: Read the values such as number of lines, number of buses and line data, generator data
and transformer data.
Step 2: Initialize y-bus matrix y-bus[i] [j] =complex.(0.0,0.0)
Step 3: Compute y-bus matrix by considering only line data.
Step 4: Modifies the y-bus matrix by adding the transformer and the generator admittance to
the respective diagonal elements of y-bus matrix.
Step 5: Compute the z-bus matrix by inverting the modified y-bus matrix.
Step 6: Check the inversion by multiplying modified y-bus and z-bus matrices to check
whether the resulting matrix is unit matrix or not.
Step 7: Print the z-bus matrix.
31
START
Read the no. Of buses , no of

lines and line data
Form Y bus matrix using the algorithm

Y(i,i) =Y(i,i)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)
Y(j,j) =Y(j,j)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)
Y(i,j) = -Yseries(l)
Y(j,i) =Y(i,j)
Modifying the y bus by adding generator

and transformer admittances to respective
diagonal elements
Compute Z bus matrix by inverting

modified Y bus
Multiply modified Y bus and Z bus and check

whether the product is a unity matrix
Print all the results
STOP
Procedure:
➢ Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
➢ Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File.
➢ Type and save the program in the editor Window.
➢ Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
➢ View the results.
32
MATLAB Program:
clc
clear all
z01 = 0.2j;
z02 = 0.4j;
z13 = 0.4j;
z23 = 0.4j;
z12 = 0.8j;
disp('STEP1: Add an element between reference node(0) and node(1)')
zBus1 = [z01]
disp('STEP2: Add an element between existing node(1) and new node(2)')
zBus2 = [zBus1(1,1) zBus1(1,1);
zBus1(1,1) zBus1(1,1)+z12]
disp('STEP3: Add an element between existing node(2) and reference node(0)')
zBus4 = [zBus2(1,1) zBus2(1,2) zBus2(1,2);
zBus2(2,1) zBus2(2,2) zBus2(2,2);
zBus2(1,2) zBus2(2,2) zBus2(2,2)+z02]
disp('Fictitious node(0) can be eliminated')
zz11 = zBus4(1,1) - ((zBus4(1,3) * zBus4(3,1)) / zBus4(3,3));
zz21 = zz12;
zBus5 = [zz11 zz12;
zz21 zz22]
disp('STEP4: Add an element between existing node(2) and new node(3)')
zBus6 = [zBus5(1,1) zBus5(1,2) zBus5(1,2);
zBus5(2,1) zBus5(2,2) zBus5(2,2);
zBus5(2,1) zBus5(2,2) zBus5(2,2)+z23]
disp('STEP5: Add an element between existing nodes (3) and (1)')
zBus7 = [zBus6(1,1) zBus6(1,2) zBus6(1,3) zBus6(1,3)-zBus6(1,1);
zBus6(2,1) zBus6(2,2) zBus6(2,3) zBus6(2,3)-zBus6(2,1);
zBus6(3,1) zBus6(3,2) zBus6(3,3) zBus6(3,3)-zBus6(3,1);
zBus6(3,1)-zBus6(1,1) zBus6(3,2)-zBus6(1,2) zBus6(3,3)-zBus6(1,3) z23+zBus6(1,1)+zBus6(3,3)-
2*zBus6(1,3)]
disp('Fictitious node(0) can be eliminated')
zzz11 = zBus7(1,1) - ((zBus7(1,4) * zBus7(4,1)) / zBus7(4,4));
33

zzz21 = zzz12;
zzz31 = zzz13;
zzz32 = zzz23;
disp('RESULT:')
zBus = [zzz11 zzz12 zzz13;
zzz21 zzz22 zzz23;
zzz31 zzz32 zzz33]
OUTPUT:
Calculations:
34
Result:

35
Exp.No: 6(a) Date:
Symmetrical components of a set of Unbalanced currents
Aim: To obtain symmetrical components of set of unbalanced currents
Apparatus: MATLAB
Theory:
Before we discuss the symmetrical component transformation, let us first define the a-
operator.
1 3
a = e j 120 = − + j
0
2 2
Note that for the above operator the following relations hold
1 3
a 2 = e j 240 = − − j = a
0
2 2
a 3 = e j 360 = 1
0
a 4 = e j 480 = e j 360 e j 120 = a

0 0 0
a 5 = e j 600 = e j 360 e j 240 = a 2 and so on

0 0 0
Also note that we have
1 3 1 3
1 + a + a2 = 1 − +j − −j =0
2 2 2 2
Using the a-operator we can write from Fig. 7.1 (b)
Vb1 = a 2Va1 and Vc1 = aVa1
Similarly
Vb 2 = aVa 2 and Vc 2 = a 2Va 2
Finally
Va 0 = Vb0 = Vc 0
The symmetrical component transformation matrix is then given by
36
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V  = 1 1 a a 2  Vb 
 a1  3 
Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vc 
Defining the vectors Va012 and Vabc as
Va 0  Va 
Va 012  
= Va1 , Vabc = Vb 
Va 2  Vc 
Program:
V012 = [0.6 90
1.0 30
0.8 -30];
rankV012=length(V012(1,:));
if rankV012 == 2
mag= V012(:,1); ang=pi/180*V012(:,2);
V012r=mag.*(cos(ang)+j*sin(ang));
elseif rankV012 ==1
V012r=V012;
else
fprintf('\n Symmetrical components must be expressed in a one column array in
rectangular complex form \n')
fprintf(' or in a two column array in polar form, with 1st column magnitude & 2nd column
\n')
fprintf(' phase angle in degree. \n')
return, end
a=cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
A = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];
Vabc= A*V012r
Vabcp= [abs(Vabc) 180/pi*angle(Vabc)];
fprintf(' \n Unbalanced phasors \n')
fprintf(' Magnitude Angle Deg.\n')
disp(Vabcp)
Vabc0=V012r(1)*[1; 1; 1];
Vabc1=V012r(2)*[1; a^2; a];
Vabc2=V012r(3)*[1; a; a^2];
37
Procedure:
1. Open Matlab--> File ---> New---> Script
2. Write the program
3. Enter F5 to run the program
4. Observe the results in MATLAB command window.
Result:
Vabc =
1.5588 + 0.7000i
-0.0000 + 0.4000i
-1.5588 + 0.7000i
Unbalanced phasors
Magnitude Angle Deg.
1.7088 24.1825
0.4000 90.0000
1.7088 155.8175
38
Result
39
Exp.No: 6(b) Date:

UNBALANCED VOLTAGES FROM SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENTS
Aim:To obtain the original unbalanced phase voltages from symmetrical components
Apparatus: MATLAB
Theory:
Va 012 = CVabc
whereC is the symmetrical component transformation matrix and is given by
1 1 1
1
C = 1 a a 2 
3
1 a 2 a 
The original phasor components can also be obtained from the inverse symmetrical
component transformation, i.e.,
Vabc = C −1Va 012
Inverting the matrix C we get
Va  1 1 1  Va 0  Va 0 

V  = 1 a 2   
a  Va1  = C −1 Va1 
 b 
Vc  1 a a 2  Va 2  Va 2 
Va = Va 0 + Va1 + Va 2
Vb = Va 0 + a 2Va1 + aVa 2 = Vb 0 + Vb1 + Vb 2

Vc = Va 0 + aVa1 + a 2Va 2 = Vc 0 + Vc1 + Vc 2
Finally, if we define a set of unbalanced current phasors as Iabc and their symmetrical
components as Ia012, we can then define
I a 012 = CI abc
I abc = C −1I a 012
40
Program:
Iabc = [1.6 25
1.0 180
0.9 132];
rankIabc=length(Iabc(1,:));
ifrankIabc == 2
mag= Iabc(:,1); ang=pi/180*Iabc(:,2);
Iabcr=mag.*(cos(ang)+j*sin(ang));
elseifrankIabc ==1
Iabcr=Iabc;
else
fprintf('\n Three phasors must be expressed in a one column array in rectangular complex
form \n')
fprintf(' or in a two column array in polar form, with 1st column magnitude & 2nd column
\n')
fprintf(' phase angle in degree. \n')
return, end
a=cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
A = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];
I012=inv(A)*Iabcr;
symcomp= I012
I012p = [abs(I012) 180/pi*angle(I012)];

fprintf(' \n Symmetrical components \n')
fprintf(' Magnitude Angle Deg.\n')
disp(I012p)
Iabc0=I012(1)*[1; 1; 1];
Iabc1=I012(2)*[1; a^2; a];
Iabc2=I012(3)*[1; a; a^2];
Result:
symcomp =
-0.0507 + 0.4483i
0.9435 - 0.0009i
0.5573 + 0.2288i
Symmetrical components
Magnitude Angle Deg.
0.4512 96.4529
0.9435 -0.0550
0.6024 22.3157
41
Result
42
Exp.No: 7 Date:
ZONES PROTECTION
AIM:To study the zones protection characteristics of Transformer and Motor of a given
network.
SOFTWARE USED: ETAP Software
THEORY:
The protected zone is that part of a power system guarded by a certain protection and usually
contains one or at the most two elements of the power system. For a non-unit scheme, the zone
lies between the current transformers and the point or points on the protected circuit beyond
which the system is unable to detect the presence of a fault which is shown in figure. For a
unit scheme, the zone lies between the two or several sets of current transformers and the point
or points which together with the relays constitute the protective system
A power system is composed of number of sections (equipments) such as transformer , motor ,

generator, bus bar and transmission line. These sections are protected by protective relaying
systems comprising of Instrument Transformers, protective relays , circuit breakers (CB’s)
and communication equipment. These are called zones of protection. The protective system
are planned in such a way that the entire power system is collectively provided by them and
thus no part of the system is left unprotected In case of fault occurring on a section, its
associated protective relays should detect the fault and issue trip signals to open their
associated CB’s to isolate the faulted section from the rest of the power system in order to
avoid further damage to the power system.When a fault occurs, the protection scheme is
required to trip only those circuit breakers whose operation is required to isolate the fault. This
property of selective tripping is also called 'discrimination' and is achieved by two general
methods:
1. Time Grading
Protection systems in successive zones are arranged to operate in times that are graded
through the sequence of equipments so that upon the occurrence of a fault, although a
number of protection equipments respond, only those relevant to the faulty zone complete
the tripping function. The others make incomplete operations and then reset. The speed of
43
response will often depend on the severity of the fault, and will generally be slower than
for a unit system.
2. Unit Systems
It is possible to design protection systems that respond only to fault conditions

occurring within a clearly defined zone. This type of protection system is known as
'unit protection'. Certain types of unit protection are known by specific names,
e.g. restricted earth fault and differential protection. Unit protection can be applied
throughout a power system and, since it does not involve time grading, is relatively
fast in operation. The speed of response is substantially independent of fault
severity. Unit protection usually involves comparison of quantities at the boundaries
of the protected zone as defined by the locations of the current transformers
Transformer Protection: The primary objective of the Transformer Protection is to detect

internal faults in the transformer with a high degree of sensitivity and cause subsequent de-
energisation and, at the same time be immune to faults external to the transformer i.e. through
faults. Sensitive detection and deenergisation enables the fault damage and hence necessary
repairs to be limited.
Motor Protection: The abnormalities in motor or motor faults may appear due to mainly two
reasons – 1.Conditions imposed by the external power supply network,
2.Internal faults, either in the motor or in the driven plant.
Unbalanced supply voltages, under-voltage, reversed phase sequence and loss of synchronism
(in the case of synchronous motor) come under former category. The later category includes
bearing failures, stator winding faults, motor earth faults and overload etc. The motor
characteristics must be very carefully considered in selecting the right motor
protection scheme.
44
PARAMETERS:
OTHER
PARAMETERS
SI.NO COMPONENT MANUFACTURER RATING TO BE
SPECIFIED
1. Power Grid --- 500MVASc

