SPECIAL TOPICS IN EDUCATION 3.

Bipolar disorder- formerly called manic depression, is a mental health

MENTAL HEALTH LAW condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania
 The first mental health act legislation in the history of the Philippines has or hypomania) and lows (depression).
been officially signed into law and was enacted as the Republic Act no. 4. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)- a disorder that develops in some people
11036 on 21 June 2018. who have
 It provides a rights-based mental health bill and a comprehensive experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event. It is natural to feel afraid
framework for the implementation of optimal mental healthcare in the during and after a traumatic situation. Fear triggers many split-second changes in
Philippines. the body to help defend against danger or to avoid it.
 We review the principles and provisions of the Mental Health Act of 2017
and the implications for mental healthcare in the Philippines. 5. Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality
MENTAL ILLNESS abnormally.
Mental Health Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and
A mental illness is any thought or behavioral pattern that causes enough distress extremely
such that the disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be
person has a poor ability or inability to function in day to day life. The main focus disabling. People
would be on distress and how you can handle it. with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
 Feelings of stress,
 Restlessness, 6. Eating disorders- a type of serious mental health condition characterized by
 Apprehension or fearfulness severe disturbances in eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions.
 Irritability Typically, people with ED develop an unhealthy preoccupation with food and body
 Trouble concentrating size, weight or shape.
 Excessive sweating and dizziness
 Shortness of breath 7. Disruptive behavior disorders include other or unspecified disruptive, impulse-
 Muscle pain and tension control, and conduct disorder (previously known as disruptive behavior disorder),
 Headaches oppositional defiant
 Frequent upset stomach or diarrhea disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Children with these behavioral
disorders can be
1. Anxiety disorders- a type of mental health condition. Anxiety makes it stubborn, difficult, disobedient, and irritable.
difficult to get through your day. Symptoms include feelings of
nervousness, panic and fear as well as sweating and a rapid heartbeat. 8. Neurodevelopmental disorders in children include
Treatments include medications and cognitive behavioral therapy. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, learning disabilities,
intellectual disability (also known as mental retardation), conduct disorders,
2. Depression- a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness cerebral palsy, and impairments in vision and hearing.
and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression,
it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional
and physical problems.
 Strategies and techniques how to avoid mental illness 2. Anxiety
 Value yourself Most college students experience anxiety from time to time. However, mounting
 Take care of your body or ongoing
 Surround yourself with good people feelings of worry, tension, and panic can interfere with day-to-day life. When your
 Give yourself daily life is disrupted, anxiety becomes a medical condition that needs treatment.
 Learn how to deal with stress In a 2016 Pennsylvania State University study, 61% of survey respondents
 Quiet your mind identified anxiety as a leading student mental health condition. And in the
 Set realistic goals aforementioned Healthy Minds Study, 1 in 3 students screened positive for an
 Break up the monotony anxiety disorder.
 Avoid alcohol and other drugs
 Get help when you need it
Below are some of the most common types of anxiety disorders:
MENTAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This condition involves constant, severe
Challenges and Symptoms anxiety that interferes with day-to-day activities.
1. Depression - is a mood disorder that involves persistent feelings of sadness, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): People with OCD experience intrusive and
hopelessness, and loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. People going unreasonable thoughts, fears, and obsessions that lead to repetitive behaviors
through a depressive episode may experience mood swings, sleep disturbances, and compulsions.
appetite changes, and headaches and/or body pains with no apparent physical Panic Disorder: This condition is characterized by constant fearfulness and
cause. frequent, sudden attacks of terror and panic.
Symptoms of Depression Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): PTSD usually develops after someone
According to the American Psychological Association, symptoms of experiences or
depression can include: witnesses a traumatic event. However, individuals can also have trauma without
 Changes in sleep habits and/or appetite suffering a
 Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and/or powerlessness major catastrophic event.
 Changes in social behavior, such as withdrawing from others and isolating Social Anxiety Disorder: This mental health condition manifests as irrational
oneself anxiety, fear, self-consciousness, and embarrassment in everyday social
 Increased pessimism (e.g., seeing the glass as half empty) interactions.
 Trouble concentrating or paying attention Symptoms of Anxiety
 Difficulty comprehending and completing tasks in school or at work.  Feelings of stress,
Signs That Someone May Have Depression  Restlessness,
Here are some signs of depression to look for in peers, friends, and loved ones:  Apprehension or fearfulness
 They're not enjoying activities they once loved  Irritability
 They no longer attend classes or social outings  Trouble concentrating
 They're experiencing extreme anger or sadness over a relationship in their  Excessive sweating and dizziness
life  Shortness of breath
 They react negatively or with apathy to most things  Muscle pain and tension
 They often talk about death or suicide  Headaches
 Frequent upset stomach or diarrhea
Signs That Someone May Have Anxiety
 Having difficulty developing healthy coping habits after experiencing a
traumatic event
 Appearing to live in constant fear of failure
 Extreme discomfort in social settings
 Trouble concentrating or seeming to have a blank mind
 Appearing plagued with guilt or stress
 Visible panic attacks.
3. Suicidal Ideation and Intent
Suicidal ideation is defined as a pattern of thinking about or planning one's own
death by one's own hand.
4. Eating Disorders
Eating disorders cover a variety of conditions marked by major irregularities in
eating habits and an intense preoccupation with one's body image or shape.
These disorders can involve both food deprivation and binge eating, which may be
followed by purging.
 Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by an unhealthy fixation on thinness, a
distorted body image, and fears of gaining weight, this disorder commonly
results in emaciation and has one of the highest mortality rates among
mental health conditions.
 Bulimia Nervosa: Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent and frequent
episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food, followed by behavior
that compensates for binging, like purging, fasting, or over exercising
 Binge Eating Disorder: Binge eating disorder is characterized by constant
cravings that occur any time of day and result in overeating. This
disorder is often associated with poor body image and low self-esteem.
Signs That Someone May Have an Eating Disorder
 Are they skipping meals or only eating small portions of food?
 Are they suddenly uninterested in foods they once loved?
 Are they limiting their meals to foods very low in calories?
 Are they taking diet pills excessively or medication that suppresses
hunger, such as
 Adderall or Ritalin?
 Do they disappear suddenly to the restroom after meals?
 Do their teeth appear noticeably stained?
 Are they using mints after trips to the bathroom or perfume to mask the
smell of vomit?
 Do they appear preoccupied with their body, appearance, and/or weight?
 Do they exercise excessively or have trouble taking rest days from
exercise?
5. Substance Misuse
Substance misuse describes a tangible pattern of physical and/or psychological
dependence on one or more substances. This condition typically entails strong
cravings and indulgence in substance misuse, despite knowing the risks and harms
of this behavior.
Symptoms of Substance Misuse
 Slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, or impaired coordination
 Fear, anxiety, or paranoia for no apparent reason
 Prone to suspicious behaviors (e.g., frequently getting into fights or
getting into trouble with the law)
 A sudden need for money or a financial crisis
 High tolerance for alcohol and/or drug use (in other words, the person
may need to use more and more of a substance to obtain the same
Signs That Someone May Have a Substance Use Disorder
 Do they drink to relieve stress or suppress issues?
 Has their drinking or drug use interfered with their interpersonal
relationships?
 Have they withdrawn from activities or school work?
 Does their life revolve around drug or alcohol use?
 Has their personality changed?
 Have you noticed an unusual smell on their breath, body, or clothing?
COPING MECHANISMS
Coping (Psychology)- In psychology, coping is expending conscious effort to solve
personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate
stress or conflict.
- Psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping
strategies or coping skills.
 Types of Coping Strategies
1. Appraisal-Focused: Directed towards challenging one's own assumptions,
adaptive cognitive.
*occur when the person modifies the way they think.
2. Problem-Focused: Directed towards reducing or eliminating a stressor,
adaptive behavioral.
People using problem-focused strategies try to deal with the cause of their
problem. They do this by finding out information on the problem and learning
new skills to manage the problem.
3. Emotion-Focused: Directed towards changing one's own emotional reaction.
Five Emotion Focused Coping Strategies
 Disclaiming
 Escape-avoidance
 Accepting responsibility or blame
 exercising
 Exercising Self-control
 Positive reappraisal
What is the main focus of this coping mechanism?
o is to change the meaning of the stressor or transfer attention
away from it.
o Emotion- focused coping is well suited for stressors that seem
uncontrollable.
Which type is more useful?
o Typically, people use a mixture of all three types of coping
strategies, and coping skills will usually change over time.
o All these methods can prove useful, but some claim that those
using problem- focused coping strategies will adjust better to life.
What is the one most positive method?
Physically, one should maintain one's health and learn to relax if one finds oneself
under stress.
Mentally it is important to think positive thoughts, value oneself, demonstrate
good time management, plan and think ahead, and express emotions.
Socially one should communicate with people and seek new activities.
Historical Psychoanalytic Theory
KAREN HORNEY -In the 1940s, the German Freudian psychoanalyst developed
her mature theory in which individuals cope with the anxiety produced by feeling
unsafe, unloved, and undervalued by disowning their spontaneous feelings and
developing elaborate strategies of defense.
Karen Horney - defined four so-called coping strategies to define interpersonal
relations, one
describing psychologically healthy individuals, the others describing neurotic
states. Neurotic a person affected by neurosis (overly anxious/fearful)
The healthy strategy she termed "Moving with" is that with which psychologically
healthy people develop relationships. It involves compromise. In order to move
with, there must be communication, agreement, disagreement, compromise, and
decisions.
The three other strategies she described
 "Moving toward",
 "Moving against"
 “Moving away"
- represented neurotic, unhealthy strategies people utilize in order to protect
themselves.
Horney investigated these patterns of neurotic (compulsive attachments).
Everyone needs these things, but the neurotics need them more than the normal
person. The neurotics might need these more because of difficulties within their
lives. If the neurotic does not experience these needs, he or she will experience
anxiety.
Gender Differences
 Gender differences in coping strategies are the ways in which men and
women differ in managing psychological stress.
 There is evidence that males often develop stress due to their careers,
whereas females often encounter stress due to issues in interpersonal
relationships.
 In general, such differences as exist indicate that women tend to employ
emotion-focused coping and the "tend-and-befriend" response to stress,
whereas men tend to use problem- focused coping and the "fight-or-
flight" response, perhaps because societal standards encourage men to be
more individualistic, while women are often expected to be interpersonal.
STRESS MANAGEMENT
 3 Main Types of Stress  Aches and pains
1. ACUTE STRESS - results from your body's reaction to a new challenging  Chest pain or feeling like your heart is racing.
situation. Acute Stress is classified as short-term.  Exhausting or trouble sleeping
Usually emotions and the body return to their normal state relatively  Headaches, dizziness and shaking
soon.  High blood pressure
SYMPTOMS  Muscle tension or jaw clenching
 Pupil dilation  Stomach and digestive problems
 Heart rate increases  Weak immune system
 Perspiration
 Fast and heavy breathing Emotional and Mental Symptoms of Stress
 Anxiety  Anxiety or irritability
 Emotional ups and downs  Depression
 Poor sleep  Panic attacks
 Poor concentration  Sadness
Often, people with chronic stress try to manage it with unhealthy
2. EPISODIC ACUTE STRESS - With these types of stress, we don't get time to behaviors including:
return to a relaxed and calm state. It after leaves us feeling like we are moving  Drinking alcohol too much or too often
from one crises to another.  Gambling
SYMPTOMS  Overeating or developing an eating disorder
 Muscle Tension  Smoking
 Poor concentration  Using drugs
 Feeling overwhelmed How is stressed diagnosed? - Stress is subjective - not measurable with tests.
 Uncontrolled anger and irritability Only the
 Migraine people experiencing it can determine whether it's present and how severe it feels.
 Hypertension A healthcare provides may use questionnaires to understand your stress and how
it affects your life.
3. CHRONIC STRESS Is the result of stressors that continue for a long period of How long does stress last? Stress can be a short-term issue or a long-term
time. This types of stress feels never-ending. problem, depending on what changes in your life. Regularly using stress
SYMPTOMS management techniques can help you avoid most physical, emotional and
 Weight gain behavioral symptoms of stress.
 Heightened levels of adrenaline and cortisol Stress management - Is defined as the tools, strategies or techniques that reduce
 Insomnia stress and reduce the negative impacts stress has on your mental or physical well-
 Panic attacks being. A variety of techniques can be used to manage stress. These include
 Feeling of helplessness mental, emotional and behavioral strategies.
 Chronic headache
 Emotional fatigue

PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS OF STRESS INCLUDE: Stress management activities

SLEEP- insufficient sleep contribute to greater HPA axis activation.  Family history of mental health problems.
DIET- dieting or restricting calories actually increases HPA activation.
EXERCISE - avoid high intensity exercise when trying to get your stress under Community mental health
control. Is the application of specialized knowledge to population and communities to
promote and maintain mental health, and to rehabilitate population at risk that
What are some strategies for stress relief? continue to have residual effects of mental illness.
