TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION

OF RESEARCH| VARIABLES
|COMPONENTS OF THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
...
TYPES OF
RESEARCH
 BASIC RESEARCH
o Basic (also known as fundamental or pure) research is driven by a scientist's
curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's
knowledge, not to create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value
to the discoveries
 APPLIED RESEARCH
oThis type of research involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge
to the solution of the problem, such as the development of the new system or
procedure, new device or new method in order to solve the problem.

oApplied research is designed to answer specific questions aimed at solving

practical problems. New knowledge acquired from applied research has
specific commercial objectives in the form of products, procedures or services.
 APPLIED RESEARCH cont..

Problem : Gas shortage

Solution : Research on the production of gas

roll back the prices of oil.
 DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
o It involves the production of knowledge with the ultimate aim of improving the processes of instructional
design, development, and evaluation. It is based on either situation-specific problem solving or generalized
inquiry procedures

oTo create new product and launch then in the market

oReduce costs which lowers product prices; enhance sensory properties that make food
more attractive; improve nutritional value to provide for dietary needs; improve food
safety; add convenience; and offer greater choices of food items to consumers. These
benefits come either from constant gradual product improvement or a significant
product step change
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
oNumerical data are gathered through tests, survey, interview or
observation, variables are not manipulated but they are measured
as they occur
oThe study focuses at the present condition. The purpose is to find
new truth. It is a type of research that describes a population,
situation, or phenomenon that is being studied. It focuses on
answering the how, what, when, and where questions If a research
problem, rather than the why.
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
oExperimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research
design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the
researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared. Most
importantly, experimental research is completed in a controlled environment. The
researcher collects data and results will either support or reject the hypothesis.
oA problem solving approach that the study is described in the future on what will
be when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.
oThe experiment is conducted in field or laboratory, it is expected to reveal cause
and effect relationships.
o It involves trial and error method until the result is successful.
 HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Historical research or historical method of research is a process of selecting the
area or topic to write the history about, collecting data about events that
occurred in the area or about the topic, collating data, sifting the authentic
from non-authentic and then making an interpretative about or critical inquiry
into the whole truth of the events
It describes past events, problems, issues, facts. It Involves much
interpretation of events and its influence on the present
 Historical research relies on a wide variety of
sources, both primary &
secondary including unpublished material.
PRIMARY SOURCES
Eyewitness accounts of events . Can be oral or written testimony
Found in public records & legal documents, minutes of meetings, corporate records,
recordings, letters, diaries, journals, drawings.
Located in university archives, libraries or privately run collections such as local historical
society.

SECONDARY SOURCES
Can. be oral or writtenSecondhand accounts of events
Found in textbooks, encyclopedias, journal articles, newspapers, biographies and other
media such as films or tape recordings.
CLASSIFICATION
OF RESEARCH
How we can classify the research?
1.The Purpose of Research
2.The Uses of Research
3.The handling of time during the research
4.The technique uses in research
Purpose of the Research
 Exploratory
research
In exploratory research, a small amount of
information is available about the topic but if
you want to explore it in detail for a better
understanding of the problem and its solution.

EXAMPLE :
A University explores the students data for
better understanding of the results of the
different admission packages that which
admission package is most successful among
all packages.
Descriptive research
Descriptive research presents a detailed picture of the problem or situation. Descriptive
research is in more detail as compared to exploratory research.

Examples

Survey of democracy or Marshal-law in the country

•E-Voting System
Explanatory research
Explanatory research is an attempt to connect different ideas and to understand the
different reasons, causes, and effects.
Examples
Descriptive research can tell that 80% of the visitors like entertainment videos on a
website. Explanatory research can tell that what is the reason that why 80% of the
visitors watch entertainment videos.
USES OF RESEARCH
Basic research is the research to
find the basic knowledge or to
refine the basic knowledge. Basic
research Which is also called pure
research and fundamental
research.