X/R =5
Buses
Bus 1
Bus 2 13.5kV
2. ---
Bus 4 0.48kV
---
Bus 5 0.48kV
0.48kV
3. HVCB 15.5kV In TCC kV=13.5

ABB
4. Current
Transformer 300/5
----- -----
Fuses
Fuse 1
5.
Fuse 2 General Electric 12kV
--------
General Electric 6.25Kv
LVCB
CB1 5kV
ABB
CB2 3.3kV
ABB In TCC kV=13.5
6. CB3 2kV
ABB In TCC kV=0.48
CB4 1.01kV
ABB In TCC kV=0.48
In TCC kV=0.48
Synchronous 350HP
-----
Motor
7. Lumped Load ------- 135kVA -----
1)Choose any type of

Over Current
8. ABB ---- relay in OCR
Relay
2) Add CB in Output
Impedance: Typical
9. Transformer ------ 1000kVA
Z and X/R
10. In-Line Relay Allen Bradley ---- -----
Impedance:
11. Cable ICEA (220 in library) 100ft R=5.75 X=5.75
45
ETAP Network Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Construct the above network diagram in ETAP software

2. Specify the ratings of each device as given in the parameter table
3. In star protective devices select the zone of protection and get the time current
characteristics for individual Transformer, Motor, Bus Bar zones
46
Characteristics of Transformer, Motor and Bus Bar zones:
47
RESULT:

48
Exp.No: 8 Date:
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

AIM: To perform short circuit analysis to a given network or transmission line.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: ETAP
Theory: A short circuit analysis helps us to ensure that equipment are protected by
establishing proper interrupting rating of protective devices on power systems and is required
to determine the switch gear ratings and relay ratings. The short circuit calculations must be
maintained and periodically updated to protect the equipment. The short circuit in the system
cannot always be prevented; its effect can only be reduced by considering its consequences on
the system at the time of planning and design stage. The system components, transformers,
cables, switchgears, protection equipment etc. must be designed and selected to have fault
withstand capability to match system fault current rating. The objectives of performing short
circuit study are:
• To prepare basis for the selection of the interrupting equipment and also to verify adequacy
of existing interrupting equipment;
• To determine the system protective device settings;
• To coordinate protective devices
• To determine the effects of the fault currents on various system components during the time
the fault persists;
• Conceptualization, design and refinement of system layout, neutral grounding, and

substation grounding;
• To ascertain the minimum short-circuit current.

Short Circuit analysis is required to ensure that existing and new equipment ratings are
adequate to withstand the available short circuit energy available at each point in the electrical
system. A Short Circuit Analysis will help to ensure that personnel and equipment are
protected by establishing proper interrupting ratings of protective devices (circuit breaker and
fuses). If an electrical fault exceeds the interrupting rating of the protective device, the
consequences can be devastating. It can be a serious threat to human life and is capable of
causing injury, extensive equipment damage, and costly downtime. On large systems, short
circuit analysis is required to determine both the switchgear ratings and the relay settings. No
49
substation equipment can be installed without knowledge of the complete short circuit values
for the entire power distribution system. The short circuit calculations must be maintained and
periodically updated to protect the equipment and the lives. It is not safe to assume that new
equipment is properly rated.
Benefits of a Short Circuit Analysis

Performing a Short Circuit Study provides the following benefits:
• Reduces the risk a facility could face and help avoid catastrophic losses.
• Increases the safety and reliability of the power system and related equipment.
• Evaluates the application of protective devices and equipment.
• Identifies problem areas in the system.
• Identifies recommended solutions to existing problems.
PARAMETERS:
OTHER
PARAMETERS TO
SI.NO COMPONENT MANUFRACTURER RATING
BE SPECIFIED
1. Power Grid --- 200MVASc X/R=5
Buses
Bus 1 12.47kV
2. ---
Bus 2 12.47kV
-------
Bus 3 0.48kV
3. HVCB ABB 12kV In TCC kV =12.47
Choose typical Z &

4. ----- 100MVA
Transformer X/R
5. Fuse General Electric 6.25kV -----
6. LVCB ABB 1.01kV In TCC kV=0.48
7. Synchronous
----- 1HP -----
Motor
Impedance:
8. Cable ICEA(220 in library) 100ft
R=5.75 X=5.75
50
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Construct the above circuit diagram in ETAP software.

2. Specify the ratings of the parameters as given in the table.
3. Perform the short circuit analysis for a given network by inserting fault at desired
location.
4. Get the fault current values after simulation
51
Simulation Results:
52
RESULT:
53
Exp.No: 9 Date:
TRIPPING SEQUENCE OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES
AIM: To perform Tripping sequence of protective device for given network.
SOFTWARE USED:ETAP Software
THEORY:
Star Sequence-of-Operation evaluates, verifies, and confirms the operation and selectivity of
the protective devices for various types of faults for any location directly from the one-line
diagram and via normalized Time Current Characteristic Curve views.
Sequence-of-Operation provides a system-wide solution for an accurate and realistic

operating time and state of protective devices, such as relay, fuse, circuit breaker, trip devices,
contactor, etc. The operation time is calculated for each protective device based on its settings,
time current characteristic, and interlocks for a specified fault location and type.
Sequence of Operation Key Features
• User-definable fault insertion location

• View device operation sequence graphically
• Device failure & backup operation
• Detailed relay actions (27, 49, 50, 51, 51V, 59, 67, 79, 87)
• Sequence of event viewer
• Current summation
• Normalized (shifted) Time Current Characteristic Curves
• Phase & Ground faults (symmetrical & asymmetrical)
• Flashing protective device via the one-line diagram
Coordination via One-Line Diagram
• Graphically place a fault anywhere on the one-line diagram
• Automatically calculate & display the fault current contributions on the one-line
diagram
• Evaluate the operating time & state of devices based on the actual fault current
contribution flowing through each individual device
54
• Graphical animation of protective device operation
• Globally view post fault actions & associated operating time via a tabulated event
viewer
• Examine the operation of protective devices via the one-line diagram.
PARAMETERS:
OTHER
PARAMETERS TO
SI.NO COMPONENT MANUFACTURER RATING
BE SPECIFIED
1 Power Grid --- 200MVASc X/R=5
2 Buses
Bus1 ---- 12.47kV
Bus2 ---- 12.47KV
Bus3 ---- 12.47KV
3 CT1 300:5
CT2 ABB 300:5
GE Multilin
4 OCR 1.Add circuit breaker.
735/737
2.choose any type of
relay
TCC KA
Phase-12.47
5 Cable (Lib-220) 1.length-100
ICEA Tolerance-0
Seimens
6 Fuse
A500-2.54KV
Siemen
8 CB1 Allis ,LA-
1600A
Synchronous Lib 1HP 2HP,

10
motor 0.46KV(MTR) 0.46KV
55
ETAP NETWORK DIAGRAM:
Synch.Motor
PROCEDURE:
1. Open ETAP software in the computer.
2. Give the file name and save it before .
3. Open the edit mode tab and construct the circuit. .
4. Give the specified ratings to the equipments given in tabular column below.
5. Check for errors and now click on the “ star protective devices ” icon on the top of edit
mode tab.
6. On the right hand side there is a toolbox click on the red fault icon and apply fault at
desired location and get the sequence of protective devices.
56
Simulation Results: Sequence of Tripping observed for a given network
57
RESULT:
58
Exp.no.:10 Date:
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-MACHINE
INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
AIM
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient stability analysis of Single-Machine-Infinite
Bus (SMIB) system
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MAT LAB 7.7

THEORY
The tendency of a power system to develop restoring forces to compensate for the disturbing forces
to maintain the state of equilibrium is known as stability. If the forces tending to hold the machines in
synchronism with one another are sufficient to overcome the disturbing forces, the system is said to
remain stable.
The stability studies which evaluate the impact of disturbances on the behavior of synchronous
machines of the power system are of two types – transient stability and steady state stability. The
transient stability studies involve the determination of whether or not synchronism is maintained after
the machine has been subjected to a severe disturbance. This may be a sudden application of large
load, a loss of generation, a loss of large load, or a fault (short circuit) on the system. In most
disturbances, oscillations are such magnitude that linearization is not permissible and nonlinear
equations must be solved to determine the stability of the system. On the other hand, the steady-state
stability is concerned with the system subjected to small disturbances wherein the stability analysis
could be done using the linearized version of nonlinear equations.
In this experiment we are concerned with the transient stability of power systems.
A method known as the equal-area criterion can be used for a quick prediction of stability of a one-
machine system connected to an infinite bus. This method is based on thegraphical interpretation of
energy stored in the rotating mass as an aid to determine if the machine maintains its stability after a
disturbance. The method is applicable to a one-machine system connected to an infinite bus or a two-
machine system. Because it provides physical insight to the dynamic behavior of the machine, the
application of the method to analyze a single-machine system is considered here.
Stability: Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is subjected
todisturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.
Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission
lossequals to the generation in the system. The generating units run at synchronous speed and system
59
frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three phase
fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the generating units
rotors experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state
condition maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may
pull out of synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is
said to be unstable.
PROCEDURE
EXERCISE:
A 60Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 9.94 MJ/MVA and a direct axis transient
reactance Xd’= 0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through a purely resistive circuit as shown
in fig.1. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is
delivering real power of 0.6% unit, 0.8 pf lagging and the infinite bus at a voltage of 1 per unit.
Assume the p.u damping power coefficient d=0.138. Consider a small disturbance change in
0
delta=10 . Obtain the equation describes the motion of the rotor angle and generation frequency
60
If the generation is operating at steady state at when the input power is increased by
small amount . The generator excitation and infinite bus bar voltage are same
as before Obtain a simulink block diagram of state space mode
and simulate to obtain the response.
61
62
GRIET/EEE Power Systems Simulation Lab
RESULT:
63
Exp.No: 11 Date:
POWER FLOW SOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEM MODEL
Aim: To perform power flow solution of a 3-Bus system.
Apparatus: MATLAB-PSAT
Theory:
Slack Bus: To calculate the angles θi (as discussed above), a reference angle (θi = 0) needs to
be specified so that all the other bus voltage angles are calculated with respect to this reference
angle. Moreover, physically, total power supplied by all the generation must be equal to the sum
of total load in the system and system power loss. However, as the system loss cannot be
computed before the load flow problem is solved, the real power output of all the generators in
the system cannot be pre-specified. There should be at least one generator in the system which
would supply the loss (plus its share of the loads) and thus for this generator, the real power
output can’t be pre-specified. However, because of the exciter action, Vi for this generator can
still be specified. Hence for this generator, Vi and θi(= 0) are specified and the quantities Pi and
Qi are calculated. This generator bus is designated as the slack bus. Usually, the largest generator
in the system is designated as the slack bus.
In the General Load Flow Problem the Bus with largest generating capacity is taken as the Slack
Bus or Swing Bus. The Slack Bus Voltage is taken to be 1.0 + j 0 P.U. and should be capable of
supplying total Losses in the System. But usually the generator bus are only having station
auxiliary which may be only up to 3% of total generation . If the Generation at Slack Bus is
more it can take more load connected to the slack bus.
A slack bus is usually a generator bus with a large real and reactive power output. It is assumed
that its real and reactive power outputs are big enough that they can be adjusted as required in
order to balance the power in the whole system so that the power flow can be solved. A slack
bus can have load on it because in real systems it is actually the bus of a power plant, which can
have its own load. It also takes care of the Line losses
64
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure :
➢ Create a new file in MATLAB-PSAT
➢ Browse the components in the library and build the bus system.
➢ Save the file and upload the data file in PSAT main window
➢ Execute the program and run powerflow
➢ Get the network visualization.
65
66
67
Result:
68
69
Vision of the Department
To impart technical knowledge and skills required to succeed in life, career and help
society to achieve self sufficiency.
Mission of the Department
To become an internationally leading department for higher learning.
To build upon the culture and values of universal science and contemporary education.
To be a center of research and education generating knowledge and technologies which lay groundwork in
shaping the future in the fields of electrical and
electronics engineering.
To develop partnership with industrial, R&D and government agencies and actively participate in confer-
ences, technical and community activities .
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
PEO 1: Graduates will have a successful technical or professional careers, including supportive and leader-
ship roles on multidisciplinary teams.
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practices.
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sponsible member of society.
PEO 4: Graduates will be engaged in life-long learning, to remain abreast in their profession and be leaders
in our technologically vibrant society.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
a. Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering.
b. Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.
c. Ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic
constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,
manufacturability, and sustainability.
d. Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.
e. Ability to identify, formulates, and solves engineering problems.
f. Understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.
g. Ability to communicate effectively.
h. Broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global,
economic, environmental, and societal context.
i. Recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning.
j. Knowledge of contemporary issues.
k. Ability to utilize experimental, statistical and computational methods and tools necessary for
engineering practice.
l. Graduates will demonstrate an ability to design electrical and electronic circuits, power
electronics, power systems; electrical machines analyze and interpret data and also an ability to
design digital and analog systems and programming them.

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POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS LAB

GRIET/EEE Power Systems II Lab

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS LAB

___ YEAR ___ SEM

Bachupally , Hyderabad-500 090

Signature of staff member

Formation of bus Admittance matrix

a) Load Flow solution using Newton

b)Load Flow solution using Newton

Unsymmetrical fault Analysis: LG, LL,

Z–Bus Building Algorithm

a)Obtain Symmetrical Components of a

b)Obtain the original Unbalanced phase

Short circuit analysis

Tripping sequence of protective devices

10 Transient Stability analysis 59

Power flow solution of power system

COMPUTATION OF LINE PARAMETERS

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

DSA = 4 sb Da1a2)2 = [Dsb Da1a2] 1/2

DSB = 4 sb Db1b2)2 = [Dsb Db1b2]

[GMD, GMRL, GMRC] = gmd;

Signature of the faculty

FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MAT LAB

FORMATION OF Y BUS MATRIX

Read the no. Of buses ,

Initialize the Y- BUS Matrix

Y(i,i) =Y(i,i)+Yseries(l) +0.5Yseries(l)

l = l+1 Print Y -Bus

Signature of the faculty

Exp.No. :3 (a) Date:

LOAD FLOW SOLUTION USING NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD IN

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: POWERWORLD

where, ep = Real part of

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POWER WORLD bus diagram:

Signature of the faculty

Exp.No. :3(b) Date:

LOAD FLOW SOLUTION USING NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD IN

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: POWERWORLD

where, ep = Real part of

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POWER WORLD Bus diagram:

Signature of the faculty

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

Aim:To analyze unsymmetrical faults like LG,LL,LLG

General representation of a single Sequence network diagram of a

Vbf = Va 0 + a 2Va1 + aVa 2

Ia0 = 0 Ia1 Ia2

Sequence network diagram of a line-to-line fault Sequence network diagram of a single

It can be noticed that

And the sequence currents can be obtained as

The fault currents for phase b and c can be obtained as

The sequence voltages can be found as

Finally, the line-to-line voltages for a line-to-line fault can be expressed as

Double Line-to-Ground Fault

General representation of a Sequence network diagram

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