 Exercise when you feel symptoms of stress coming on.
 take a moment to think about what you've accomplished, not what you Aims of community health program
didn't get close. 1. To ensure treatment and prevention of mental and neurological disorder.
 Set goals for your day, week and months. 2.Use of mental health technology.
 Consider talking to a therapist or your healthcare providers about your 3.Application of mental health principles in total national development to improve
worries. quality of life.
 Make time for hobbies and interests.
Elements of community mental health program
What are some ways to prevent stress?  Inpatient services
 Try relaxation activity such as meditation, yoga, tai chi, breathing  Outpatient services
exercises, and muscle Relaxation  Emergency services
 Take good care of your body each day.  Diagnostic services
 Stay positive and practice gratitude, acknowledging the good parts of your  Pre-care and aftercare services
day or life.  Education services
 Accept that can't control everything.  Training
 Learn to say ‘no' to additional responsibilities when you are too busy or  Research and evaluation
stressed.
 Stay connected with people who keep you calm, make you happy, provide Services rendered under community mental health program
emotional support and help you with practical things  Early diagnostic
 Find opportunity to be kind to others  Rehabilitation
 Shift your mindset. When we are stressed, we can view the situation as a  Group and individual psychology
challenge that we can handle or a threat that we can afraid of.  Mental health education
 Cold water dunks.
COMMUNITY BASED MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM Strategies adopted in community mental health program
Mental Health  Integration of mental health with primary health care through the
Includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we national mental health program.
think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others,  Provision of tertiary care institutions for treatment of mental disorders.
and make choices.  Quarantine of mentally ill patients and protecting their rights through
regulatory mental health institutions like the central mental health
Factors contribute mental problems authority, and state mental health.
 Biological factors, such as genes or brains chemistry.
 Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse. Welfare agencies in community mental health program
  Psychiatric Emergency Care classroom as early as possible can help students develop high-level critical
 Day- Treatment programs thinking and problem solving abilities to assist them in every aspect of their lives.
 Residential treatment Programs
 Psychiatric Home Care GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
What is global citizenship?
Limitation of community mental health program Global citizenship is the idea that one ' s identity transcends geography or
 Non-availability of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals. political borders and that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership
 Low level of community participation. in a broader class: "humanity ".
 Inadequate funding for community mental health program. Person who placed their identity with a "global community" above their identity
 Shortage of delegation of power for procuring medicines and recruiting as a citizen of a particular nation or place.
staff under the program at the community level.
 Lack of co-ordination between National mental health department and What does it mean to be a global citizen?
Community level mental health department  A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider
world.
PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY  It means a group of people from different country, religion and beliefs
Personal responsibility Human rights among themselves are called Global Citizen.
This concerns how one governs oneself in such matters as finance, ethical and
moral Global citizenship as used in education
considerations, personal health and fitness, and interpersonal relationships in  In education, the term is most often used to describe a worldview or a set
both the digital and the non-digital world. of values toward which education is oriented.
It’s about how we present ourselves both in virtual and physical environments.
This is about shifting responsibility for learning to the students and developing a Global citizenship as used in philosophy
sense of It refers to abroad, culturally and environmentally inclusive worldview that
accountability for lifelong learning. accepts the
fundamental interconnectedness of all things.
Skills associated with personal responsibilities Global citizenship as used in psychological studies
 Fairness Studies of the psychological roots of global citizenship have found that persons
 Honesty elevated in global citizenship are also high on the personality traits of openness to
 Compassion and Respect experience and agreeableness from the Big Five Personality Traits that is also high
 Courage in empathy and caring.
 Accountability
Global citizenship used in other aspects: geography, sovereignty, and mere
Why it is important? citizenship
For the student, this kind of responsibility means taking ownership of their Changing configurations of citizenship becomes a changed institution; even if
learning. Developing a sense of accountability for lifelong learning in our students situated within
prepares them for the workplace. These are places where they must often think territorial boundaries that are national, if the meaning of the national itself has
and act independently and take initiatives on their own. Encouraging this in the changed, then the meaning of being a citizen of that nation changes.
According to the united nations...
Global citizenships exist at various levels in numerous contexts and at
different times with no single identifiable institutional framework. In the new
world order, it seeks to expand its scope and democratize a decision-making
process that can radically affect basic aspects of our societies, especially in people
' s lives, particularly those of minorities and the disadvantage.
To be effective global citizens, young people need to be flexible, creative
and proactive. They need to be able to solve problems, make decisions, think
critically, communicate ideas effectively and work well within teams and groups