For example, an airplane is

already flying but now today we
want to research how airplane can
fly.
Applied research
Applied research is research that is useful for a human being. Applied research is
conducted for solving practical life problems.
For example, research conducted for the patients of Wuhan in China. The doctors are
trying to prepare a vaccine for the benefit of human beings.
Time handling based classification
Longitudinal
research
In longitudinal research,
researchers examine the
features of a unit at more than
one time.
For example, we want to
research what is the effect on
sale when we introduce new
hardware features in our
laptops.
Cross-sectional research
In cross-sectional research, researchers observe a specific point at the same time.
For example, we want to know what are the factors that affect computer speed, and we
are observing the RAM, CPU, and Cache at the same time.
Techniques Based Classification
Qualitative research
Qualitative research does not handle the measurable
variable. This research is mainly done to find
relationships and to define things in a qualitative way.
Quantitative research
In quantitative research data is represented in the
quantitative from in the form of numbers. Statistical
analysis is conducted in quantitative research.
 Library Research
This is done in the library where answers to
specific questions or problems of the study
are available.
The historical method of research lends itself
to library research because the study is
focused on the past and much of the
secondary sources are found in the library.
Field Research
Research is conducted in a natural
setting. No changes in the
environment made. Field research is
both applicable to descriptive survey
and experimental methods.
Example : Cultivation of Oyster in
Caregara Bay, Leyte,Philippines using
Hanging Bamboo Raft Methods.
Laboratory
Research
The research is conducted in artificial or
controlled conditions by isolating the study in
a thoroughly specified and equipped area.
 VARIABLE
A variable is anything that
may change or may be
changed from one condition
to another, either qualitatively
or quantitatively.

Examples are age, height,

weight, method of teaching,
language, time etc.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
 VARIABLES
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE

3. CONTROLLED VARIABLE

4. INTERVENING VARIABLES
 Independent variable
An Independent variable is anything, condition or process
which is controlled and manipulated by the experimenter
and applied on another thing, condition or process
(dependent variable) intended to have or produce a
change in or reaction from the latter.
- A variable that is changed in an experiment by the
experimenter
- the “what you do in the experiment”
 Dependent variable
A Dependent variable is anything, a condition, or process
exposed to or upon which treatments or actions from the
independent variable are applied.
The response of or change in the dependent variable is
measured some statistical, methods are applied to determine
the effects of the independent variable or experimental
variable.
Example:
An investigator wants to determine the effect of
chicken manure (independent variable) upon the
yield (dependent variable) of carrots planted in
pot.
He plants carrots in five pots with different
treatments such as 3%,4%5% and 6% of chicken
manure as organic fertilizer.
The chicken manure is the stimulus variable that is
manipulated.
 Sample Problem
What is the Effect of chicken manure on the yield of carrots planted in
pot?

CHICKEN MANURE CARROT YIELD

3% 4% 5% 6% 3% 4% 5% 6%

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

 Sample Problem
What is the Effect of chicken manure on the yield of carrots planted in pot?

CHICKEN MANURE CARROT YIELD

AFFECTS
3% 4% 5% 6%
3% 4% 5% 6%
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLES

CAUSE
EFFECT
 Controlled Variable
-Variables that are held constant throughout the experiment.
-- the same variable during the experiment to ensure accuracy and reliability of
the result

Pot

3% 4% 5% 6%
Soil
AMOUNT OF CHICKEN 3% 4% 5% 6%
MANURE water
YIELD OF CARROTS
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
CONTROLLED VARIABLES
Intervening variables
This is a variable which interferes with the
independent and dependent variables, but its
effects can either strengthen or weaken the
independent and dependent variables
 Pot

3% 4% 5% 6%
Soil
AMOUNT OF CHICKEN 3% 4% 5% 6%
MANURE water
YIELD OF CARROTS
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLES CONTROLLED
VARIABLES

WEATHER CONDITION
PESTS MANIFESTATION

INTERVENING VARIABLES
Components of the
Research Process
 Problem/Objectives

Hypotheses

Theoretical/Conceptual

Assumptions

Review of Related Literature

Research Design

Data Collection

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

Analysis and Interpretation

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations